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Normans and the Papacy
Normans and the Papacy A micro history of the years 1053-1059 Marloes Buimer S4787234 Radboud University January 15th, 2019 Dr. S. Meeder Radboud University SCRSEM1 V NORMAN2 NOUN • 1 member of a people of mixed Frankish and Scandinavian origin who settled in Normandy from about AD 912 and became a dominant military power in western Europe and the Mediterranean in the 11th century.1 1 English Oxford living dictionaries, <https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/norman> [consulted on the 19th of January 2018]. Index INDEX 1 PREFACE 3 ABBREVIATIONS 5 LIST OF PEOPLE 7 CHAPTER 1: STATUS QUAESTIONIS 9 CHAPTER 2: BATTLE AT CIVITATE 1000-1053 15 CHAPTER 3: SCHISM 1054 25 CHAPTER 4: PEACE IN ITALY 1055-1059 35 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION 43 BIBLIOGRAPHY 47 1 2 Preface During my pre-master program at the Radboud University, I decided to write my bachelor thesis about the Vikings Rollo, Guthrum and Rörik. Thanks to that thesis, my interest for medieval history grew and I decided to start the master Eternal Rome. That thesis also made me more enthusiastic about the history of the Vikings, and especially the Vikings who entered the Mediterranean. In the History Channel series Vikings, Björn Ironside decides to go towards the Mediterranean, and I was wondering in what why this affected the status of Vikings. While reading literature about this conquest, there was not a clear matter to investigate. Continuing reading, the matter of the Normans who settled in Italy came across. The literature made it clear, on some levels, why the Normans came to Italy. -
The Prelatical Doctrine of the Apostolical
THE PRELATICAL DOCTRINE APOSTOLIC.\L SUCCESSION EX^OimED WITH A DELINEATION HIGH-CHUECH SYSTEM. c Vj^"^ ^c-K-^^ ^% jlS-^ By H. a. BOARDMAN, Pastor of the te.\tii phesbyterias cuurcu, piiiLADELrniA. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY WILLIAM S. MARTIEN. New York : Robert Carter.—Boston : Crocker So Brewster. Pittsburgh: Thomas Carter. 1S44. '^<^ Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1844, by William S. Martien, in the Office of the Clerk of the District Court of tlie Eastern District of Pennsylvania. — CONTENTS. PAOE Preface, . » 5 CHAPTER I. Hk.u-Church Pretensions ... 13 CHAPTER ir. Statement of the Question, ^9 CHAPTER III. The Argument from Scripture, , . 3o CHAPTER IV. The Historical Argument, 99 CHAPTER V. The Succession tested by facts, 170 CHAPTER VI. The True Succession, 182 CHAPTER VII. Characteristics and Tendencies of the High-Church Sys- tem : The Rule of Faith, 224 — 4 CONTENTS. CHAPTER VIII. PAGE The Church put in Christ's place, 249 CHAPTER IX. The System at variance with the general tone of the New Testament, 263 CHAPTER X. Tendency of the System to aggrandize the Prelatical Clergy : and to substitute a ritual religion for, true Christianity, 273 CHAPTER XI. Intolerance of the System, 232 CHAPTER XII. The Schismatical tendency' of the System, 321 CHAPTER XIII. Aspect of the System towards iNauiRiNG Sinners,—Conclu- sion, 334 PEEEACE. 1 MAKE no apology for \ATiting a book on the Prelatical controversy. Matters have reached such a pass that Non-Episcopahans must either defend themselves, or submit to be extruded from the house of God. The High-Church party have come into the Church of Christ, where we and our fathers have been for ages, and gravely undertaken to partition it off among themselves and the corrupt Romish and Ori- ental Hierarchies. -
Timeline1800 18001600
TIMELINE1800 18001600 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 8000BCE Sharpened stone heads used as axes, spears and arrows. 7000BCE Walls in Jericho built. 6100BCE North Atlantic Ocean – Tsunami. 6000BCE Dry farming developed in Mesopotamian hills. - 4000BCE Tigris-Euphrates planes colonized. - 3000BCE Farming communities spread from south-east to northwest Europe. 5000BCE 4000BCE 3900BCE 3800BCE 3760BCE Dynastic conflicts in Upper and Lower Egypt. The first metal tools commonly used in agriculture (rakes, digging blades and ploughs) used as weapons by slaves and peasant ‘infantry’ – first mass usage of expendable foot soldiers. 3700BCE 3600BCE © PastSearch2012 - T i m e l i n e Page 1 Date York Date Britain Date Rest of World 3500BCE King Menes the Fighter is victorious in Nile conflicts, establishes ruling dynasties. Blast furnace used for smelting bronze used in Bohemia. Sumerian civilization developed in south-east of Tigris-Euphrates river area, Akkadian civilization developed in north-west area – continual warfare. 3400BCE 3300BCE 3200BCE 3100BCE 3000BCE Bronze Age begins in Greece and China. Egyptian military civilization developed. Composite re-curved bows being used. In Mesopotamia, helmets made of copper-arsenic bronze with padded linings. Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, first to use iron for weapons. Sage Kings in China refine use of bamboo weaponry. 2900BCE 2800BCE Sumer city-states unite for first time. 2700BCE Palestine invaded and occupied by Egyptian infantry and cavalry after Palestinian attacks on trade caravans in Sinai. 2600BCE 2500BCE Harrapan civilization developed in Indian valley. Copper, used for mace heads, found in Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt. Sumerians make helmets, spearheads and axe blades from bronze. -
Monarchs Retired from Business
MONAECHS RETIRED PROM BUSINESS. '^^<^<^<X (0)F S WE 32) IS W 3320S MONARCHS RETIRED FROM BUSINESS. BY DR. DORAN, AUTHOR OP ' KNIGHTS AND THEIR DATS,' ' QUEENS OP ENGLAND OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVEB," ' HABITS AND MEN, 'TABLE TEAITS AND SOMETHING ON THEM.' IN TWO VOLUMES. VOLUME II. ' I've thought, at gentle and ungentle hour, Of many an act and giant-shape of power, Of the old Kings with high-exacting looks, Sceptred and globed." LEIGH HUNT. LONDON : RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET, ^jluiilisfjer in tiinarg t0 |^er fHajrstg. 1857. [The right of Translation is reserved^] PRINTED BY JOHN EDWABD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STEEET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OP THE SECOND VOLUME. PAGE INCIDENTS IN THE LIYES OF RETIRED MONAECHS, DOWN TO THE DEATH OF VALERIAN 1 DIOCLETIAN 16 MAXIMIAN TO ROMULUS AUGUSTUS 30 3Kje Eastern Empire. GRAVE OB CLOISTER 46 THE BYZANTINE C^SARS OF THE ICONOCLASTIC PERIOD . 59 THE BASILIAN DYNASTY. MONARCHS AMONG THE MONKS . 77 THE COMNENI. MORE TENANTS FOR STUDION 88 THE BALDWINS 96 THE MOST CHRISTIAN KING, MONK ANTONY 102 THE PAPAL DYNASTY 112 ----- :*=== THE THREE Pn 136 Russia. THE CZARS 168 IVAN VI 175 Sardinia. VICTOR AMADEUS 1 195 THREE CHOWNLESS KINGS , . 205 VI CONTENTS. PAGE EEIC IX. CHBISTIAX II.............. 218 SWEDEN ................... 233 THE STOBY OF EEIC XIV............. 240 CHEISTINA .................. 255 GUSTAVUS IV............... 308 Spam. PHILIP V................... 330 CHABLES IV.................. 334 Portugal. SANCHO II................... 350 ALPHONSO VI.................. 354 Curfeeg. THE Two BAJAZETS ............... 373 Conclusion .............. 394 MONARCHS RETIRED FROM BUSINESS, FROM JULIUS TO YALERIAN. " Here a vain man his sceptre breaks, The next a broken sceptre takes, And warriors win and lose ; This rolling world will never stand, Plunder'd and snatch'd from hand to hand, As power decays or grows." ISAAC WATTS. -
The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages
Wxhmmmi^ W^^^^&smMo^^vm^, >-«%9\9 *^ »*• THE LIVES OF THE POPES VOL. V. Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2009 witii funding from Boston Library Consortium IVIember Libraries Iittp://www.arcliive.org/details/livesofpopesinea05mann Area of regal or imperial influence, and sometimes of rule, i.e., the area north of the Po, and west of the dotted line from the Po, which runs between Mutina and Bononia, Arctium, Perugia and on to Populonia. The part coloured yellow on the Map. Area of papal influence or rule, i.e., the area included between the above dotted line, and another starting between Ancona and Firmum and going round Camerinum nnd Assisium to Sora and Terracina. The part coloured blue on the Map. Area of influence or rule of the Lombard and other petty princes, i.e., the area between the last mentioned dotted line and another between the rivers Trinius and Lao. The part coloured red on the Map Area of Greek influence or rule, i.e., the area south of the line from the Trinius to the Lao. The part coloured green on the Map. Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily, were in the hands of the Saracens during most of this period THE LIVES OF THE POPES IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES REV. HORACE K. MANN " De gente Anglorum, qui maxime familiares Apostolicse Sedis semper existunt" {Gesta AM. Fontanel. A.D. 747-752, ap. M.G. SS. II. 289). HEAD MASTER OF ST. CUTHBERT's GRAMMAR SCHOOL, NE\VCASTLE-ON-TYNE CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF HISTORY OF SPAIN THE POPES IN THE DAYS OF FEUDAL ANARCHY FoRMosus TO Damasus II. -
October 2, 2015 Vol
Serving the Church in Central and Southern Indiana Since 1960 CriterionOnline.com October 2, 2015 Vol. LVI, No. 1 75¢ ‘God bless America’ Memory and motion: Pope Francis shows Americans who he really is PHILADELPHIA (CNS)—Pope Francis speaks often about memory and motion, the importance of remembering where you came from and setting off without fear to share the Gospel. That’s what he did in the United States. He circled the Statue of Liberty in a helicopter and flew over Ellis Island not preparing to condemn the world’s great superpower, but to reflect on its history and promise as a land that welcomes people, makes them part of the family and allows them to thrive. Over the course of six days in the United States, Pope Francis let the U.S. public see who he really is with touching blessings, strong speeches, prayerful liturgies and an unplugged proclamation of the beauty of family life, even when it includes flying dishes. With constant television coverage and a saturated social media presence, Pope Francis was no longer just the subject of screaming headlines about the evils of unbridled capitalism, and a “who-am-I-to judge” attitude toward behaviors the Catholic Church describes as sinful. Instead, he repeatedly admitted his own failures and reminded people they, too, have fallen short. He urged them to trust in God’s mercy, and get a move on proclaiming that to the world—first with gestures and maybe with words. Sin is sin even for Pope Francis. Human life is sacred at every stage of its development, and that includes the lives of convicted murderers, See POPE, page 7 Pope Francis gestures during an evening prayer service in St. -
Matilda of Tuscany La Gran Donna D’Italia by Nora Duff
MATILDA OF TUSCANY LA GRAN DONNA D’ITALIA BY NORA DUFF ‘Chronicles tell of deeds : Time alone reveals the individual.’ 1 MY grateful thanks are due to Mr. Philip Wicksteed for most helpful criticism and advice in the earlier stages of the manuscript of Matilda, to my cousin Miss Henrietta Tayler at a later period, and to Mrs. Robert Goff for valuable assistance in the correction of proofs. It is to the kind courtesy of the Marchese Lodovico di Canossa that I am indebted for permission to reproduce the photograph from the fresco portrait of Matilda in his possession, and to Professor Bellodi of Mantua for a similar permission, with regard to the photograph of Matilda’s tomb at S. Benedetto Polirone. I wish also to acknowledge my debt of gratitude to Father Ehrle, Prefect of the Vatican Library, and to the various librarians in the public libraries of Italy who have rendered easy the work of research, and finally to all those kindly people who have sped Matilda on her way. N. D. FLORENCE May 1909 CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II The foundation of the house of Canossa—Siegfried—Azzo or Atto—The story of Adelaide—Her reception at Canossa—Canossa’s triumph—Azzo’s successor Tedaldo—Boniface’s rule—His greatness and his tyranny—Jealousy of Henry ill.—Death of Boniface—His wife Beatrice—Hildegarde and Guilla, wives of Atto and Tedaldo CHAPTER III Birth of Matilda probably at Lucca in 1046—Marriage of Beatrice with Godfrey of Lorraine— Matilda’s Betrothal by proxy to Godfrey’s Son in 1053 —Anger of Henry III. -
Writers and Re-Writers of First Millennium History
Writers and Re-Writers of First Millennium History Trevor Palmer Society for Interdisciplinary Studies 1 Writers and Re-Writers of First Millennium History Trevor Palmer This is essentially a revised and expanded version of an article entitled ‘The Writings of the Historians of the Roman and Early Medieval Periods and their Relevance to the Chronology of the First Millennium AD’, published in five instalments in Chronology & Catastrophism Review 2015:3, pp. 23-35; 2016:1, pp. 11-19; 2016:2, pp. 28-35; 2016:3, pp. 24-32; 2017:1, pp. 19-28. It also includes a chapter on an additional topic (the Popes of Rome), plus appendices and indexes. Published in the UK in November 2019 by the Society for Interdisciplinary Studies © Copyright Trevor Palmer, 2019 Front Cover Illustrations. Top left: Arch of Constantine, Rome. Top right: Hagia Sophia, Istanbul (originally Cathedral of St Sophia, Constantinople); Bottom left: Córdoba, Spain, viewed over the Roman Bridge crossing the Guadalquivir River. Bottom right: Royal Anglo- Saxon burial mound at Sutton Hoo, East Anglia. All photographs in this book were taken by the author or by his wife, Jan Palmer. 2 Contents Chapter 1: Preliminary Considerations …………………………………………………………… 4 1.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………... 4 1.2 Revisionist and Conventional Chronologies …………………………………………………………. 5 1.3 Dating Systems ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7 1.4 History and Religion ………………………………………………………………………………….13 1.5 Comments on Topics Considered in Chapter 1 ………………………………………………………16 Chapter 2: Roman and Byzantine Emperors ……………………………………………………. 17 2.1 Roman Emperors ……………………………………………………………………………………... 17 2.1.1 The Early Roman Empire from Augustus to Septimius Severus ………………………………. 17 2.1.2 Emperors from Septimius Severus to Maurice …………………………………………………. -
In This Book Are Contained the Deeds of Certain Kings of Italy and Bishops
ARNULF OF MILAN,T HE BOOK OF RECENT DEEDS , TRANSLATED BY W.L. NORTH FROM THE EDITION OF CLAUDIA ZEY (MGH SCRIPTORES RERUM GERMANICARUM 67), HANNOVER: HAHNSCHE BUCHHANDLUNG 1994. In this book are contained the deeds of certain kings of Italy and bishops of Milan, from the time of King Hugh and Bishop Arderic up to the time of the author, although some other things have been inserted within this period insofar as they occurred to the memory of this same author. Whoever desires to know these things, let him read them one by one; without a doubt he shall find something with which he may nourish his mind, not with copious amounts of the more sumptuous foods, but with healthy and digestible fare. The names of the kings and bishops have been written below for the person casting his eyes upon the page. Likewise the names of the bishops: Hugh, king of Burgundy. Arderic sat 22 years, 2 months. Lothar, his son. Manasses and Adelmann together were five Berengar, a Lombard. years, not in the episcopal throne, but at the bow Otto I, a German. and the bier. Otto II, son of Otto I. Walpert sat 18 years. Otto III, son of Otto II. Arnulf sat 3 years, 4 months. Arduin, a Lombard. Gottfried sat 5 years, 1 month, 24 days. Henry, a German. Landulf sat 18 years, 3 months. Conrad, likewise. Arnulf sat 19 years, 9 months, 6 days. Henry, a son like his father. Aribert sat 26 years, 8 months, 19 days. Henry, his son. Guido sat 27 years. -
0325-0325 – Concilium Nicaenum I – the Canons the Canons of the 318
0325-0325 – Concilium Nicaenum I – The Canons The Canons of the 318 Holy Fathers Assembled in the City of Nice, in Bithynia this file has been downloaded from http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf214.html NPNF (V2-14) Philip Schaff particular, Ptol. Ep. ad. Flor. 4 (in Stieren’s Irenæus, p. 935); Basilides, Hippol. Hær. vii. 22; Carpocrates, Hippol. Hær. vii. 32. From the above passages it will appear that Ante-Nicene writers were not indifferent to the distinction of meaning between the two words; and when once the orthodox Christology was formulated in the Nicene Creed in the words !"##$%&#'( )* +),$%&#'(, it became henceforth impossible to overlook the difference. The Son was thus declared to be !"##$'-. but not !"#$'-.. I am therefore unable to agree with Zahn (Marcellus, pp. 40, 104, 223, Ign. von Ant. p. 565), that at the time of the Arian controversy the disputants were not alive to the difference of meaning. See for example Epiphanius, Hær. lxiv. 8. But it had no especial interest for them. While the orthodox party clung to the homousios as enshrining the doctrine for which they fought, they had no liking for the terms /!&##$'). and !"##$'-. as applied to the Father and the Son respectively, though unable to deny their propriety, because they were affected by the Arians and applied in their own way. To the orthodox mind the Arian formula )*0 1# +23# !"##$%4#(, or some Semiarian formula hardly less dangerous, seemed always to be lurking under the expression 5"6. !"##$'-. as applied to the Son. Hence the language of Epiphanius Hær. -
Crimes of Christianity
Warning: The title of the book should read Crimes of Christendom. The reader will note that the autor constantly assumes that the misdeeds of traditional Christianity is a result of Christian teachings. Nothing could be further from the truth. The autor had no ability to interprete Scripture within its proper context and therefore gives an inaccurate picture of primitive Christianity. I do not agree with any of the authors personal assumptions about Christianity itself and the Scriptures. All in all, the book is an excellent well-documented reference work for the Crimes of Christendom which abandoned Christianity soon after its conception, as Bible prophecy regarding the apostasy had fortold. Editor QuotedStatements.com CRIMES OF CHRISTIANITY BY G. W. FOOTE AND J. M. WHEELER VOL. I LONDON PROGRESSIVE PUBLISHING COMPANY, 28 STONECUTTER STREET, E.C. 1887. LONDON: PRINTED BY G. W. FOOTE, AT 14 CLERKENWELL GREEN, E.C. CONTENTS PREFACE I. CHRIST TO CONSTANTINE II. CONSTANTINE TO HYPATIA III. MONKERY IV. PIOUS FORGERIES V. PIOUS FRAUDS VI. RISE OF THE PAPACY VII. CRIMES OF THE POPES VIII. PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS IX. THE CRUSADES PREFACE. AN Irish orator was once protesting his immaculate honesty before a suspicious audience of his countrymen. Displaying his dexter palm, he exclaimed that there was a hand that never took a bribe; whereupon a smart auditor cried "How about the one behind your back?" Our purpose is to show the hand behind the back. Christianity is plausible and fair-spoken today, although it occasionally emits a fierce flash of its primitive spirit. Its advocates are no longer able to crush opposition; they are obliged to answer its arguments, or to make a show of defending their own doctrines. -
St Leo IX a Worthy Example of Church Leadership in the Midst of What Is Surely the Great Celibacy, Such As We Have Today
PAGE 8 THURSDAY APRIL18.2002 CATHOLIC COURIER DIOCESE OF ROCHESTER, N.Y. St Leo IX a worthy example of church leadership In the midst of what is surely the great celibacy, such as we have today. Leo re tions went badly, and three months after est crisis the Catholic Church has faced moved several simoniacal bishops from the pope's death, the leaders on both in modern times/Catholics might reflect office and reaffiirmed the penances that sides excommunicated one another. for a moment on the pastoral leadership had been imposed by his predecessor, Leo's last days were marked by illness provided by Leo IX (1049-54), a relative Pope Clement II, on priests who were as well as deep regret over these events. ly obscure Alsatian-born pope whose essays in knowingly ordained by such bishops. He even placed his bed next to his coffin feast day is this Friday, April 19. He gathered a "kitchen cabinet" of in St. Peter's Basilica and died there on Leo IX was one of five popes to have theology distinguished church leaders (including April 19, 1054. It is said that within 40 been proclaimed a saint over the entire two future popes, Gregory VII and years some 70 cures were attributed to course of the second Christian millenni Stephen IX) to help in the reorganiza his intercession. He was soon acclaimed um. That accounts for only 4 percent of tion of the Roman Curia. He also sought a saint, and in 1087 his relics were en the 123 occupants of the Chair of Peter the advice of Hugh, the abbot of the shrined (which in those days was tanta during that period of time.