RESEARCH MANUFACTURING COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING Hadiomariiie's Radar Scope Picture (ap- Matching Navigation Chait, same aiea. South- proximately Vi actual size). 1%-mile range. bound. Livingston Channel, Detroit River.

You need RAMOMABIMM's 3.2 cm RADAR for large/ sharply defined pictures

Only in the 3.2 cm super-high fre- scale shows how accurately the radar Radiomarine's Radar is postwar quency band utilized by Radio- picture portrays the same area. Com- designed from the ground up to marine's Radar do you receive ex- pare the channel lights, the land con- meet the rigid requirements of to- ceptionally clear, and large pictures tours, the low earthworks— in both day's commercial shipping, \ycre of high resolution and definition. the radar picture and the chart. See taking orders now! FOR PRICES

how clearly the ship's position is in- With a Radiomarine Model CR- AND FULL INFORMATION dicated with water \isible between Radiomarine Corpora- 101 Radar, the area scanned by the WRITE TO: the ship and the earthworks in a tion of America, Dept. 9-C,75 Varick antenna is easily viewed on a channel onlv 500 feet wide. Street, York York. 12-inch diameter "scope." Closely New 13, New spaced objects are shown separately in sharp detail, free from blurring.

For close-in navigation, when op- CHECK THESE OUTSTANDING FEATURES: orating on the shortest range, you • Exceptional detail and sliarpncss can accuratelv pick out low-lying • Use of super high-frequency band (3.2 targets from 80 yards to 1.5 miles. centimeters) When navigating at sea or making • Unexcelled range and bearing resolution landfalls, the longer ranges of 5, 15, • Instant choice of true or relative bearing presentation and 50 miles enable the navigator to • Electronic heading and range indications distinguish between surface objects • Four ranges: lU-, 5, 15, and 50 miles. Close- their bearings —read and distances in ranges as low as 80 yards accurately. • Provision for radar beacon operation

• Suppressor for rain, snow or sea return Reproduced above is a Radio- • AC or DC Power Supply marine Radar "scope" picture taken while navigating a narrow channel ill the Detroit River. A standard MODEL CR-101, SHIPBOARD RADAR iia\ igatioii chart of about tlic same

RADIOMARINE CORRORA TIOM of AMERICA A SERVICE OF RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA RADIO AGE

RESEARCH • MANUFACTURING • COMMUNICATIONS • BROADCASTING • TELEVISION

VOLUME 6 NUMBER 3 APRIL 1947

CONTENTS

{OVER PAGE SCIENCE AT NEW ALTITUDES |CA image orthicou camera by Brig. General David Sarnoff 3 ^ispended above operating ble at Johns Hopkins CAN STORMS BE CONTROLLED? 9 'ospital permits surgical chniques to be studied by HOW RECORDS ARE MADE ledical staff in nearby by W. T. Warrender 11 ewing rooms. HOSPITAL TELEVISION 14

TELEVISION FOR ST. LOUIS 15

SCENES IN RCA PLANTS AND LABORATORIES 16

RCA MAKES ANNUAL REPORT TO STOCKHOLDERS 18

NEW TUBE HAS "MEMORY" 20

RADIO AND TELEVISION USE PLASTICS J- *''^^C (jtL^

by J. • A. MilUng T^ %^ " ^^ MINIATURE RADIO TUBES 24

STUDENTS IN NBC COMPETITION by Dr. James R. Angell 26

COIN-OPERATED RADIOS 27

S ervices of RCA are: TURKEY EXPANDS RADIO SYSTEM 28

^tCA Laboratories Division • DR. ZWORYKIN ELECTED VICE-PRESIDENT 29

; RCA Victor Division 30 • CONGRESS OPENING TELEVISED

|itCA Communications, Inc. MOVIES AS YOU RIDE 31 ijniarine Corporation of America • { ttial Broadcasting Company, Inc. RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA RCA Building, New York 20, N. Y.

RCA Institutes, Inc. David Sarnoff, President Lewis MacConnach, Secretary Arthur B. Tuttle, Treasurer

{tCA Service Company, Inc. Radio Age is published quarterly by the Department of Information,

I Radio Corporation of America, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, N. Y. !

Inventions Open New Vistas and Widen Man's Communication Range Beyond the Surface of Our Planet, Brig. General SarnoflE Tells Scientists at Cincinnati Meeting.

Ohio quickly took to the air. It President William Howard Taft, became an important center of radio a native son of Ohio, approved and as the unseen waves carried words signed the Communications Act of and music over the neighboring 1912, the first law to recognize the communities of Kentucky, West importance of radio communication Virginia, Pennsylvania and Indiana. in the United States. Cincinnati, with its powerful trans- Ohio was the first State from mitter radiated the name and fame which a Republican National Con- of Ohio to nationwide listeners. vention was broadcast. That was in Today there are 37 broadcasting 1924 when Calvin Coolidge was Address delivered by Brigadier stations in Ohio, and 33 of them nominated at Cleveland. The won- General David Sarnoff, President, are linked in coast-to-coast net- der of that day was that twelve works. Radio Corporation of America, at States, as far west as Kansas City, Cincinnati Technical and Scientific Ohio is called the mother of were linked into a network! Presi- Societies Council, Cincinnati, Ohio, Presidents. In Canton, McKinley dent Warren G. Harding, the first "front February 11, 1947. introduced porch campaigii- Chief Executive to broadcast while ing" in 1896, but his voice could in office, was born in Ohio. So we TODAY is the 100th Anniver- not carry beyond his lawn. At that .see that the history of radio, in its sary of the birth of Thomas A. time there was no broadcasting. service to the Nation and its peo- Edison. It is a special privilege Now from any porch or portico, the ple, is not only linked with this and a great pleasure to be with you presidential candidate can address State through science, but also on this day for it was Ohio that the entire electorate. Before many through its social and political life. gave Edison to the world. years pass the entire country will All these have had an important in- see him It is particularly fitting that the by television. fluence on the growth of America. Cincinnati Technical and Scientific Societies Council should observe the great inventor's birth. With his Centennial as a keynote, this day in

Ohio history inspires us to look THE MODERN STRUCTURE OF RADIO IS ahead and to survey the great forces BUILT UPON THE FOUNDATION WHICH of science which mankind now com- EDISON HELPED TO ERECT. mands as a result of pioneering in- stituted by Edison. Exploration and discovery are woven through the pattern of Ohio's history. First the Indian tribes ex- plored and inhabited its fertile ex- panse. Later— in the 17th Century —came the first French and English traders. As smoke signals and foot- runners were their only "lines of contact", they were lost to the world as far as communication was con- cerned. In our own times wireless had not been in existence long, before Ohio cities felt the beat of electro- magnetic pulses in earphones at Cleveland, Toledo and Ashtabula, as ships on Lake Erie first began to spark their invisible messages to the shore. With the advent of broadcasting,

RADIO AGE 3] DURING THE WAR, SCIENCE REACHED SKYWARD AND A MIRACULOUS INVEN- TION CALLED RADAR SAVED ENGLAND IN THE BLITZ.

"the younjr man who had the monu- mental audacity to attempt and suc- ceed in jumping an electric wave across the Atlantic!" So staggering is the list of Edi- son's inventions, and so practical is their usefulness, that he is recorded in history not only as the "lamp- lighter", but as "the supreme inven- tive genius of the industrial age." The applications of his inventions to peacetime pursuits reveal the tremendous potentialities of science for the benefit of mankind. For science lifts man's burdens, saves his time, adds to the comforts and the pleasures of his life. Mankind Looks Upward Edison left us fifteen years ago. Those who have followed him in sci- ence have travelled close to trails which he blazed. Within the past decade, they have succeeded in meet- ing the demands of global war. As a result, science emerged from the war as a powerful force that created new instrumentalities and promised many others for use in peacetime, As a boy in the little town of that diffused or spread in all direc- if man would only direct his Milan, Edison must have been im- tions, he called "etheric force." His thoughts to peace instead of war, bued with the spirit of the pioneer discovery in 1883 of elusive elec- and his scientific research to higher which Ohio engendered as trails trons at play within the incandes- elevations. were blazed westward. Imagination, cent lamp led to the development of Spiritually, mankind has always dynamically related to a persistent the electron tube detectors, ampli- looked upward for guidance and soul, never discouraged by defeat, fiers, and oscillators. History re- eternal truths. It is not strange comprised the sinew of his fame. cords ttiat phenomenon as "the Edi- therefore that the physical sciences Every disappointment, every fail- son Effect." should strive also to explore the ure of an experiment was a new Edison's storage battery, his dy- higher altitudes in the search for challenge to his curiosity, a new namos, motors, microphones and the scientific truths. spur to his determination to suc- phonogi-aph all became vital parts During the war, science reached ceed. He triumphed through crea- of radio. Now the motion picture, skyvs'ard and a miraculous invention tive thought and left the world a which he made an accomplished fact called radar saved England in the rich inheritance of knowledge. His in 1889, is finding a new and wide- blitz, guided bombers to their tar- tireless efforts and his creative spread medium of expression in gets, doomed the U-boat, genius now shine out across the television. and aimed the big guns of battleships to fire earth. It was electricity, harnessed Telegraphy Without Wires with deadly accuracy, by this native son of Ohio, that even in the So close was Edison to the inven- dark. made this State a shrine of science tion of wireless, that in 1885 Aside from radar, dic- through the electrification of com- he took post-war out a patent on "telegraphy tionaries munications, agriculture and indus- without have many new words that wires." called spring try. Edison created new industries He his system "grass- from radio and electronics, hopper telegraph", but he said he such as sonar, shoran, teleran and and new employment for millions of was "too busy with other things" the proximity fuse. None of these people. He lighted and enlightened to devote more time to complete the inventions would have surprised the the world. invention of wireless. It remained wizard of the Electrical Age, who The modern structure of radio is for a young man in Italy to do that. himself unleashed incredible forces built upon the foundations which When Marconi received the first to startle the world, and then coined Edison helped to erect. His discov- transatlantic signal in 1901, Edison new words to explain them. The end ery in 1875 of mysterious sparks remarked that he would like to meet of his life marked the end of an era.

[4 RADIO AGE] Through his genius he helped to es- to another. Each discovery, each referred to "the emptiness of tablish the era to follow—the Elec- invention spearheads a new and un- space." They have described the tronic Age. dreamed of advance. Today, vacuum tube as "a glass bottle full Edison's life was a drama of the through radio and electronics, sci- of nothing." Now, thanks to sci- lone inventor, toiling alone, often in entists are finding encouragement ence, we know that space is not meager circumstances. Today, sci- to believe that some day they may empty, and that a vacuum tube is ence has the benefits of organized, be able to detour storms, to dissi- far from being filled with "nothing." industrial research affording inven- pate clouds and fog, to produce rain Radio and electronics have given tors every facility, cooperation and and snow, and thus measurably to space and the vacuum a new mean- comfort, for work and for study. control the weather. ing. Scientists are learning how to Without it, World War II might Let us scan the horizon of 1947 snap the switch that will bring them have been lost. Industrial I'esearch and compare it with that which the the sounds and pictures of the uni- conducted by private enterprise is Edison pioneers beheld as they verse. They are challenged by sci- a bulwark of the United States; it pushed forward across the old fron- ence to keep their eyes on the stars. promotes victory in war and assures tiers of the Mechanical Age. Both astronomers and radio scien- progress in peace. It is a safeguard Edison's conquest was largely tists scan the blue dome of the of civilization. confined to wires, mechanical and world. In the glow of the sunrise electrical machines. Today the fron- and the sunset there is far more New Frontiers of Science tiers of that science spread above than is visible to the eye. Both of All nations now are eager to cul- and throughout the universe, far these colorful panoramas are criss- tivate science and never were sci- into unfathomed space—into that crossed with intelligence, vibrant entists in greater demand. Never vast invisible fabric which sepa- with human thoughts and emotions has there been greater willingness rates the heavens and the earth. carried by radio, by cosmic rays and to follow the onward and upward The sky is a canopy over untapped by other unseen wonders of Nature. march of the exploring scientist; reservoirs of new knowledge. Man's The sun rises and sets with spec- for only through adventurous think- thoughts have been given wing; he tacular brilliance, yet it is a drama ers can the search for new knowl- is challenged to e.xplore the strato- enacted as quietly as if performed edge succeed. Without this knowl- sphere and the ionosphere with the with an electron tube which also edge, the world would stagnate as same imagination and persistence merely seems to glow! But within a pool without an inlet; neither with which he has won scientific it there may be a voice from Mel- would there be an outlet for its conquests on the earth and on the bourne, news from London, or music progress. sea. from Paris. Turn on a television We who are veterans in radio, as Scientists, especially mathemati- cathode-ray tube, and its face lights well as those in other fields of sci- cians, for centuries have been en- up with a picture of the United Na- entific endeavor, are continually en- chanted by the immensities of time tions meeting in New York, or the couraged by the fact that there are and space; by gravitation, by the 80th Congress opening in Washing- as many new frontiers of research propagation of light, the theory of ton, or the Army-Navy football as there were one hundred or a relativity, by electromagnetic radia- game in Philadelphia. No longer is thousand years ago. The crossing tion and radioactivity. But laymen the electron tube full of nothing! of a frontier in science always leads have looked into the heavens and New tools of science are opening man's eyes in the realm of the in- visible. But we need not see to be convinced that science is a vivid reality beyond the range of human sight and hearing. Science works in no such narrow spectrum. We perceive evidence of this in new forces which extend the range of man's optic and auditory nerves. By radio, man now can hear even a whisper or the buzz of a bee across

the seas ; through the electron microscope, he peers into the realm of the molecule and the atom. By television, he sees beyond the hori- zon.

OHIO WAS THE FIRST STATE FROM WHICH A REPUBLICAN NATIONAL CON- VENTION WAS BROADCAST. THAT WAS IN 1924 ... AT CLEVELAND.

RADIO AGE 5] —

While these are inventions thatj TURN ON A TELEVISION CATHODE-RAY TUBE, AND ITS FACE LIGHTS UP WITH A PICTURE OF open new vistas and widen man's THE UNITED NATIONS MEETING IN NEW YORK, earthly range beyond the micro- OR THE 80th CONGRESS OPENING IN WASH- scope and telescope, we have ample INGTON, OR THE ARMY-NAVY FOOTBALL GAME proof that these forces are not con- IN PHILADELPHIA. fined to the surface of our planet. This world of ours actually spins in a boundless, inexhaustible labora- tory. Radio beams flash through the ozone layer to probe through the dust of interstellar space. The plane that soars 40,000 feet to learn the secrets of cosmic rays, or the rockets that carry automatic recording in- struments more than 100 miles into space, are but feeble short-distance efforts of man to pierce the upper atmosphere.

Radio is Relative of Light Planes and rockets are mechani- cal devices and they meet the resis- tance of Nature. But radio, radar and television, travel on wings more closely allied with Nature. They will encounter less opposition as they mingle with meteors, the nebu- lae and galaxies. Radio, like sun- light, travels 186,000 miles a second. Radio and radar have proved that providing new tools with which to Indeed, radio is a relative of light space is not empty and we know now explore electronics, chemistry and and the shorter the radio waves, that it is accessible to man. He may physics. New resources are to be the more their kinship becomes ap- even learn how to use the moon and found in space which may be cap- parent. the planets as radio sounding boards tured and brought to earth, to be The radar "peep" that echoed and reflectors, to bounce or relay harnessed or synthesized for the from the moon was more than a broadcasts and to mirror television welfare of mankind. faint signal of hope to radio scien- pictures. The moon is only 240,000 The chemistry of the atmosphere miles, or radiowise less 2 sec- tists and astronomers. To them it than with its nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, was as important as the first feeble onds away. It looks like a good hydrogen, the "noble gases" and transatlantic signal to Marconi's radio concession ! We may find fu- perhaps other yet to be discovered ears when he plucked the letter "S" ture broadcasters staking claims for elements or particles, represents in- from the ocean air. That flash of Saturn, for Jupiter, or for Mars and triguing continents of exploration. three dots in the Morse code told Venus as well. We now hear of a new component him that world-wide radio commu- If it is within the scope and — the meson — believed to result nication was possible. Similarly, power of the inhabitants of another from the interaction of the primary the radar signal from the moon planet to eavesdrop on our radio cosmic ray with atoms in the atmo- proved that man might some day and television broadcasts as well as sphere. The so-called meson is esti- mated to have a mass 200 times that reach out to touch the planets; it on the multiplicity of radiotelegraph of the electron. Herein exist a revived speculation on interplane- messages and news, our planetary may clue to devising a new source of tary communication and inspired neighbors must have a comprehen- energy to be harnessed and con- great hope for interstellar scientific sive idea of what sort of people we trolled by man. exploration. With electronic com- are and what sort of a place this world has turned out to be. It would The mystery of the atom, includ- puters, sensitive photoelectric cells be interesting to learn what our ing its nuclear physics and the curi- and infrared eyes that see in the neighbors above really think of us ous chemical isotopes, traces un- dark, the mystery story of the up- below. limited frontiers that beckon youth, per altitudes will become available just as the telegraph instrument for man to read. The telescope with Netf Opportunities enchanted the newsboy Edison. The its giant mirrors is no longer the dots and dashes that imprinted mes- only exploring eye for discovery Let no youth of today deplore the sages on his imaginative mind now above and beyond the earth. Man's lack of opportunities. Look up at find their modern counterpart in perspectives and concepts of the the Milky Way and behold a myriad the explosions of atomic fission universe are rapidly being broad- of challenges for any lifetime. Sci- in radar pulses and in the impact ened by science. ence through radio and radar is of cosmic rays.

[6 RADIO age; Science is soaring to new alti- Radio now spans the gaps of the miles as in the past. In World War tudes. In the upper atmosphere hemisphere, leaps frontiers, ignores II, big guns showered projectiles there are new wonders of the fu- boundaries and cannot be stopped by across the English Channel. Robot ture, new benefits for the welfare any man-made political "curtain." bombs and rockets travelled even of all people, new power for indus- For radio goes everywhere — and greater distances and were directed try and transportation. In the through word and picture can bring to their targets by radio. Shells stratosphere lie swift routes be- information and understanding to carried radio proximity fuses which tween nations and broad highways all peoples of the world. caused them to explode when close to new continents in physics and Already we are on the threshold to the target, whether it was a ship c)iemistry. of individual radio communication. or a plane. A motorist on the streets of New Now, if a missile is launched into Air Has Become Common Medium York may talk with a friend in the stratosphere to travel at 3,000 The explorer who now seeks, as Bombay, or with a relative on a ship miles an hour as predicted for the Columbus did, a new passage to somewhere on the Seven Seas. The decade of the Fifties, then space India, or a Northwest passage as day is coming when radio will speak completely fades as a bulwark of did Sir John Franklin, must tra- man to man, and television will place defense. Hindenburg, Maginot, and verse high altitudes. The links to them face to face in New York, Siegfried Lines are crumbled fables world union will be welded in space. London or Shanghai. All this is the of the past. Trench, channel, river, Today, the air is the common pas- essence of one world. mountain or forest are part of the sageway of mankind where once it past's outmoded military strategy, was the land and the water. The Distance Is No Security rendered impotent by science. By air, of course, has been ever pres- radio and radar a high-speed mis- ent, but man did not learn how to These remarkable advances of sci- sile, loaded with germs or explo- use it until the turn of the century ence emphasize the importance of sives, can be guided with such pre- when radio and aviation were born. the United Nations and its respon- cision that the Atlantic and Pacific As a result of the vision of Marconi sibilities to world welfare. Space are no more effective in preventing and the Wrights, and others who has been a formidable fort through- attack than was the Delaware River followed them, the air has become a out the ages. Enemies had to get when Washington crossed it. common medium that brings nations within range by arrow, shot or shell together. By radio, Moscow and in order to wage warfare. But sci- Chungking are as near to Washing- ence has shrunk space, and distance ton as Cincinnati and New York. no longer provides protection or na- By airplane the great cities of the tional security. Today's weapons RADIO NOW SPANS THE GAPS OF THE HEMISPHERES, LEAPS FRONTIERS, IG- a range of a few world are only hours apart. are not confined to NORES BOUNDARIES AND CANNOT BE STOPPED BY ANY MAN-MADE POLITICAL "CURTAIN".

THE RADAR "PEEP" THAT ECHOED FROM THE

MOON . . . WAS AS IMPORTANT AS THE FIRST FEEBLE TRANSATLANTIC SIGNAL TO MARCONI'S EARS WHEN HE PLUCKED THE LETTER "S" FROM THE OCEAN AIR. ROBOT BOMBS AND ROCKETS WERE DIRECTED TO THEIR TARGETS BY RADIO.

A nation that is complacent and The world has had a war in which need for organized research in the ignores the swift advances of sci- science was predominant. As the social as well as the physical sci- ence courts disaster; for ignorance months turned on the calendar of ences — research that reaches for and weakness lead to destruction. 1946, it became more and more ap- higher altitudes and points the way Therefore, America must foster re- parent that the world needs a peace upward in man's eternal quest for search, advance its industry and in which science will play the con- peace and plenty, freedom and hap- continually bolster its national de- structive role. Science in wartime piness. fense with modern science. We proved that it possesses immense But to achieve these blessings, it must maintain our strength and and dynamic power for good or for is not enough for mankind simply thus help to preserve our national evil; it can advance or destroy civil- to explore in the vastness of space security. Law and order, based on ization. The new forces which sci- for new material conquests. Man strong foundations can best protect ence has released must be made to must also raise his social sights. At the peace. Our country staunchly serve the ends of peace. And the the new altitudes he must seek and believes in the United Nations and path to peace must be found by men find the faith and inspiration that has given proof of its willingness of good will whose capacity for lead- will enable him to express the true to cooperate fully in efforts to ership is matched by courage, vision purpose of science—which is to pro- achieve international understand- and imagination. Such qualities of vide for all mankind a good life ing and world peace. But the heart and mind would recognize the and a lasting peace. United States must remain a mighty power so that its world- wide policies and its international relations are not based upon fear. Fear itself can destroy our free- dom. Freedom of science must pre- vail. Research must be stimulated and advanced through the scientific training of American youth in Gov- ernment, industrial and university laboratories. The pursuit of science is a task that never ends.

RESEARCH MUST BE STIMULATED AND ADVANCED THROUOH THE SCIENTIFIC TRAINING OF AMERICAN YOUTH IN GOV- KRNMENT, INDUSTRIAL AND UNIVERSITY LABORATORIES. THE PURSUIT OF SCI- FNCE IS A TASK THAT NEVER ENDS.

[8 RADIO AGE] TYPICAL SCENE IN WEATHER FORECAST- ING OFFICE SHOWING SOME OF THE IN- STRUMENTS THAT WILL SUPPLY INFOR- MATION TO ELECTRONIC COMPUTERS.

the weather, he said, have been suc- cessful only on a small scale because of their cost and the fact that it has been impossible to determine where the control should be applied for maximum effect. The electronic forecaster, he said, will supply this guidance. "The hope for effective weather control rests in the fact that the condition preceding many of the weather processes which it may be desirable to control is essentially unstable or metastable, character- ized by the accumulation of large amounts of potential energy during an extended period," continued Dr. Zworykin. "Thus, while the energy finally released may be enormous, that required to trigger the release may be quite modest. Furthermore, CAN STORMS BE CONTROLLED the magnitude of the triggering energy required will greatly depend Dr. V. K. Zworykin Discusses Possibilities of Weather Control and on the time and place at which it is the Electronic Significance of Computer. applied. Since the electronic fore- caster should make it possible to CONTROL of hurricanes, pre- RCA Laboratories, with the cooper- observe the effect of applying given vention of killing frosts, and ation of Dr. John von Neumann of amounts of energy at different precipitation of rain in dry areas the Institute for Advanced Study points of the weather map almost are possibilities of an electronic at Princeton, N. J., Dr. Zworykin instantaneously, it will point the weather forecaster now in its early said, can be used in the construc- way to the most economic measures stage of development. Dr. V. K. tion of an electronic forecaster. which will lead to the desired Zworykin, Vice President and Tech- This would enable the making of change in the evolution of the nical Consultant of the RCA Lab- reliable weather forecasts for days weather. oratories Division, Princeton, N. J., ahead in a matter of minutes. But "Consider as a specific applica- told a joint meeting of the Ameri- even more important. Dr. Zworykin tion the control of tropical hurri- can Meteorological Society and the pointed out, may be its application canes which periodically wreak Institute of Aeronautical Sciences in the control of weather, not over havoc in Florida and along the Gulf at the Hotel Astor, January 30. vast areas but in modifying such coast. These storms originate in Pointing to the great economic local conditions as dangerous the Belt of the Doldrums, off the significance the new development storms, droughts, frosts, and fogs. west coast of Africa and a few de- may have for transportation, agri- At present, the meteorologist has grees north of the equator. Two culture, and the saving of human two methods upon which he bases possible ways offer themselves for life, Dr. Zworykin disclosed that his predictions. Dr. Zworykin ex- affecting the evolution of the hur- the electronic forecaster also holds plained. They involve application ricane. The building up of the hur- promise for accurate weather pre- of the laws of physics and com- ricane can be prevented by inter- dictions over the entire globe. parisons of new weather maps with fering with the storage of energy The success of any overall sys- old ones, and are based on informa- within the storm area, or the hur- tem of weather prediction and con- tion gathered at meteorological sta- ricane once formed can be deflected trol. Dr. Zworykin emphasized, will tions covering an extended area. In into regions where it is allowed to "require an increasing degree of practice, accurate forecasts require dissipate itself with the least dam- cooperation between the peoples of a synthesis of the two approaches. age." the world. Only as a world-wide However, Dr. Zworykin continued, Where these counter measures service can it attain its maximum if all the information is considered should be put into effect, Dr. effectiveness and yield its greatest to its fullest extent, the prediction Zworykin said, could be determined benefits." cannot be completed in time to be beforehand by a series of model ex- The principles of an electronic of value. periments on the electronic fore- computer now being developed at Previous methods of changing caster, which will be a computing

[RADIO AGE 9] WEATHER CONDITIONS IN THE UPPER AIK GLASSFORD APPOINTED ARE RECORDED BY SENSITIVE INSTRU- MENTS CARRIED ALOFT BY BALLOONS. TO EUROPEAN POST Vice-Admiral William A. Glass- ford, U.S.N. (Ret.), has been ap- pointed Eui'opean Manager for ac- tivities of the Radio Corporation of into highly reflecting areas by cov- America in the United Kingdom and on the Continent ering them with artificial fog using of Europe. His headquarters will techniques widely applied in the be at 43 Berkeley Square, war. Here again, Dr. Zworykin London. Admiral Glassford served pointed out, the electronic fore- with distinction in World I caster could be used to deduce the War and World II, and conclusion most advantageous location and the War upon of the latter conflict required magnitude of such patches became Com- mander of U. S. Naval Forces in to produce the desired effect. Germany, in control of sea commu- In subsequent comments on the nications for the U. S. Army of electronic computer and the myriad Occupation. He participated in ne- facts that it will be called upon to gotiations with the British, French handle. Dr. Zworykin used as an and Germans in solving German and e.xample, the relatively simple at- Austrian inland water-way prob- mospheric phenomena that produce lems, and was American represen- rainfalls. tative on the Tripartite Commission He pointed out that the sun's with the British and Russians for lays, striking the earth, raise the division of the German Fleet and temperature of the soil which Merchant Marine. causes the moisture to evaporate. Admiral Glassford's retirement This vapor rises into the air to a from the Navy became effective on height of a mile or more. As the March 1, after 4.5 years of service. moisture moves upward through the rarified air, it expands and is NEW TELEVISION SCREEN chilled, forming clouds. As the GIVES BRIGHTER IMAGES chilling continues, the moisture Projection-type home television condenses into droplets which fall receivers providing pictures to the earth as rain. two device capable of automatically and one-half times brighter than This process is affected by a mul- handling vast amounts of weather earlier large-screen models, made titude of factors including the con- calculations. possible by a newly-developed stantly changing temperatures of screen, were shown publicly for the Two methods are available, Dr. earth and air, variations in air first time before the Zwoi-ykin explained, for providing New York Sec- pressure and humidity, and the tion of the Institute of Radio Engi- the energy needed to alter the evo- velocity and direction of wind cur- neers on April 2. Antony Wright, lution of weather changes. A com- rents at different altitudes. Chief of the RCA Victor Television bustible substance such as oil might Receiver Design Section, and Edwin be spread on water over a consid- Although much of this informa- L. Clark, Senior Engineer of the erable area and ignited. This would tion is available today, Dr. Zwory- kin it Section who jointly conducted the add energy directly to the air, caus- said would take so long to demonstration, revealed that the ing an updraft and affecting the collect and interpret it fully, using new screen will be employed in air movement in the surrounding existing methods and machines, RCA's projection television receiv- region. Similar results, he said, that the weather would undergo a ers which are scheduled for com- might be obtained by using the complete change before the compu- tations mercial distribution this year. The sun's radiations to modify weather could be completed, even large pictures of greater brilliance conditions. This, he said, could be though the forecast were limited to provided by this screen are expected accomplished in several ways. a small area. to extend television's usefulness in Weather control patches black- For long-range forecasting, he public places, schools and audito- ened by deposits of carbon could be added, meteorologists are supplied riums, and in the home. established at strategic points to with only a small fraction of essen- The screen is a development of act similarly to the large burned- tial data. For that reason, they the RCA Laboratories Division and over blackened land areas in South must make approximations based is based on a new application of Africa which have been found to be on their knowledge of atmospheric plastics. Incorporated in a console centers of repeated thunderstorms. changes which are known to have type receiver, it presented a picture In contrast, he said, these same resulted from a combination of sim- 15 x 20 inches, about the size of a areas could, at will, be converted ilar factors. standard newspaper page.

[10 RADIO AGE tion to be recorded is rehearsed HOW RECORDS ARE MADE until it meets the approval of the leader, who is inside the control with the engineers, listening Today's Discs are Produced by the Finest Musical Talent, Combined room to the music as it will sound on a with Expert Factory Skills using Ingredients from Many Countries. record. By W. T. Warrender Through the control room win- General Plant Manager, RCA Victor Record Dept. dow the band leader gesticulates to his musicians as the amplifiers register the results of their re- ATURBANED man raising from Indiana ; red slate from Penn- are bugs in India and the leader sylvania; carbon black and many hearsals. The instrumentalists forth until de- of a symphony orchestra or jazz other materials. moved back and the is the band have a share in producing the First step in the making of a sired balance attained. Then music records of today. So do elec- record, of course, takes place in the number is played through as it played for the record. trical engineers, sound engineers, studio where the performance is would be The chemists, clay diggers in the mid- placed on the master record, and control engineers, the recording su- leader the west, gold miners in the Far West, here one sees the scientific side of pervisor, the band and players are satisfied. they're music directors and air-condition- the job developed to its finest point. Now ing experts. In the RCA Victor studios in New ready to make a recording. In fact, that plain-looking little York, as an example, one notes Preparing to Make a Record black disc that music lovers have upon entering that walls and ceil- taken for granted for so long is the ings have bien carefully processed It's a far cry from the RCA Vic- end-result of a complicated series to achieve acoustical perfection. At tor recording studio, where a big of operations that reach to the four the end of a room is a glass-enclosed name band is about to impress a corners of the globe. The job of booth, the control room, nerve cen- tune on wax, to a big industrial producing it is a combination of the ter of the establishment. In this plant, a cross-roads diner, an iso- exotic with the matter-of-fact op- room is the monitor panel, where lated farm or a luxurious apartment erations of a giant industry. the control engineer controls the where the record is spinning out The making of a record can be quality and loudness of the music. the tune. It's a far cry but it starts broken down into three main In this room also are the amplifiers this way: phases: the complex science of re- which increase the volume of sound A saxophone player in the band production of sound; the artists picked up by the super-sensitive takes off his shoes, places them be- whose performances are recorded, RCA microphones outside, where side his chair in the recording and the materials that go into the musicians or other artists operate. studio and wiggles his toes. A physical structure of the record it- Here also are the recording ma- self. chines, which cut the master record. Chief ingredients of a disc are In the studio outside the control 'o^r THE RECORDING ENGRAVED ON THE LAC- shellac, which comes mainly from room a popular band is "warming QUER DISC IN FOREGROUND IS TRANS- the secretion of an insect cultivated up" for a recording. There is an FERRED TO WAX DISCS IN THE REAR. in India; gums from the Philip- informal atmosphere as the musi- pines and Africa; fine limestone cians get into the mood. The selec-

STOP WATCH IN HAND, A RECORDING ENGINEER CHECKS ON AN ORCHESTRA AS IT "CUTS" A RECORD IN AN RCA VICTOR RECORDING STUDIO.

RADIO AGE llj couple of other instrumentalists lin- the next step is to transfer the cut- metal stamping discs at the fac- ger over bottles of soda pop. ting on the master to several wax tories, the making of a record be- Another peels off his coat and rolls coated discs. Each disc then under- comes a matter of combining the up his shirt sleeves, while the band goes a "gold-sputtering process." ingredients of which the disc is leader moves nonchalantly about. First the wax is cleaned with nitro- composed and pressing out the fin- ished product. Technicians in the glass-enclosed gen. Then it is placed in a vacuum is a large control room meanwhile watch the chamber in which there With infinite care the workmen sheet of 24-karat gold. An electric carefully mix and blend the dozen bandmen ; they're waiting until the 2,500 volts is turned into players are in "the Groove" or suffi- current of ingredients. After a precise screen- for 12 minutes ciently relaxed to go ahead with the the chamber and ing operation, the blended materials this current produces a vapor of session. Finally the band is drawn are drawn off in a powdered form gold that covers the wax impres- together; it runs through the tune and dumped into one of the most molecular several times. With sound engi- sion. The gold, being of amazing machines in the record in- fills the minute neers, recording supervisors and structure, in most dustry—the Banbury mixer. grooves of the record. It is so thin players satisfied with rehearsals, In the Banbury mixer, the record as to be transparent, about two mil- one or more test records are made ingredients are thoroughly blended lionths of an inch. and played back so that the per- and fused into a black, plastic mass formers themselves can hear just resembling asphalt. Steaming hot, how their rendition sounds. This Copper Applied to Wax Surface this material is dropped on a roll- allows, too, for the last minute ing machine which kneads it back Next step in the process is to changes. Now the men in the con- and forth like a monster rolling pin, apply electro-chemically, a thick trol room go into action. Onto a finally sheeting it on a long con- layer of pure copper to the gold- turntable goes a master lacquer veyor belt on which it moves covered wax surface. It is only disc. Then the signal for the final through a set of revolving knives when every part of the wax surface recording is given. A buzzer that cut it into sections known as has been made electrically conduc- sounds. A light flashes on. "biscuits", each biscuit containing tive by the gold sputtering that it Outside, in the studio proper, the sufficient material to make a record. can receive the copper plating. The band begins to play, and as the The operation now moves into wax is suspended in a copper plat- microphones carry the vibrations the pressing department. As previ- ing solution which is constantly cir- from studio to control room turn- ously explained, metal stampers culated and filtered. The wax disc table, a stylus cuts into the disc on have been formed from the dupli- is kept rotating in this solution in the revolving turntable, registering cates made from the master record, order to insure a uniform coating. vibrations produced by the music. the number of stampers being de- When the disc is removed after termined by the number of records When the recording is finished. four hours, it has a perfect copper to be made and the speed with coating 20 thousandths of an inch which an order is to be filled. thick over the gold surface. Two metal stampers are required To produce the huge number of (Continued on Page RCA Victor Records demanded by 31) HOW RECORDS the public it is necessary to make ARE PRESSED duplicate molds and record stamp- ers. This is accomplished by strip- ping the gold-faced copper master, IN THIS TEST BOOTH, EACH RECORD IS 1 THE WAX DISC, COVERED WITH INSPECTED FOR QUALITY AND FREEDOM — A which has been produced, from the THIN FILM OF GOLD, IS LOWERED INTO FROM SURFACE IMPERFECTIONS. A COPPER PLATING BATH TO MAKE IT wax disc. The gold surface is then MORE RIGID. treated, nickel is plated on it and copper plated against the nickel 2—THE GOLD-FACED MASTER RECORD WITH COPPER BACKING IS STRIPPED through electroplating baths. Now FROM THE WAX DISC, AFTER WHICH IT the two surfaces are separated, IS NICKEL PLATED AND AGAIN COVERED creating a nickel mold and a gold WITH COPPER. master. The latter goes into RCA 3—INGREDIENTS THAT GO INTO THE Victor's priceless treasure vault of COMMERCIAL DISC ARE CAREFULLY masters while the mold is nickel WEIGHED AND MIXED. plated and the same process re- 4—AFTER MIXING, THE COMPOUND IS peated. Next the two nickel sur- RUN THROUGH ROLLERS AND PRESSED faces are separated or stripped, TO THE CORRECT THICKNESS. — leaving the original nickel mold 5 "BISCUITS" OF COMPOUND ARE and a new nickel stamper which is PLACED BETWEEN THE TWO STEAM- used to press out the finished rec- HEATED MOLDS REPRESENTING BOTH ord. The mold may be used to make SIDES OF THE RECORDING AND SQUEEZED UNDER HEAVY PRESSURE. any number of stampers. Following the making of the 6—THE COMPLETED RECORD IS STRIPPED FROM THE MOLD, AND EXCESS COM- "master record" at the studios, and POUND TRIMMED FROM THE DISC. from that the duplicate matrices or

[RADIO AGE 13] SURGEONS, INTERNES AND NURSES STUDY OPERATING TECHNIQUES FROM SCREENS OP RCA VICTOR RECEIVERS INSTALLED IN A VIEWING ROOM AT JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL IN BALTIMORE.

RBED IN MASK AND CAP, A TELEVISION GINEER FOCUSES HIS IMAGE ORTHICON CAMERA ON THE OPERATING TABLE.

Commenting on the experiment. Dr. Crosby said, "Adequate obser- Hospital Television vation facilities to teach surgical techniques have long been a serious More Than 300 Doctors and Surgeons Witness "Blue" Baby Oper- problem. The physical limitations ations on Television Screens During Baltimore Demonstration. of amphitheatres sharply restrict the visibility of the operating field. Television has brought the opera- use of television as a means ation. Other operations, including THE tive field within the critical sight of explaining surgical tech- a second "blue" baby operation, of large numbers of doctors and niques to large groups of doctors, were televised on succeeding days. students, will permit to surgeons and medical students was Two super-sensitive RCA Image and them demonstrated by RCA Victor Divi- Orthicon cameras were used. One witness many operations. The ex- perience, although short, with this sion during actual operations at was mounted above the operating experiment, indicates that television Johns Hopkins University and Hos- table to give a detailed view of the may be extremely valuable in this pital in Baltimore on February 27, operation. The second camera, type of teaching. 28 and 29. Reception of the images equipped with a telephoto lens, was was restricted to receivers in rooms set up in the gallery of the amphi- After the demonstrations. Dr. on the operating floor of the hos- theatre. Trimble declared that the results were "highly gratifying and indi- pital. Surgeon Described Operation cate a possible modification in sur- The experiment was arranged by The camera directly over the Dr. gical teaching." He said the new Dr. I. Ridgeway Trimble and operating table was pre-set and con- Frederick M. Reese of the hospital method might affect construction of trolled automatically. A suspended operating amphitheatres and said staff, with the approval of Dr. microphone permitted the surgeon L. director of the the technique also had the advan- Edwin Crosby, to comment as the operation pro- hospital, to permit 300 members of gressed. tage of reducing even further the Medical the Johns Hopkins and Ten RCA Victor receivers, includ- possibility of infection. Properly Surgical Association to witness the ing the new 10-inch direct view aligned lights and television cam- operations. table model and two large screen era, he continued, would permit the The first operation to be televised projection models were installed in clear reception of almost all opera- was the so-called "blue" baby oper- the viewing rooms. tions.

[14 RADIO AGE] of 4,300 square miles serving an TELEVISION FOR ST. LOUIS estimated population of nearly one and one-half million. Post-Dispatch Station Goes On the Air with Latest Superiority of postwar equipment was immediately noted on the Television Equipment. screens of RCA receivers. Experts rated the images the best yet for the honor of being St. Louisans. Sponsors, too, were THE race achieved in actual transmission. post- not long in making their appear- the first newly equipped To give flexibility in program- the ance. Thirteen firms bought time on war television station to go on ming, the station's facilities include during Edison Week. air with regular schedules has been KSD-TV an RCA radio relay link transmitter approached won by KSD-TV, St. Louis, Mo., As the opening date and receiver and an RCA 16 mm. certain pieces of equipment had with assistance from the Radio Cor- and projector and film camera. poration of America and the Inter- failed to arrive, KSD-TV officials state Supply Company, RCA Victor flew in the essential units from the distributors in St. Louis. Although RCA Victor plant in Camden, N. J. ROBERT COE, CHIEF ENGINEER OF KSD- transmissions were inaugu- Included in the airborne shipment video TV, AND RCA ENGINEER ED RISK EXAM- rated February 8, officials of the were several RCA image orthicon INE TELEVISION CAMERA AND CONTROL. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, owner of cameras which because of their su- the new television station, selected persensitivity were widely used Edison Centennial Week, beginning during the first week in picking-up February 10, as the time to launch street interviews, fashion shows programs on daily schedules. and sporting events outside the stu- Attracted by advertisements in dios. local newspapers, the public re- The temporary transmitter and sponded enthusiastically to the new antenna provide an effective range entertainment service. Thousands of about ten miles but the perma- flocked to the stores where televi- nent units which ai'e expected to be sion sets were on display and for operating some time this month will sale. In some places the throngs include a 20 k.w. RCA transmitter blocked the store entrances. Within with a range from 35 to 40 miles. a short time after their arrival the The antenna will then be erected on first shipment of several hundred a tower atop the Post-Dispatch RCA table model television receiv- building, 550 feet above the street ers had been snapped up by eager and will deliver signals over an area

STUDIO OP KSD-TV AS VIEWED FROM THE CONTROL ROOM. RCA EQUIPMENT IS USED THROUGHOUT.

[RADIO AGE 15]

"^^

IVES FROM RCA PLANTS AND LABORATORIES

] Curved antenna and driving motor of a shipboard 5 Testing a table model radio at the Industry Service radar equipment being inspected at Radiomarine Laboratory. Corporation of America. ^ Radiotelegraph messages to and from foreign cities 2 Teclinician at RCA Industry Service Laboratory maices pass on tapes through automatic machines at RCA precision checl( on a component for a radio receiver. Communications, Inc.

3 Skilled girls draw intricate diagrams of radio circuits y Panels for marine radio stations are inspected at at the Industry Service Laboratory. Radiomarine's plant before shipboard installation.

4 Tv/elve-inch cathode-ray tubes of Radiomarine's 8 Table-model television receivers on the RCA Victor RCA Makes Annual Report to Stockholders

Reconversion to Peacetime Operations Has Laid Foundation for Increased Commercial Activity— Financial Results for 1946—Television Activity Increases.

RE-ESTABLISHMENT by RCA aried employees in an amount to Nearly 1,500,000 units — includ- commercial op- provide average increases of at least ing RCA Victor home radio, phono- , of peacetime and television instruments erations in the service of the nation 17V2 cents per hour. An additional graph produced during the year, and the public was announced by 5V2-cent increase was granted to — were Chairman James G. Harbord and most employees in certain plants despite the fact that manufacture such President David Sarnoff, speaking toward the end of the year. Aver- was restricted by shortages of record for the Board of Directors, in a age hourly earnings, excluding items as wood cabinets, changers, steel, plastics, and loud- joint statement issued February 27 overtime, were $1,081 in December, speakers. to the Corporation's 218,000 stock- an increase of 19.7% over Decem- holders. As a result, they said, ber, 1945, and 60% over January, foundations were laid for increased 1941. The average weekly take- Television Prospects commercial activity throughout the home pay for hourly paid employees The Report said that delivery of entire RCA organization. was $47.41 in December, an in- Net earnings of Radio Corpora- crease of 27.7% over December RCA super-sensitive television cam- era field equipment during 1946 tion of America in 1946 amounted 1945, and 87% over January 1941. and enhanced programming in general to $10,985,053, equivalent to 56.4 and greatly facilitated advances in cents per share of common stock. Ten-Year Table of Operations This compares with $11,317,068 in the art of telecasting sports and The Report contains a table of for 1945, when earnings after payment news events. The prospect new financial results achieved by RCA business the television field was of preferred dividends were equiv- in for the past ten years year by revealed home re- alent to 58.8 cents per share. — to be good, with compilation shows that Total gross income from all year. This ceivers and transmitter apparatus annual averages of: $194,- sources amounted to $236,980,770, RCA has in demand. income; $21,975,000 representing a decrease of 15.2% 475,000 gross The year 1946, marking produc- Federal income compared with the total of $279,- net profit before tion of its billionth phonograph disc, taxes; $12,416,000 Federal income 503,615 in 1945, when the Corpora- was the best in the history of the taxes; net pi-ofit after income taxes Victor record business. Co- tion was still engaged in filling sub- RCA The profit before stantial Government orders. of $9,558,000. ordinated efforts of manufacturing, taxes represents an annual average engineering and purchasing depart- over the ten-year period of 11.3% ments made it possible to operate Personnel Increased in 1946 of the gross income and an annual plants in Camden, Indianapolis and As of December 31, 1946, RCA average of profit after taxes of Hollywood to capacity during the personnel numbered 39,361, repre- 4.9%. entire year. A fourth record manu- senting an increase of 6,376 over During the ten-year period, divi- facturing plant at Canonsburg, Pa. the total at the end of 1945. Vari- dends paid to stockholders amount- is expected to begin operation this ous labor problems were solved by ed in total to $60,086,242. Of this summer to help meet increased de- RCA without strikes during a year amount $32,376,346 was paid to pre- mand. of widespread labor unrest through- ferred stockholders and $27,709,896 The RCA International Division, out the country. RCA as a whole to common stockholders. During which has the responsibility for the negotiated and maintained contin- this same ten-year period the net foreign activities of RCA, ended the uous relations with 37 separate worth of the corporation was in- year with a back-log of orders that labor unions. creased by $39,108,225 and now is reached an all-time high, accoi-ding In the manufacturing division of $101,876,817. The total earned sur- to the Report. Contracts for RCA RCA the number of employees in- plus at December 31, 1946, amount- products were signed in many coun- creased to a postwar high of 28,300 ed to $.54,099,043, an increase of tries. One important transaction in December, 46% of whom were $5,060,916 over earned surplus at provided for modernization of Tur- female employees. During the war, the end of 1945. key's communication system and in- a total of 6,720 employees entered The RCA Victor Division, en- stallation of Radiomarine equip- the armed forces and of this total, gaged in manufacturing and sales, ment aboard 30 Turkish merchant 3,493 have been re-employed. In exceeded the records it had estab- ships. addition, 4,171 veterans who were lished in production and merchan- "The RCA Laboratories Division not former employees have been dising during any previous peace- reported that its scientists and the hired. time year. Nevertheless, the avail- research staff, having completed General wage increases were ability of products at no time wartime assignments and respon- granted in the RCA Victor Division matched the demand, the Annual sibilities, directed their efforts in to the majority of hourly and sal- Report stated. 1946 to research useful in develop-

[18 RADIO AGE] ing new radio-electronic products company's history. Commercial eial courses in television technology and services. Their scientific traffic increased more than sixteen were conducted during the year in achievements enabled engineers to per cent over the previous year. New York and Los Angeles for the put electrons to work in many new During the year, RCA completed benefit of broadcast station engi- processes and applications, the An- the first phase of a modernization neers. nual Report stated. At the same program through which its radio time, research pertaining to the circuits are being converted from STUDIO LISTENERS national security was continued and the old method of Morse operation intensified. to an automatic tape relay basis, VOTE ELECTRICALLY Recalling that color television providing faster and more efficient A S.MALL PUSH-BUTTON PERMITS EACH pictures produced by all-electronic service. LISTENER TO REGISTER HIS VOTE WHEN means were demonstrated publicly New direct circuits were opened DEBATES ARE STAGED IN NBC'S RADIO CITY STUDIOS. for the first time on October 30, in 1946 with seven foreign centers 1946, at RCA Laboratories, the and direct circuits were re-estab- Report said the demonstration dis- lished with three additional coun- closed a revolutionary development tries. Use of the Tangier relay sta- in radio science as far-reaching as tion, opened by RCA early in 1946, the creation of the original RCA all- expedited traffic between United electronic television system, which States and terminals in Russia and supplanted the mechanical discs India. RCA now has direct com- used in the first black-and-white munication with 60 countries. television operations. The National Broadcasting Com- "The new RCA electronic color pany, which celebrated its 20th An- television system is a major con- niversary in 1946, surpassed all pre- tribution to the television leader- vious years in the scope of its ship of the United States," the services to the American public, in Annual Report stated. "Like other the size of the national audience at- developments of RCA Laboratories, tracted to its programs and in its it is available to the entire radio volume of commercial business. The industry." network entered 1947 with a total of 161 broadcasting stations, of New Light-weight Microphone which 155 are independent affiliates and six are owned by the Company The Report revealed development —WNBC (formerly WEAF), New at RCA Laboratories of a new light- York; WRC, Washington; WTAM, weight microphone for use in sound Cleveland; WMAQ, Chicago; KOA, motion picture studios. The instru- Denver; and KPO, San Francisco. ment was said to have twice the During the year, staff of 65 output of microphones previously a experienced newsmen occupied rep- used for such purposes. Scientists ortorial posts in the principal world at the Laboratories also succeeded capitals and across the United in reducing noise in sound repro- States. continued to expand duction systems, improving their NBC its television program service, pre- fidelity as well as that of radio re- INSPECTING THE CHART WHICH RECORDS senting new plays, national events, ception generally. THE VOTES OF THE STUDIO AUDIENCE. motion pictures and newsreels to Based on extensive experience in the growing television audience in the electronic computing field dur- the New York metropolitan area. ing the war, RCA Laboratories was disclosed to have established a pro- Radiomarine Corporation of gram with the Institute for Ad- America, alert to the practical vanced Study in Princeton to con- peacetime application of wartime struct a universal all-electronic radio-electronic aids to navigation, computing machine. It will solve designed and added radar appara- almost instantly complicated prob- tus, as well as loran and other navi- lems in higher mathematics in such gational advances to its line of fields as electricity, acoustics, chem- equipment in 1946. istry and other branches of engi- RCA Institutes, Inc., with veter- neering through use of a new type ans of World War II comprising of electron tube known as the "Se- three-fourths of its enrollment, had lectron". a total of 2,023 students during RCA Communications, Inc. re- 1946, and at the year end its facili- ported that in 1946 the volume of ties were operating at full capacity. international radiotelegraph traffic Augmenting the diversified techni- it handled was the largest in the cal courses in radio training, spe-

[R ADIO AGE 19] through all the windows and force- NEW TUBE HAS "MEMORY" fully maintain the potential of sub- divided areas on the insulator. Selectron 'Selectron", Under Development at RCA Laboratories, Helps to In the experimental tubes under development at RCA Solve Complex Mathematical Problems With Lightning Speed. Laboratories, Dr. Rajchman said, the source of electrons is an axial DEVELOPMENT of a new elec- storing times, the Selectron makes cathode. The Selectron has a capac- tron tube with uncanny pow- it possible to compute the long ity of 4,096—equal to 64 times 64— ers of "memory" was disclosed by sequences. "on-off" signals. Dr. Rajchman Dr. Jan Rajchman, of RCA Labora- Each of multiple "on-off" signals, disclosed that forty such tubes with tories, Princeton, N. J., in a paper representing factors of the mathe- a capacity of 163,840 "on-off" sig- presented March 4, to the 1947 Na- matical operation, is stored in terms nals will be used in the electronic tional Convention of the Institute computing machine being con- of Radio Engineers, at the Hotel structed for the Institute for Ad- Commodore, New York. vanced Study. This unusual tube—known as To register a signal during the the "Selectron"—has been designed bombardment of electrons, it was for use in electronic calculating explained, a specific window is machines through which, according opened to the exclusion of all to Dr. Rajchman, it is possible to others, and a voltage pulse is ap- complete the multiplication of two plied to a metallic plate backing the numbers of as many as twelve digits insulating surface. (one thousand billions) in about a hundred-millionth of a second. Calculations with this lightning- like speed are imperative, it was explained, in solving mathematical problems relating to supersonic air flow, atomic physics, weather pre- dictions, and other scientific or technical equations in which ultra- rapid solution is a factor. Dr. Rajchman emphasized that work on the Selectron is still in the laboratory stage and tubes of this type are not yet available com- mercially. He revealed, however, that RCA scientists contemplate using tubes of the Selectron type in SMALL SIZE OF THE "SELECTRON" TUBE BELIES ITS UNUSUAL POWERS OF "MEMORY" an electronic computing machine IN HELPING TO SOLVE COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS. being built in Princeton in coopera- tion with the Institute for Advanced Study. of electrostatic charges on the sur- This pulse is negative or positive One of the principal requirements face of an insulator. This is called depending on the polarity of the of electronic computing machines. "writing". Two sets of tiny metallic signal and overpowers the local wires at right Dr. Rajchman reported, is that of angles to each other electronic locking mechanism. Im- "inner memory" such as that being are located between the source of mediately following this registra- achieved by the RCA Selectron tube. electrons and the insulating sur- tion, all windows are opened again, He said that this requirement face. These two sets create a check- and the previously registered po- arises from the fact that in solving erboard of windows which can be tentials are locked in. equations fast registry and deliv- closed or opened to the passage of For reading ery must be made for long se- electrons at will. any signal, once more the proper quences of computations in order The tiny metallic bars of the window is opened at the exclusion that the results of one operation "windows" are internally connected of all others and a signal is obtained become the data for a subsequent in such a way that by applying "on- from the backing plate. The "writ- operation without the use of me- off" voltages to a relatively small ing" requires no previous eras- chanical gadgets or humanly lim- number of sealed-in leads, the flow ing and takes only a few millionths ited equipment. of electrons can be blocked from all of a second. The reading, which Through its ability to retain data except one selected window. This requires no scanning of undesired originally fed into the calculating selection is part of the process ac- elements, follows the reading call by machine and data subsequently ac- counting for the "memory" char- cumulated in the process of compu- acteristics of the tube. During so- a few millionths of a second and tation, for arbitrarily long or short called storing periods, electrons pass can be repeated indefinitely.

[20 RADIO AGE] !

Radio and Television Use Plastics

Innumerable Items Ranging from Cabinets to Small Parts Are Made from These Easily Worked Synthetic Materials.

ing the best optical glass in refract- The use of plastics by RCA has ing qualities at a fraction of the paralleled the expanding history of cost of glass. Typical products are the plastics industry, for the na- control knobs, decorative and utili- tural characteristics of certain plas- tarian, for every kind of equip- tics are of special value in radio

ment ; cabinets for small radios equipment. Polystyrene, for ex- and intercommunication systems; ample, has a remarkably low-loss

coil forms ; meter cases ; capacitor factor which makes it almost in-

bases ; spools ; lenses, etc. valuable in high-frequency radio R. V. Beshgetoor was summoned equipment. Many other plastics are from the company's Argentina plant excellent electrical insulators. Since By J. A. Milling. in 1941 to organize the plastics the beginnings of the new "Plastic General Manager, operation in Camden. He is now Age," in the second decade of this Parts Department, merchandise manager of the Plas- century, other characteristics of RCA Victor Division tics Section which is a branch of plastics have resulted in their grad- the Parts Department. Earl F. ual introduction in many radio ap- TAKE half a pound of lifeless, Selby is production manager and plications, as replacements for grey powder pour it into a mold J. S. Bokeeno is Engineer in Charge wood, glass, and metal. along with two bricklets of the same of the Plastics Molding Section. Plastics are cheaper, as well as dull material: apply 200 tons of pressure and 340 degrees of heatj and three and a half minutes later,! as surely as though a fairy god-| mother had waved her magic wand, out pops a beautiful, shiny black cabinet, intricate in design and iiastic core-frame for a television i;kceiver being removed from rivaling the work of a master hy- draulic PRESS. craftsman in its finished perfection. Cinderella never enjoyed a more miraculous transformation Almost a thousand variations of this same Cinderella act can be per- formed in the Plastics Section of the RCA Victor Division's Parts Department, Camden, N. J. There, plastic parts and components that find their way into practically every finished product the company makes are designed and manufactured. Little "preformed" balls of plastic powder ride into a press on a feeder tray and pop out again as finished bases for radio tubes, 49 at a time. Small preformed plastic discs van- ish into a press to reappear, in almost less time than it takes to tell, as shining terminal boards for transformers. Output of the Plastics Section ranges from tiny, bright-red pin- jacks to highly polished plastic lenses for television receivers rival-

GANGS OF HUGE PRESSES QUICKLY CON- VERT PLASTIC MIXTURES INTO POLISHED PARTS FOR RADIO EQUIPMENT.

[RADIO AGE 21] better, in many applications. Plas- the most lethal effect. The problem den again upon being chilled. The tics are easy to mold. Complicated was to find or develop a plastic that Plastics Section uses such thermo- and e.xpensive machining costs are would stand the shattering impact plastics as Polystyrene, Plexiglas, eliminated. The finishing costs of of being fired out of a cannon. The cerex, and nylon (the same nylon plastics are relatively small, and Plastics Section molded parts of all that sheathes milady's limbs ) in the there's no need for sanding, polish- available materials, until finally a manufacture of fine television ing, or painting. After the removal plastic tough enough to meet these lenses, transparent and delicately of a slight bit of "flash" or e.xcess requirements was demonstrated and shaded knobs, and for meter cases material squeezed out of the mold, approved by the Armed Services. with transparent faces. the finished part is ready for the Another wartime achievement assembly line. was the molding of parts of the Exerts Pressure of 1,500 Tons Plastic parts are "born beauti- sound-power telephone developed by Specialized machinery used in the ful," with gleaming sur- smooth RCA. which saw wide service on all Plastics Section ranges from a king- faces, in color of the rainbow. any types of Navy ships, operated with- size "bobbing press," having the The color wear or chip off, won't out batteries, on power generated tremendous compressive force of because it's inherent in the mate- voice by the of the user. 3,000,000 lbs. down to a "baby" rial. Plastics are also warm and Two basic types of plastic com- 7000 lbs. molding press. (The lat- pleasant to the touch. pounds are used in the manufacture ter exerts a force sufficient to lift of plastic products. These are two automobiles.) Wartime Achievements "thermosetting" and "thermoplas- A variety of molding processes Armed with all the know-how of tic" materials. Among the thermo- are used—some almost as simple as plastics, the Plastics Section serves setting materials are the formalde- squeezing toothpaste out of a tube as counselor to the company's tech- hydes of phenol, urea, and mela- or baking a cake in an oven. Mold- nicians and design engineers on mine. These materials are usually ing by compression, for instance, proper applications and materials. cheaper than the thermoplastics, consists merely of applying heat During the war, the Section found will withstand heat better, and and pressure to a plastic powder itself faced with the unusual prob- harden permanently when molded. confined in a mold of the desired lem of finding a rugged plastic for They are used in the manufacture shape. For molding more intricate the nose piece of the proximity fuse, of knobs, tube bases, cabinets, and or delicate shapes to accurate di- a tiny sending and receiving radio terminal boards. mensions, the "transfer" method of station that searched out enemy The thermoplastics, on the other molding is used in which the "raw targets and detonated shells with hand, soften when heated and har- material" is plasticized by heat and

FORMING THIN DISCS OF CRYSTAL-LIKE PLASTIC FOR USE AS ELECTRONIC INSULATORS.

t).\E UK THE POWERFUL PRESSES AT THE RCA VICTOR PLANT TURNING OUT PLASTIC PARTS FOR RADIOS. [22 RADIO AGE] transformers. problem of dirt and pressure in a transfer chamber, and and The moisture getting into and disturbing the deli- then squeezed through an orifice cate mechanisms of meter cases was solved by into a closed mold, where it flows the development of a hermetically sealed meter evenly around small inserts. "In- case molded out of a transparent plastic mate- jection" molding consists of heating rial by the Plastics Section. In some cases, rigid material and squirting it into the requirements have actually led to the develop- a closed and chilled mold. In some ment of new materials. One such material, cases, a combination of injec- "Cerex," has unusual heat-resisting qualities as tion and compression mold- , ^ well as low-loss electrical properties. ing is used. Some plastics ^ Cerex was developed as a result of are simply "cast" by pour- yf^^ requirements for parts used in mili- ing the liquid material ^ \%V tary radio apparatus. into a mold and putting it Ever on the alert for new appli- in an oven to "cure" or set. cations of plastics to the products of RCA, the Plastics Section is a production Feats In Lens Making unique combination of plant and engineering laboratory. In a separate Optics Branch of The results are consistently lowered the Plastics Section, spectacular costs and improved quality as the feats in the art of lens-making have new Plastics Age continually un- taken place. Molded lenses used to covers new and better plastic "won- focus enlarged images in the RCA der materials". Victor large-screen television re- ceivers, soon to be offered commer- cially, are among the impressive ELECTIONS "firsts" chalked up by the Plastics Section. These lenses are rated as Election of Glen McDaniel as Vice the most accurate parts ever molded President and General Counsel of in the plastics industry. The toler- RCA Communications, Inc., 66 ances on the optical surfaces of Broad Street, was announced April these lenses are held to within ten A PLASTIC TELEVISION PROJECTION LENS IS CHECKED FOR FLAWS. 4 by Thompson H. Mitchell, Execu- millionths of an inch! The lenses tive Vice President. have an index of refraction high Mr. McDaniel joined RCA Com- enough to allow them to be used in munications as General Counsel in place of fine optical glass yet they fraction February, 1946, after serving as can be produced at a small scope of the Plastics Section be- of the cost of glass lenses. Chairman of the Navy Board of cause the material used is powdered Contract Appeals and as Special Another unusual lens, molded in iron compounded with a resin bind- Counsel to Secretary of the Navy the Optics Branch by a "blow" er. The Section produced the first James V. Forrestal when Mr. For- molding process in which air pres- large, molded iron core used in high- sure is used to create the desired voltage, yoke-deflecting transform- restal was Under Secretary. shape, is a large liquid-filled lens. ers for all types of television re- W. W. Watts, Vice President in Placed in front of a direct-viewing ceivers, reducing the cost to a sixth Charge of the Engineering Products television receiver, it magnifies the of that involved in making cores by Department, RCA Victor Division, image one and a half times. the conventional use of laminations. was elected on April 4 to the Board The Plastics Section pioneered in Molding these cores takes a pres- of Directors of Radiomarine Corpo- the application of radio-frequency sure of 60,000 pounds per square ration of America, a sei'vice of current in the preheating of plastic inch! Hundreds of other types of RCA, it was announced by Charles coils materials. Preheating drives out iron cores and associated were J. Pannill, President. moisture and gases which might developed by the Plastics Section Appointments of John G. Wilson otherwise cause blisters in finished and are now in wide use throughout as Vice President and General Man- parts, and brings the temperature the radio industry. ager of the RCA Victor Division; of the material up close to that of Fred D. Wilson as Vice President the mold, thus reducing the curing New Plastics Developed in charge of Operations and Joseph time as well as the molding pressure H. McConnell as Vice President in required. R-f preheating heats ma- Many more "workaday" firsts charge of Law and Finance, were terials uniformly and greatly speeds have been scored by the Plastics announced April 8 by Frank M. up the process. Section. Low-loss coil forms of Folsom, Executive Vice President The Section has also done impor- polystyrene were developed by RCA of Amer- tant development work on iron cores engineers in the late '30s, and are of the Radio Corporation Victor for coils and other radio parts. The now in general use throughout the ica in charge of the RCA molding of ii'on cores is within the industry for radio-frequency coils Division.

[RADIO AGE 23] FILAMENTS FOR MINIATURE TUBES ARE MADE BY RUNNING WIRE AS FINE AS SILK THROUGH THE DIAMOND DIES OF THIS MACHINE WHICH REDUCES THE WIRE DIAM- ETER TO ONE THIRD THE THICKNESS OF HUMAN HAIR.

MINIATURE RADIO TUBES

Out of RCA Research Have Come 45 of the 50 Tiny Aud'tons Which Are Finding Favor in the Radio Industry,

MANY years ago, RCA engi- major factors leading to their incor- neers saw the tremendous poration in new circuit designs. possibilities — technical and com- Added to their adaptability, also, mercial—which would result from are such features as superior opera- a miniature-size tube. Today, as a tion at high frequencies, low fila- result of well-directed research and ment power consumption, and effec- development, RCA's miniature tube tive heat dissipation. CEMENTING INSULATORS TO THE WIRE line numbers more than 45 types New and numerous applications LEADS IN THE BASE OF MINIATURE comprising the most extensive line of these small tubes in radio, AM TUBES TO PREVENT ELECTRON LEAKAGE. offered by any manufacturer and and FM, television and industry, one that is constantly growing. and in a host of electronic develop- The obvious advantages of these ments, are presenting bright hor- "mighty midgets" insure a major izons for miniature tubes sales. role for them in many electronic The story of RCA's miniature applications —make them stand out tube development and manufacture even now as the "tube of the is the history of miniature tubes. future". Savings in space, weight Success of the Tube Department's and materials, combined with pei-- pioneering is reflected by the fact formance which equals, and in many that 45 of the 50 miniature types in instances surpasses that of the con- use were developed by RCA. What, ventional metal and glass types, are then, are the factors which have contributed to this success and to RCA's pioneering position in minia- SLIDING A GLASS ENVELOPE WITH EX- ture tube manufacture? HAUST TUBE ATTACHED OVER THE ELE- Once upon a time, the entire MENTS OF A MINIATURE TUBE. tube industry plodded along mak-

24 RADIO AGE —

THIS MACHINE SEALS A PIECE OF GLASS TUBING TO THE TOP OF EACH MINIATUKK TUBE SO THAT AIR AND GASSES INSIDE THE ENVELOPE MAY BE EXHAUSTED.

ing tubes according to the old directly through it without the need lamp manufacturing practice: a for special insulators, eyelets, etc. large glass bulb with the elements Now the true miniature tube could mounted inside in spacious gran- be fashioned, and soon it came into deur, like fish in a bowl. But the existence in the development lab- electrodes, unsupported at the top oratories of the RCA plant at Har- of the bulb, often shifted in posi- rison, N. J. tion, thereby short-circuiting and otherwise ruining the tube. Break- ing with tradition, RCA tube en- NBC EXECUTIVES MAKE gineers fixed a round piece of mica NATIONWIDE TOUR at the top of the electrode mount and reshaped the glass bulb so that Following the opening session in the mica shouldered against it, an- New York, NBC representatives choring the electrodes firmly. headed by President Niles Tram- A few years later—in 1935 mell and Executive Vice President along came the metal tube. Its Frank E. Mullen entrained March MACHINE SPRAYS MAGNESIUM OVER effect also was to cut down the size 13 for a nationwide tour during SMALL PIECES OF MICA USED FOR IN- of standard receiving tubes. At which they discussed problems of SULATORS IN MINIATURE TUBES. this point, the obstacle to further the broadcasting industry with sta- reduction in the size of tubes ap- tion representatives in Chicago, At- peared to be the metal stem. It lanta, Dallas and Los Angeles. also offered a difficult production Three-day meetings were held in problem in that each of the tube each city. leads required its separate glass In addition to Trammell and Mul- insulator. These insulators had to len, the group included William S. be welded to a special alloy eyelet, Hedges, John F. Royal, Frank M. and each eyelet had to be welded Russell, C. L. Menser, Ken R. Dyke. to the stem. This process involved Easton C. Woolley. Hugh M. Beville, the welding of as many as 17 tiny, Charles P. Hammond. Sydney H. separate parts. In 1938, RCA tube Eiges and Sheldon B. Hickox, Jr. engineers found the answer. This was the button stem. The large stem was reduced to a little glass AGEING RACKS WHERE RCA MINIATURE pancake surrounded by a metal ring, TUBES ARE "SEASONED" BEFORE PACK- permitting the tube wires to run AGING FOR SHIPMENT.

[RADIO AGE 251 colleges and universities throughout Students In NBC Competition the nation. The radio institution has planned its curriculum in close with outstanding edu- $1,000 Award to "University of the Air" Program Offered Teacher consultation cators representing every region Thesis Contest. Trainees in UN of the United States, as well as many other American nations, in Upon notification of the honor, order that the broadcasts may have NBC decided that a happy event of the maximum of practical utility this kind should be utilized as the for as many instructors as possible. thorough reexamina- occasion for a Radio Aids Home Study tion of our achievements and our For the general adult audience, philosophy as well as for the estab- numbered in millions, as well as for lishment of new goals still farther students in schools, the NBC Uni- ahead. versity of the Air offers particular At the same time it was decided advantages over random radio to utilize the award in full accord- scheduling. It gives to those who ance with the terms of the Maga- have never gone to college and to zine Digest contest which stipulated those whose college days are be- prize must be used "to help that the hind them, the opportunity, right in others". Accordingly, the Univer- their own homes, to continue with sity of the Air announced that the up-to-the-minute ed- Dr. James R. Angell systematic and By check will be devoted to a $1,000 ucation, under the most favorable competition to be conducted among Public Service Counselor, and interesting conditions. Though students in the U. National Broadcasting Company teacher-training each program of the NBC Univer- S. and Canada under the supervi- sity of the Air is a complete unit in sion of the American Association itself, and will stand quite alone for the United Nations and the July 1942, the National Broad- for the casual listener, each is IN Society in Canada. casting Company, acting upon United Nations also an integrated link in a great the recommendations of an advis- Contestants will be required to chain of knowledge and is designed ory board of leading American edu- write a thesis from 1000 to 2000 to encourage the casual listener to cators, presented the first program words in length on "The Teacher become a systematic listener, first in the University of the Air series and the United Nations," showing to one entire series and, finally, to of broadcasts. These broadcasts how teachers can promote the work the rounded whole. under the general title of "Lands and ideals of the United Nations. For the listener who finds his in- of the Free" dramatized important terest and imagination so stirred events in American history. Since Winning Paper to be Broadcast by the programs as to lead him on that time, the scope of the series from the status of listener to that The first prize winner will receive has been extended to include pro- of student, the institution goes

; second prize $200 ; third prize grams in the widely diversified $300 beyond the broadcasts on the air to $100 and fourth prize $50. The fields of music, politics, economics meet his needs and to provide well- next 14 winning contestants will and literature. Today, the Univer- rounded education. This is done receive each. Final decisions sity of the Air is presenting five $25 through the publication of compre- series including "Your United Na- will be made before May 25, 1947 hensive handbooks, which give the board of judges consisting tions," on current history; "The by background material for reading in of Clark M. Eichelberger, director Story of Music;" "World's Great connection with the broadcasts and of the American Association for Novels;" "Home is What You Make bibliographies of suggested reading the United Nations; Dr. Willard E. it," on home economics, and "Our related to each of the programs. Givens, executive secretary of the Foreign Policy," which offers au- Our belief at NBC in a broad, National Educational Association; thoritative discussions of this coun- fixed framework of public service Simmons, editor try's foreign relations. Murray of Maga- programming must be reconciled zine Digest, and the writer. In the five years of its existence. with the equally great necessity for University of the Air has produced The winning paper will be util- providing the variety that is essen- more than 25 different series of ized as the basis of a later broad- tial to appeal to many tastes and broadcasts. cast on the "Your United Nations" keep pace with the changing world. It was, then, with a great sense series. This is achieved by constant re- of pride that the NBC learned early The NBC University of the Air examination of program series. We this year that the University of the is the first endeavor in network frequently try out new production Air had been selected by readers history in the United States to pro- techniques; we explore new areas of Magazine Digest as the winner vide systematic subject-matter in- and re-explore old ones, we seek and of that publication's special prize struction in a carefully balanced encourage original writings. Noth- of $1,000 for "outstanding public variety of subjects, correlated with ing better illustrates this diversity service during 1946." existing classroom instruction in than the University of the Air.

[26 RADIO AGE hours' playing time. If wired for intermittent performance, this time Coin-Operated Radios could be used up in intervals of any length. The coin box will hold up DESIGNED USE IN HOTELS, NEW RCA RECEIVER WAS FOR to $10 in quarters. HOSPITALS, TAVERNS AND TOURIST CAMPS By means of a unique, super-sen- sitive slug detector assembly, in- HIGH quality RCA coin-oper- bands and speaker grille, was styled cluding a slug rejector mechanism A ated radio for use in hotel and by John Vassos, noted industrial de- and coin return chute, the radio re- hospital rooms, taverns, summer signer and design consultant to jects all types of slugs, regardless resorts, tourist camps and similar RCA, and Stewart Pike, head of the of their metallic content. The coin locations was shown publicly for the Sales Styling Section of the RCA mechanism may be easily cleared of first time at the Coin Machine Show Engineering Products Department. slugs, bent coins, or other objects in Chicago on February 3. The Simple operating instructions are by pressing a "scavenger" button on demonstration marked the com- presented on the easy-to-read coin the coin plate. pany's entrance into the coin-oper- plate, and a full-vision eye-line dial and coin box are ated instrument field. permits easy location of desired sta- Both mechanism tampering by a The new set is a two-band re- tions. A small chrome frame is protected from ceiver, employing six tubes (includ- mounted on the top of the cabinet to heavy die-stock back plate, reen- ing one rectifier tube) and a 5-inch hold a card showing frequencies of forced with a steel band riveted secured a permanent magnet speaker. It is local stations and networks. To around the edge and by equipped with a built-in loop an- start the set, the patron has only to strong triple-tumbler lock. A steel tenna, and an additional 75-foot insert a coin and tune in the station dial plate prevents access to the the dial opening. baseboard antenna is furnished for he wants. cabinet through use when required. For extra protection, the coin box is Plays Two Hours 25 Cents Of streamlined design and rug- for formed of hardened steel, welded to ged construction, the Coin-Operated The timer unit of the instrument the cabinet, and fitted with a sep- arate, sturdy, pickproof screvi'-type Radio is engineered to provide high is wired for either continuous or quality program reproduction, intermittent playing, at the option lock, permitting chassis service "eye" appeal, and maximum con- of the coin machine operator. It without access to the coin box. venience and simplicity of operation permits two hours of radio recep- Loss of the instrument through for the patron. tion for 25 cents, and up to four theft is minimized by unique styl- it virtually impos- The sturdy steel cabinet, finished quarters may be inserted at one ing which makes sible to enclose the set in any stand- in umber gray with brush chrome time, providing for a total of eight ard luggage or steamer trunks. Extra features which may be pur- chased and easily added to the set include an earphone jack, which automatically cuts out the speaker when in use and allows for attach- ment of standard headphones or a pillow-type speaker for hospitals and similar use; a two-coin unit, permitting insertion of a dime for 45 minutes' playing time, as well as a quarter for two hours; a hum- free AC-DC inverter which adapts the set for use in large city hotels where only 110-volt DC power is available; and an automatic time switch which turns off the power at a predetermined hour at night and turns it on again at a prede- termined hour in the morning, mak- ing it impossible for "night-hawks" to disturb other hotel guests with radio programs during the late hours. A coin inserted during the non-operating period is automat- ically returned. Addition of these features requires no complicated wiring revisions and can be accom- DESIGNED FOR THE SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS OK HOTELS, HOSPITALS AND SUMMER plished in a matter of minutes by RESORTS, THE RCA COIN-OPBHIATED RADIO HAS FEATURES THAT APPEAL TO BOTH OPERATORS AND USERS. any trained radio service man.

RADI O AG E 27 —

THESE MINARETS, WHICH FRAME A TURKISH SQUARE, SOON WILL BE DWARFED BY THE 725- FOOT TOWERS OF RADIO ISTANBUL.

internationally known for his work on UNRRA, RCA engineers and technicians spent several weeks studying the topography of Turkey. Before a suitable site could be se- lected for the station, hundreds of miles of difficult mountain terrain had to be traversed by jeep, and areas impassable even to a jeep had to be surveyed by observation plane. Paul C. Brown of the Field Or- ganization, Engineering Products Department, who has supervised a number of important RCA installa- tions around the world, including Radio Beige, the "Voice of Free Bel- gium" in Leopoldville, Belgian Con- go, is supervising the Turkish proj- ect.

RCA Supplies All Equipment

The entire job of engineering and installing the station has been put in the hands of RCA International, according to the Engineering Prod- ucts Department of the RCA Inter- national Division. This includes not only microphones, transmitter and Turkey Expands Radio System antenna but musical instruments, a complete library of recordings, and Powerful Station Be'mg Built at Istanbul Expected to Be on theatre seats. In addition, the Divi- the Air This Year. sion is responsible for the design and acoustics of the studios, air THE monuments of Turkey's Under Ataturk the nation aban- conditioning for the building, and, past, her towers and minarets, doned the Arabic alphabet and in collaboration with the National her domes and galleried walls, sym- adopted the Roman. It was a revo- Broadcasting Company and RCA bols of a long and proud history, lutionary step, involving the re- Institutes, Inc., the training of per- stand today in sharp contrast to her education of the entire population. sonnel in station management, pro- monuments to the future—the bus- But it gave the people wider access gramming, and radio engineering. tling modern cities, the clean-lined to information, education and cul- The station will be housed in a architecture, the vigorous, ambi- ture than had ever been possible building chosen as the winning de- tious youth of the country. with the difficult Arabic script. sign in a competition for Turkish By the end of 1947 yet another Now, radio supplements books architectural students. The interior monument to the future—the an- and papers in carrying out the edu- architecture will be designed and tenna towers of Radio Istanbul cational program. radio-engineered by RCA Interna- will rise steeply above the antique The 150,000-watt station will be tional. spires, soaring to a height of 72.5 one of the most powerful transmit- In addition to the Turkish proj- feet. ters in Europe, exceeding by three ect, RCA International has other The new, 1.50 kw broadcasting times the largest transmitter in the notable contracts around the world. station, recently ordered in its en- United States. It will be the last Complete RCA studio equipment tirety from RCA International Di- word in radio design, from micro- will be installed in the streamlined vision by the Turkish Government, phones to antennas. CMQ Radiocentro. a $1,000,000 will represent more than a mere RCA International has been at project now in prospect for Havana, broadcasting installation. It will work on this project since early Cuba. The studios themselves will represent the spirit of the new Tur- 1946, when in co-operation with the be the most outstanding and modern key and the realization of a dream Turkish Press and Information in the Caribbean area, according to of Turkey's leader, Mustafa Kemal Service, a government agency under Goar Mestre, Director of the CMQ Ataturk. the direction of Nedim Veysel Ilkin, network. The Center will be known

[28 RADIO AGE] as the "Radio City of the Carib- bean." RCA International has also re- cently shipped to Cuba a 5 kw trans- mitter for Radio Salas, in Havana. This is the first 5 kw RCA equip- ment ever installed in Cuba. From the Philippines, comes an order for a 1 kw shortwave trans- mitter, and a 10 kw medium fre- quency transmitter. Installation of these equipments marks the begin- ning of the rehabilitation of station KZRH.

Radio Nationale Beige is at pres- ent completing the installation of a 10 kw RCA transmitter in Brussels. Later this transmitter will be sup- plemented by a 50 kw shortwave transmitter, similar to the one MEMBERS OF TURKISH PRESS DEPARTMENT AT SIGNING OF CONTRACT FOR RADIO erected by International in RCA ISTANBUL. PAUL BROWN, RCA INTERNATIONAL ENGINEER IS FOURTH FROM RIGHT. Leopoldville, during the war. RCA International Division has ters in Lorenco IMarques, Mozam- of the Radio Club of Mozambique. shipped and is in process of install- bique, Portuguese East Africa, for This is the first RCA broadcasting ing two 7.5 kw shortwave transmit- the "African Announcer" station equipment to go to Mozambique.

DR. ZWORYKIN ELECTED VICE-PRESIDENT DR. VLADIMIR KOSMA ZWO- missiles, storage tubes and effective electronic "eye", and developed the RYKIN has been elected Vice improvement of radar systems. kinescope, electronic picture tube of the television receiver. He directed President and Technical Consultant As a pioneer in the development research in perfecting the first com- of the RCA Laboratories Division. of all-electronic television as a serv- mercially practical electron micro- Dr. Zworykin, who has been ice to the public, Dr. Zworykin in- scope, acclaimed as one of the most Director of the Electronic Research vented the iconoscope, television's valuable scientific tools of the 20th Laboratory of the RCA Labora- Century, and originated the idea of tories Division, Princeton, N. J., has airborne television. received international recognition His pioneering work in television for his achievements in radio, tele- has won for Dr. Zworykin many vision and electronics. He has been awards, the latest of which was the associated with RCA for 17 years. Howard N. Potts medal of the Dr. Zworykin performed distin- Franklin Institute, announced on guished service in World War II as March 3, 1947. In 1934, he received a member of the Scientific Advisory the Morris Liebmann Memorial Board to the Commanding General Prize from the Institute of Radio of the United States Ai'my Air Engineers. He received the Over- Forces, the Ordnance Advisory seas Award of the British Institu- Committee on Guided Missiles and tion of Electrical Engineers in 1937 for a paper on the iconoscope and in three important sub-committees of 1938 he received the honorary de- the National Defense Research gree of Doctor of Science from the Committee. Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. In In the course of his war work, Dr. 1940, he was presented the Modern Zworykin directed reseai'ch result- Pioneers Award of the American ing in the development of aircraft Manufacturers' Association and in fire control, infrared image tubes 1941 he received the Rumford for the famed sniperscopes and award of the American Academy of

snooperscopes, television guided DR. V. K. ZWORYKI.W Arts and Sciences.

RADIO AGE 2 9] York the signal was sent to station CONGRESS OPENING TELEVISED WPTZ, Philadelphia via radio re- lay. SCENES AT FIRST SESSION OF 1947 ARE TELECAST In commenting on this pioneering IN NEW YORK, WASHINGTON AND PHILADELPHIA telecast, Representative Wolverton, new chairman of the House Inter- FOUR image orthicon cameras, seen clearly as he punched his tally state Commerce Committee called it two in the House Chamber and meter to record the vote for Speaker. "one of the most outstanding events two in the interviewing anteroom, Closeups of Representatives in their that has ever happened in the field recorded the opening session of the seats revealed the presence of chil- of communications." Predicting that television 80th Congress on January 3, 1947, dren who had accompanied their pickups in a joint telecast by the National parents to the proceedings. One from the Congress eventually will Broadcasting Company, the Colum- closeup shot showed every detail of be a regular part of the American bia Broadcasting System and the the historic House mace, traditional system of television, John F. Royal, vice president in charge Allen B. DuMont Laboratories. It symbol of government. NBC of television said: "There is no better was the first telecast made direct from the halls of Congress. Coaxial Cable Carries Program way for controversial subjects to be Following a 15-minute television brought before the American peo- The telecast was seen in Wash- newsreel, the program was shifted ple than from the floors of Congress ington in NBC's studios there and to Washington, where the joint by television. Bringing the mechan- over Station broadcast began with an interview DuMont WTTG. From ics of government into the Ameri- the Capital it was sent via coaxial is of Congressmen. At 12:00 noon, can home a great step forward cable to New York where it was and will most certainly have tre- the two image orthicons in the a transmitted over stations mendous effect the understand- House took over and recorded the WNBT, on WCBS-TV and WABD. From New ing of our citizens." formal session, highlighted by the election of Rep. Joseph W. Martin of Massachusetts as speaker of the RCA IMAGE ORTHICON CAMERAS INSTALLED IN GALLERY OF THE HOUSE OF House. The program concluded at REPRESENTATIVES ARE TRAINED ON THE SPEAKER'S STAND. 1 :5.3 p.m. Speaking in the interviews were Representatives C. A. Wolverton of New Jersey; Sam Rayburn of Texas; Charles Halleck of Indiana; and C. J. Brown of Ohio. Announc- ers Bill Henry and Bob Coar con- ducted the interviews. Clarity of the image as seen in New York was demonstrated by the detail revealed in the numerous closeup shots. A bandage on the finger of a House clerk could be

ONE OF THE SCENES AT THE OPENING SESSION OF CONGRESS WHICH TELEVI- SION TRANSMITTED TO THOUSANDS OF HOMES ALONG THE EASTERN SEABOARD. msmms

'55 t"

f-^ •;

a.^ ^^^ HOW RECORDS ARE MADE

(Continued from page 13)

for each record, one for each side. The stampers have been chi-ome plated to give them a hard, shiny surface. In the pressing machine, the stampers have been perfectly centered to guarantee a true and accurate pressing. The record press resembles a huge waffle iron, with one stamper at the bottom, the other at the top. The labels which will appear on the face of the record are placed on the stampers and when the pressing is made are baked into the finished record. The "biscuits", which have been allowed to harden in storage banks, TYPICAL "ROLLING THEATRE" INSTALLATION IN DINING CAR OF A CHESAPEAKE are reheated on a steam table ad- AND OHIO TRAIN. jacent to the presses. As soon as they become soft and pliable they are folded and placed in the press. The press, which has been heating Movies As You Ride meanwhile, is closed and hydraulic pressure of many tons is applied Several C. & O. Trains Are Equipped With RCA 16-Millimeter Film causing the plastic record material of the Projectors for Passenger Enjoyment. to flow over the surface stampers. Live steam circulates then in a few PASSENGERS on some of the includes the standard RCA 16mm. through the press, is turned off trains of the Chesapeake & Ohio speaker in combination with a di- seconds the steam railroad are now able to enjoy the rectional horn unit to insure com- automatically and cold water circu- latest Hollywood films as they ride, plete distribution of sound through- lates, cooling the press and harden- thanks to the successful installation out the length of the car. Dining- ing the record. The press is opened of RCA 16-millimeter film projec- car tables fold out of the way and and the completed record is ex- tion and sound systems in dining disappear under drapes which are posed. cars. As is usual when exploring pulled across the windows. Seats When it leaves the press, or is new applications, RCA engineers are set up across the width of the lifted out as a waffle from an iron, encountered their usual quota of car. Normal movement of trains the record has a rim of excess mate- problems. has no disturbing effect on the pro- rial known as "flash." This excess Overcoming space limitations en- jection equipment. off by nimble fin- countered on the dining cars which material is shorn gered operators and then the record were doubling as "theatres-on- F»7;m Projector Proved in War wheels," C. & O. set up a tiny pro- goes to the finishing department jection booth 45 inches wide and 72 RCA engineers pointed out that where it is placed on a lathe. There inches long. Dual projectors, stand- the RCA projector used in this in- the edge is ground down to perfec- ing side by side, permit uninter- stallation is basically the same unit tion, first with fine emery paper, rupted showing of feature-length which was proven "under fire" by and then plain white waxed cloth the Signal Corps during the war, films with maximum convenience for which leaves it smooth and polished. the projectionist. The projection and also recently purchased in large The finished records now are sent booth is complete with automatic quantities by the Navy. to the shipping department, where changeover, monitor speaker, re- A new train, "The Chessie," to they are packed and started on winds, film cabinets, etc. Four-inch be introduced by C. & 0. in the their to distributors through- lenses are used in the projectors. Spring, will have specially designed way country. These are the prin- The beaded screen is approximately "theatre cars." RCA engineers are out the 60 inches wide. currently at work on advanced de- cipal steps in the process, developed The speaker system, especially en- signs in 16mm. equipment for trains in more than 40 years experience, gineered for the "rolling theatres," and other public carriers. of making the RCA Victor Record.

[RADIO AGE 31] PANDORA ADDS NEW SPEED TO WORLD-WIDE RADIO TEUGRAPH MESSAGES SENT "via RCA"!

RCA COMMUNICATIONS, INC. A SERVICE OF RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA 7V/rti.v/i))i yiirv ijoit a choice scat at tlic game.

Television -a Season Pass to Baseball f

E\ erv hoiiiu game—day or niglit— plaved by nizer that "locks" the recei\er in tune with the Now York Giants, Yankees and Brook- the sending station. lyn Dodgers will be seen over television To witness baseball or anv other event this season! in the e\'er-growing range of tele\ision pro- Owning a television recei%er in the New grams—you'll want the receiver that bears York area will be like having a season pass the most famous name in television today for all three ball elubs. And in other cities, -RCA Victor. preparations for the future telecasting of When vou buv an RCA \'ictor television baseball are being made. receiver or radio, or \'ictrola radio-phono- When more than one home game is on graph, or an RCA Victor record or a radio the air, baseball fans can switch from one tube, you know you are getting one of Several television cameras co\er to the other—see the most exciting moments the finest products of its kind science has tlie baseball diamond to brint; vou of each through television! achieved. •viciroio" t.m. Reg. u.s. Pai, on. a close-up of the action wliere\er it occurs. Here is a supersensitive Those who owni RCA Mctor television Radio Corporation of America, RCA Building, RCA Ima<;c Orthicon television receivers will enjoy clearer, brifihtcr, Radio City, New York 20. Listen to the RCA camera used hv XBC's New York steadier pictures thrtmgh the exclusive Victor Shotv, Sundays; 2:00 P.M.. Eastern station WNBT in telc\ isins; liome RCA \ictor Eye -Witness picture synchro- Stuudard Time over the NBC Network. games of the New York Giants.

RADIO CORPORATION of AMERICA the fountainhead of modern tube development is RCA

Through the years, RCA has maintained engineering leadership in tube research and design. And as a result of this pioneering, many of the far-reaching advancements in radio, television and electronics can be attributed to the development of new and revolutionary types of tubes by RCA scientists and engineers. These RCA tubes are the nucleus of your present and future business. They make possible new and improved products for you to sell, and open up ever-widening markets for you to reach.

Thus it is that your business can expand as the vast engineering resources of RCA widen the horizons of radio and electronic applications through the development of new electron tubes.

Engineering Leadership is another reason -why you're in the lead with RCA. So, push RCA tubes and watch your business grow!

TUBE DEfARTMEMT RADIO CORPOKATIOM of AMERICA HARRISON. M.J.