DOCSLIB.ORG

BRUXELLES-2609 BOZAR-Amzat-Boukari-Yabara

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
BRUXELLES-2609 BOZAR-Amzat-Boukari-Yabara Introduction « On ne saurait, sans courir le risque de briser l’élan panafricain, séparer l’Afrique de ses diasporas : sans l’Afrique, les diasporas africaines n’ont pas d’identité; sans les diasporas, l’Afrique perdrait de vue aussi bien l’ampleur de sa contribution passée et actuelle à notre monde que l’étendue mondiale de ses responsabilités. » - Elikia M’Bokolo - • Quelle est l’histoire des Africains « du reste du monde (diaspora) » comme communauté d’action engagée dans la libération de l’Afrique ? • Quels sont les enjeux de connaissance de cette histoire ? • I) 1600-1900 : La naissance d’une diaspora africaine dans le Nouveau Monde • II) 1900-1960 : Circulations et dynamiques panafricanistes • III) Depuis 1960 : la diaspora et l’Afrique en voie de libération : mythes et réalités, ruptures et continuités, déclin et regain Dix épisodes 1) Les Africains du Nouveau-Monde se libèrent 2) Le panafricanisme: histoire contemporaine de l’Afrique et contre-histoire africaine de l’Occident 3) Les congrès panafricains (1919-1927) : rencontres pour la défense de l’Afrique 4) L’Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) de Marcus Garvey : le rapatriement et la libération de l’Afrique 5) Agression impérialiste et règne du Rastafari : « L’Ethiopie tendra les mains vers Dieu… » 6) Londres, Paris, New York… les milieux culturels et étudiants africains pour la libération du continent 7) « Say it loud, I’m Black and Proud ! » : L’Afrique et l’internationalisation de la révolution noire 8) Au rendez-vous de la libération : de Harlem à Alger, de Kingston à Dar-es-Salaam 9) Soweto ! Quand sonne l’heure des Freedom Fighters (années 1970 à 1994) 10) La diaspora comme 6 ème région de l’Union Africaine : « Regarder l’Afrique » depuis l’extérieur Thématiques du rôle de la diaspora africaine Historique • Résistances, libérations et retour en Afrique • Circulation de personnes, de luttes et d’idées (Congrès et mouvements) Spirituel • Appui sur les spiritualités africaines • Africanismes et syncrétismes de l’esprit et de la matière Juridique • Campagnes abolitionnistes et pétitions panafricanistes • Réformes et lois pour le respect de l’Afrique et des Africains Militaire • Révoltes, révolutions et guerres de libération • La diaspora contre l’Afrique : impérialisme et panafricanisme Politique • Organisation des groupes en collectivité • Formation et circulation des idéologies nationalistes et panafricanistes Socioculturel • Espaces d’interventions et d’animations de la vie africaine • Formes de solidarités participatives et structures coopératives Economique • Modes de production, modèles économiques : autosubsistance et dépendance • La diaspora dans l’économie nationale et l’Afrique dans l’économie mondiale ? Episode 1 Les Africains du Nouveau-Monde se libèrent • Toussaint Louverture : « En me • Harriet Tubman : « Si j’avais renversant on a abattu à Saint- Domingue que le tronc de l’arbre de la convaincu plus d’esclaves qu’ils liberté des Noirs, il repoussera par les étaient bien des esclaves, j’aurais racines car elles sont profondes et pu en sauver des milliers nombreuses. » d’autres » Gaspar Yanga et le palenque de Veracruz, 1570-1609 • Exemple d’une première résistance active de masse en Amérique espagnole • Yanga (« fierté »), originaire d’Afrique centrale, se réfugie dans les montagnes • Le marronage, entre la fuite et l’affrontement • Au début du 17 ème siècle, on estime à 20 000 le nombre de Marrons au Mexique • Roger Bastide, Les Amériques noires , 1967 : « L’Amérique nous offre l’extraordinaire tableau de la rupture entre la culture et l’ethnie. » • Naissance de groupes culturels africains qui vont supplanter les groupes ethniques africains • Palenque, Kilombo, Cumbes, Cofradias, Cabildos, Coumbites… Le Quilombo de Palmares (1605-1695) • 1597 : premières révoltes d’Africains au Brésil se présentant comme malungos • Communauté de fugitifs dans l’Alagoas et Pernambouc autour de Ganga-Zumba puis Zumbi • Organisation politique et militarisée sur le modèle des Imbangala d’Angola • Roi élu par un conseil élu avec pour mission de garantir la sécurité et l’autosuffisance alimentaire • Forte démographie (présence féminine, maîtrise de la reproduction et du milieu naturel) • Une petite classe dirigeante sans privilège matériel • Une diplomatie fondée sur l’asile politique et un service d’espionnage des troupes portugaises Queen Nanny, reine de Jamaïque • La Jamaïque, carrefour et première étape des bateaux négriers • Queen Nanny (1685-1733) • Cudjoe, Accompong, Quaco, Johnny • Guerres Marrons en Jamaïque, Guyane, Surinam, Cuba… • Déportations en Nouvelle-Ecosse puis en Sierra Leone La révolution Haïtienne 1791-1804 • Circonstances – Espace concentrationnaire – Rivalité esclavagiste franco-britannique – Contexte sociopolitique local • Déroulé – Révolution française – Bois Caïman – Abolition de l’esclavage et convoitises britanniques et espagnoles – Tentative de rétablissement de l’esclavage • Conséquences – Abolition de l’esclavage et indépendance de l’Etat d’Ayiti, « Première République Noire » – Bouleversement dans l’ordre des relations internationales (Europe, Amérique du Sud) – Haïti porte-parole de l’Afrique : tant qu’un Africain sera esclave dans le monde, l’humanité sera elle-même esclave Quelques révoltes… • 1526 : révolte de San Miguel de Gualdape (Georgie) • 1570 : révolte de Gaspar Yanga à Veracruz • 1712 : révolte de New York • 1739 : rébellion de Stono, Caroline du Sud • 1760 : guerre de Tacky, Jamaïque • 1791-1804 : révolution de Saint Domingue et naissance d’Haïti • 1800 : Gabriel Prosser en Virginie • 1802 : sacrifice de Matouba, Guadeloupe • 1803 : abordage Ibo aux îles St-Simons, Georgie • 1812 : révolte de José Aponte, Cabildo de Santa Barnara, Cuba • 1816 : rébellion Bussa à la Barbade • 1822 : Denmark Vesey, Caroline du Sud • 1831 : Nat Turner, Virginie • 1831-32 : guerre baptiste en Jamaïque • 1839 : rébellion de l’Amistad sur les côtes cubaines • 1842 : révolte Cherokee • 1859 : raid de John Brown sur Harper’s Ferry Episode 2 Le panafricanisme: histoire contemporaine de l’Afrique et contre-histoire africaine de l’Occident Libéria, Sierra Leone : libération ou colonisation ? • Arrêt Somersett (1772) et guerre d’indépendance américaine (1776) • Divers projets de « rapatriement » : philanthropie, évangélisation, commerce • 15 000 Africains partent au Libéria devenue indépendante en 1847 • Liberian Frontier Force, West India Regiment… • Rapatriement des bateaux négriers arraisonnés vers Freetown, Sierra Leone • Développement des communautés Saros et Krios depuis la Sierra Leone, Agudas du Bénin et Retornados d’Angola … • Freetown, Cape Coast, Ouidah, Badagry, Bimbia, Ponta Negra, Luanda… Essor d’une conscience historique panafricaniste face aux adversités • Panafricanisme : • 1837-70 : premières universités afro- américaines (Cheyney, Lincoln, – Un Mouvement dynamique de Wilberforce, Fisk, Atlanta, Howard…) résistance et de libération des • 1885 : peuples d’origine africaine – Conférence coloniale de Berlin – Une Identité socioculturelle – De l’égalité des races humaines , de rattachant l’Afrique à elle-même Anténor Firmin et à sa diaspora • 1886-88 : Abolition de l’esclavage à Cuba et au Brésil – Une Histoire contemporaine de l’Afrique dans les relations • 1896 : internationales – Plessy vs Ferguson – Un Projet politique d’unification – Déportation de l’Asantehene continentale/transcontinentale Prempeh I – Bataille d’Adwa La famille Sylvain (Haïti) • Les frères Sylvain • Bénito Sylvain (1868-1915?) se rend chez l’empereur d’Ethiopie Ménélik II qui le fait aide de camp • Georges Sylvain (1866-1925), résistant à l’occupation américaine et auteur de Cric ! Crac ! Fables de la Fontaine racontées par un montagnard , 1901 • Les enfants Sylvain en 1912 (@KGyssels) • Pierre (1910-91) • Yvonne (1907-89), première femme médecin et gynécologue d’Haïti • Jeanne (1906-?) • Madeleine (1905-70), fondatrice de la Ligue féminine d’action sociale en 1934 et auteure de Haïti et ses femmes (1941) • Henry (1901-91) • Normil (1900-29), fondateur de La Revue Indigène (1927) • Suzanne Sylvain-Comhaire (1898-1975), première anthropologue (Congo, Ethiopie, Dakar, Nigeria, Togo…) et linguiste : – le créole n’est pas un « français enfantin » – Afrique et Haïti ont le même imaginaire La conférence panafricaine, Londres, 1900 - Henry Sylvester Williams (avocat, Trinidad) - Benito Sylvain (avocat et diplomate, Haïti et Ethiopie) - Alexander Walters , AME Zion Church et National Afro-American Council • 32 délégués (USA, Canada, UK, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Antilles) mais absence de Booker T. Washington • Association Panafricaine et journal Panafrican • Dénonciation du colonialisme, de l’accaparement des terres , de l’apartheid et du racisme • Appel aux Nations du Monde, rédigé par WEB DuBois • 1900-1919 : traversée du désert Episode 3 Les congrès panafricains (1919-1927) : des rencontres pour la défense de l’Afrique • 1er Congrès panafricain, février 1919 • « Congrès panafricain pour la protection des indigènes d’Afrique et des populations d’origine africaine » • Pétition envoyée au Congrès de Versailles et à la SDN • Quelle reconnaissance pour le sacrifice des soldats noirs d’Afrique et des Amériques ? • Quel sort pour les colonies allemandes ? • Rivalité Blaise Diagne/WEB DuBois • 2è Congrès panafricain, septembre 1921 • Manifeste de Londres contre la discrimination raciale, pour l’éducation, la liberté de religion, le droit du travail et à la terre • Intervention à Bruxelles de Paul Panda Farnana . Troubles au Congo (Garveyistes, Communistes,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SC History Unit 1: Exploration and Colonization PPT 2- Notes 8- 1.2 II
    SC History Unit 1: Exploration and Colonization PPT 2- Notes 8- 1.2 II. Europeans in the New World A. Spain 1. Spanish explorers, or conquistadors, led by Christopher Columbus (who was actually an Italian!) claimed large areas of Central and South America. 2. Initially searched for gold 3. Set up encomiendas (large plantations) 1. Used natives to produce wealth 2. Disease and overwork decimated (decreased severely) native populations 3. Imported African slaves to work the encomiendas and mines 4. Established Spanish culture in the area 1. Built cities and universities 2. Complex social class system 3. Government 4. Catholic religion 5. Extended search for gold into North America 1. Settlements in what is now Florida and SC and lands further SW 2. Established missions (religious outposts) along the Pacific coast B. France 1. French explorers were searching for the Northwest Passage (sea route connecting Atlantic and Pacific) 2. Established Montreal and Quebec along the St. Lawrence River, but just a few settled because of the cold climates 3. Established French culture in the area 1. Catholic religion, because French Protestants weren’t allowed to immigrate 2. Traded with natives for furs 4. Explored down the Mississippi River and claimed lands for King Louis XIV; called it Louisiana C. England 1. English explorers claimed lands along the east coast of North America for King James, initially 2. Later established permanent settlements- Virginia and New England 3. Came for gold, but stayed to grow tobacco 4. Established English culture in the area 1. Many settlers came to escape religious persecution and settled in societies based on their shared religious values; many were Protestant religions 2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Prelude: Friars from Spain Preaching Justice
    PREACHERS FROM ABROAD 1786 - 1815 CHAPTER 1 A PRELUDE: FRIARS FROM SPAIN PREACHING JUSTICE With the Spanish invaders of the Americas in the 1500's came Dominican friars from Spain, sent to teach, heal and preach. Their mission reached from the islands of the Caribbean to Florida and Mexico, through Central and South America, and across the Pacific to the Philippines. In those places members of the Order of Preachers dedicated their lives to fighting oppression by teaching the truth of salvation; of human nature saved by Jesus Christ. Among those early friars only a few arrived in the land that is now the United States, but one of them was Antonio de Montesinos who raised the first cry for liberty in the western hemisphere. Map of the Americas (16th century): route of the Dominicans from Salamanca to Sto. Domingo, 1510 Only two years after the death of Columbus did the saga of the Spanish Dominicans on mission in the Americas begin. On October 3, 1508, the Master of the Order of Preachers, Thomas de Vio, or Cajetan, had requested that fifteen friars be sent from the University of Salamanca to La Espanola, the island in the Caribbean which today includes Haiti and the Dominican Republic.[1] The first four men arrived in September, 1510 at the Spanish stronghold of Santo Domingo, and made it their mission base. They were Pedro de Cordoba, the prior; Antonio de Montesinos; Bernardo de Santo Domingo; and Pedro de Estrada.[2] These friars would leave an indelible mark on the early struggle for human rights for indigenous peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • The Routledge History of American Foodways Early America
    This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.104 On: 27 Sep 2021 Access details: subscription number Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK The Routledge History of American Foodways Michael D. Wise, Jennifer Jensen Wallach Early America Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315871271.ch2 Rachel B. Herrmann Published online on: 10 Mar 2016 How to cite :- Rachel B. Herrmann. 10 Mar 2016, Early America from: The Routledge History of American Foodways Routledge Accessed on: 27 Sep 2021 https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315871271.ch2 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. 2 EARLY AMERICA Rachel B. Herrmann Emblazoned into the American psyche is Disney’s Captain John Smith scaling Virginia’s mountains while singing enthusiastically about a bountiful new land.1 In Jamestown, new colonists dig for gold.
    [Show full text]
  • A File in the Online Version of the Kouroo Contexture (Approximately 1% Has Been Put Online at This Point)
    SAINT-DOMINGUE, HAYTI, “PEARL OF THE ANTILLES” (COMPARING OUR STORIES AS TO THE TWO AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS RESPECTIVELY CREATING TWO AMERICAN NATIONS: THE USA, AND HAITI) “The San Domingan revolution is a minor episode at best, now, in the cavalcade of American history. It has been confined to insignificance, because it does not serve that saga well.” — Michael Zuckerman, ALMOST CHOSEN PEOPLE: OBLIQUE BIOGRAPHIES IN THE AMERICAN GRAIN, 1993, page 176 We have taken the American revolution which created our USA as an initial step in the establishment of a nation based upon the principles of freedom for all and of human dignity for all. There’s a little problem in this, however. The revolution which created the USA did not free very many of America’s slaves. Or, we say, it did not free them except potentially, after we had fought another war, a “Civil” one. –But, we ask, we were on our way weren’t we? The short answer to this is, no. Michael Zuckerman begins his paper “The Color of Counterrevolution: Thomas Jefferson and the Rebellion in San Domingo” (in Loretta Valtz Mannucci’s THE LANGUAGES OF REVOLUTION, Quaderno 2, Milan Group in Early United States History, no date) by offering that “Victorious rebels rarely maintain their revolutionary fervor after they secure their own ascendancy.” Actually, that is very much of an understatement. The reality of revolution is that the very first thing that victorious rebels always do, immediately that they secure their own ascendancy, is turn entirely against the sort HDT WHAT? INDEX SAINT-DOMINGUE HAYTI of revolutionary fervor which had secured for them their new ascendancy.
    [Show full text]
  • Luis De Unzaga and Bourbon Reform in Spanish Louisiana, 1770--1776
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2000 Luis De Unzaga and Bourbon Reform in Spanish Louisiana, 1770--1776. Julia Carpenter Frederick Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Frederick, Julia Carpenter, "Luis De Unzaga and Bourbon Reform in Spanish Louisiana, 1770--1776." (2000). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7355. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7355 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • Uga Lab Series 31.Pdf
    University of Georgia Laboratory of Archaeology Series Report No. 31 Georgia Archaeological Research Design Paper No.8 mSTORIC INDIAN PERIOD ARCHAEOWGY OF THE GEORGIA COASTAL ZONE By David Hurst Thomas American Museum of Natural History March, 1993 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................ I II. STATEMENT OF PERSPECTIVE .................................................................. 2 III. THE COASTAL ZONE ENVIRONMENT .................................................... 7 IV. THE GUALE: ABORIGINAL PEOPLE OF THE GEORGIA COAST ...... 9 Patterns of Guale Subsistence Sociopolitical Organization V. HISTORY OF EUROPEAN-NATIVE AMERICAN CONTACTS ON THE GEORGIA COAST .................................................................. 12 The First European Settlement in the United States Where is San Miguel de Gualdape? Jean Ribaut First Missionaries on the Georgia Coast The Guale Rebellion of 1597 Restoration of the Franciscan Missions Spanish-British Conflicts The Dawn of Georgia's Anglo-American Period Native Americans during Georgia's Colonial Period VI. ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE HISTORIC [NDIAN PER[OD ON THE GEORGIA COAST ................................................................................... 22 The Ceramic Chronologies Mission-period Archaeology of the Georgia Coast VII. KEY RESEARCH DOMAINS ..................................................................... 40 Research Domain I. The Chronology Problem Chronlogy: Some Basic Concepts Research
    [Show full text]
  • Gpb Textbook Unit 2 Final.Pdf
    OUR STATE and OUR NATION UNIT Georgia Studies 2 GEORGIA EVENTS EVENTS ELSEWHERE Before it Was Georgia B.C. 12,000 People first arrive in North America CHAPTER 3 10,000 10,000 Let’s Talk History People arrive in the Paleo-Indian period begins; Southeast animals domesticated in Near Why Study History? East How to Do History The Dating Game 8000 Archaic period begins; agriculture appears in Near East CHAPTER 4 Georgia’s Prehistoric Past 4000 Unearthing Clues to Georgia’s Civilization develops in Near Prehistoric Past East; beginning of recorded history Georgia’s First Inhabitants 2500 CHAPTER 5 Egyptians build Great Pyramid Europe Discovers at Giza the New World The Age of Discovery 2000 Pottery first made in North Spain Comes to the Southeast America (near Augusta) England Comes to North America 1000 Woodland period begins A.D. Birth of Christ 1000 Mississippian period begins; Leif Ericson explores Newfoundland 1492 Columbus lands in West Indies 1498 John Cabot explores North American coast, possibly as far south as Florida 1513 Ponce de Leon becomes first European to land on North American mainland 1526 Ayllon colony briefly settles on Georgia coast 1540 De Soto expedition first to explore Georgia’s interior 1565 Spanish destroy French Fort Caroline, build St. Augustine 1566 Spanish missionaries first arrive in Guale (Georgia) 1597 Juanillo rebellion 1607 Jamestown, Virginia, becomes England’s first permanent settlement in America 1619 West Africans brought to Virginia 1663 King Charles II creates colony of Carolina 1690 Spain withdraws from Guale 1721 Britain builds Fort King George Chapter Outline Chapter 3 Why Study History? Foreword How to Do History Starting with Questions Sources of Information Using Primary Sources Analyzing and Evaluating Information Georgia Standards of Excellence The Dating Game Correlations Using a Timeline B.C.
    [Show full text]
  • AMHE Newsletter Winter 2020 February 24 Haitian Medical Association Abroad Association Medicale Haïtienne À L'étranger Newsletter # 273
    AMHE Newsletter winter 2020 February 24 Haitian Medical Association Abroad Association Medicale Haïtienne à l'Étranger Newsletter # 273 AMHE NEWSLETTER Editor in Chief: Maxime J-M Coles, MD Editorial Board: Rony Jean Mary, MD Reynald Altema, MD Technical Adviser: Jacques Arpin Disparities in Orthopedics Maxime Coles MD One look at healthcare nowadays, brings us to a realty showing how profoundly affected we are with the socio-economic issues as well as the race/ethnicity issues. The effects of these factors on the quality of care provided to the patient is certainly felt when we are looking at disparities in Orthopedics. Disparity is seen when one is assessing care and more with the quality of care received around the recovery from surgical interventions. Total joint replacements, treatment of hip fractures or spinal surgery have shown striking revelations. It is important for the one delivering care to understand well the effects of such factors on the patients they care for and the outcome after surgical treatments. Other has to certainly minimize such effects on the patient’s health or the health system itself. It remains unclear why the disparities exist in patients with Diabetes or Cardiovascular disease as well as in patient undergoing total joint arthroplasty. Others have discussed inequities in orthopedics but could racism explain disparities in Orthopedics? Medicine is a highly homogenous field deserving diverse population. Diversity in In this number - Words of the Editor, Maxime Coles,MD - Décès - La chronique de Rony Jean-Mary,M.D. - Students Resident Corner - La chronique de Reynald Altéma,M.D. - Telepathology device (AIDA2) - Chronicle of Slave rebellions in the Americas.
    [Show full text]
  • Pegasus July 2020
    July 2020 VOLUME XI, ISSUE VII PEGASUS A NEWSLETTER FOR THE CAUX ROUND TABLE FOR MORAL CAPITALISM NETWORK LOOKING AT BUSINESS ABOVE THE CLUTTER AND CONFETTI Pegasus Introduction by Richard Broderick Page 2 Slavery: A Widespread Affliction from the Middle Page 3 Ages to 19th Century Abolition by Stephen B. Young Introduction To paraphrase the old Chinese double-edged proverb, “May you live in interesting times.” We are indeed. The novel coronavirus pandemic has brought sickness and death to almost every corner in the world, with millions infected by this highly contagious zoonotic virus and rising rates of both death and suffering and the traumatic disruption of economic activity in many nations. In the U.S., unemployment rates have soared to heights not seen since the Great Depression. Meanwhile, thousands of retail businesses have been forced into bankruptcy because of the quarantine imposed in most states and countless other enterprises, both large small, struggle to survive. Most troubling of all, there is no definitive end in sight for this catastrophe, with labs around the world scrambling to create an effective vaccine. While this effort is sure to escalate, there is also no clear idea of when this pandemic will subside. It could surge again in the fall, perhaps winter or next spring. The sad fact is nobody knows for certain. As if this disruption of day-to-day life were not sufficient, there was the killing, caught in all its horror on video, of a black individual, George Floyd. His life was literally snuffed out by a Minneapolis police officer, as onlookers vocally warned the cops that Floyd was dying, which he did after one officer kneeled on Floyd’s neck for almost nine minutes, ignoring the crowd, as Floyd gasped that he could not breathe, moaned and called out to his late mother until he passed out and ultimately suffered cardiac arrest and died.
    [Show full text]
  • How Imperial Spain Influenced the U.S. 1513 Juan Ponce De León
    How Imperial Spain Influenced the U.S. 1513 Juan Ponce de León leaves Puerto Rico with 200 men and explores Florida, which he names “Pascua Florida.” 1526 San Miguel de Gualdape is established (Sapelo Island, Gerogia) by Lucas Vázquez Ayllón. With Ayllón are more than 500 men, some women and African slaves, and three Dominican friars. One of these friars is the great Antonio Montesinos. This is the first European settlement in US territory. 1528-1536 Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca travels from Florida to Arizona. 1539 Hernando de Soto expedition begins in Florida. 1540 The Francisco Vásquez de Coronado expedition (335 Spaniards including 4 Franciscan friars) begins. Eventually, Coronado will travel through Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma and Kansas. 1542 Hernando de Soto travels through Arkansas, Oklahoma and Texas. 1542 Juan de Padilla (traveling with Coronado) dies in Kansas. 1559 Tristán de Luna y Arellano establishes Puerto de Santa María (near modern Pensacola). 1565 St. Augustine is founded by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés. 1566 Martín de Argüelles is born in St. Augustine. He is the first European (on record) born in US territory. 1586 St. Augustine is attacked and burned by Sir Francis Drake. 1607 The British found a settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. 1610 Santa Fe becomes the administrative center of the Spanish province. 1620 The Mayflower arrives (Provincetown Harbor, Cape Cod). 1642 Virginia outlaws priests and disenfranchises Catholics. 1647 Massachusetts Bay Colony enacts an anti-priest law. 1649 Maryland’s general assembly passes an act of religious toleration. 1654 The Puritan regime repeals the act of religious toleration in Maryland.
    [Show full text]
  • “Until the Land Was Understood;” Spaniards Confront La
    1 “Until the land was understood;” Spaniards Confront La Florida, 1500-1600. By Paul E. Hoffman Paul W. and Nancy W. Murrill Distinguished Professor and Professor of History Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge Writing some years after the failure of Licenciado Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón’s 1526 colony (San Miguel de Gualdape) on the coast of what is today Georgia, the Royal Chronicler of the Indies, Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo, recalled that while most of the colony’s survivors had nothing good to say about its site or their experience “some [of the survivors] liked the shape ( la forma ) of the region they had seen and said that, doing what was requisite for settling in that place, and with enough foods to last until the land was understood, [settlement] would not be a bad thing, because the climate (temple ) there was better suited for Spaniards.” 1 What exactly does this statement mean? The colonists, after all, had spent at least two months on the southeastern coast of North America, surely enough time to become somewhat familiar with the resources of the area where they had been. Too, 2 they had sailed from Hispaniola with the knowledge of the interior that Ayllón and a Native American he called Francisco El Chicorano had spread at the Spanish Court in 1523. However, Francisco’s flight shortly after the expedition landed had cut off any possibility of his guiding them to the interior “kingdom” he had described. In short, the statement suggests that these survivors (or Oviedo) realized that neither their experiences nor Francisco’s reports were adequate bases for the founding of a successful colony.
    [Show full text]
  • South Carolina Coastal Zone Managment
    chapter I '--------------- the coast of --­ south carolina A. INTRODUCTION Because South Carolina has been slow to develop the large industrial base common to many other coastal states, it is blessed with vast unspoiled natural areas. However, increasing, and often conflicting, demands upon coastal resources have made it necessary to balance the needs created by burgeoning populations and concomitant development against those for preservation of the environment. South Carolina's General Assembly clearly recognized the need for such a balance when it passed an act designed "to protect the quality of the coastal environment and to promote the economic and social improvement of the coastal zone and of all the people of the State." (S.C. Coastal Management Act of 1977, Act 123) One reason for the multitude of conflicting interests within the coastal zone is the fact that it is attractive ­ as a place to live and a place to play, as an industrial site and as the only possible location for occupations such as shipping and fishing. The coastal zone has played an important part in the State's cultural and historical development, and consequently contains a number of irreplaceable sites. The aesthetic and ecological resources found in the coastal zone are unique and equally irreplaceable. South Carolina's coastal zone can be divided into three segments, based on both physical and sociological distinctions. The morphology of the coast represents a transition zone between the North Carolina and Georgia shorelines. From the North Carolina border to Winyah Bay, the coast forms a gentle crescent, called an arcuate strand. The coast in this section is characterized by broad sandy beaches, few tidal inlets, a well­ developed dune system and generally sparse salt marshes.
    [Show full text]