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Death Works Overtime JD FV.Pdf 2 Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura Nota introdutória 3 Fernando Guerreiro · José Bértolo (Eds.) 4 Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura Este trabalho é financiado por fundos nacionais através da FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P., no âmbito do projeto UID/ELT/0509/2019. Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura Edição: Fernando Guerreiro e José Bértolo Capa: Sal Studio, a partir de fotografia espírita de William Hope, c. 1920. Revisão: Moirika Reker (CEC) Paginação: Margarida Baldaia © 2019, Autores e Edições Húmus Edições Húmus, Lda., 2019 Apartado 7081 4764-908 Ribeirão – V. N. Famalicão Telef.: 926 375 305 [email protected] ISBN: 978-989-755-400-1 Impressão: Papelmunde, SMG, Lda. – V. N. Famalicão 1.ª edição: Abril de 2019 Depósito Legal: 454333/19 Nota introdutória 5 ÍNDICE 7 Nota introdutória 11 I. O ESPECTÁCULO DA MORTE NA LITERATURA E NO CINEMA 13 Pantomina e morte no cinema: Do espectáculo da morte no século XIX à construção de máscaras e ao melodrama: Le Mystère des roches de Kador de Léonce Perret Fernando Guerreiro 33 O sinal de Lázaro: Reanimação e textualidade mórbida na narrativa breve de Guy de Maupassant Amândio Reis 53 Aurélien d’Aragon ou le masque de la morte Kelly Basilio 63 O texto-molde: Escrita-leitura de L’Arrêt de mort de Maurice Blanchot Patrícia Soares Martins 77 Falar na língua dos mortos: Wenceslau de Moraes e Paulo Rocha José Bértolo 95 A fixação da morte em Leitão de Barros Ana Campos 105 Death works overtime: A morte em Six Feet Under José Duarte Death Works Overtime A Morte em Six Feet Under 105 DEATH WORKS OVERTIME A MORTE EM SIX FEET UNDER José Duarte* Nathaniel Sr.: That’s one of the perks of being dead: you know what happens after you die – and you know the meaning of life. Nate: That seems fairly useless. Nathaniel Sr.: Yeah, I know. Life is wasted on the living. Six Feet Under SIX FEET UNDER E ALAN BALL: UMA CERTA TRADIÇÃO Numa extensa reportagem publicada em 2015 sobre os dez anos da série nor- te-americana produzida pela HBO, Six Feet Under (Sete Palmos de Terra, de Alan Ball, 2001-2005)1, o jornalista Nicolau Ferreira pergunta “que morte é esta?”. A haver uma resposta será demasiado complexa, mas o autor aponta dois ou três caminhos possíveis de forma a melhor compreender a série, em particular o embelezamento dos cadáveres, a importância do luto ou a forma humorística como Six Feet Under trata o tema da morte e o encara de frente. Algumas destas ideias serão também exploradas neste estudo. No entanto, antes de avançarmos para uma análise destes e de outros temas relevantes na série é importante contextualizar Six Feet Under, bem como o trabalho do seu criador, o norte-americano Alan Ball. * Centro de Estudos Anglísticos, Faculdade de Letras, Universidade de Lisboa. 1 Estando em 2019 já passaram catorze anos desde que a série terminou. Será importante sublinhar que, apesar de este artigo fazer uma abordagem geral à série, concentra-se espe- cificamente na primeira temporada, em particular pelos temas que aborda e que aqui inte- ressa explorar. 106 Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura Six Feet Under é, de acordo com a crítica especializada, uma das séries com maior sucesso nos últimos anos. Fruto da reputada companhia HBO, que se assume como um canal de televisão responsável por objectos de grande qualidade (Feuer 2007, 148), a série radica a sua essência em duas diferentes tradições, mas que são complementares. Por um lado, a tradição literária marcada pela ficção gótica, em especial a ficção gótica norte-americana2, caracterizada por uma atmosfera melancólica e de fatalidade, pelo sobrenatural, o grotesco ou o estranho naquilo que nos é familiar, presente, por exemplo, na escrita de Edgar Allan Poe. Por outro lado, surge a tradição cinematográfica, que inclui uma lista extensa, mas na qual se destacam em particular filmes que lidam com temas como a vida e a morte, de forma mais óbvia, mas também obras cinematográficas centradas na tensão entre a realidade e o sonho. Assim, no primeiro caso, e para além de Poe, encontramos escritores como E.T.A. Hoffmann (“Der Sandmann”, 1816) ou Evelyn Waugh (The Loved One, 1948), como dois grandes exemplos de autores cujas obras literárias influenciaram Six Feet Under e nos quais a série se apoia, de algum modo, para desafiar as várias convenções sociais presentes na cultura americana contemporânea. No segundo caso, obras como Det Sjunde Inseglet (O Sétimo Selo, de Ingmar Bergman, 1957), Hiroshima, Mon Amour (Hiroshima, Meu Amor, de Alain Resnais, 1959) ou 8½ (Federico Fellini, 1963) são alguns dos exemplos com maior influência na série. Para além destes, é também de destacarAmerican Beauty (Beleza Americana, de Sam Mendes, 1999), onde Alan Ball, enquanto argumentista, se empenha num exercício irónico sobre a América suburbana, o corpo social norte-americano e a família. Este exercício seria elevado a um outro nível quando Ball cria a série Six Feet Under. No centro da história de Six Feet Under está a família de agentes fune- rários que vive em Los Angeles e que lida diariamente com a vida e com a morte, o que acontece em todos os episódios, a começar pelo primeiro em que a família perde o patriarca. Questionado quanto à escolha de um tema tão controverso Alan Ball responde em entrevista (2005) que a cultura americana 2 Como apontam Jo Coghlan, Lynda Hawryluk e Louise Whitaker (2016, 19), Six Feet Under é facilmente enquadrável naquilo que os autores definem como “California Gothic”, cujos temas centrais são, naturalmente, o lado disfuncional de um espaço marcado pelo consumo e pela obsessão com a cultura das celebridades, por exemplo. A família, os subúrbios, e uma certa ansiedade e violência são características centrais do “California Gothic” que tem como geografia ideal Los Angeles. Death Works Overtime A Morte em Six Feet Under 107 é extremamente imatura no que diz respeito à questão da morte, em espe- cial por ser uma cultura que promove uma ideia de juventude permanente como, aliás, nota Heller: The mass culture of the United States is a culture that trembles in the face of the inevitable decay of the body, marketing all manner of youth and pleasure-exten- ding commodities and shunning all contact with cigarettes, fat, disease, or other reminders of the body’s inevitable demise. American capitalism mobilises vast resources in an effort to defer, deny and disguise death. (2005, 71) Tanto a afirmação de Ball como a da autora colocam em perspectiva aquilo que Jessica Mitford tão bem explora na obra The American Way of Death, publicado em 1963: que o ritual da morte nos Estados Unidos se foi gradualmente afastando do olhar público e que este passou a ser controlado pela indústria funerária, que faz dela um negócio e um espectáculo, prolon- gando, assim, a noção de que o que aterroriza a comunidade deve ser escondido ou mascarado. Ao trazer essa ideia para um formato como o televisivo, Ball não só traz a morte para a linha da frente dessa mesma comunidade, como também a provoca e confronta, a começar pelo próprio genérico. TRÊS IMAGENS DA MORTE EM SIX FEET UNDER Um olhar atento ao célebre (e invulgar) genérico3 traça, desde logo, o cami- nho de Six Feet Under. Marcado, como nota Rob Turnock (2005, 39), por elementos que apontam para uma atmosfera gótica, e em que imagens rela- cionadas com a morte estão em destaque, os créditos iniciais são relevantes para compreender o tom da série. Cenas que incluem carros funerários, lápi- des, a morgue, um corvo, caixões, entre muitas outras imagens semelhantes, acompanhadas pela música de Thomas Newman, desafiam o espectador a pensar sobre a morte e transportam-no para um mundo onde esta está pre- sente em cada esquina. Daí que também cada episódio inicie com a morte de alguém e, ao fazê-lo, Ball sublinha o lado grotesco e surpreendente da vida, até porque, se algumas mortes surgem num processo natural, outras, por sua vez, são 3 De notar o modo como o genérico de Six Feet Under faz uma interessante subversão dos lugares comuns de outras séries em que também somos conduzidos por um corpo, como é o caso de E.R. (1994-2009). 108 Morte e Espectralidade nas Artes e na Literatura profundamente bizarras e inesperadas. O primeiro episódio coloca essa ideia em perspectiva, pois Nathaniel Fisher (interpretado por Richard Jenkins), patriarca da família, morre logo no início do episódio numa sequência mar- cada por uma tremenda ironia. Nathaniel conduz uma carrinha funerária na baixa de Los Angeles e, enquanto fala ao telefone com a sua mulher Ruth Fisher (interpretada por Frances Conroy), é abalroado por um autocarro. A cena parece a de um comum acidente, mas é mais do que isso. Enquanto conduz, Nathaniel está a fumar e é repreendido pela sua mulher apagando de imediato o cigarro. Contudo, assim que desliga o telefone volta a acender outro cigarro e, ao baixar-se para o fazer, não vê o autocarro que o abalroa e o acidente é fatal. Não só a cena traz outra dimensão à expressão “fumar mata” como também o autocarro tem como destino “Downtown”, um eufemismo, de algum modo, para a sua ida para debaixo de terra. A morte do pai e dono da Fisher Funeral Home é um acontecimento importante que traz um tom específico à série: esvaziados da figura patriarcal, a família terá de encontrar um rumo quer para o negócio quer para cada membro individualmente, como acrescenta Heller: By becoming a corpse and by entering the realm of myth, Nathaniel is reduced to a shadow presence that capriciously haunts the mise en scéne of the series.
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