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Volume Six, 2007 what is PISCO? The Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans is a long- term program of scientific research and training dedicated to advancing the understanding of the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem along the U.S. west coast. PISCO is pioneering an integrated approach to studying the nearshore portion of this complex, rich, and economically important environment. PISCO is distinguished by its interdisciplinary approach, large geographic extent, and decades-long time frame. PISCO conducts monitoring and experiments along more than 1,200 miles (2,000 kilometers) of coastline, as well as laboratory and theoretical studies. The research incorporates oceanography, ecology, chemistry, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, and mathematical modeling to gain novel insights into systems ranging from individual animals and plants to the whole ecosystem. PISCO’s findings apply to conservation and resource management issues. PISCO scientists participate in local, regional, national, and international initiatives for marine environmental planning. Through its university courses, PISCO helps to train the next generation of scientists in interdisciplinary approaches to marine research and policy. Established in 1999 with funding from The David and Lucile Packard Foundation, PISCO is led by scientists from Oregon State University (OSU); Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station; University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC); and University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB). As of 2005, core PISCO activities are funded by collaborative grants from The David and Lucile Packard Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The core support and additional funding from diverse public and private sources make this unique partnership possible. PISCO View from the Wave Crest Coastal Connections Volume 6 Table of Contents elcome to the sixth edition of PISCO Coastal Connections, 1 VIEW FROM THE WAVE CREST a publication of the Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans RESEARCH W (PISCO). This publication highlights our scientific, 2 Patterns of Change education, and outreach programs as well as our Kelp forest ecology; kelp bass; fishing and sheephead; abalone. work with collaborative partners. 6 Oceanographic Frontiers Our interdisciplinary studies are conducted by established scientists, postdoc- Climate change; patchy toral fellows, graduate students, and research technicians. Database experts settlement of young; poleward develop innovative approaches for storing and sharing large data sets. Policy flows; low oxygen. coordinators help ensure that we accurately communicate science to inform 10 Ecological Linkages decision-making and management. Physiology of invading mussels; Because of our long-term and interconnected programs over a wide geo- gene chips; body temperatures graphic range, PISCO is well positioned to detect and understand changes and survival. in the ocean. This information is essential for conducting ecosystem-based management and tracking climate change. In this issue, 14 INTERDISCIPLINARY TRAINING “Patterns of Change” reveals valuable information about Classes on science and policy; research for management; land species distributions, and sea. “Oceanographic Frontiers” describes impacts of unanticipated ocean changes, “Ecological Linkages” features research into how changing ocean 1 16 SHARING THE SCIENCE temperatures affect species, Communications training; “Interdisciplinary Training” highlights PISCO’s unique educational PISCO in the news; Marine Life program, and Protection Act. “Sharing the Science” outlines our efforts to communicate findings to management agencies and the public. We greatly appreciate our dedicated staff, collaborators, and partners who make these accomplishments possible. We invite you to enjoy this issue of PISCO Coastal Connections. Managing Editor: Kristen Milligan Coordinators: Satie Airamé, Liz Riley, and Amy Windrope Senior Editor & Writer: Peter H. Taylor Creative Director: Monica Pessino GIS Support: Will McClintock Line Drawings: Linda D. Nelson Cover photo: Recently metamorphosed purple sea urchin © 2007 Gerardo Amador. Cover photo insets, top to bottom: Steve Lonhart/ MBNMS, Jane Lubchenco, Elizabeth Hoaglund, Amy Wagner. Opposite page photos, left to right: Peter Taylor, Chad King/MBNMS, Sean Hoobler, Robert Schwemmer. PISCO Coastal Connections is a publication of the Partnership for Interdisciplinary Studies of Coastal Oceans (PISCO). Contents © 2007. For more information about PISCO or to join the mailing list for future publications, please contact the consortium at the addresses listed on the back cover. PISCO principal investigators (left to right): Steve Gaines (UCSB), George Somero (Stanford), Margaret McManus (UCSC/University of Hawaii), Bruce Menge (OSU), Mark Carr (UCSC), Mark Denny (Stanford), Jack Barth (OSU), Jane Lubchenco (OSU), Robert Warner (UCSB), and Steve Palumbi (Stanford). Not shown: Gretchen Hofmann (UCSB), Pete Raimondi (UCSC), and Libe Washburn (UCSB). Photo: Satie Airamé PISCO Coastal Connections • Volume 6 Patterns of Similarity Among Kelp Forests Dots of the same color indicate kelp forests with a similar mix of invertebrate species based on PISCO monitoring and analysis. More than 60 invertebrate species are monitored in kelp forests, such as sea urchins, whelks, crabs, anemones, and sea stars. PISCO discovered similar patterns for seaweed and fish species. The mix of species living in a kelp forest varies with the geological setting, exposure to storm waves, and species geographic ranges. patterns OF change Overview: Patterns of Change Untangling Kelp Forests for PISCO is the first comprehensive, Ecosystem-based Management long-term program to investigate ecological patterns of change in the ocean along the U.S. west coast. The program focuses on three important ISCO’s research in ecosystem components: kelp forests, rocky shores, and coastal currents. underwater forests of giant kelp is revealing previously unknown differences in Patterns of species’ abundance and the ecology and biodiversity of sites along the diversity vary along the coast on P scales of feet to hundreds of miles. west coast. The findings will enable more effective Patterns also change over time—from ecosystem-based management of kelp forests, which year to year and decade to decade. are among the most productive ecosystems on earth, Documenting these patterns is hosting tremendous biodiversity. fundamental for understanding the nature of marine ecosystems. It In 1999, PISCO began a long-term program to study the biodiversity and ecol- is essential for ecosystem-based ogy of the ocean along the west coast from southern California to Oregon. management and policy. One focus has been kelp forests because of their ecological importance and vulnerability to human impacts. In annual surveys, scuba divers identify and This section highlights some of PISCO’s count the fishes, invertebrates, and seaweeds living in dozens of kelp forests research documenting patterns of along more than 400 kilometers (250 miles) of the coast of southern and cen- change. Processes that cause the tral California. ecological patterns are featured in the subsequent two sections. Because the region encompasses a spectrum of oceanographic, geological, and ecological conditions, the multi-year effort is paying off with new insights into the factors that underlie changes in the biodiversity and productivity of kelp forests. Analyzing huge quantities of data from the monitoring program, PISCO scientists have classified kelp forests along the coast according to the as- sortment of fish, algae, and invertebrate species that tend to live there. 3 Web-based Maps of PISCO Data They have found that kelp forests on distinct segments of the coast differ be- PISCO’s data on kelp forests are online cause of variations in strength of storm waves, geological setting, and species’ for the world to see—and map and graph. geographic ranges (see figure, opposite page). Despite year-to-year fluctua- New interactive maps on the PISCO Web tions at each site, the differences among coastal segments are persistent. site enable users to explore several years Kelp forests are vulnerable to human impacts including commercial and rec- of data on fishes, invertebrates, and algae. reational fisheries, pollution, and harvest of the kelps. By showing the ways Web visitors can select a species and see that kelp forests differ from place to place, PISCO’s research makes it possible to PISCO’s monitoring data on the species’ develop strategies, such as marine protected areas, to maintain the richness of abundance, size, and geographic distribu- these important ecosystems. tion at sites along California’s southern PISCO researchers are Mark Carr (UCSC), Jenn Caselle (UCSB), Dan Malone and central coast. Integrated with an (UCSC), Mark Readdie (UCSC), and Craig Syms (now at James Cook University, enhanced version of Google Maps, graphs Australia). Collaborators and partners are the National Marine Sanctuary Pro- can display changes in the number of fish, gram, National Park Service, and California Department of Fish and Game. for example, at rocky reefs along the coast. Lists of species generated for each place detail the animals and seaweeds observed in a given year. In addition, the Web site includes photographs, video, and descrip- tions of the research methods. The Web- based maps automatically display the most up-to-date information because they are linked directly to the PISCO database. Use
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