NORTH PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE ORGANIZATION (PICES)

ANNUAL REPORT

EIGHTH MEETING

VLADIVOSTOK, RUSSIA

OCTOBER 8 - 17, 1999

January 2000 Secretariat / Publisher North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) c/o Institute of Ocean Sciences P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada. V8L 4B2 e-mail: [email protected] web: http://pices.ios.bc.ca TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting

Agenda 3 Report of Opening Session 5 Report of Governing Council Meetings 25

Reports of Science Board and Committees

Science Board 45 Biological Oceanography Committee 57 Fishery Science Committee 63 Working Group 12: Crabs and Shrimps 67 Marine Environmental Quality Committee 73 Working Group 8: Practical Assessment Methodology 76 Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee 93 Working Group 13: CO2 in the North Pacific 97 Implementation Panel on the CCCC Program 105 Technological Committee on Data Exchange 117 Publication Committee 123

Finance and Administration

Report of Finance and Administration Committee 127 Assets on 31st of December, 1998 132 Income and Expenditures for 1998 133 Budget for 2000 136

Composition of the Organization

Officers, Delegates, Finance and Administration Committee, Science Board, Secretariat, Scientific and Technical Committees 139

List of Participants 149

List of Acronyms 171

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REPORT OF OPENING SESSION

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The Opening Session was called to order at 8:30 scientists increase. Also of paramount importance th am on of October 11 . The Chairman, Dr. is research of both ecosystems and the prediction Hyung-Tack Huh, who welcomed delegates, of environmental long term changes. observers and researchers to the Eighth Annual Meeting. Dr. Huh called upon Vice-Governor The changes occurring in the resource structure of Vladimir A. Stegny to welcome participants on the fishery cannot but strongly influence the behalf of the Government of the Prymorye conditions of fisheries management. First and Region. foremost, these changes depend on the environment, and joint scientific efforts in the area Dear Mr. Chairman, Executive Secretary, of marine studies are difficult to overestimate. In distinguished delegates, members of the this respect PICES is a unique international Secretariat and Local Organizing Committee, organization of scientists with unprecedented participants, observers, ladies and gentlemen: capabilities to accumulate scientific knowledge in the largest range of events observed in the Pacific, It is the first time that Russia is hosting an annual and the results of anthropogenic pressure on the meeting of the North Pacific Marine Science marine environment. Organization. The City of Vladivostok, the Primorski Krai capital, is the venue of the Eighth I would like to emphasize the following: PICES is Annual Meeting. On behalf of the Russian Far represented by both the governments and East, let me welcome you to the Pacific Russia. scientific organizations of the Pacific Rim countries with very different levels of ethnic, It is a great honor for Vladivostok and the entire cultural and economic backgrounds. This last Primorski Krai to host the Eighth Annual Meeting factor is very valuable in the light of different attended by such a large number of participants approaches towards ocean investigation and from the scientific communities of the Pacific Rim development, since the number of aspects to be countries. considered while planning the ocean management in the interests of mankind is increased. And the Fisheries and marine transport are by far the most intermixing of various viewpoints mutually important sectors of the Russian Far East enriches the parties through cooperation. economy. Work at sea creates jobs, thus providing for considerable employment for the No doubt, the World Ocean is a unifying area for population. The Far East fisheries account for making our scientific effort worthwhile. Methods more than 70% of Russian catches. The and techniques of scientific investigations, those maximum catch was observed in 1988, which instruments for carrying out marine research, are could be explained by a very high abundance of gradually being standardized. This is also two particular species - pollock and sardine. In important because the results of scientific studies 1993-94 the catch was at its minimum. That was will be equally shared by all PICES member due to the sardine disappearance in the Russian countries. Moreover, of no less importance are waters and to the pollock population drop. These the national identities and traditions of each and two species alone - pollock and sardine - in the every State involved, of scientific schools and years of their maximal abundance, accounted for particular results of research obtained. 66% and 17% of the catch in the Russian Far East Recognizing this fact will surely make the mutual respectively. Only two species predominance in understanding easier, and this is one of the main the catches makes Far East fishery very objectives of any international organization. vulnerable, and as a result the responsibility of PICES should not be an exception.

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Why have we picked Vladivostok of all the cities Pacific”, “Modelling and Forecasting Physical as the venue of PICES Eighth Annual Meeting? Processes in Subarctic Region of the North It is because this city in the Pacific Russia is most Pacific”, “Ecological Consequences of Oil Spills representative in the areas of research with and Oil Deposits Development”, etc. The last concentrated science and technology potential in subject is very relevant for the Sakhalin region the Far East. It meets the demands of national with its unprecedented potential for Russian economy of the Russian Far Eastern regions. At offshore oil extraction. No doubt, it will be very the same time Vladivostok is one of the youngest difficult here to strike a balance of interests among Russian cities in the Pacific. By founding the port ecological movements, fishermen and oil Vladivostok, father-founders put an end to a developers. In this respect, we should follow a remarkable historic epoch of great geographic strictly scientific and independent analysis and discoveries and development, when the Russian evaluate comparative advantages versus negative pioneers discovered new territories along the consequences of this gigantic project. Profit of coastline of the Pacific in the 18th and 19th the Sakhalin Oblast and foreign investors of the centuries, including the Okhotsk Sea coast, oil development project are put on the scale Kamchatka, the Kuril Ridge, Sakhalin, and Alaska. against the impact of inevitable pollution of the sea on marine ecosystems resulting thus in losses Glorious traditions of Russian researchers of the for both the Russian fishermen and those of the Pacific and World Oceans were upheld in the 20th neighboring countries in the regions. century. The contribution of Russian fisheries science to the World Ocean and its bioresources On the threshold of the new millennium with an research has been especially great: the last century extremely high level of human activity, it has has witnessed years when scientific investigations become even more difficult to preserve harmony had covered 70% of the marine basins in the open of relations between man and nature. Nature can areas of the World Ocean. very easily destroyed as a result of rash actions undertaken by man for his selfish, and as a rule Despite the economic difficulties, marine studies short-term, purposes aimed at making nature look are underway today in the Far East. One should “more culture-oriented”. One cannot stop all the emphasize the farsighted policy of the TINRO- economic activities including those in the World Center administrators who, during the years of Ocean. We should go on with these activities but reforms in Russia, managed both to retain the they should be preceded by painstaking research research fleet, to continue the growth of its to evaluate possible consequences as well as numbers, and improve its technical and scientific possible economic benefits. equipment. Fifteen research vessels of different profiles enable the Center to constantly monitor I am sure that in this respect PICES will open a marine bioresources and to study the lot of new opportunities for both the scientists environment. The scientists record global changes and those responsible for political and economic of the environment parameters, which decision-making based on rigorous scientific considerably influence the number and knowledge. PICES also means unlimited distribution of marine inhabitants and change the opportunities for mutually beneficial scientific conditions of economic management in the cooperation, exchange of latest information and Ocean. scientific knowledge dissemination.

In this respect of great importance to us is the Hopefully, the present Meeting will make a participation of Russian scientists in such considerable contribution to solving the problems International Programs on ecosystems research as facing the organization. I would like to wish “GLOBEC”, in scientific symposia and working successful work to all the participants of the meetings on “Nature and the Impact of Climatic Annual Meeting, and have no doubts that your and Oceanological Epochs Changes on the North scientific findings will find practical

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implementation. Thank you for the attention. scientific institution or even country. It is by joint research of all the countries interested in intensive Dr. Huh thanked the Vice-Governor and asked studies of the Ocean that we can reach the Mr. Alexander Chistyakov (Deputy Chairman, necessary level to represent the trends of marine State Committee of Fisheries, Russian Federation) ecosystems' changes. to welcome participants on behalf of the Russian I am absolutely sure that the present Annual Government. Meeting will help us to move one step further on the way to achieving the objectives set forth by Dear Mr. Chairman, dear Executive Secretary, PICES. I would like to wish successful and distinguished delegates, dear members of the fruitful work to all the participants of this meeting. Secretariat and Local Organizing Committee, Thank you. ladies and gentlemen: Dr. Huh then called upon Dr. William G. It is with great pleasure that I welcome the Doubleday to make a statement on behalf of the delegates and participants of the Eighth Annual Canadian Government. PICES Meeting in Vladivostok on behalf of the State Committee of Fisheries of the Russian Mr. Chairman, honourable Vice-Governor, Federation. honoured guests, distinguished Delegates, and colleagues! The Far East is the main fishing region in Russia, and it is the Far Eastern fishermen who are mostly On behalf of Canada and the Canadian delegation, interested in practical scientific results both in the I wish to thank Russia for inviting PICES here to area of fundamental research and applied studies Vladivostok for the Eighth Annual Meeting. With of the World Ocean. An opportunity of long- this meeting, the scientists of PICES have been term forecasting of the ecosystems' changes in the able to meet their colleagues at home in all Northern Pacific is a sine qua non condition to member states and all member states have had an formulate tactical and strategic fishing policy in opportunity to meet PICES. We from overseas the Russian Far East. Activities of such a highly can now appreciate the close links between the prestigious international organization as PICES Far Eastern Region of Russia and the sea, with its are a very important contribution to a rational living and non-living resources. development of marine bioresources. Today, I will emphasize two themes: observing TINRO-Center is the largest research and the influence of extreme climate events on marine fisheries management organization in Russia. The ecosystems and improving the observation of the Center is actively involved in international oceans. scientific and technical cooperation with many Pacific Rim countries, and it has a vast experience PICES member countries and PICES scientists in this area. This experience proved very were very active during the big 1997-98 El Niño, beneficial when Russia joined PICES. The observing the changes in the ocean and its TINRO-Center Director represents Russia in ecosystems. We will see the results of this work at PICES, and I would also like to highlight the the Beyond El Niño symposium next spring. I efforts of TINRO-Center in organizing and expect this symposium, with the participation holding this Eighth Annual Meeting. from several co-sponsoring fisheries commissions, will give new insights into the influence of climate Efficient and rational utilization of all the World extremes on living marine resources. We can Ocean resources first and foremost depends on expect more extreme climate variations in the the depth of scientific knowledge about global future. PICES should seize these opportunities as processes occurring in the hydrosphere. Such they arise in order to gain understanding of how kind of work is above the effort of any one climate change will affect ocean ecosystems in the

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coming century. I would like to take this opportunity to make Observation of the oceans has always been remarks on my expectation from, proposal to, and limited. The lack of widespread and reliable data request for PICES. has held back description and understanding of the oceans. We are on the threshold of obtaining First, my expectation from PICES. PICES is much better observations of the ocean. The addressing the scientific questions on Climate ARGO system of profiling drifting buoys will Change and Carrying Capacity. This problem has have a similar effect on advancing ocean a larger scientific scope that can be covered by any modelling and forecasting as weather balloons single discipline of marine science and has larger have had on meteorology. ARGO and other geographical scale than can be covered by any elements of GOOS, the Global Ocean Observing single country. Therefore, we need System, will provide a stronger base for the intergovernmental and interdisciplinary coupled ocean-atmosphere models, which forecast cooperation. I believe PICES was established to future climate. If we can forecast ocean realize such cooperation and has been developing conditions six months ahead, we will be able to to strengthen such a function. Thus, I would like provide useful weather forecasts six months ahead to expect PICES to continue to advance as a because the ocean is the dominant factor problem-solving organization rather than a big influencing weather on this time scale. Ocean organization intending to cover larger number of observation of the North Pacific will require a discrete disciplines in marine science. major effort by PICES member countries. PICES should play an active role in coordinating both Second, my proposal to PICES. It is my pleasure ARGO and GOOS in the North Pacific to ensure to inform you that the Japanese Government that the best possible results are achieved. proposes to hold the next Annual Meeting in the city of Hakodate. Hakodate is the sister city of Mr. Chairman, Canada has been a strong Vladivostok, with a beautiful bay area, sightseeing supporter of PICES from the beginning. We spots and hot springs. You will never be continue to support the growth of PICES as the disappointed by visiting Hakodate. main forum for advancing and coordinating international marine science in the North Pacific. The scientist who was wishing most to invite the Thank you. next Annual Meeting to Hakodate was Prof. Kiyotaka Ohtani. He had been a member of the Dr. Huh called upon Dr. Makoto Kashiwai to FIS Committee since the first Annual Meeting. I speak on behalf of the Japanese Government. feel very sad to inform you that we lost Prof. Ohtani in the middle of September. But I am sure Honorable Vice-Governor of Prymorye, Deputy that his hope is almost coming true. A “potential” Chairman of the Russian State Committee of local organizing committee for the next Annual Fisheries, distinguished delegates, and PICES Meeting has already been established in Hakodate, scientists: and two officers from Hakodate staff are observers at this Annual Meeting to understand its It is a great pleasure for me to be here as a part of structure and arrangement. Therefore, I would the Japanese delegation to attend the Eighth like to propose all of the participants here to Annual Meeting of PICES. On behalf of the promise me to come to Hakodate and attend the Japanese Government and the Japanese marine Ninth Annual Meeting of PICES. science community, I would like to express our sincere thanks to the host, the Russian Third, my request to PICES scientists, and Government, and the Local Organizing especially young scientists. I would like to request Committee. As the result of their devoted efforts, that young participants, especially from non- we are here to accomplish PICES activities. English speaking countries, do not think of

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PICES Annual Meetings only as a place to present great importance to marine affairs and marine their papers. It is a place to commit and science in particular. China is playing an active contribute to the scientific activities of PICES. role in such international marine scientific The scientific sector of PICES is designed to organizations as IOC and SCOR. China highly receive your input. Therefore, I would like to values the importance of PICES in fostering the request that you make positive participation in the marine scientific research in the North Pacific meetings of scientific committees, working region and will continue to contribute to the work groups, CCCC-IP, and to encourage you to input of PICES to the extent possible. your comments and ideas. Thank you for your Taking advantage of this opportunity, I would like attention. to thank the PICES Secretariat in providing various support and service to the member Dr. Huh called upon Mr. Hai-Qing Li, to make a countries of PICES, including in particular the statement on behalf of the Chinese Government. Chinese scientists.

Mr. Chairman, the honorable Vice-Governor of We would also like to thank the Government of Prymorye, Deputy Chairman of the Russian State Russia, the Governor of Prymorye, as well as our Committee of Fisheries, distinguished Delegates, local organizer, the Pacific Research Institute of experts, ladies and gentlemen: Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO-Center), for their hospitality and excellent arrangements for First of all, the Chinese delegation would like to the meeting. Finally, I wish the meeting a full join all previous speakers in congratulating the success. Thank you. opening of the Eighth Annual Meeting of PICES in the beautiful city of Vladivostok. PICES, under Dr. Huh called upon Dr. Jin Yeong Kim to make the able chairmanship of Dr. Hyung-Tack Huh, a statement on behalf of the Republic of Korea. has made remarkable progress over the past year in advancing the good of this Organization, and Mr. Chairman, distinguished Delegates, Local particularly in the promotion of cooperation Organizing committee members, ladies and among its member countries and with other gentlemen: organizations in various aspects of marine scientific research in the North Pacific Region. I It is a great pleasure for me to have the am sure that with your leadership, this meeting opportunity to be here as part of the Korean will be a full success. delegation. On behalf of my Government, Korean delegation and scientists, I would like to We would also like to congratulate Dr. Alexander thank Russia and PICES for inviting us to Bychkov on becoming the new Executive participate in the Eighth Annual Meeting. We Secretary of PICES. Your competence and appreciate, particularly, the very good work of the experience will certainly benefit PICES and its Secretariat, Executive Secretary, the Local member countries in pursuing our common goal. Organizing Committee, and Dr. Hyung-Tack You can always count on our support in Huh, the Chairman. discharging your responsibilities as the Executive Secretary of PICES. PICES has made important progress since 1992. It was indeed encouraging to see that PICES has Since it is my first time to attend a PICES progressed from activities focused on reviewing meeting, I would like to tell you how happy I am scientific issues to its current efforts to develop to join you and hopefully contribute to the work cooperative scientific programs addressing vital of PICES. I look forward to cooperating with all marine science issues. Thus, we are proud of the of you on various matters during the meeting. progress that has been made through PICES symposia, workshops, and conferences to ensure Mr. Chairman, the Chinese Government attaches the sustainable use of the renewable resources of

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the North Pacific Ocean. I believe that we can say yes, as we have developed traditions, modus operandi, ways of Korean scientists have studied long-term variation relating to each other and getting things done. in the marine ecosystem and conservation PICES has made tremendous progress during its strategies for fisheries resources through short existence. PICES has learned from ICES oceanographic observation and living marine and other international marine entities, but yet is resources research since 1915. Recently the unique. PICES has its own spirit, which will GLOBEC study program has been adopted in move the organization forward. Korea as a model for our study of climate change and carrying capacity. We cannot deny that there are scientific problems in the North Pacific which can only be solved by With regard to the program for this Annual international cooperative research on a number of Meeting, we are pleased to see that PICES is scales, in time, space and manpower. I see the addressing GLOBEC topics including fishery PICES planning process as successfully management, climatic change, carrying capacity, approaching the scientific questions, which we scientific visualization to marine ecosystem must answer. The problems engendered by analysis, modelling and prediction of physical widespread changes in the ocean/atmosphere processes. All these topics are important for environment will inevitably affect all people in all effective conservation of the North Pacific Ocean. places on earth. The North Pacific Ocean environment is inadequately studied and is so vast, Korean scientists will be highly supportive of that in light of global considerations, ocean cooperative studies promoting and coordinating research in the PICES area is critical to all nations. marine science in the North Pacific Ocean. These But it is especially important to the PICES activities promise to be important in the nations. development of PICES for sustaining marine living resources in the 21st century. We are looking forward to this meeting and to the progress which will be made. Once again, thank The Korean delegation wishes all participants at you to our hosts on behalf of the United States the Eighth Annual Meeting of PICES success in delegation. their scientific undertakings. Dr. Huh called upon Dr. Lev N. Bocharov to Dr. Huh called upon Dr. Vera Alexander to speak provide a few words on behalf of the Russian on behalf of the U.S. Government. Federation.

Mr. Chairman, honorable Vice-Governor, Dear Mr. Chairman, Honorable Vice-Governor, honored guests, distinguished Delegates, and Organizing Committee and distinguished colleagues: Delegates, ladies and gentlemen:

It is a pleasure to have this opportunity, on behalf It is a great honor for me as the Russian delegate of the United States delegation, to express sincere to PICES to represent my country at the PICES gratitude to our Russian hosts for welcoming us Annual Meeting. This is the Eighth Annual here and providing such an outstanding venue to Meeting of PICES, but the first one on Russian the Eighth Annual Meeting of PICES. We have territory. now completed the circle – PICES has met in each and every member nation, and in doing so, First of all, I would like to use this opportunity, has advanced an agenda of cooperative planning and on behalf of the Russian Government and all for North Pacific marine research hitherto Russian scientific quarters interested in profound unprecedented. PICES’ tenth anniversary studies of the World Ocean, to welcome you to approaches. Are we now a mature organization? Vladivostok, which is the biggest scientific center

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in the Russian Far East. many positive sides of such activities have made themselves notable. One of them is the I would also like to note especially the PICES opportunity of close and unconstrained contacts. Secretariat’s efforts on the meeting arrangements I hope the Annual Meeting in Vladivostok will not and to thank its members for their huge and be an exception and the results of this meeting fruitful work. I wish to express a hope for further will be useful to all participants. The scientists of cooperation between the Secretariat and Local six countries can revive and develop mutual Organizing Committee in order to finish the contacts, strengthen friendship and continue Meeting’s marathon with good results. On behalf scientific dialogue on a wide scope of science of all Eighth Annual Meeting participants, let me disciplines. convey the deepest thanks to the Governments of Prymorye Region and Vladivostok for the great Autumn is the best season in Prymorye. The assistance they rendered to TINRO-centre, as the Annual Meeting participants should not only main local organizer of this meeting. work, but also spend some free time to know our city better. Our country has always paid great attention to ocean studies. That is why the creation and In conclusion let me once again wish success to increasing activity of PICES is very appreciated in the PICES Annual Meeting in Vladivostok. Russia. Unfortunately, not all Russian participants Thank you. could take part in the PICES meetings and conferences because of economical difficulties. In Dr. Huh thanked Vice-Governor Vladimir Stegny, this respect the PICES support of such scientists representative of the Russian State Committee of who do not have enough financial ability to Fisheries, Mr. Alexander Chistyakov, and all the participate in PICES creative activity, is invaluable. delegates for their remarks and spoke on behalf of In this context the Vladivostok Meeting is of great PICES. importance because it provides equal chances to all Russian scientific organizations. Honorable Vice-Governor of Prymorye, Deputy Chairman of the State Committee of Fisheries for For the people of the Russian Far East, it is even the Russian Federation, distinguished Delegates, more important. There is no one Russian region ladies and gentlemen: where the economic prosperity and social stability depend so much on ocean resources and sea I would like to begin my remarks by thanking our transportation. hosts, the Russian Federation, and the State Committee of Fisheries for their hospitality in It is also necessary to note that only the integrated hosting this meeting, and the Pacific Research results of the international scientific research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO- activities in the field of the marine ecosystem and Center) for their hard work in organizing the environmental capacity make more and more Eighth Annual Meeting of PICES. realistic the long-term forecasting in the condition of marine biological resources. I am very much delighted that the Eighth PICES Annual Meeting is held for the first time in the PICES is the international scientific organization Russian Federation, in this beautiful city of which provides to the scientists constantly Vladivostok, the capital of Prymorye and the increasing opportunities. We also welcome the center of all ocean-related scientific as well as cooperation of PICES with other international commercial activities in the Far-Eastern Russia. marine scientific organizations. We have gathered, from all directions of the Northern Pacific, here in Prymorye, “a land The main results of PICES activities will become attached to the sea where the winds of all oceans obvious in the 21st century. But even now the meet”.

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organizations such as IOC, ICES, SCOR, As one of those who have been privileged to NPAFC, etc. We should strive to strengthen its attend most of the previous PICES meetings, I am ties with other international scientific especially delighted to take part in this year’s organizations and programs and continue to serve meeting, eye-witnessing the advancement of the as a focal point for integrating research programs PICES activities. Since the first annual meeting in in the North Pacific Ocean. 1992, PICES has steadily grown and expanded its activities through the workshops, symposia and This year we have an exciting program of publications. PICES has been a faithful apparatus scientific sessions and workshops with many in fulfilling its mission of promoting and interesting topics such as climate regime shifts, coordinating marine science research and physical processes in the subarctic North Pacific, disseminating relevant information and data on coastal eutrophication and harmful algal blooms, the Northern Pacific Ocean among the marine fishery management, population dynamics of scientists in the region. planktons, GOOS, GLOBEC and many more. I hope that everybody will take full benefit by PICES has been effective and successful in actively participating in the sessions of this fostering enhanced communication among meeting. scientists of different countries and various disciplines, in identifying research priorities and in Before closing my remarks, I would like to building up the research network, and in mention on the parting of Prof. Kiyotaka Ohtani facilitating collaborative marine research in the of Hokkaido University, Japan. Prof. Ohtani had North Pacific Ocean. It has been able to produce been deeply involved in PICES activities as a a rich array of scientific papers and publications, member of Working Group 5 on the Bering Sea, and to increase understanding that could be and served as one of co-editors for the new book applied to problems such as the conservation and “Dynamics of the Bering Sea”. I hope you would allocation of resources, protection of the marine join me in offering our sincere condolence to his environment, and prediction of the impacts of passing. climate change, etc. In closing, I am confident that the PICES Eighth However, the process of transferring the scientific Annual Meeting will be another fruitful meeting findings to users has not been well elaborated yet. providing us with new visions, ideas, and There is no adequate international system to challenges toward the new ocean era. I hope you assess and monitor the state of the marine will find everything to your satisfaction, and that environment. As yet it is not possible for anyone your meetings be enriched and successful. I wish to state unequivocally what the status of many you an enjoyable and memorable stay in parts of the Pacific is, how serious the threats are, Vladivostok. if any, and what specifically should be done about them. I believe that an international organization Dr. Huh then introduced Ms. Patricia Livingston, such as PICES can make a major contribution the Science Board Chairman, to review PICES’ toward the advancement of scientific knowledge scientific accomplishments. that could serve for a better understanding and management of our oceans. Therefore, I sincerely The work of PICES is most visible in the annual hope that PICES will continue to establish science meetings that it organizes. However, the effective links for collaborative efforts by PICES Annual Meeting is just one way that countries of this region. PICES accomplishes its scientific purposes. The main scientific purposes of PICES are to: PICES is a young organization, but it has been recognized for its achievement not only by Promote and coordinate marine scientific research member countries, but also by other international in the northern North Pacific and adjacent seas

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especially northward of 30 degrees North; PICES scientists are increasing their Advance scientific knowledge about the ocean collaborations with scientists in other programs. environment, global weather and climate change, The Beyond El Niño meeting that is planned for living resources and their ecosystems, and the the spring of 2000 is the first large co-sponsored impacts of human activities; meeting in which PICES has taken the lead. Promote the collection and rapid exchange of PICES and most of the major international fishery scientific information on these issues. organizations of the North Pacific, are working together to examine the effects of the very strong PICES as an organization has set up a structure to El Niño of 1997-1998 and the interannual, accomplish these goals. We have four Scientific decadal, and interdecadal scales of variability in Committees organized around the four broad the Pacific and the possible implications for disciplinary areas of: fishery production and management. Biological Oceanography (BIO) Fishey Science (FIS) PICES scientists have made significant advancements in the ways they communicate their Marine Environmental Quality (MEQ) research results to the scientific community. The Physical Oceanography and Climate (POC). results of the 1998 Science Board Symposium on the ecosystem dynamics of the eastern and In addition, PICES has a Technical Committee for western gyres of the subarctic Pacific are now Data Exchange (TCODE), and a Scientific published in the peer-reviewed literature in a Program for Climate Change and Carrying special issue of Progress in Oceanography. Capacity (CCCC), which has its own science and Similar special volumes are planned for the results implementation plans. These committees and of this year’s Science Board Symposium and for programs hold business meetings at the Annual next year’s Beyond El Niño Conference. The Meeting that are open to the broad scientific efforts of the Bering Sea Working Group of community for input into the scientific sessions PICES has led to the publication of a new book that will be held the next year or beyond, and to on the Bering Sea (Dynamics of the Bering Sea). proposals that would benefit the scientific This book represents a true international community, such as reviewing progress in their collaboration to update and present our field or accelerating advances. Working Groups, knowledge of this shared sea. Three PICES workshops, and cooperative work with other Working Groups (WG 8 - Practical assessment programs are some of the ways these advances or methodology, WG 11 -Consumption of marine reviews can be made. We have developed several resources by marine mammals and birds, and WG ways of communicating the results of our 12 – Crabs and shrimps) have finished their work scientific efforts. and will publish the results in the PICES Scientific Report Series this coming year. PICES continues One of the primary ways that PICES scientists to promote the rapid exchange of information exchange scientific information is at our Annual through its Scientific Report Series, PICES Press Meetings. These meetings are designed to and the data inventories and other information promote the presentation of interdisciplinary located on the PICES web site research results and innovative trends in research (http://pices.ios.bc.ca) within the disciplines. Working Groups and scientific programs may also hold workshops just Some truly collaborative fieldwork is now being prior to these Annual Meetings. Unlike many conducted and planned by the PICES scientific other scientific meetings that focus on a particular community. This year, a Practical Workshop was discipline, PICES is relatively unique in the Pacific held in Vancouver Harbor by scientists of MEQ with its focus on integrating knowledge across the Working Group 8 on Practical Assessment marine science disciplines. Methodology. Scientists from each of the PICES member countries were able to attend. This

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Practical Workshop has set the stage for these Ms. Livingston then called upon Dr. Richard scientists to do future collaborative work in the Addison, former Chairman of the Marine area of marine environmental quality. Similarly, Environmental Quality Committee (MEQ), to POC Working Group 13 (CO2 in the North brief the 1999 MEQ Practical Workshop. Pacific) also held a multi-national Technical Workshop this year. Their intercalibration The MEQ Practical Workshop (planned and exercise for laboratory measurements of CO2 was developed by Working Group 8) was held in the recognized by the IOC/JGOFS Advisory Panel laboratories at West Vancouver (Department on Ocean Carbon Dioxide as contributing to the Fisheries and Oceans), BC, Canada between May high quality of North Pacific CO2 measurements 22 and June 8, 1999. The objectives of the in the future, which will allow multinational Workshop were to bring together scientists from synthesis and lead to improved understanding of all member countries to work together on a carbon cycle processes. The PICES-GLOBEC common issue of marine pollution and, in doing Climate Change and Carrying Capacity Program so, to compare different approaches used in (CCCC) was successful in obtaining funding from member countries. The Workshop was modelled the North Pacific Marine Research Program to on previous workshops organized by ICES and perform a two-year study to initiate continuous IOC, and it was recognized that in addition to plankton recorder (CPR) monitoring in the North addressing the general issue of harmonizing Pacific. The next challenge will be to find a way approaches to the assessment of marine pollution, to maintain this monitoring as a long-term effort. there would be a cultural benefit of having scientists from member countries working PICES has several directions for its future together and sharing sampling equipment, samples scientific efforts. Proposals are being examined and analytical data. on ways to improve our Annual Meeting structure so that it is more focused on integrating across the The Workshop took the form of a two-week scientific disciplines and in encouraging the practical study of various aspects of pollution in participation of young scientists. We need to find Vancouver Harbour and the surrounding areas. ways to promote more interaction with regional As a general introduction, participants spent a day and international programs of the most interest to outlining their national approaches to addressing PICES scientists. In particular, there are many marine pollution problems. There followed an regional programs in the North Pacific that intensive field program in Vancouver Harbour, involve several PICES nations. PICES has an which focused on sampling benthos and sediment opportunity to bring its ecosystem perspective to (involving scientists from all member countries); these regional programs and provide assistance in benthic flatfish sampling (involving scientists from coordinating research in these areas. There are Canada, USA, Japan and Russia); and sampling many large international programs in the marine inter-tidal algae and animals (involving scientists science area and PICES will be focusing its efforts from Russia, China, Japan, Korea and Canada). In on cooperation with those that are in the best all, 22 scientists participated in all or part of the interest of the PICES scientific community and of Workshop. The sampling approaches and greatest benefit to PICES member nations. One subsequent analyses were selected to cover both of our biggest challenges still lies in promoting chemical and biological measurements, since one and coordinating international research efforts in of the underlying aims of the Workshop was to the open North Pacific. The initiation and relate these two types of measurements. In some continuation of collaborative research efforts in cases, analyses of samples were carried out at West this area will benefit all PICES nations that border Vancouver and in other cases, samples were this important area. Finally, providing scientific shipped to the participants' home laboratories for results that are useful to marine policy makers of analysis. the North Pacific is our ultimate goal. It is too early to summarize much of the data

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emerging from the Workshop as analyses are still significantly intensified, mainly due to the being carried out, but we can already anticipate requirements of the expanding Soviet Union some of the outcomes. For example, fishing industry. Despite obvious progress in measurements of the frequency of "imposex" in ecological research, (e.g. the famous research inter-tidal molluscs made during the Workshop by vessel “Vityaz” cruises and long-term TINRO- Dr. Horiguchi (Japan) and Mr. Li (China) will VNIRO Bering Sea expeditions that started in extend a time-series of such measurements made 1958), these cannot be called ecosystem research previously in Canada, and which will contribute to programs in the strictest sense. Even a well- a better description of the spatial and temporal known book of P.A. Moiseev “Biological trends in this effect of TBT-based anti-fouling Resources of the World Ocean” (1969) contained paints. Comparison of molecular and no calculations of total biological or fish pathological responses of benthic flatfish to production in the Far Eastern seas. Yet such various organic pollutants (made by Canadian and calculations had been done for most of the World US scientists) will provide further support for the Ocean regions, based on a general knowledge of application of these techniques in the assessment carbon and energy transformation across the of marine pollution. However, perhaps the trophic web. Generally, there were insufficient greatest benefit of the Workshop was the data on many ecosystem components in Far improved understanding and communication Eastern seas, especially for the lowest trophic among participants, and the opportunities that levels. The situation changed significantly during were identified for future collaboration among the 1980s. The logic of step-by-step scientific member countries. research and necessity of knowledge of biological function resulted in the successful development of Dr. Addison took the opportunity to thank the complex research in Japan Sea bays conducted by Workshop organizers, particularly Dr. Colin D. the USSR Academy of Science and TINRO. The Levings, the local host at West Vancouver, and aquaculture boom during those years gave Dr. John E. Stein and Ms. Carla Stehr from the additional incentives to initiate such research. NMFS Laboratory, in Seattle, all of whose hard work and dedication had made the Workshop a By the 1980s, the need to strengthen traditional success. biological research with an ecosystem approach became evident, especially in view of multiple Ms. Livingston introduced Dr. Vyacheslav P. failures in fisheries forecasts, and the shift of Shuntov, of the Laboratory of Applied Russian commercial fishing operations into its Biocenology, Pacific Research Institute of Exclusive Economic Zone in 1977. Managing Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO-Centre), to bioresources by fisheries regulation alone give the keynote lecture. The following is the full demanded a more detailed knowledge on text of the lecture. biological structure, productivity, and regular trends in ecosystem functioning including Keynote lecture: “Review of Research into interactions among species and among groups of Macroecosystems of the Far-Eastern Seas: Results, aquatic organisms. As a result, a new long-term Objectives, Doubts” line of research into macroecosystems of the Far Eastern seas was formed in TINRO in the The history of Russian research in the Far Eastern beginning of the 1980s. The lack of researchers in Seas is about one hundred years long. In the the field of biological production, and in the beginning there were geographical, lowest trophic level components, as well as the hydrographical, zoological and bio-geographical lack of sufficient knowledge of the principles of investigations followed by two periods of biocenosis structuring, limited the scope and intensive research development – at the end of the constrained objectives during research planning. 1920s and during the 1950s. During both periods, It’s a pity to speak about this, because from the biological (including ecological) studies were beginning of the 1980s we managed to arrange

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tens of expeditions with only a limited list of The number of resident marine birds is objectives. The research potential was partly approximately 26 million individuals. increased by some hydrochemists and hydrobiologists from VNIRO and the Academy Even the first rough estimates of food of Science, who participated in TINRO consumption required at the highest trophic levels expeditions. Some information on lower trophic showed an obvious discrepancy between the levels was collected by academician’s expeditions assessments and lower trophic level biomass and in limited areas. For some reason it is rather primary production. At peak levels during the difficult or even impossible to extrapolate those 1980s in the Bering and Okhotsk seas, walleye data to larger regions. I mentioned such prosaic pollock alone consumed about 350 million tons of items in order to show that there are still many zooplankton, 11 million tons of squid, and 30 “bottlenecks” in working out ecosystem research million tons of small fishes. It is hard to imagine subjects. such an impressive rate of trophic interrelations. All these facts challenged our methods of data Nevertheless, regular ecosystem (bioceno-logical) collection and processing of phytoplankton, research in the Russian Far Eastern seas started zooplankton, bacteria and, partially, benthos. Of nearly 20 years ago, and as a result our knowledge course, the main difficulty here was (and is) the of the nature of the Far Eastern seas has changed low catch efficiency of small plankton (straining and lead to the following set of observations and through the net), and macroplankton avoidance. questions: This problem has a certain history, and has been given no rest to aquatic biologists for a long time. 1. I suppose, the most important finding is that It is worth noting that estimates of primary biological and fish productivity in the Russian production of the World Ocean have increased in Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is significantly the last 30 years, as methods were improved. higher than it had been assumed before. For According to the joint TINRO-VNIRO years, the Atlantic Ocean was assumed to be more expeditions (papers published by Dr. V.V. productive. Moreover, it was well known that Sapozhnikov and co-authors), the yearly many commercial stocks decreased as a result of production of phytoplankton in various areas of comparatively moderate fishing pressure during the Bering and Okhotsk Seas lies in the range of the 1950s–1960s (by 1960, the total catch within 260-350 g/m3. This data is close to my earlier the Russian EEZ amounted to only 1.1 million estimates of 430-450 g/m3 for these seas, though metric tons). in this work total production of phytoplankton, macro seaweed and phytobenthos-periphyton was As a result of numerous bottom and pelagic trawl assumed. These are 2-3 times higher than most of surveys, which covered the entire Russian EEZ the known estimates. area down to 1000 meters depth, the total biomass of fish and large invertebrates from the 1980s to Not long ago Dr. Yu. I. Sorokin and his colleagues the beginning of the 1990s was roughly estimated from the Institute of Oceanography of the to be 90-100 million metric tons. Rather Russian Academy of Sciences showed that the unexpectedly, small mesopelagic fishes comprised biomass and production of bacteria and protozoa almost half of the total assessed biomass. At the in the Far Eastern seas are among the most same time, special research data analyses of productive in the World Ocean. These organisms various animal groups, and some retrospective play a major role in ecosystem functioning. On estimates made it possible to quantify the highest the one hand, species of the so called microbial trophic levels. The present abundance of whales loop (or detritus chain) make the trophic pathways in the Russian EEZ (including residents and longer, but on the other hand, they provide a migrants) is about 100–120 thousand individuals more stable and significant source of food for (the initial estimate was approximately two times larger plankton and for the early life-history stages higher), plus about 250 thousand small dolphins. of nekton and nektobenthos.

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40-60 years. With particular attention to these In order to adjust for the sampling bias in cycles, I don't deny smaller cycles, e.g., those estimating macroplankton biomass, we began to connected with El Niño or the North Pacific use correction factors for catch efficiency and oscillation. Nevertheless, I do not think that any time of sampling. Such a simple practice resulted significant change in biota is the result of ocean in substantial changes in our view of the structure climate change or cosmophysical factors. I believe and biomass of plankton communities. The in the idea of systematic processes in nature, but I revised estimates of zooplankton biomass can also accept that these changes are the result of appeared to be 2-3 times higher (400-460 g/m3 synchronous impact of random events. for the Okhotsk Sea and Pacific side of Kuril Islands, and 230-260 g/m3 for the Bering Sea, The 40–60 year cycles are observed in climate- Japan Sea and Pacific side of Kamchatka). The oceanological dynamics, and as a consequence in predominant group was macrozooplankton (70- population, species and biocenosis dynamics. 80%), not micro- or meso-plankton. It is This is favored by rather long duration of these doubtful, whether the situation is different in cycles, which could probably be regarded as small other areas of the World Ocean. Hence, speaking epochs, or ages. Everything connected with 40-60 about biota alone, the scale of biological year cycles is an interesting and disputable issue, production in marine ecosystems is much larger requiring assessment of current situation with than it seemed before. I think there is no need for reference to the past and future events. Here we additional comments to explain importance of this cannot proceed without even passing comments general conclusion, though one problem is worth on global warming. It is bound to the noting. “greenhouse effect”, especially as there are unfeasible statements that the biomass of walleye As mentioned above, by the beginning of the pollock in the Eastern Arctic can reach 15–20 1960s, the total catch within the present Russian million tons providing yearly catch of 5 million EEZ reached only 1.1 million tons but we are tons due to anthropogenic global warming in the confident that the stock abundance of the foreseeable future (Patin, 1997, “Fisheries”, No. dominant species had decreased by that time due 3). These figures sound optimistic, though it to fishing pressure. During the 1980s the total should be kept in mind that most of predicted catch was 4-5 million tons, which is in good consequences of global warming are rather agreement with the higher estimates of abundance disturbing. I do not think that the “greenhouse of nekton and benthos. The intriguing point is effect” has an absolute effect on global climate. I that when the catch was 1 million tons, stock also do not support the idea of oceanic depletion abundance was decreasing, but when the catch as a result of ozone shield exhaustion. I cannot was 4-5 million tons stock abundance was identify these ideas as a twentieth century hoax, growing. Of course, in the 1970s–1980s the main but rather consider them as extreme harvested species were walleye pollock (Theragra interpretations, that are not supported by chalcogramma) and sardine (Sardinops sufficient arguments. melanostictus), but this fact does not explain the matter. This suggests that the susceptibility of I would like to recall that different types of cycles species and communities to anthropogenic are characteristic of the Earth's climate. During factors, including fishing, changes with time. the post-glacial period there was a long period of Within this context the vulnerability of organisms climatic optimum, then the less significant warm was higher during the 1940s–1960s, lower during Viking age. The so-called lesser glacial period the 1970s–mid- 1990s and probably lower during ended almost 150 years ago. In view of this fact, I the 1920–1930s. think that the 20th century is the beginning of next warm period similar to the Viking age. It is 2. Such comparisons bring us to the problem of intrinsic that events within such period are cycles in natural processes with a period of about multidirectional with shorter cycles. I pay special

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attention to the above mentioned 40-60 years the Far Eastern seas and the Pacific Ocean, as well cycles, which I considered at first as simple as water dynamics in general, and atmospheric alternation of warm (1920-1930s, 1970-mid- transfer (zonal or meridional). 1990s), and cold periods (1940-1960s, end of During the period from 1940 to 1960, no 1990s). Changes in biota, especially in pelagic progressive global temperature rise was observed. communities, seemed to correspond to these Sometimes the temperature even decreased. periods, judging by dynamics in abundance ratio Presently, I think that the temperature rise has for walleye pollock and herring (Clupea pallasi) in already stopped in the modern 40-60 year cycle. the northern boreal areas, and sardines and Significant positive anomalies persisted up to Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) in the 1998, but winter, spring and summer periods of southern boreal areas. 1999 appear abnormally cold on this warm background. Curiously, the temperature background during 1920 - 1930s was generally lower than during the Until recently, it was evident that the biological next two decades. During this period, a and fish productivity of the Far Eastern seas northward expansion of not only distinctly increased during warm periods. Such periods southern species but also the entire biota have more stable climatic and oceanological communities toward high latitudes was observed. conditions. In the beginning of the 1990s, the The southern boundaries of cold-loving species nekton biomass in Russian waters decreased by and biotic communities moved in the same nearly 15 million tons. By the middle of the direction. No similar expansion was observed present decade it decreased by 25-30 million tons during the recent and more significant warming, (walleye pollock, pilchard, northern smoothtongue though southern species appeared frequently in – Leuroglossus schmidti). By this time the the northern areas. It is worth noting that the number of cold-loving “alternative” nekton Japanese anchovy was found in its northernmost species increased by about 5 million tons (Pacific and coldest area, Ayano-Ionsky region, for the herring, Atka mackerels – Pleurogrammus spp., first time during the Okhotsk Sea research in the Pacific saury – Cololabis saira, common squid). summer of 1998. Apparently, this event and the Thus, there was an obvious trend towards catch of a young swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the decreasing production in Russian waters, and southern Okhotsk Sea in the summer of 1985 there is no reason to expect that such trend will have a common background. It is characteristic change in the next few years. Changes were also that strong changes in nekton communities of the observed in the plankton communities. In the Far Eastern seas occurred in the beginning of the beginning of the 1990s the percentage of 1990s at high temperature background. At that predatory plankton abruptly increased up to 50- time, multiple migrations of sardines into Russian 60% of total meso- and macrozooplankton waters stopped, walleye pollock abundance biomass. By 1995, the percentage of predatory decreased considerably, while herring, Japanese plankton retained its “normal” level, 20-25% of anchovy, and common squid (Todarodes total biomass. pacificus) abundance increased. These facts suggest: firstly, that the trend (decreasing or Unfortunately, thereafter large-scale observations increasing) and duration of water temperature on planktonic communities were conducted only changes played a leading role in these species in the Okhotsk Sea where zooplankton abundance changes, and not simply the absolute temperature decreased abruptly in 1997 and 1998. (within a certain limit). Secondly, that a Relationships between zooplankton abundance temperature change is evidence of more important and fish biomass, as well as total amount of food processes, particularly changes in dynamics of consumed by nektonic animals indicated that other, apparently more important complex there was low food availability (Table 1). characters, such as of water exchange rate between Table 1. Interannual abundance (x106 t) of some pelagic community indicators in the northern Okhotsk Sea.

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Index 1986 – 1988 1997 – 1998 1999 (Summer) (Summer) (Spring) Nekton biomass 9 – 12 7 - 8 6.5 Zooplankton biomass 140 – 180 73 - 90 182 Nekton daily diet 0,5 – 0,6 0,32 – 0,47 0,29 Zooplankton / nekton 2 month diet 7 – 9 3.2 – 3.8 11.7

It seemed that these recent observations fully crisis at all. I assume that similar events have corresponded to the conclusion that a less occurred before, and will take place in the future. productive period has begun. But in the spring of Moreover, as I already mentioned, plankton 1999, the plankton quantity sharply increased to a abundance in the Bering Sea sharply increased in level more typical of the 1980s, mainly due to an 1998. But what is more important to note is that increased abundance of euphausids and copepods. natural communities are not rigidly integrated When compared to 1998, the fish feeding rate systems. That is why some species can easily get significantly increased: 3-7 times for walleye in and out of them without any serious pollock, and 1.5-2 times for herring. It is consequences in their long-term dynamics. Such interesting that similar changes had occurred in soft bonds in communities and ecosystems are the Navarin-Anadyr area of the Bering Sea during evidenced by a variety of cycles in dynamics of the previous year. The zooplankton quantity populations and species abundance. Therefore, an increased thereby almost 3 fold, to 6x106 t in anomaly (high or low) does not necessarily result summer, 5x106 t in autumn during 1980s, and in the “falling domino principle”. In my opinion, 22x106 t in summer, 15x106 t in autumn in 1998. the chess analogy is more suitable here, where On the other hand, walleye pollock quantity there are many variants under restricted rules. decreased from 3.5x106 t down to 1.2x106 t The main point is not to confuse these multiple during that period. The annual food consumption situations with a global trend, as is frequently remained approximately the same: 15.5 and done. 14x106 t. The feeding rate of pollock in the Bering and Okhotsk Seas increased significantly. Increasing zooplankton abundance, first in the These data suggest that there could be striking Bering Sea, and then in the Okhotsk Sea suggests differences in taking advantage of one trophic that there is an order to the events in the North level potential over another in relation to general Pacific. If events also move from east to west as a production rate. We can also suggest that there is rule, then other comparisons arise. Recent a sufficient resilence in a trophic structure of declines in the reproductive rate and abundance of oceanic communities. walleye pollock shifted from the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea in the late 1980s to the I am not sure if these observations were episodic, western Bering Sea, and then to the Okhotsk Sea i.e. simple interannual dynamics, or whether they in the mid 1990s. The same situation was are part of a large-scale trend. But this draws observed in reproduction rate of some marine attention to some rather disturbing conclusions birds. An increased mortality of birds, particularly that there is a critical ecological situation in the kittywake (Rissa tridactila) in American waters was Bering Sea (PICES Press, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2). There observed in the 1980s, but not until the 1990s in have been some negative consequences of Asian waters. The wave of high abundance of abnormal warming – coccolithophorid blooms, predatory plankton moved from east to west in increased mortality of birds and mammals, the 1990s and stopped in the Okhotsk Sea. decreasing abundance of salmon and other fishes. I can understand such worries, though to my mind The disturbing negative trend in North American there is too much unnecessary drama, and no salmon abundance has not been observed in Asian

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stocks yet. At least in 1999 fishing for salmon was structure (mainly trophic) of communities is of as fruitful as during the previous decade, but I great importance as well. It can either intensify, or believe that negative trends will appear in the near on the contrary, quench many processes, future. There are probably more examples, but all providing the so called “chess situations”. This is of them point to the significance of the North demonstrated in Table 2, where the main areas of Pacific Subarctic Gyre system as a background. Russian waters (data for the entire Bering and The eastern Bering Sea is closely connected with Japan seas are presented) are ranged according to this gyre system through water exchange. The abundance of nutrients and main groups of circulation continues through the western Bering marine animals. Sea down to east Kamtchatka and the northern Kuril regions, and then into the Okhotsk Sea. Table 2 shows that hydrochemical prerequisites This is a probable route of expansion for some during generation of first food are used in various anomalies. regions differently. There are also certain differences in utilizing of energy by various As I already mentioned discussing the ecological trophic levels. It makes those areas rather crisis in the Bering Sea, the biota in adjacent areas specific, with certain peculiarities in ecological may not necessarily react in the same way and capacities. Such a comprehensive ecosystem with the same profile. A common forcing may parameter determines differences in cyclic events result in different biological responses in these in various areas. Since ecological capacity is the regions. I consider this as evidence of an main integral ecosystem character it deserves underestimated “provinciality law”. The additional consideration. biocenosis environment, i.e. the composition and

Table 2. Areas ranked according to abundance of nutrients, plankton and marine animals groups.

No. Nutrients Phyto-, Zooplankton Benthos Fishes and Mammals, bacteria, commercial birds protozoa invertebrates 1 Kur.*, Okh. S. Okh. S. Okh. S. Ber. S. Ber. S. E.Kam. 2 Kur., E.Kam. Ber. S. Kur. Ber. S. Okh. S. Okh. S. 3 Ber. S. E.Kam. Ber. S. E.Kam Kur Kur 4 Okh. S. Kur. E.Kam. Jap. S. Jap. S. E.Kam. 5 Jap. S. Jap. S. Jap. S. Kur. E.Kam. Jap. S. * Kur. – Pacific side of the Kuril Islands; E.Kam. – Kamchatka-Kommandor, the Pacific Ocean; Ber. S. – Bering Sea; Okh. S. – Okhotsk Sea; Jap. S. – Japan Sea.

3. Ecological capacity of the habitat is the ability populations abundance levels. It appears as of an environmental complex to provide though we deal here with a situation that is similar conditions for reproduction and normal vital to a great variety of interpretations of the term activities for a certain number of organisms. “ecology”. In any case, it is impossible, and there Ecological capacity is characterized by the amount is no need to narrow the use of this term in the of biomass which can make density factor “legal” sense. working. Generally speaking, it is worth noting that the term “ecological capacity” has many Some indirect observations can indicate ecological interpretations – from general system capacity limits. For example, for a long time I bioproductivity values, down to species and paid much attention to the observation that there

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is less plankton in the Bering Sea than in the Okhotsk Sea and 6.9 x106 t in the Bering Sea Okhotsk Sea per unit area, though the fish annually. This is “top-down control”. From the abundance is higher in the former. Consequently, other side, the most important argument for the competitive relationships are stronger in the “bottom-up control” is the alternation of long- Bering Sea. Therefore, the dynamics of walleye standing periods of increased and decreased pollock and herring abundance here are strongly biological production that shows up at various counter-tied. The upper limit of walleye pollock trophic levels. But initially such alternations are abundance in the Bering Sea was attained during determined by dynamics of atmospheric and the 1980s. In my opinion, it reached 25 million oceanographic processes with the same regularity. tons at that time and despite the fact that the warm 1980s were more favorable for pollock I would like to note that the concept of ecological reproduction and more than enough spawners capacity and dynamics has an applied importance. took part in reproduction, the reproduction It is closely related to rational use of nature, efficiency and total abundance decreased including aquaculture in a wide sense. In my approximately 3-fold due to density. opinion, the introduction of a new species into natural communities means falling into a sticky Feeding mainly on plankton and small nekton, cobweb of resilient trophic interrelations. Trophic walleye pollock has a pronounced effect on other connections depend very much on relation community components, especially during peaks between species ecological potential and the of abundance. It was clearly observed in the resistance of environment. Okhotsk Sea where, during the peak of abundance in the 1980s, pollock consumed 4.5 million tons Recognizing both the reality and the scale of “top- of squid and 12 million tons of small fishes down control” stimulates the necessity to address annually. By the mid 1990s the biomass of large the issue of harvesting marine mammals. I pay pollock decreased 3 fold, while the biomass of special attention to it because of wide-ranging small nekton (Pacific stout sandlance – “green” opinions on this subject. It is well known Ammodytes hexapterus, northern smoothtongue, that commercial use of lower trophic levels (up to capelin – Mallotus villosus) increased 4-5 fold, at zooplankton) and benthos is quite difficult least in the epipelagic layers in the northern technically. Protectionist attitudes prevail in Okhotsk Sea. utilizing upper trophic levels nowadays. This is “emotional ecology” which considers “lawful” It is easy to provide more specific examples of only catching of middle trophic level factors limiting ecological. They have a direct representatives such as fishes, squids, crabs, etc. I bearing on the widely discussed problem of doubt whether such selectivity is an example of ecosystem regulation by “ bottom-up control” and rational use of nature. Hunting marine mammals “top-down control”. Not long ago these two is thus not only possible but perhaps even mechanisms were opposed to each other in regard necessary, with due consideration, or course, to to priority. It became evident, that the recent negative lessons from global poaching. combination of predator pressure and the availability of resources are widely distributed, as Returning to limiting factors and regulation of well as their unidirectional influence. Returning to abundance and biomass in ecosystems, I would walleye pollock, I would like to review some of my like to especially note that this complicated previously published calculations for the Okhotsk problem is not limited to the problem of top- and Bering seas. In the 1980s the total catch of down and bottom-up control. I think there is walleye pollock in the entire North Pacific was 6- sufficient evidence of control by various physical 7x106 t, including 3.8x106 t in the Okhotsk and factors, e.g., water temperature. This is quite clear Bering seas. Predators consumed 3.2x106 t in the from data presented in Table 3.

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Table 3. Density (g/m2) of plankton, benthos, nekton, and nektobenthos concentrations in the northern Okhotsk Sea in 1997.

Groups of animals North-western Okhotsk Sea North-eastern Okhotsk Sea Zooplankton 129 124 Zoobenthos (averaged over years) 300 430 Nekton 5.2 17.4 Bottom fishes 1.8 6.6 Commercial invertebrates (crabs, 0.7 1.6 shrimps, buccinidae, etc.)

It is well known that the eastern Okhotsk Sea is knowledge. much warmer than the western side. Moreover, the northwestern shelf looks like an arctic basin in One of the “ultimate applied goals” of long-term its climate and biological conditions. The research in the Russian Far Eastern seas is to northwestern and northeastern parts of the develop large-scale managed fisheries, including Okhotsk Sea are not contrasted with each other fishing and aquaculture. This concept includes any more in terms of hydro-chemical conditions conservation, particularly the idea “for us, for of biological productivity. Indexes of primary children and for grandchildren”. Taking into production, as well as zooplankton and benthos account the current situation it seems Utopian, biomass are similar in these two regions. Low although there is an evident need to establish temperature in general does not limit their desirable, but perhaps unreachable, objectives. development. As for upper trophic levels, the biomass of pelagic and bottom animals (except Russians are not deprived of at least one thing. marine mammals) is several times higher in the We have no atolls with palms growing, and the northwestern Okhotsk Sea, which has milder Southern Cross does not appear above our cold temperature conditions (Table 3). The main seas. At the same time, bioproductive potential of limiting factor is the low water temperature, the Russian Far Eastern Seas is very large, and especially the lenses of water with negative there are many commercial species of high value. temperatures that exist during the whole summer period. It is well known that a large number of Today we know much more about our seas than fish species and commercial invertebrates are 10-15 years ago. The ecosystem approach of our really cold-loving and are attracted by cold waters research tells a lot, though our knowledge about regarding in their distribution. But their ecological structure and functioning of ecosystems is still potential is much lower than that of temperate insufficient. We cannot evaluate the scale of (boreal) species, which serve as a source for events we are dealing with. Evaluation and fishery in the temperate North Pacific. interpretation of those events are often Henceforward, it is not surprising that those parts hypothetical, as I have mentioned above. The of the Okhotsk Sea which are under oceanic three basic scientific items of my report: influence, as well as Bering and Chuckchi seas, are production hydrobiology, biocenology and the most favorable for fish. trophology, - present various possibilities for improvement of views and concepts in these fields In conclusion, I would like to express some of research. We always should remember that general considerations. Applied problems, such as "Only one who keeps going will reach his those in fisheries and aquaculture, give a strong destination". impetus to develop our knowledge and research activities in the ocean and its seas, though many It is well known that data collecting alone does people are simply interested in creating new not always lead to new steps in knowledge, and

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sometimes it looks like a roundabout. New ideas macroecosystems of the Russian Far Eastern seas, and concepts, which can aim research in a certain including total assessments of biota structure and direction, are necessary. As for the Russian Far functional relationships among members of Eastern seas, reliable estimates of abundance of communities. In this connection, I think there are marine organisms have appeared only recently. As certain problems in other areas of the North for the lower trophic levels, there is almost a Pacific. It is hard to imagine serious progress in complete lack of available data, especially on ecosystem research without fundamental academic production and trophic relations. That is why research and certainly without coordinated or even sheer data collecting is worth doing for the synchronous international programs which cover immediate future in this field. large oceanic areas. Those marine areas present an enormous scene for tremendous and Today our applied fishery science deals with sometimes very intriguing dramatic performances.

23 REPORT OF GOVERNING COUNCIL MEETINGS

W X

The Governing Council met on October 11, course of the three sessions. 16 and 17, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Agenda Item 3. Appointment of Hyung-Tack Huh. Drs. Alexander S. Executive Secretary and Assistant Bychkov and Stewart (Skip) M. McKinnell Executive Secretary served as rapporteurs. The Chairman briefed Council on the recent All Contracting Parties were represented at changes in the PICES Secretariat. Dr. the three sessions (GC Endnote 1). The Alexander S. Bychkov was appointed as the Chairman of the Science Board, Ms. Executive Secretary, effective June 1, 1999, Patricia Livingston, and the Chairman of the and subsequently, Dr. Stewart M. McKinnell Finance and Administration Committee, Dr. was appointed as the Assistant Executive Richard J. Marasco, were in attendance Secretary, effective September 7, 1999. Dr. during part or all of each session. Huh stated with confidence that they will advance the work of the Secretariat as a Agenda Item 1. Opening remarks team. Drs. Bychkov and McKinnell expressed their thanks for the support given At the first session, the Chairman welcomed by Council. the delegates and noted that for this Annual Meeting Dr. Richard J. Beamish Dr. Bychkov reviewed the process of represented Dr. Laura Richards (Canada); selecting the new Assistant Executive Mr. Hai-Qing Li represented Mr. Jing-Guang Secretary. He noted that the response to Li (China); Mr. Qian-Fei Liu represented the advertisement was overwhelming. The Mr. Zheng-Ping Tang (China); Mr. Koji Secretariat received 13 applications from Harunari represented Mr. Yukiya Amano highly competent individuals, representing (Japan); Dr. Jin-Yeong Kim represented all the PICES member countries, all with Mr. Sung-Ho Joo (Korea); Dr. Vladimir I. unique talents and assets. The fact that so Radchenko represented Dr. Sergey E. many distinguished candidates applied for Dyagilev (Russia); and Dr. John E. Stein the position to become part of our team represented Dr. James W. Balsiger suggests that in a mere eight years, PICES (U.S.A.). has become an influential and inspiring spawning ground for marine scientific The Chairman asked Parties to confirm their research and international cooperation, and members who would attend the Finance has a potential to grow to highly reputable and Administration Committee meeting authority. (F&A Endnote 1). Agenda Item 4. Preliminary Report on Agenda Item 2. Adoption of agenda Administration

The Chairman reviewed the agenda and The Executive Secretary summarized the suggested the order in which to take up the activities of the Secretariat since the PICES various items. Dr. William G. Doubleday Seventh Annual Meeting (GC Endnote 2). proposed the adoption of the agenda without changes, seconded by Dr. Vera Agenda Item 5. Relations with other Alexander. This report summarizes the international organizations and treatment of each agenda item during the observers from such organizations

25 response suggests that they are interested Letters of invitation to attend PICES VIII in PICES activities and attending our Annual were sent to inter-governmental and non- Meeting, but other commitments prevent governmental organizations on the agreed their participation this time. Mexican Standing List of Organizations and scientists are already involved in PICES Programs, and the following sent observers: activities. It was reported that two scientists from Mexico have received partial travel Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) support to attend the Annual Meeting in Dr. Ned Cyr Vladivostok, and Dr. Daniel Lluch-Belda International Pacific Halibat Commission (CICIMAR) is serving as one of the (IPHC) Dr. Steven R. Hare convenors for the Beyond El Niño Intergovernmental Oceanographic Conference (March 2000). Commission (IOC) Dr. Ned Cyr North-East Asian Regional GOOS (NEAR- Accordingly Council adopted the following GOOS) Prof. Jihui Yan resolution: North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission (NPAFC) Dr. Yukimasa Ishida The Governing Council of PICES is pleased Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research by the possibility of having Mexico accede (SCOR) Dr. Suam Kim to the PICES Convention. The Chairman should pursue this matter vigorously by Council approved the additions to the sending a letter to appropriate authorities to Standing List of International Organizations encourage the Mexican Government to and Programs, and a selected subset of move ahead, and by making high-level organizations and programs that are personal contacts. (Decision 99/A/5). considered to have the highest priority for PICES with respect to scientific cooperation Agenda Item 7. Tenth Anniversary of and facilitation in the coming year (See PICES Agenda Item 10, Decision 99/S/6 and Appendix C for details). The Convention for a North Pacific Marine Science Organization entered into force on Agenda Item 6. Membership and March 24, 1992, and the First Annual observers from other countries Meeting of the Organization was held in October 1992, in Victoria, Canada. Council Non-member countries were not officially discussed various activities and events that represented as observers at this year’s are being proposed to commemorate the Annual Meeting. The Secretariat did not tenth anniversary of PICES, and agreed to receive proposals from non-member form a PICES Anniversary Steering countries to accede to the PICES Committee consisting of the PICES Convention in 1999. Chairman, Executive Secretary, Science Board Chairman, F&A Chairman, Dr. The Executive Secretary informed Council Warren Wooster and a Canadian that in June 1999, letters were sent to Dr. representative from the Institute of Ocean Marco Polo Bernal Yarahuan (Director, Sciences, Sidney (subsequently identified Unidad de Educacion en CyT del Mar) and as Mr. J. Roderick Forbes). A plan for Dr. Mario Martinez Garcia (Director celebratory events is to be developed by General, Centro de Investigaciones January 1, 2000, and circulated to all Biologicas del Noroeste). They were invited Contracting Parties (Decision 99/A/6). as observers from Mexico to attend the PICES Eighth Annual Meeting. Their It was generally accepted that all

26 celebrations commissioned by Council require additional funding. The recommendation was approved that Council send a request to the Contracting Parties for voluntary contributions to support the Tenth Annual Meeting and special events related to the PICES’ tenth anniversary (Decision 99/A/6).

27 Agenda Item 8. PICES Intern Program approved by Council (Decision 99/A/2).

Council reviewed the proposal to establish a PICES Intern Program. This document was prepared by the Secretariat and revised by 9.2b Budget for fiscal year 2000 the Finance and Administration Committee. Council agreed that the Intern Program Council approved the total budget of CDN would improve the way the Organization $590,000 and a transfer of CDN $58,400 functions. Council made editorial changes from the 1999 Working Capital Fund surplus and approved the PICES Intern Program as to the General Fund to limit the 2000 fees amended (GC Endnote 3) (Decision for each Contracting Party to CDN $88,600 99/A/7). (Decision 99/A/2(i)).

The Program will start in 2000, and 9.2c Forecast budget for fiscal year 2001 Contracting Parties should submit their nominations to the Executive Secretary by Council received the forecast budget for March 1, 2000. The U.S.A. proposed to 2001 as an information item for Parties contribute CDN $7,000 in addition to their (Decision 99/A/2(ii)). annual assessment to support the Program. Council agreed to invite voluntary The following guideline was generally contributions from all Contracting Parties, accepted to assist Contracting Parties to following the lead of the U.S.A. prepare their funding requests to cover annual contributions, and the Executive Agenda Item 9. Report of Finance and Secretary to develop future budgets: Administration Committee For planning purposes it would be The Finance and Administration Committee reasonable for Parties to expect that the met under the chairmanship of Dr. Richard projected budget and annual J. Marasco, who presented the report to the contributions will increase at the rate of Governing Council (see F&A Report for inflation in Canada, currently about 3% text). The report was approved by Council. per year. Justification and finalization of the budget will occur at the Annual 9.1 Audited accounts for fiscal year Meeting prior to the beginning of the 1998 new PICES fiscal year.

At the recommendation of the Finance and The Japanese Government considers that, Administration Committee, Council as many member countries are under accepted the audited accounts for 1998. severe financial condition, in order to Council agreed to retain the existing auditor continue financial contribution to Flader & Greene for another year (Decision international organizations, the budget of 99/A/1). international organizations should be the minimum necessary. Therefore, the 9.2 Budget Japanese Government is requesting to 9.2a Estimated accounts for fiscal year many international organizations to keep 1999 basically nominal zero increase of budget, and PICES cannot be an exception. The estimated accounts from September 1 to December 31, 1999 were reviewed by the Council agreed to establish a Fund-Raising Finance and Administration Committee and Committee to seek outside funding

28 consistent with the goals of the Organization (Decision 99/A/8). 9.3 Annual contributions

Council discussed historical statistics on the payment schedule of annual fees to the 9.2d Working Capital Fund Organization, and approved the recommendation that the Chairman send a The Working Capital Fund is forecast to be letter to appropriate authorities from each CDN $175,594 at the end of 1999. Thus, Contracting Party (designated by national the Fund will have a surplus of CDN delegates). The letter will request prompt $75,594. Council approved that CDN payment of annual contributions by the first $58,400 be transferred to the General Fund day of the PICES fiscal year (January 1), as to reduce the fees for each Party and that stated by Regulation 5(ii) of Financial the residual surplus of CND $17,194 be Regulations (Decision 99/A/3). transferred to the Trust Fund (Decision 99/A/2(iii)). 9.4 Time and place for the Ninth and Tenth Annual Meetings of the 9.2e Home Leave Relocation Fund Organization

The status of the Home Leave Relocation Council approved the proposal by Japan Fund was reviewed. It was noted that all that PICES IX be held from October 23-28 expenses will be recovered from the income in Hakodate, Japan. Meetings of Working tax levies from foreign staff to adjust the Groups, Task Teams and any other groups Fund to a maximum level of CDN $110,000 will be held during the week before the at the end of the fiscal year. No action was meeting. Council also accepted the taken by Council on this matter. recommendation to have the Secretariat hold PICES X in Victoria, Canada (Decision 9.2f Trust Fund 99/A/4).

The Trust Fund is forecast to be CDN Agenda Item 10. Report of Science $71,336 at the end of 1999. With the Board recommended transfer of CDN $17,194 from the Working Capital Fund (Decision The Science Board met under the 99/A/2(iii)), net funds available in the Trust chairmanship of Ms. Patricia Livingston, Fund for the year 2000 is estimated to who presented the report to the Governing increase to approximately CDN $88,530. Council (see Science Board Report for text). Council approved the Science Board Council confirmed that the practice of Report. Details are given in the Appendices transferring surpluses from the Working A-D. Capital Fund to the Trust Fund should continue in future years (Decision a. Planned and proposed meetings in 2000 98/A/2(iii)). It was noted and generally Council approved new inter-sessional accepted that surpluses of the magnitude of meetings and proposed Workshops CDN $10,000 or more will unlikely exist in (Decision 99/S/1) to be held at PICES the future. So, PICES should explore other IX. Council also confirmed dates for the options for the Trust Fund replenishment, or previously approved inter-sessional activities that are currently supported by the meetings (Decision 99/S/1). Trust Fund will need to be reduced accordingly. b. PICES supported travel

29 Council modified and approved the committee scientific sessions by recommended prioritised list for travel selection of an annual meeting “theme” support (Decision 99/S/2), and directed by the Science Board (Decision 99/S/7). the Executive Secretary to provide as The potential themes should be much support as funds permit. discussed by Committees and reflected in the Science Board Strategic Plan. It c. Proposed PICES publications in 2000- was suggested that Committees have to 2001 choose cross-cutting issues for “theme” sessions and that session of limited Council endorsed the list of publications interest have to be schedule as poster proposed (Decision 99/S/3). sessions. It was also emphasized that bringing regional programs for the d. Working Groups and proposed new marginal seas into PICES would result groups in wider participation in PICES Annual Meetings. Council approved the proposal concerning existing Working Groups In the discussion initiated by China that and the establishment of new PICES followed, it was noted that PICES groups (Decisions 99/S/4 and 99/S/5). activities should go beyond the It was generally agreed that the dissemination of knowledge through Advisory Panel/Group definition should scientific meetings and publications. It be clarified and included in the was suggested that the Science Board Handbook for Chairmen and Convenors. and Executive Secretary should explore other opportunities for facilitating e. Relations with other organizations and collaborative marine research in the programs North Pacific and building up the research networks, for example by Council approved the additions to the supporting scientific proposals, Standing List of International organizing multinational programs and Organizations and Programs, and a cruises, and training courses. selected subset of organizations and programs that are considered to have Agenda Item 11. Other business the highest priority for PICES with respect to scientific cooperation and 11.1 PICES Bureau facilitation in the coming year (Decision 99/S/6). It was generally accepted that Council discussed the formation of a PICES this list will be used in part to assist the Bureau and agreed with the Executive Secretary and Science Board recommendation of the F&A Committee that Chairperson in decisions regarding a new administrative body is not necessary travel to meetings of other international at this time. As the PICES Chairman organizations. provides leadership in long-term planning for the Organization and monitoring f. PICES Annual Meetings progress towards PICES objectives, he/she may call a mid-term meeting of PICES Council reviewed, modified and officers for that purpose. The meeting could accepted the changes to the structure of be held at a convenient and cost-effective the PICES Annual Meetings proposed location to be determined by the Chairman by the Science Board, with an addition in consultation with the Executive Secretary. that includes the promotion of inter-

30 11.2 Special invitation member of Imperial Family of Japan to open the PICES Ninth Annual Meeting in His Majesty, the King of Sweden, Hakodate and speak about the relationship participated in the opening session of the between Japan and the sea. It was agreed 1999 Annual Science Conference of ICES that once the possibility is established, the (International Council for the Exploration of Chairman will send the appropriate formal the Sea) in Stockholm. Canada suggested letter of invitation letter from PICES. to examine the possibility of inviting a

31 Appendix A. Decisions independent statement regarding this decision (see Agenda Item 9.2c for details). 99/A/1: Auditor 99/A/3: Annual contributions

Council accepted the audited accounts for The Chairman will send a formal letter to 1998 and agreed to retain Flader and appropriate authorities from each Greene as auditor for another year. Contracting Party (designated by national delegates) requesting prompt payment of 99/A/2: General account annual contributions by the first day of the PICES financial year (January 1), as stated Council accepted the estimated accounts of by Regulation 5(ii) of Financial Regulations. 1999 and agreed to the following actions: 99/A/4: Future Annual Meetings (i) 2000 Budget. The budget of CDN $590,000 was approved. The amount of Council approved the proposal by Japan to CDN $58,400 will be transferred from host the Ninth Annual Meeting in Hakodate, the Working Capital Fund to reduce the October 23-28, 2000. Council further total contribution to CDN $531,600, agreed to have the Secretariat host the setting the 2000 fees at CDN $88,600 2001 meeting in Victoria, Canada. The per Contracting Party. dates of PICES X will be confirmed at next year's Annual Meeting. (ii) Forecast 2001 Budget. The forecast budget for 2001 was reviewed and will 99/A/5: Membership be further considered during PICES IX. The Chairman will send letter(s) to The following guideline was generally appropriate authorities and establish accepted*) to assist Contracting Parties personal contacts to encourage the Mexican to prepare their funding requests to Govern-ment to accede to the PICES cover annual contributions, and the Convention. Executive Secretary to develop future budgets: 99/A/6: PICES Tenth Anniversary

For planning purposes it would be Council agreed to form a PICES reasonable for Parties to expect that the Anniversary Steering Committee consisting projected budget and annual of the PICES Chairman, Executive contributions will increase at the rate of Secretary, Science Board Chairman, F&A inflation in Canada, currently about 3% Chairman, Dr. Warren Wooster and per year. Justification and finalization of Canadian representative from the Institute the budget will occur at the Annual of Ocean Sciences (TBD). A plan for Meeting prior to the beginning of the celebratory events is to be developed by new PICES fiscal year. January 1, 2000, and circulated to all Contracting Parties for comments. (iii) Working Capital Fund. The forecast surplus in the fund is $75,594. Council The Chairman will send a formal letter to all approved a transfer of CDN $58,400 to Contracting Parties for voluntary the General Fund for 2000, and that the contributions to support the Tenth Annual residual surplus of $17,194 be Meeting and special events related to the transferred to the Trust Fund. PICES’ tenth anniversary.

*) Japanese delegates made an

32 99/A/7: PICES Intern Program the abundance of marine birds and mammals, and the impact of their Council approved the PICES Intern predation on other organisms", October Program as attached (GC Endnote 3). The 2000 (immediately prior to PICES IX), in Program will start in 2000, and Contracting Hakodate, Japan; Parties should submit their nominations to the Executive Secretary by March 1, 2000. c. An NIES-hosted Symposium/Workshop on “North Pacific CO2 data synthesis” 99/A/8: Fund-Raising Committee (co-sponsored by PICES and JST/CREST), October 2000 (4 days, Council agreed to establish a Fund-Raising immediately prior to PICES IX), in Committee to seek outside funding Tsukuba, Japan; consistent with the goals of the Organization. The committee should be d. A Planning Workshop on “Designing the represented by all Contracting Parties iron fertilization experiment in the (membership to be determined), the Subarctic Pacific” (co-sponsored by Executive Secretary and chaired by the F&A PICES and CRIEPI), October 2000 (2 Chairman, Dr. Richard J. Marasco, and will days immediately prior to PICES IX), in work by correspondence. Tokyo, Japan;

99/S/1: Inter-sessional Meetings, e. A CREAMS/PICES Workshop on Working Group and CCCC Program “Oceanography of the East Asian Workshops Marginal Seas”, May 2000, in Vladivostok, Russia. The following new inter-sessional meetings, Working Group and CCCC Program The following inter-sessional meetings were workshops are to be convened (see previously approved and will occur after Acronym List at the end of the Annual PICES VIII (Decisions 98/S/2 and 98/S/7): Report): f. A CCCC/MODEL Workshop on “Lower a. An NPAFC-hosted workshop (organized trophic level modeling”, January 31- by NPAFC and PICES) on “Factors February 3, 2000, in Nemuro, Japan; affecting production of juvenile salmon: comparative studies on juvenile salmon g. A conference “Beyond El Niño: A ecology between the East and West conference on Pacific climate variability North Pacific Ocean” on October 29th, and marine ecosystem impacts, from 2000, in Tokyo, Japan; the Tropics to the Arctic” (co-sponsored by PICES, IATTC, IPHC, ISC, NPAFC b. A BASS Workshop on "Development of and SCOR), March 23-26, 2000, in La a conceptual model of the Subarctic Jolla, U.S.A.; Pacific Basin Ecosystem(s)", a MODEL Workshop on "Strategies for coupling h. A mini-workshop on “Zooplankton higher and lower trophic level marine ecology of the North Atlantic and North ecosystem models", a MONITOR Pacific” in conjunction with the meeting Workshop on "Progress in monitoring of the ICES Working Group on the North Pacific", a REX workshop on Zooplankton Ecology, April 17-19, 2000, "Trends in herring populations and in Honolulu, U.S.A. trophodynamics", and a Technical Workshop on "The basis for estimating 99/S/2: Travel support

33 a. PICES will provide full travel support (or d. Selection of papers presented at the equivalent) for one invited speaker per Beyond El Niño Conference in a special Scientific Committee or Program to issue of Progress in Oceanography in attend the PICES Ninth Annual Meeting; 2001; b. Membership and Co-Chairmen for e. Selection of papers presented at the PICES Working Groups are normally CCCC/MODEL workshop on “Lower identified inter-sessionally. For new trophic level modeling” in a special issue working groups to develop working of Fisheries Oceanography in 2001; plans shortly after their formation, PICES will support up to a maximum of 2 persons annually to travel for inter- f. Review and results from the PICES/WG sessional planning; 13 Technical/CO2 Intercalibration Workshop in a bilingual c. PICES will cover the travel costs of the (Japanese/English) report published by Science Board Chairman to attend the the National Institute for Environmental ICES Symposium on “100 Years of Studies, Japan (at no cost to PICES). Science under ICES”, August 1-4, 2000, in Helsinki, Finland; 99/S/4: Future of current Working Groups and Scientific Programs d. PICES will cover the travel costs of one person to attend the SCOR General a. WG 8 on Practical Assessment Meeting in October, 2000, in Methodology will remain for one more Washington, DC, U.S.A. year to complete collation, editing and publication of results from the MEQ 99/S/3: Publications Practical Workshop.

The following publications were approved: b. WG 10 on Circulation and Ventilation in the Japan/East Sea will be disbanded. a. Final report of WG 11 on Consumption The WG 10 report will be published on of Marine Resources by Marine Birds the PICES web page as a revisable and Mammals, Proceedings of the 1999 document. MONITOR and REX Workshops and 2000 MODEL Workshop, and c. WG 11 on Consumption of Marine Bibliography of Japan/East Sea in the Resources by Marine Birds and PICES Scientific Report Series; Mammals will be disbanded. b. Progress reports of WG 8 on Practical d. WG 12 on Crabs and Shrimps will Assessment Methodology, WG 12 on remain for one more year to complete Crabs and Shrimps, and WG 13 on CO2 collation, editing and publication of in the North Pacific in the 1999 Annual results (no further meetings of the Report; Working Group are required). c. Selection of papers presented at the e. WG 14 on Effective Sampling of 1999 Science Board Symposium on “the Micronekton will remain established for Nature and impacts of North Pacific at least two more years. Dr. Richard D climate regime shifts” in a special issue Brodeur (U.S.A.) is recommended as of Progress in Oceanography; Co-Chairman to replace Dr. Bruce

34 Robison (U.S.A.). To account for gaps c. WG 15 (under MEQ) on the Ecology of in expertise and/or national Harmful Algal Blooms in the North representation, additional members from Pacific (see Appendix B (iv) for terms of Korea and China are requested. reference); f. Revised terms of reference for d. WG 16 (under FIS) on Climate Change, MONITOR Task Team were approved Shifts in Fish Production, and Fisheries (see Appendix B (i) for terms of Management (see Appendix B (v) for reference). terms of reference).

99/S/6: Relations with other organizations and programs

The annual revision of the Standing List of 99/S/5: New PICES groups International Organizations and Programs was endorsed in order to facilitate relations The following new groups will be organized: with other organizations and programs, and identify priorities for interaction in the a. Advisory Panel (under BIO) on Marine coming year (See Appendix C for the Mammals and Birds with a lifespan of 5 revised list). years, renewable by vote of BIO (see Appendix B (ii) for terms of reference); 99/S/7: PICES Annual Meetings b. Advisory Panel (under CCCC/ In order to enhance the PICES scientific MONITOR) on the Continuous Plankton meetings and focus efforts on promoting an Recorder survey in the North Pacific interdisciplinary ecosystem approach, the with a lifespan of 2 years, renewable changes in the structure of PICES Annual with prospect of future funding for the Meetings were approved (See Appendix CPR program (see Appendix B (iii) for D). terms of reference);

Appendix B. Working Group and Task Team Terms of Reference i) Monitor Task Team (revised) addressed;

1. Review existing activities of PICES 3. Assist in the development of a member nations and to suggest coordinated monitoring program to improvements in the monitoring of the detect and describe events, such as El Subarctic Pacific to further the goals of Niño, that strongly affect the Subarctic; the CCCC Program; 4. Develop a PICES-GOOS action plan for 2. Consult with REX, BASS and MODEL how PICES should take an active and Task Teams and TCODE on the leading role in further development and scientific basis for designing the PICES implementation of GOOS at a North monitoring system. Questions of Pacific level. The action plan would: standardization and intercalibration of measurements, particularly in the area i. identify existing ocean observations of biological collections, should be in the coastal and open North Pacific

35 that are relevant to GOOS; 1. Review and advise on the most appropriate locations, timing and ii. develop a PICES-GOOS implemen- frequency of CPR routes for “A tation plan based on existing routine Continuous Plankton Recorder observations and augmented by new Monitoring Program for the eastern observations as appropriate; North Pacific and Southern Bering Sea” currently funded through the North iii. provide a structured plan on how to Pacific Marine Research Initiative; transfer relevant CCCC program activities to a PICES-GOOS 2. Provide technical advice on parameters program. to be measured for additional monitoring initiatives; 5. Advise and support the CCCC Implementation Panel and Science 3. Advise on linkages to other potential Board on GOOS-related matters, initiatives in the North Pacific and including representing PICES at key elsewhere. GOOS planning meetings. ii) Advisory Panel on Marine Mammals and Birds iv) Working Group 15: Ecology of 1. Provide information and scientific Harmful Algal Blooms in the North expertise to BIO, CCCC Program, and, Pacific when necessary, to other scientific and technical committees with regard to the 1. Identify the various species involved, biology and ecological roles of marine and the timing, frequency, and duration mammals and seabirds; of harmful algal bloom events;

2. Identify important problems, scientific 2. Develop a regional database of relevant questions, and knowledge gaps in observational parameters associated assessing the roles of marine mammals with bloom events, including maps, and seabirds in marine ecosystems; bibliography, existing programs and data sets, and expanded list of 3. Assemble relevant information on the researchers in the area; biology of marine mammals and seabirds and disseminate it to the 3. Investigate links between bloom events PICES community through scientific and environmental factors, trophic reports and symposia; interactions and possible anthropogenic stress (e.g., eutrophication); 4. Develop strategies to improve collaborative, interdisciplinary research 4. Assess the economic, health-related, with marine mammal and birds and environmental impacts arising from researchers and the PICES scientific harmful algal bloom events in order to community. improve the ability to predict the occurrence of these events and thus iii) Advisory Panel on the Continuous minimize their overall impacts; Plankton Recorder (CPR) Survey in the North Pacific 5. Suggest areas where critical data are missing and where future research is

36 necessary; 2. Investigate and assess the impact of inter-annual and decadal-scale physical 6. Facilitate regional collaborative research changes in relation to fishing effects; efforts at various levels to address these problems. 3. Describe or hypothesize the mechanisms linking climate and ocean v) Working Group 16: Climate Change, changes to changes in the populations Shifts in Fish Production, and dynamics; Fisheries Management 4. Using these mechanisms and indices of climate change, examine the possibility 1. Identify key examples of species that of long-term forecasting of changes in have been affected by climate and population dynamics and ecosystem ocean changes; structure.

Appendix C. Revised standing list of international organizations and programs

PICES is expanding its relationships with examines and revises the Standing List of international scientific organizations and International Organizations and Programs. programs around the world. At the same Additionally, it selects a subset of time, organizations and programs that are there is the need to improve integration, considered to have the highest priority coordination, and communication with (marked by *) for PICES with respect to regional scientific research efforts in the scientific cooperation and facilitation in the North Pacific that are aligned with the coming year. This list will be used in part to PICES ecosystem research focus. These assist the Executive Secretary and Science regional programs may involve several Board in decisions regarding travel to PICES member countries and cover meetings of other international international areas of high biological organizations. importance. Annually, the Science Board

APEC Marine Resources Conservation WG (MRC), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APFIC Asia-Pacific Fisheries Commission CLIVAR* Climate Variability and Predictability ECOR Engineering Committee on Oceanic Resources FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GESAMP Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution GIPME Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine Environment GIWA* Global International Waters Assessment GLOBEC* Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics GOOS* Global Ocean Observing System GOOS-LMR* GOOS Living Marine Resources IASC International Arctic Science Committee IATTC* Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission ICES* International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions IGBP* International Geosphere-Biosphere Program IGOSS Integrated Global Ocean Services System IOC* Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

37 IODE International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange IPHC* International Pacific Halibut Commission ISCTNP* Interim Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean JGOFS* Joint Global Ocean Flux Study NAFO North Atlantic Fisheries Organization NASCO North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization NEAR-GOOS* North East Asian Regional GOOS NOWPAP Northwest Pacific Action Plan NPAFC* North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission PSC Pacific Salmon Commission SCOPE Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment SCOR* Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research SPC South Pacific Commission SPREP South Pacific Regional Environmental Program START South Asian Regional Committee for the System for Analysis, Research and Training UNEP United Nations Environment Program WCRP World Climate Research Program WESTPAC Cooperative Study of the Western Pacific, IOC Sub Committee for the Western Pacific WMO World Meteorological Organization WOCE World Ocean Circulation Experiment

1999 additions to list:

AMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program (AMAP) ACIA* Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Program (ACIAP of AMAP) ARGO* International Program for deployment of profiling floats (linked with GOOS) CREAMS* Circulation Research in the East Asian Marginal Seas

Appendix D. Structure of PICES Annual Meetings

1. To promote inter-committee sessions, poster viewing time near the end of the Science Board should select a “main each day in conjunction with a social theme” for each Annual Meeting; hour. Posters to be focused on for each proposed topic sessions must then fit day should be summarized just prior to the overall “theme” of the meeting; the poster session by a person appointed by each Committee. Poster 2. To advance the role of the Science presenters for that session would be Board Symposium, it should be required to stand by their poster for that arranged as the first scientific session of social hour; the Annual Meeting, immediately following the Opening Session; 4. To increase the participation of young scientists, a Young Scientists’ Travel 3. To upgrade image and position of poster Grant (as a part of the Trust Fund) presentations, the poster sessions should be advertised. should be arranged to have a formal

38

GC Endnote 1 Participation List

Canada Russian Federation William G. Doubleday (delegate) Lev N. Bocharov (delegate) Richard J. Beamish (alternate delegate) Alexander Kurmazov (advisor)

China U.S.A. Hai-Qing Li (alternate delegate) Vera Alexander (delegate) Qian-Fei Liu (alternate delegate) John E. Stein (alternate delegate) Jian Kang (advisor) Dorothy Bergamaschi (advisor) Yanan Hu (advisor) Others Japan Hyung-Tack Huh (Chairman, PICES) Makoto Kashiwai (delegate) Alexander S. Bychkov (Executive Secretary) Koji Harunari (alternate delegate) (Rapporteur) Stewart M. McKinnell (Assistant Executive Republic of Korea Secretary) (Rapporteur) Jin Yeong Kim (alternate delegate) Patricia Livingston (Chairman, Science Young Shil Kang (advisor) Board) Richard J. Marasco (Chairman, Finance and Administration Committee)

GC Endnote 2 Report on Administration for 1999

1. National contributions membership for Council, Finance and Administration Committee, various Scientific According to Regulation 5(ii) of Financial and Technical Committees, Working Groups Regulations, all national contributions to and Task Teams PICES are payable by the first day of the financial year (January 1) to which they Governing Council relate. Dues were paid as follows: Dr. William G. Doubleday replaced Ms. Canada November 30, 1998 Kathryn Bruce (Canada) U.S.A. January 27, 1999 Dr. Laura Richards replaced Dr. John C. Japan March 29, 1999 Davis (Canada) Korea August 16, 1999 Dr. Makoto Kashiwai replaced Dr. China not received as of Sept. 15, Satsuki Matsumura (Japan) 1999 Mr. Yukiya Amano replaced Mr. Akio Russia not received as of Sept. 15, Suda (Japan) 1999 Mr. Sung-Ho Joo replaced Mr. Jang- Hyun Choi (Korea) 2. National Delegations Mr. Su-Han Woo replaced Dr. Jhin-Kyoo Chae (Korea) The following reflects changes in

39 Finance and Administration Committee William A. Karp (U.S.A.) Dr. William G. Doubleday replaced Ms. Joyce Quintal-McGrath (Canada) WG 12 Dr. Laura Richards replaced Dr. John C. Mr. Zhi-Meng Zhuang replaced Mr. Davis (Canada) Sheng-Min Ren Dr. Makoto Kashiwai replaced Dr. Satsuki Matsumura (Japan) WG 14 Mr. Hiroshi Oka replaced Kimihiro Dr. David L. Mackas was added Ishikane (Japan) (Canada) Mr. Sung-Ho Joo replaced Dr. Jhin- Mr. Naoki Iguchi was added (Japan) Kyoo Chae (Korea) Dr. Vadim F. Savinykh replaced Dr. Eugene N. Il’insky (Russia) Committees, Working Groups and Task Teams PICES-GLOBEC CCCC Implementation Biological Oceanography Committee Panel Mr. Song Sun replaced Prof. Rong Dr. David L. Mackas replaced Dr. Wang (China) Michael A. Henderson as a national Dr. Woong-Seo Kim replaced Dr. Sung- member (Canada) Yun Hong (Korea) Dr. Masahide Kaeriyama replaced Dr. Makoto Terazaki as a national Fishery Science Committee member (Japan) Dr. Laura Richards replaced Dr. Michael Dr. Andrey S. Krovnin was added as a A. Henderson (Canada) national member (Russia) Mr. Jia-Hua Cheng replaced Prof. Dr. Warren S. Wooster replaced Ms. Pat Zheng Yan (China) Livingston as a national member Dr. Xian-Shi Jin replaced Prof. Ming- (U.S.A.) Jiang Zhou (China) Dr. William T. Peterson replaced Dr. Dr. Takashi Minami replaced Dr. Tokyo Anne B. Hollowed as U.S. GLOBEC Wada (Japan) representative Dr. George W. Boehlert replaced Dr. Dr. Yukimasa Ishida replaced Dr. John R. Hunter (U.S.A.) Michael Dahlberg as NPAFC representative Marine Environmental Quality Committee Mr. Steve Samis replaced Dr. John BASS Task Team Pringle (Canada) Mr. G.A. McFarlane replaced Dr. Dr. John E. Stein replaced Dr. Usha Richard J. Beamish (Canada) Varanasi (U.S.A.) Dr. Masahide Kaeriyama replaced Dr. Makoto Terazaki (Japan) Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee MODEL Task Team Dr. Kenneth L. Denman replaced Prof. Dr. Da-Ji Huang replaced Prof. Ji-Lan Paul H. LeBlond (Canada) Su (China) Dr. Susan E. Allen replaced Dr. Kenneth L. Denman (Canada) MONITOR Task Team Dr. Thomas C. Royer replaced Dr. TCODE William A. Karp (U.S.A.) Ms. Susan Bates replaced Mr. Bill Shaw Dr. Warren S. Wooster (U.S.A.) was (Canada) added as a new member Dr. Bernard A. Megrey replaced Dr.

40 REX Task Team 105 meeting in Montpellier, France, in Dr. Michael Henderson was removed March. (Canada) Dr. William T. Peterson replaced Dr. d. Dr. Alexander Bychkov and Ms. Anne B. Hollowed (U.S.A.) Christina Chiu traveled to La Jolla to discuss the Beyond El Niño Conference 3. Observers preparations with the Local Organizing Committee in April. Invitation letters to attend PICES VIII were sent to inter-governmental and non- e. Dr. Alexander Bychkov and Ms. governmental organizations using the Christina Chiu attended the Pension PICES standing list. Organizations and Society Meeting in Ottawa in April. Programs that accepted our invitation are: f. Ms. Patricia Livingston visited the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) PICES Secretariat and met with Mr. Dr. Ned Cyr Martin Esseen of the United Nations International Pacific Halibat Commission Development Programme (UNDP) in (IPHC) Dr. Steven R. Hare April. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Dr. Ned Cyr g. Dr. Alexander Bychkov and Ms. North-East Asian Regional GOOS (NEAR- Christina Chiu traveled to Vladivostok to GOOS) Prof. Jihui Yan discuss Annual Meeting preparations North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission with the Local Organizing Committee in (NPAFC) Dr. Yukimasa Ishida April. Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) Dr. Suam Kim h. Dr. Alexander Bychkov attended the MEQ Workshop briefly in Vancouver in 4. Travel and representation at other June. organization meetings i. Dr. Hyung-Tack Huh attended IOC’s a. Ms. Patricia Livingston attended the (Inter-Governmental Oceanographic ISC’s (Interim Scientific Committee for Commission) Assembly in Paris in June. Tuna and Tuna-like species in the North Pacific) Annual Meeting in Honolulu in j. Support from the Trust Fund was January. provided for Dr. Boris Ivanov to attend the WG 12 meeting in Qingdao, b. Dr. Alexander Bychkov and Ms. Patricia People’s Republic of China, in August. Livingston attended the NPAFC CSRS (North Pacific Anadromous Fish k. Dr. Alexander Bychkov went to Commission – Committee on Scientific Vancouver to visit the Secretariats of the Research and Statistics) meeting in North Pacific Anadromous Fish Vancouver in March. Ms. Christina Chiu Commission and the Pacific Salmon also traveled to Vancouver at the same Commission in August. time to discuss PICES VIII preparations with Dr. Vladimir I. Radchenko. l. Travel support was provided for 4 candidates to attend the interview for c. Dr. Chang-Ik Zhang attended the the Assistant Executive Secretary SCOR/ICES Symposium on Ecosystem position in August. Effects of Fishing/SCOR Working Group

41 m. Support was provided for Secretariat e. Vol. 7 nos. 1 and 2 of PICES Press staff, Chairman Dr. Hyung-Tack Huh, were circulated in January and July. and Science Board Chairman Ms. f. Scientific Report No. 10: Proceedings Patricia Livingston, to attend the Annual of the 1998 Science Board Symposium Meeting in October. on the Impacts of the 1997/87 El Niño Event on the North Pacific Ocean and n. Travel support was provided for 9 its Marginal Seas, was printed and invited speakers to attend the PICES distributed in March. Eighth Annual Meeting in October. g. The 1999 Directory was updated and circulated in June. o. Trust Fund travel support to the Annual h. The Final Announcement for the Eighth Meeting was provided as follows: Annual Meeting was distributed in June. - Full support for 9 Chinese scientists; i. The Final Announcement for the Beyond - Full support for 1 Korean and 1 El Niño Conference was distributed in Canadian scientist; June. - Partial support for 2 Korean j. The special issue of Progress in scientists, 1 Canadian scientist, 2 Oceanography on Ecosystem Dynamics Russian scientists, and 2 scientists in the Eastern and Western Gyres of the from Mexico; and Subarctic Pacific was published in July - Full support for 1 young scientist. and will be distributed in October. k. The book “Dynamics of the Bering Sea” p. Support was provided to Prof. Jihui Yan was published in September and will be to represent NEAR-GOOS and China distributed in October. NEAR-GOOS at the Annual Meeting in l. Scientific Report No. 11: PICES October. Climate Change and Carrying Capacity Program/Summary of the 1998 MODEL, q. Ms. Patricia Livingston and Dr. Stewart MONITOR and REX Workshops and McKinnell attended the NPAFC Seventh Task Team Reports, was published in Annual Meeting and International September and will be circulated in symposium on Recent Changes in October. Ocean Production of Pacific Salmon in m. Scientific Report No. 12: Proceedings Juneau, Alaska, in October/November of the Second PICES Workshop on the (under planning). Okhotsk Sea and Adjacent Areas, was published in September and will be 5. Publications circulated in October. n. A program and abstracts for scientific List of publications produced this year: sessions were prepared for circulation at the Annual Meeting in October. a. Handbook 1999 and the 1999 6. Inter-sessional meetings Handbook for Chairman and Convenors were distributed in January. The following inter-sessional meetings were b. The 1998 Annual Report was published convened, for which financial and travel and circulated in January. arrangements were made: c. A poster and the First Announcement for the Eighth Annual Meeting were a. A 4-day CO2 Technical Workshop was printed and circulated in January. held April 20-22, 1999, in Tsukuba d. A poster and the First Announcement (Japan); for the Beyond El Niño Conference were b. A 2-week MEQ Practical Workshop was printed and circulated in January. held in May 1999, in Vancouver

42 (Canada); by more than 20% (to 75%) and c. A 5-day WG 12 meeting was held submitted abstracts increased by more August 10-14, 1999, in Qingdao (China). than 15% (to 50%).

The Symposium “Pandalid Shrimp b. The Secretariat continues to Fisheries:- Science and Management at the disseminate PICES Scientific Report Millenium” (September 8-10, 1999) has series publications (with graphics) been co-sponsored with NAFO and ICES. electronically through the PICES Home page. 7. Electronic communication c. The Long-Term Time Series Data Set a. Methods for handling registration and Inventory was updated. abstract submission for the Annual Meeting have been improved. On line d. Updates to the list of internet resources registration and abstract submission to and web sites of interest to PICES PICES VIII compared to last year: scientists were made. registration through the web increased

GC Endnote 3 PICES Intern Program

Introduction scientists and managers from PICES member countries; A PICES Intern Program will allow individuals from PICES member countries to 2. increasing the capacity of the PICES gain experience in operations of Secretariat to support the work of intergovernmental scientific organizations PICES. and coordination of multidisciplinary international ecosystem research programs Nature of the internship by working in the PICES secretariat for periods of up to one year. The PICES Under the supervision of the Assistant Secretariat would supervise up to one intern Executive Secretary, interns will work on at any point in time. PICES would benefit projects of the Secretariat relevant to their from the intern program directly through the professional interests and development presence of an additional professional in the needs, including ESL (English as a Second secretariat and indirectly, over a period of Language) training if required. Interns may years, by strengthening the capacity of be given a wide variety of tasks as to assist member states to coordinate their in: involvement in PICES programs. - preparing information for and providing Objectives secretarial support to PICES Working Groups and Scientific and Technical The PICES Intern Program has two goals: Committees; - organizing scientific meetings; 1. professional development of marine - preparing and editing various PICES

43 publications; academic and work experience and - coordinating international cooperative three professional references. program in marine science; and - coordinating PICES activities with efforts - The national PICES delegate will review of other relevant organizations. applications from his/her country and transmit his/her nominee(s) to the Internships will normally begin on or about PICES Secretariat for final selection. April 1 and extend for a period up to a Applications must be received by the maximum of 12 months. Executive Secretary by the date of the first Governing Council meeting at the Qualifications of candidates PICES Annual Meeting.

Applicants must be staff of the academic or - The Chairman of PICES will select the government sector of PICES member- successful candidate in consultation countries, have a M.Sc. or Ph.D. degree, with the Executive Secretary and the the ability to read, write and speak English Chairman of Science Board. (taking into consideration whether English is the candidate’s native language), the ability - The Executive Secretary will inform all to use computers and the internet, and be Governing Council members of the self-motivated. result of the competition.

Guidelines for application and selection procedure Financial support In the selection process, it is important to ensure balanced distribution of internships PICES interns will be provided a stipend of among member countries. There will be an CDN $2,000 per month by the secretariat. annual competition for PICES interns. A Travel costs for the intern to and from the member country that has had an intern in place of residence and the location of the any year is not eligible to have an intern in Secretariat will be normally borne by the the following two years. individual’s home country. Travel expenses associated with the intern’s work in the - Governing Council delegates will be Secretariat will be covered by PICES. responsible for advertising the PICES Since the intern will continue to be an Intern Program within their countries. employee with his home institution while at the Secretariat, his/her medical insurance - Applicants will apply to their main and all other benefits will remain the national delegate for PICES, describing responsibility of the intern’s home country. their interests and qualifications, providing a resume delineating their

44 REPORT OF SCIENCE BOARD

W X

The Science Board met on October 13 birds and mammals, and the impact of (18:00-21:00), to discuss those agenda their predation on other organisms", items with financial implications for 2000 October 2000 (immediately prior to and beyond. The remainder of the Science PICES IX), in Hakodate, Japan; Board agenda was considered on October 16 (08:30-12:30). Dr. Stewart (Skip) M. c. An NIES-hosted Symposium/Workshop McKinnell served as rapporteur (See SB on “North Pacific CO2 data synthesis” Endnote 1 for participants). The Science (co-sponsored by PICES and Board Chairman, Ms. Patricia Livingston, JST/CREST), October 2000 (4 days, welcomed the members of Science Board immediately prior to PICES IX), in and observers and called the meeting to Tsukuba, Japan; order. She reviewed the agenda and asked for changes and additions. The agenda d. A Planning Workshop on “Designing the was adopted without changes (SB Endnote iron fertilization experiment in the 2). Subarctic Pacific” (co-sponsored by PICES and CRIEPI), October 2000 (2 Inter-sessional meetings proposed for days immediately prior to PICES IX), in year 2000 and beyond (Agenda Item 3a) Tokyo, Japan; (See Decision 99/S/1) e. A CREAMS/PICES Workshop on Science Board reviewed inter-sessional “Oceanography of the East Asian meetings, Working Group and CCCC Marginal Seas”, May 2000, in Program workshops. The following list was Vladivostok, Russia. developed, endorsed and forwarded to Governing Council for approval: The following inter-sessional meetings were previously approved and will occur after a. An NPAFC-hosted workshop (organized PICES VIII (Decisions 98/S/2 and 98/S/7): by NPAFC and PICES) on “Factors Affecting Production of Juvenile Salmon: f. A CCCC/MODEL Workshop on “Lower Comparative Studies on Juvenile trophic level modeling”, January 31- Salmon Ecology between the East and February 3, 2000, in Nemuro, Japan. West North Pacific Ocean” on October (Note that this was originally proposed 29th, 2000, in Tokyo, Japan; to occur January 24-31, 2000); b. A BASS Workshop on "Development of g. “Beyond El Niño: A conference on a conceptual model of the Subarctic Pacific climate variability and marine Pacific Basin Ecosystem(s)", a MODEL ecosystem impacts, from the Tropics to Workshop on "Strategies for coupling the Arctic” (co-sponsored by PICES, higher and lower trophic level models", a IATTC, IPHC, ISC, NPAFC and SCOR), MONITOR Workshop on "Progress in March 23-26, 2000, in La Jolla, U.S.A.; monitoring the North Pacific", a REX Workshop on "Trends in herring h. A mini-workshop on “Zooplankton populations and trophodynamics", and a ecology of the North Atlantic and North Technical Workshop on "The basis for Pacific” in conjunction with the meeting estimating the abundance of marine of the ICES Working Group on

45 Zooplankton Ecology, April 17-19, 2000, a. Final Report of WG 11 (Consumption of in Honolulu, U.S.A. Marine Resources by Marine Birds and Mammals), the Japan/East Sea Bibliography, and Proceedings of the Travel support requests for year 2000 1999 MONITOR and REX Workshops (Agenda Item 3b) (See Decision 99/S/2) and the 2000 MODEL Workshop in the PICES Scientific Report Series; Three general categories of travel were discussed to determine their relative priority b. Progress reports of WG 8 on Practical for financial support from PICES: (1) invited Assessment Methodology), WG 12 speakers to the Annual Meeting, (2) (Crabs and Shrimps), and WG 13 (CO2 Working Group preparation, and (3) PICES in the North Pacific) in the 1999 PICES representatives attending meetings of other Annual Report; organizations. Science Board agreed with the priority as amended. Travel requests c. Selection of papers from the 1999 within each of these categories were Science Board Symposium on “The presented by each Committee and Program nature and impacts of North Pacific chairman. Science Board recommended climate regime shifts” in a special issue that Governing Council approve the of Progress in Oceanography; following travel support: d. Selection of papers from the Beyond El a. At least the equivalent of full support for Niño Conference in a special issue of one invited speaker per Scientific Progress in Oceanography (part of BEN Committee or Program to attend the budget); PICES Annual Meeting; e. Selected papers from the MODEL b. One Co-Chairman of the new MEQ Workshop on “Lower trophic level Working Group on Ecology of Harmful modeling” in Fisheries Oceanography in Algal Blooms in the North Pacific to visit 2001; inter-sessionally the other Co-Chairman for developing a working plan; f. Review and results from the PICES WG 13 Technical/CO2 Intercalibration c. Science Board Chairman to attend the Workshop, in a bilingual 2000 ICES Symposium on “100 Years (English/Japanese) report, published by of Science under ICES” in Helsinki, the National Institute of Environmental Finland, August 1-4, 2000; Studies, Japan (at no cost to PICES). d. One person to attend the SCOR Future of Working Groups and Scientific General Meeting in Washington, DC, Programs (Agenda Item 4d) (see Decision U.S.A., October, 2000. 99/S/4)

Proposed list of publications in 2000 and Science Board recommended: beyond (Agenda Item 3c) (see Decision 99/S/3) a. WG 8 on Practical Assessment Methodology continue for one more year Science Board reviewed the list of proposed to complete collation, editing and publications and recommended that the publication of results from the MEQ following reports be published: Practical Workshop (expected completion date: fall 2000);

46 d. Working Group on Climate Change, b. WG 10 on Circulation and Ventilation in Shifts in Fish Production, and Fisheries the Japan/East Sea be disbanded and Management (under FIS) (see GC the WG 10 report be published on the Appendix B (v) for terms of reference). PICES website as a revisable document; c. WG 11 on Consumption of Marine Resources by Marine Mammals and Relations with other international Birds be disbanded; organizations (Agenda Item 4e) (see Decision 99/S/6) d. WG 12 on Crabs and Shrimps continue for one more year to complete collation, PICES maintains a Standing List of editing and publication of results (no International Organizations and Programs further meetings of the Working Group (revised annually) to indicate which of these are required); should be regularly attended by a PICES representative to facilitate interaction. e. WG 14 on Effective Sampling of Science Board endorsed a revised list and Micronekton continue for at least two forwarded it to Governing Council for more years. Dr. Richard Brodeur approval (see GC Appendix C (i)). (U.S.A.) replace the current Co- Chairman, Dr. Bruce Robison (U.S.A.). The Scientific Committees and CCCC e. To account for gaps in expertise and/or Program identified the following as their national representation, additional highest priority: members from Korea and China are requested; CCCC: GOOS, GLOBEC MEQ: GIWA, GOOS f. Adoption of revised terms of reference FIS: GOOS-LMR, AMAP/ACIA for MONITOR Task Team (see GC BIO: ICES WGZE, GLOBEC Appendix B (i)). POC: ARGO, CREAMS, CLIVAR, GOOS, JGOFS, WESTPAC, The following new PICES Groups were NEAR-GOOS, SCOR, IOC recommended (see Decision 99/S/5): Science Board recommended that a. Advisory Panel on Marine Mammals and committees draft letters of interest to the Birds (under BIO) with a life span of 5 following programs: CLIVAR (POC), NEAR- years (see GC Appendix B (ii) for terms GOOS (POC), ARGO (POC), GIWA (MEQ), of reference); and ICES WGZE (BIO). b. Advisory Panel on Continuous Plankton PICES relations with GOOS were Recorder Survey in the North Pacific highlighted as particularly important by most (under CCCC/MONITOR) with a life Scientific and Technical Committees and span of 2 years (see GC Appendix B (iii) the CCCC Program. Science Board for terms of reference); recommended that PICES strengthen its relationship with various GOOS c. Working Group on the Ecology of components. Harmful Algal Blooms in the North Pacific (under MEQ) (see GC Appendix PICES IX Annual Meeting structure B (iv) for terms of reference); (Agenda Item 5a) (see Decision 99/S/7)

47 A proposal for enhancing the PICES Annual 1. Subarctic Gyre processes and their Meeting was discussed by Science Board. interaction with coastal and transition Topics included (1) the timing of the zones: physical and biological Science Board Symposium, (2) the role and relationships and ecosystem impacts visibility of posters, (3) Paper Sessions, and (3/4 day) (SB); (4) the visibility of young scientists at PICES (See SB Endnote 3 for the detailed 2. Prey consumption by higher trophic proposal). The proposal was adopted after level predators in PICES regions: revision. implications for ecosystem studies (1/2 The proposal to discontinue the Paper day) (BIO); Sessions was not approved but it was generally agreed that Paper Sessions could 3. Recent progress in zooplankton ecology be considered optional, depending on the study in PICES regions (1 day) number of sessions proposed at each (BIO/CCCC – CCCC agreed to co- Annual Meeting. Some members of sponsor this session in discussion Science Board felt that the opportunity to following PICES VIII); give an oral presentation outside of themes identified by the committees is an important 4. Short life-span squid and fish as factor in attracting scientists and new ideas keystone species in North Pacific to PICES. The proposals to move the marine ecosystems (1 day) (FIS); Science Board Symposium to the first day of the Annual Meeting, and to upgrade the 5. Large-scale circulation in the North visibility of poster sessions (which would Pacific (1/2 day) (POC); also include electronic posters) were endorsed by Science Board. Rather than 6. North Pacific carbon cycle and institute a new award for Best Student ecosystem dynamics (1 day). (POC/BIO Presentation, Science Board recommended – BIO agreed to co-sponsor this session that the Chairman’s Handbook be revised to in discussion following PICES VIII); reflect the importance of selecting a young scientist for the Best Presentation Award of 7. Results of GLOBEC and GLOBEC-like each committee. projects (1 day) (CCCC);

Science Board agreed that young scientists 8. Environmental assessment of should be advised that some travel funds Vancouver Harbour: results of an are available to support their involvement in International Workshop (1/2 day) PICES, and Science Board agreed that the (MEQ); Secretariat, in consultation with the Science Board Chairman, should identify the number 9. Science and technology for of young scientists to receive travel support environmentally sustainable mariculture each year. in coastal areas (1 day) (MEQ).

PICES Ninth Annual Meeting Topic Science Board agreed that the duration or Sessions and Science Board Symposium number of Topic Sessions could be reduced (Agenda Item 4c) by Science Board in consultation with the Secretariat, if there are too many concurrent Science Board recommended that the sessions. following events be held at or in association with PICES IX: Science Board recommended that CCCC Task Teams/Advisory Panels and the BIO

48 Technical Workshop on "The basis for Other business (Agenda Item 7) estimating the abundance of marine birds and mammals, and the impact of their PICES Bureau predation on other organisms" meet in the same facility just prior to PICES IX, to allow Science Board endorsed the principle of the members to attend each other’s sessions. Secretariat’s proposal to form a PICES Bureau to assist in the long-range planning Science Board recommended that PICES of PICES. co-sponsor the CREAMS Workshop on “Oceanography of the East Asian Marginal PICES X Seas” (May 2000, Vladivostok), and suggested that PICES collaborate with Science Board endorsed the proposal to CREAMS in planning the workshop to assist hold the PICES Tenth Annual Meeting in CREAMS in becoming more ecosystem- Victoria, Canada, and to convene a special oriented. anniversary symposium at PICES X (rather than a special inter-sessional meeting for Other items (Agenda Item 4g) this purpose). Science and Technical Committee Chairmen and CCCC Program Best Presentation Award winner Co-Chairmen each nominated one person to an organizing committee for this Dr. Nathan Mantua (U.S.A.) received the symposium. The members of the 1999 Science Board Best Presentation organizing committee are: Patricia Award for his paper (co-authored with Dr. Livingston (SB Chairman), Tsutomu Ikeda Steven Hare) entitled “On the assessment (BIO), Douglas E. Hay (FIS), John E. Stein and identification of recent North Pacific (MEQ), Susan E. Allen (POC), David W. climate regime shifts”. Welch (CCCC), and Thomas C. Royer (TCODE). Strategic Workplan (Agenda Item 4a) Publication policy Science Board briefly discussed the importance of strategic plans and updating Science Board discussed the report of the these on an annual basis. The following Publication Committee (see Publication addition was made to the Science Board Committee report in this Annual Report) and Strategic Plan: made the following observations and recommendations: • Approved new structure of PICES Annual Meeting ; Science Board agreed with the concept that • Approved planning of PICES 10th the Local Organizing Committee be Anniversary Symposium; responsible for arranging to have suitable • Provided further guidance on numbers of copies of the extended implementing/advertising young abstracts of papers printed for distribution at scientists’ travel grant; the meetings and recommended that this • Renewed the practice of updating and practice be adopted every year. prioritizing the list of international programs for PICES collaboration; Science Board discussed the proposal for • Developed a list of possible topics for submitting electronic versions of extended future Science Board Symposia (see SB abstracts and mentioned several difficulties Endnote 4). that might be associated with such a proposal (difficulty of accessing this on the

49 web for some scientists, extra work for the should be made to the Handbook for Secretariat, and size and format of the files). Chairmen and Convenors (improving Best However, Science Board suggests the Presentation Award advice, definition of implementation of a pilot project (using POC Advisory Panels, number of approved papers) to assess the feasibility of this keynote speakers, etc.). The Science suggestion. The suggestion of CD-ROM Board chairman agreed to draft these publication of extended abstracts would be changes by the end of the year, for deferred to next year. consideration by Science Board. Scientific Committee Terms of Reference Science Board agreed with the recommendation that translation of scientific Science Board agreed to review the terms papers be handled on a case-by-case basis of reference for Science Board and and only be endorsed for papers of Permanent Committees by e-mail to exceptional merit. determine if revisions are required.

Science Board required further discussion Implementation of PICES VII decisions on the possibility of a PICES Tenth and Science Board recommendations Anniversary Publication. Science Board did (Agenda Item 4b) not want this publication to interfere with PICES present publication preparation and Science Board reviewed progress on emphasized the need for such a publication implementing of PICES VII decisions and to encompass the interests of all PICES Science Board recommendations (See SB scientific disciplines. Endnote 5).

Science Board appointed Dr. Howard J. Closing remarks (Agenda Item 9) Freeland (Canada) as the Chairman of the Publication Committee. The Science Board Chairman thanked outgoing FIS Chairman, Dr. Chang-Ik Working Group nomenclature Zhang, for his hard work and dedication to PICES over the last three years and Science Board recommended instituting the welcomed the new FIS Chairman, Dr. practice of referring to Working Group by Douglas E. Hay. The meeting was number AND a short title. adjourned.

Chairman’s Handbook revisions (Agenda Item 6)

Science Board identified changes that

SB Endnote 1 Participation List

Patricia Livingston (Chairman, Science Board)* Other Tsutomu Ikeda (Chairman, BIO)* Robin Brown (Chairman, TCODE)* Chang-Ik Zhang (Chairman, FIS)* Suam Kim (Co-Chairman, CCCC/IP)* Alexander V. Tkalin (Chairman, MEQ)* David W. Welch (C-chairman, CCCC/IP)* Vyacheslav B. Lobanov (Chairman, POC)*

50 Warren S. Wooster (Interim Chairman, Stewart (Skip) M. McKinnell (Asst. Publication Committee) Executive Secretary, PICES)* Richard J. Marasco (Chairman, F&A)* Douglas E. Hay (Chairman-elect, FIS)* *In attendance October 16, 1999 Alexander S. Bychkov (Executive Secretary)

SB Endnote 2 Agenda

October 13, 1999 c. Proposed titles for Topic Sessions 1. Welcome and opening remarks and Symposia for the next Annual 2. Adoption of agenda Meeting (that includes a short 3. Reports of the SB Chairman, Scientific, paragraph of the goals of the Technical, and Publication Committees, sessions suitable to be put in the CCCC IP, Working and Study Groups first and final announcements and a with regard to items having financial list of potential convenors); implications for 2000 and beyond: d. Proposed list of any future groups a. Inter-sessional meetings proposed along with terms of reference and a for year 2000 and beyond; list of potential members; b. Travel support requests for year e. Relations with other International 2000; organizations; c. Proposed list of publications (PICES f. Proposed recommendations and Scientific Report series and outside draft text on other items that would journals) for year 2000 and beyond; be included in the Science Board d. Other items. Report to Council (e.g., recommendations for letters of October 13 and 16, 1999 support to various research efforts); 4. Reports of the Science Board, Scientific, g. Other items (including Best Technical, and Publication Committees, Presentation Award winner). CCCC IP, Working and Study Groups 5. PICES IX Annual Meeting: with regard to other items: a. Structure a. Brief summary report of the group’s b. Topic Sessions and Science Board activities in the past year (including Symposium progress with regard to strategic 6. Chairman’s Handbook revisions workplan items); 7. Other business b. Completion of items that were 8. Summary of Science Board PICES VII decisions by Science recommendations Board and Governing Council; 9. Closing remarks

SB Endnote 3 Proposal for New Structure to PICES Annual Meeting

51 Comments and criticisms received over the last year with regard to the structure of the PICES meeting has led to the following proposal. This proposal seeks to streamline the PICES Annual Meeting, focus our efforts on promoting an interdisciplinary ecosystem approach, promote the participation of young scientists, and upgrade the visibility of poster sessions. The revised structure of the PICES Annual Meeting will include:

1. Moving the Science Board Symposium to the afternoon of the first day

Many comments have been made about having the Science Board Symposium last. Often people are in a rush to leave and participation is sporadic from year to year. Making this the first session of the meeting will bring everyone together for interdisciplinary talks that will highlight a key marine science issue (that may also be the focus of the keynote lecture given during the morning of the first day). Everyone

52 will be fresh and receptive to hearing talks social hour in the area of the posters. on an important issue. Poster presenters for that session would be required to stand by their poster for that 2. Promoting more inter-committee social hour. We should institute an award topic sessions, removing the paper for Best Poster Presentation. This award sessions, and upgrading the visibility would be selected from all the posters of the poster sessions presented at the meeting.

If we are to attract quality scientists and 3. Promote the participation of young papers to the meetings and promote our scientists interdisciplinary, ecosystem approach to North Pacific marine science we should We can increase the participation of young focus on quality topic sessions for scientists through a young scientists travel committees and promote inter-committee fund, which would come from the PICES topic sessions. The paper sessions have Trust Fund. On an annual basis, we would tended to be the place to put things those put in our Annual Meeting announcements a do not fit and are sporadic in terms of the call for nominations of young scientist’s to number, quality and session attendance. participate in the annual meeting. Young By removing the paper sessions, we will scientists would be required to submit their focus more on topic sessions and abstract, a CV, and a request for travel interdisciplinary sessions. Simultaneously, support to the Secretariat. Selection of the poster sessions can be enhanced (and young scientists to participate in the papers that might have gone to paper meeting would be made on the basis of session can be put into the poster session) availability of funds and the amount of by having a formal poster viewing time near participation of the young scientist in the the end of each day in conjunction with a activities of the PICES Annual Meeting. social hour. Posters to be focused on for Selection would be made by Science Board each day can be summarized just prior to in consultation with the Secretariat. Finally, the poster session by a person appointed by we should institute an award for Best each committee. This summary would Student Presentation. This presentation consist of an overview of the posters for a would be selected from among all the particular topic/committee and it would be papers and posters at the meeting. given to the attendees showing up for the

SB Endnote 4 Science Board Symposium Topic List

Science Board symposium topics may be reviewed and updated annually to reflect involve several scientific disciplines or interdisciplinary topics that are of the highlight an important region or topic area of greatest interest. broad interest to the PICES scientific • Technological advancements in community. Sometimes topics are observing systems suggested by Scientific Committees or • Mechanisms of interaction between the Programs or may be developed in North Pacific subtropical and subarctic consultation with the national committee gyres organizing the PICES Annual Meeting if • Spatial dynamics of ecosystems there are topics that may be of high regional • Regional ecosystem programs of the interest. This list of possible topics should North Pacific

53 • Japan/East Sea ecosystem • Change indicators in North Pacific • East China Sea ecosystem ecosystems (could also be Working • Ecosystem dynamics of North Pacific Group) Marginal Seas • Conservation biology in marine • Present state and future directions of ecosystems North Pacific marine policy • Introduction and distribution of exotic Species

SB Endnote 5 Progress on PICES VII decisions and Science Board recommendations

Part A. Decisions

98/S/1: Inter-sessional Workshops and c. The REX Task Team convened a 2-day Working Group Meetings workshop on Herring and euphausiids immediately prior to the PICES Eighth The following inter-sessional meetings were Annual Meeting in Vladivostok. Co- convened: convenors were Douglas E. Hay a. A 2-week MEQ Practical Workshop was (Canada), William T. Peterson (U.S.A.), held in Vancouver (Canada) in May Vladimir I. Radchenko (Russia) and 1999; Tokio Wada (Japan); b. A 4-day WG 13 Technical Workshop was held in Tsukuba (Japan) in April d. The MODEL Task Team should 1999; convene a 3-day workshop on Prototype c. A 5-day WG 12 meeting was held in lower trophic level ecosystem model for August 1999 in the People’s Republic of comparison of different marine China. ecosystems in the North Pacific, in Nemuro, Japan, in early 2000. Outside 98/S/2: CCCC Program and CCCC-IP funding was obtained for this workshop Task Teams from the Japanese Science and Technology Agency and Nemuro City. a. The BASS Task Team planned to Dates for the workshop have now been convene a 2-day workshop on fixed at January 24-27, 2000. (Dates Development of a conceptual model for have subsequently been changed to the Subarctic North Pacific Gyres January 31-February 3, 2000). immediately prior to the PICES Eighth Annual Meeting in Vladivostok. Due to 98/S/3: Publications the absence of one convenor and insufficient attendance at the workshop The following reports were recommended it was not held; for publication and publication status is as follows: b. The MONITOR Task Team convened a 2-day Workshop immediately prior to the a. Progress reports of Working Groups 8, PICES Eighth Annual Meeting in 11-14 and the report of the Publication Vladivostok. Co-convenors were Study Group were published in the 1998 Yasunori Sakurai (Japan) and Bruce A. Annual Report; Taft (U.S.A.);

54 b. Revised PICES Handbook and Seabirds continued its work for one Handbook for Chairmen and Convenors more year and produced a final report were published; that was presented at PICES VIII. c. Selection of papers from the 1997 Simultaneously, a new Study Group to Science Board Symposium on propose ways to incorporate marine “Ecosystem dynamics in the eastern birds and mammals expertise into the and western gyres of the subarctic PICES structure and activity was Pacific” was published in the special established and prepared a new issue of Progress in Oceanography; proposal that was accepted at PICES d. Selection of papers from the 1998 VIII by Science Board; Science Board Symposium on “Impacts of the 1997/98 El Niño events on the c. Terms of reference for WG 14 on North Pacific Ocean and its Marginal Effective Sampling of Micronekton were Seas” was published as PICES expanded to include the ecological role Scientific Report No. 10; of micronekton in addition to sampling e. Proceedings of the MODEL, REX and methods. MONITOR 1998 Workshops were 98/S/5: New PICES groups published as PICES Scientific Report No. 11; A new standing Publication Committee f. Proceedings of the Second PICES reporting to Science Board was established Workshop on the Okhotsk Sea and with membership consisting of one adjacent areas was published as PICES participant from each member country, Scientific Report No. 12; selected by Science Board from among g. WG 10 report was recommended for members of the PICES Scientific publication in the PICES Scientific Committees, Working Groups, and Task Report Series. Reviews of the draft Teams, together with an elected Chairman report have been completed and and a representative of the Secretariat. publication is pending the receipt of a Members were nominated inter-sessionally revised report. (At PICES VIII, POC and a letter seeking the support of national recommended that this report be delegates for the members of the published on the PICES website only, Committee was sent by the PICES as a revisable document.); Secretariat. The following members were h. Review volume on “Dynamics of the appointed to the Committee: Bering Sea” was published by University of Alaska Sea Grant (PICES VI Dr. Howard Freeland (Canada), decision). Chairman Prof. Qi-Sheng Tang (China) 98/S/4: Future of Working Groups Prof. Takashige Sugimoto (Japan) Dr. Jang-Uk Lee (Korea) a. WG 10 on Circulation and Ventilation in Dr. Vyacheslav Lobanov (Russia) the Japan/East Sea was proposed for Dr. Warren Wooster (USA) disbanding in spring 1999 after the POC Dr. Stewart McKinnell (Secretariat) Committee’s approval of the publication of the final report. POC committee 98/S/6: Travel support approved this report at the PICES VIII meeting so WG10 is now disbanded; a. PICES provided partial support for Dr. Chang-Ik Zhang (FIS Chairman) to b. WG 11 on Consumption of Marine attend a joint SCOR WG 105 and ICES Resources by Marine Mammals and symposium on “The Ecosystem Effect of

55 Fishing” in Montpellier, France, in March the Tropics to the Arctic” to be held in La 1999; Jolla, U.S.A., March 23-26, 2000, with IPHC, IATTC, ISC, NPAFC, and SCOR. b. PICES funded travel for two experts to The Steering Committee, appointed by provide a keynote demonstration and/or the co-sponsoring organizations, presentation at the TCODE Workshop included Drs. Paul H. LeBlond and on “The application of scientific Warren S. Wooster who are serving as visualization to marine ecosystem Co-Chairmen of the Steering Committee analysis” in conjunction with the PICES on behalf of PICES. Sections Eighth Annual Meeting in Vladivostok; convenors have been selected and planning is proceeding. c. PICES provided financial support for three scientists to attend the REX b. PICES will participate in a 3-day Workshop on “Herring and euphausiids”; meeting held with the ICES Working Group on Zooplankton Ecology from d. PICES funded travel of one invited April 17-19 in Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. speaker for the CCCC-related scientific Dr. Tsutomu Ikeda (BIO Chairman) session at the PICES Eighth Annual represents PICES as a co-organizer of Meeting. the joint ICES/PICES parts of the 98/S/7: Co-sponsored meetings meeting. Discussions are proceeding regarding a mini-workshop on a. PICES will co-sponsor a 4-day “Zooplankton production ecology of the conference “Beyond El Nino: A North Pacific and North Atlantic” in conference on Pacific climate variability conjunction with this meeting. and marine ecosystem impacts, from

Part B. Progress on PICES VII Science Board Recommendations

Japan/East Sea Bibliography timetable is to have a planning meeting in conjunction with PICES IX and to write Science Board recommended the proposals to representative governments for publication of the Japan/East Sea submission by April-June 2000. Presently Bibliography on the PICES Home Page the iron fertilization experiment is planned pending author’s (Dr. Mikhail A. for August 2002 in the eastern North Pacific Danchenkov, FERHRI, Russia) approval. and for 2001 or 2003 in the western North This proposal was not accepted by Dr. Pacific. Danchenkov. At PICES VIII, publication in the PICES Scientific Report Series was CCCC Best Presentation Award recommended. An award for Best Presentation was given Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization by the CCCC Program during PICES VIII Experiment and this will continue in future years. Proceedings from Annual Meetings CCCC/IP established an Advisory Panel (under BASS) on “An Iron Fertilization The Korean proposal to publish proceedings Experiment in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean.” from the PICES Annual Meetings was referred to the Publication Committee for The group met at PICES VIII (see CCCC consideration at PICES VIII. They agreed report in this Annual Report). Its present that proceedings of scientific sessions

56 would be too expensive to produce and GODAE originating from PICES member unnecessary when PICES is moving toward countries be made generally available to all putting extended abstracts on the web. scientists. These structures were established by many nations, and PICES PICES – ARGO/GODAE relations scientists (Drs. Stephen C Riser (U.S.A.), Howard J. Freeland (Canada) and Science Board recommended at PICES VII Takashige Sugimoto (Japan)) are playing that PICES member countries create leading roles in these activities. appropriate structures (such as national committees, or GOOS sub-committees) to consider and prepare for participation in GODAE and ARGO, and that data from ARGO and assimilation results from

57 REPORT OF BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY COMMITTEE

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The Biological Oceanography Committee Report of Working Group 14 (Agenda Item met on morning of October 13, 1999. The 5) Chairman, Dr. Tsutomu Ikeda, called the meeting to order and welcomed the Dr. Ikeda reported that two new members, members of the Committee and observers Dr. David L. Mackas (Canada) and Naoki (see BIO Endnote 1). Dr. Paul J. Harrison Iguchi (Japan) have been recruited to WG served as rapporteur. The agenda for the 14. Because of the absence of both Co- meeting appears in BIO Endnote 2. Chairmen of WG 14, discussion was limited to the modification of the report content. Dr. Old business (Agenda Item 3) Vladimir I. Radchenko suggested that euphausiids should not be included as Dr. Ikeda informed the Committee that Dr. micronekton while other PICES participants Takashige Sugimoto was representing BIO thought that euphausiids are important and on the Publication Committee and Dr. should be included. It was recommended Michael M. Mullin was acting as Chairman that WG 14 make a decision and report next of the Local Organizing Committee for the year to the BIO Committee. As for future Beyond El Niño Conference. BIO supports aspects, it was suggested that dynamics these nominations. and processes be included. Dr. Atsushi Tsuda reviewed the Micronekton Report of Working Group 11 (Agenda Item Symposium held in Pusan. 4) BIO members discussed ways to strengthen The BIO Committee approved the final the activities of WG 14 by nominating a new report of Working Group 11 on Consumption Co-Chairman and increasing its of Marine Resources by Marine Mammals and membership. Dr. Richard D. Brodeur Seabirds and recommended its publication in the (U.S.A.) was suggested to replace the PICES Scientific Report Series. It was also current Co-Chairman, Dr. Bruce Robison recommended that the Working Group (U.S.A.), and Dr. W.-D. Yoon was should present a report to all PICES suggested as a new member from Korea by scientists through a Topic Session and a Dr. Woong-Seo Kim. Considering the slow Workshop at next year‘s PICES meeting development of the Working Group, BIO is (BIO Endnote 3). requesting at least a 1-year extension of the lifespan of WG 14. Dr. Patricia A. Wheeler reported that at the PICES Seventh Annual Meeting in WG 14 proposed a one-day Working Group Fairbanks, Science Board established a meeting just prior to the PICES Ninth Study Group to determine the best way to Annual Meeting in 2000. BIO endorsed the incorporate and maintain marine mammal proposal. and bird expertise in PICES activities. The Study Group recommends establishment of PICES/GOOS relations: Outcome of the an Advisory Group with a life span of 5 MONITOR Workshop (Agenda Item 6) years and terms of reference as listed (BIO Endnote 4). BIO supported this Dr. Bruce A. Taft briefed the Committee on recommendation. PICES/GOOS relations, noting that GOOS has paid little attention to the Subarctic

57 Pacific. Relevant to BIO was the progress. The BIO Committee agreed that Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) pilot the CCCC/MONITOR Task Team should be project for living marine resources the contact group for PICES. (plankton), and the inter-calibration of zooplankton sampling gear. Proposals for special topics for PICES Annual Meeting in 2000 (Agenda Item 10)

BIO agreed to a half-day Workshop (see BIO Endnote 4) and a half-day Topic PICES Plankton Monitoring Program Session as requested by the Working Group (Agenda Item 7) 11. BIO would also like to sponsor a Topic Session on Zooplankton Ecology (BIO Dr. David W. Welch reported on the PICES Endnote 5), either as a 1-day session or co- CPR program for the eastern North Pacific sponsored with CCCC. Depending on and southern Bering Sea (currently funded whether CCCC is interested in the co- for two years through the North Pacific sponsorship, we may have to sacrifice the Marine Research Initiative). The rationale half day for BIO Paper Session. of the program is the face of global warming and its possible effect on the plankton Best Presentation Award (Agenda Item community. As a relevant topic, Dr. Kim 11) and Dr. Young-Shil Kang reported on the Korean monitoring project over the last 30 Nominations were tabulated for the Best years, and the initiation of a new project Presentation Award. Based on these also using the continuous plankton recorder. nomina-tions the BIO Committee selected a short list of four candidates and voted for ICES/PICES Zooplankton Ecology Dr. Toru Kobari for his paper (co-authored Workshop (Agenda Item 9) with T. Ikeda) “Interannual variabilities in abundance and body size of Neocalanus BIO members discussed ways to participate copepods (Crustacea: copepoda) in the actively in the ICES/PICES Workshop on central North Pacific” as the 1999 best BIO Zooplankton Ecology, and recommended presentation. that Science Board request a formal letter of invitation from ICES, clearly stating the Other business (Agenda Item 12) terms of reference, and the names of the scientists for the ICES Working Group. The Dr. Harrison reported on the need to BIO Committee was very positive about the officially recognize and adopt the ecozones participation of PICES in the workshop and that were listed in the 1996 PICES Scientific the potential for active collaboration Report No. 4 (CCCC Implementation Plan, between PICES and ICES on monitoring p. 24). It was recognized that these zones and comparisons of the Pacific and Atlantic may change interannually and for different Oceans. trophic levels.

Arctic Monitoring and Assessment BIO agreed that a workshop on the Programme (Agenda Item 9) utilization of fishing vessels for monitoring will be very useful. However, BIO felt that BIO members were in favour of involvement the title should be changed to “ships-of- in the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment opportunity” which would include training Program (AMAP), and would like to vessels. This workshop should be co- participate and be informed of their

58 sponsored by CCCC and the MONITOR task of the Working Group should be Task Team and not by BIO. changed to – “seek links between bloom events and environmental factors and BIO members were in favour of the trophic interactions and possible proposed Working Group on the “Ecology of anthropogenic stresses”. The new Working Toxic Algae”, but the name should be Group should report to MEQ and BIO (and changed to “Ecology of Harmful Algal not just MEQ). Blooms in the North Pacific”. The second BIO Endnote 1 Participation List

Canada Young-Shil Kang Paul J. Harrison* Woong-Seo Kim*

Japan Russia Tsutomu Ikeda* (Chairman) Vladimir I. Radchenko* Takashige Sugimoto* Atsushi Tsuda* U.S.A. Tokio Wada David Checkley William T. Peterson Korea Patricia A. Wheeler* Joong-Ki Choi *BIO Committee member

BIO Endnote 2 Agenda

1. Welcome and introduction of members 8. ICES/PICES Zooplankton Ecology 2. Approval/modification of agenda Workshop 3. Business arising from last year's 9. Discussion of possible involvement in meeting the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment 4. Report of Working Group 11 on Marine Programme (AMAP) birds and mammals 10. Proposals for the special topic for 5. Report of Working Group 14 on PICES Annual Meeting 2000 Micronekton 11. BIO Best Presentation Award 6. PICES/GOOS relations: outcome from 12. Any other business MONITOR Workshop 13. Summary of BIO recommendations for 7. PICES Plankton Monitoring Program Science Board

BIO Endnote 3 Working Group 11 on Marine Birds and Mammals: Topic Session and Workshop

Topic Session on Prey consumption by 1. Complete review of details of the higher trophic level predators in PICES scientific content of WG11 report and regions: implications for ecosystem studies future problems. (½-day) 2. Role and significance of higher trophic level predators in the PICES Region.

59 3. How to incorporate marine birds and Workshop to review the technical basis for mammal components to PICES estimating the abundance of marine birds ecosystem study. and mammals, and the impact of their predation on other organisms (½-day).

BIO Endnote 4 Report of the Study Group incorporating Marine Mammal and Bird expertise into PICES

At PICES VII in Fairbanks, the Science scientists could then be collectively joined in Board recommended, and Governing a special Advisory Group to the BIO Council approved (Decision 98/S/4), that Committee. This group would meet during WG 11 on Consumption of Marine the Annual Meetings, its members would be Resources by Marine Mammals and urged to participate in science sessions, Seabirds continue its work for one more and it would have a Chairman or Co- year to prepare and present a final report at Chairmen to facilitate communication with PICES VIII, and simultaneously, a new BIO. The Advisory Group should have a Study Group be established to propose lifespan of 5 years, and be renewed only by ways to incorporate marine birds and vote of BIO. If this effort to integrate bird mammals expertise into the PICES and mammal scientists into the fiber of structure and activity. The following terms PICES is successful, in a few years having of reference were suggested: a special group for birds and mammals should not be necessary. This approach 1. Inter-sessional communication to avoids setting up a permanent Working formulate a plan for incorporation of Group or a new Scientific Committee marine birds and mammals into the organized around taxonomic groups. PICES structure and activities. BIO Committee Advisory Panel on 2. Nominate 4 marine mammal and 4 Marine Mammals and Birds marine bird experts to serve on CCCC Task Teams and be invited to attend Purpose: To integrate marine mammal and PICES VIII. bird research into PICES activities, particularly with regard to the BIO 3. Convene at PICES VIII to finalize Committee and the CCCC Program. This recommendations and submit to BIO, group would correspond during the year and CCCC and Science Board. meet at the PICES Annual Meeting. A chairman for the group will be selected and The Study Group corresponded by e-mail will be the primary point of contact between during the year and agreed on the following the group and other PICES entities. proposal regarding the formation of a Duration: 5 years, to be renewed only by special Advisory Group on Marine Mammals vote of BIO. and Birds. Based on the past exchanges, it would seem valuable to have an appropriate Terms of Reference: marine bird and marine mammal person assigned to each of the CCCC Task Teams. 1. Provide information and scientific This group of marine bird and mammal expertise to BIO, CCCC Program, and,

60 when necessary, to other scientific and 3. Assemble relevant information on the technical committees with regard to the biology of marine mammals and biology and ecology roles of marine seabirds and disseminate it to the mammals and seabirds. PICES community through reports and symposia. 2. Identify important problems, scientific questions, and knowledge gaps in 4. Develop strategies to improve assessing the roles of marine mammals collaborative, interdisciplinary research and seabirds in marine ecosystems. with marine mammal and birds researchers and the PICES scientific community. BIO Endnote 5 Topic Session: Recent progress in zooplankton ecology study in PICES regions

Objective: Although zooplankton is an subarctic Pacific and marginal seas. This 1- integral component of marine ecosystem, day session invites zooplankton researchers past PICES symposia have largely focused from North Pacific rim countries to review on key species which form a large biomass the current status of such organisms within and are known as important prey organisms the PICES region, including topics like for higher trophic level predators. One good systematics, distribution, life cycle, example is Neocalanus in the subarctic production, trophic interaction, genetics, etc. Pacific. However, zooplankton includes The subject may also be of interest of diverse taxa about which relatively little is CCCC. known. There may be unappreciated taxa of significant trophic importance (such as gelatinous zooplankton), about which there Convenors: Tsutomu Ikeda (tentative), is little information currently available for the others to be determined.

61 REPORT OF FISHERY SCIENCE COMMITTEE

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The Fishery Science Committee met on the review. morning of October 13, 1999, in Vladivostok. The Chairman, Dr. Chang-Ik Zhang, opened the meeting and welcomed new members, Drs. George W. Boehlert Travel support (Agenda Item 4.4) (U.S.A.) and Victor V. Lapko (Russia) (FIS Endnote 1). The agenda was reviewed and PICES provided partial support for Dr. approved by all members (FIS Endnote 2). Chang-Ik Zhang to attend a joint SCOR WG The Chairman appointed Dr. Douglas E. 105 and ICES Symposium on “The Hay as rapporteur. Ecosystem Effects of Fishing” in Montpellier, France, in March 1999. Election of Chairman (Agenda Item 2) FIS Strategic Plan: accomplishments As per the PICES Rules of Procedure, and changes (Agenda Item 5) Executive Secretary Dr. Alexander S. Bychkov called for nominations. Dr. The Committee reviewed the details of the Tokimasa Kobayashi nominated Dr. Hay FIS Strategic Workplan for Phase 3: PICES (Canada), and he was elected by VII to X, as presented in the 1998 Annual acclamation as the new Chairman of the Report, Section 5, pages 86-87. The FIS Committee. The Committee Committee agreed to make changes to 4 unanimously expressed its gratitude for Dr. sub-sections, as indicated below. Zhang’s leadership and efforts. Establishment of new Working Groups Report of Working Group 12 on Crabs (revised) and Shrimps (Agenda Item 4.1) In the course of its work, the FIS Committee Dr. Robert S. Otto, Chairman of WG 12, may identify specific research questions summarized their activities. WG 12 which may require further cooperative convened its fourth and final meeting in assistance. Working Groups may be Qingdao, China, from August 10-14, 1999. established to address these issues. Dr. Otto presented an interim report (FIS Approved Working Groups must establish Endnote 3), reviewed the activities of this terms of reference and a workplan to meeting and briefly discussed problems accomplish their goals, subject to review by related to the species diversity and FIS. Working Group meetings, topic assembly of data related to crabs and sessions, or workshops should be shrimps. Following the presentation there developed as needed to complete the was discussion about the status and objectives. The FIS Committee should completion date for the final report. The FIS monitor the progress of its working Groups Committee noted that in the 1998 report to ensure timely completion of their work. (PICES VII) FIS requested “a completed, final report from WG 12 at PICES VIII in Scientific contribution from FIS (revised) Vladivostok”. Dr. Otto indicated that he was hopeful that the final report could be In deliberations of its Working Groups, presented at PICES IX. This report will be symposia, and special sessions, the FIS submitted to the FIS Committee for their Committee should strive to maximize the

63 dissemination of work products to the broad activities, inventory assessment methods scientific community. To the extent and determination of priority of methodology possible, consideration should be given to development. It was acknowledged that publication in established series of fisheries these are useful suggestions; much of these and ocean science. activities is presently conducted by other Integration of biological interactions and groups, including TCODE, the CCCC physical impacts (new) Program and GLOBEC. Participation in the CCCC and GLOBEC FIS will encourage the development of an programs is highly encouraged. integrated understanding of the interaction among species. This will include SCOR WG 105 activity (Agenda Item 6.2) incorporating impacts of climate and physical oceanographic variability. SCOR WG 105 and ICES held a symposium on “The Ecosystem Effects of Coordination of research programs and data Fishing” on March 16-19, 1999, in exchange Montpellier, France. A “Report of the Activity of SCOR Working Group 105” was FIS will encourage the reporting of results of submitted to PICES in February 1998, and national research programs, and TCODE’s introduced in PICES Press, Vol. 6, No. 1. work for collecting and distributing infor- The “Report on the ICES/ SCOR mation for PICES nations on an annual Symposium on Ecosystem Effect of Fishing” basis. was published in PICES Press, Vol. 7, No. 2. SCOR WG 105 will complete its activity Review the scientific activity in the after the final summary report with a CCCC program and the international concluding paper presented at the coming GLOBEC (Agenda Item 6.1) SCOR Annual Meeting. Many of the papers presented at that meeting will be published The inclusion of environmental indices in in an issue of ICES Journal of Marine stock assessment processes was illustrated Science. by several of the presentations at the PICES Eighth Annual Meeting. This was Relationship with regional fisheries followed by a general discussion of how FIS organizations or commissions (Agenda can interact with CCCC. There may be Item 6.3) opportunities for a joint FIS/CCCC workshop concerned with the The MOUs with the North Pacific biological/physical sciences that examine Anadromous Fish Commission (NPAFC) effects of climate on recruitment processes. and ICES were signed in November 1998 (see pp. 29-32 in the 1998 Annual Report). In subsequent discussion, it was suggested that FIS could play a role to assist with The FIS Committee briefly discussed (1) the coordination between national activities proposed UNDP-GEF North Pacific connected with the CCCC Program. Transboundary Project and (2) the Specifically, FIS could (1) provide lists of NPAFC/PICES Juvenile Salmon Workshop, research institutes which conduct CCCC and recommended that PICES endorse programs; (2) determine the coordinator them. from each national institute; (3) present national research programs connected with Arctic Monitoring and Assessment fisheries; and (4) establish a Working Group Programme (AMAP) (Agenda Item 6.4) on the coordination of stock assessment

64 The objective of this project is the the proposals by Drs. Beamish and Wada, assessment of climate change in Arctic and recommended that these be unified regions. Although the focus of this project is with the title: “Climate change, shifts in fish narrow relative to the broader scope of production, and fisheries management”, PICES, there are a number of important with Drs. Beamish and Wada as Co- species whose distributions extend into Chairmen. The Co-Chairmen drafted the Arctic waters. For this reason, the FIS rationale and terms of reference as Committee endorsed the suggestion that a indicated below. formal connection to this programme be established. Terms of reference for a new Working Group on Climate Change, Shifts in Fish PICES/GOOS relations (Agenda Item 6.5) Production, and Fisheries Management

The MONITOR Workshop provided a forum It was generally agreed that climate and for PICES scientists to learn about GOOS ocean changes have a directed impact on and to develop recommendations for PICES the population dynamics of species of future involvement. The Science Board interest to the FIS Committee. The Working Chairman, Ms. Patricia Livingston, reported Group will identify key examples of species that PICES could benefit from some GOOS that have been affected by climate and activities, such as the attempt to determine ocean changes. The impact of these the monitoring activities of various physical changes will be assessed in countries. Also many PICES activities relation to fishing effects. The impact of should be of interest to GOOS. In inter-annual and decadal-scale physical particular, PICES may consider pointing out changes will be investigated. Where the existence and importance of fisheries possible, the mechanisms linking climate data to GOOS. For these reasons the FIS and ocean changes to changes in the Committee recommended sending a populations dynamics will be described or representative to the GOOS meeting in hypothesized. Using these mechanisms Chile. and indices of climate change, the Working Group will investigate the possibility of long- New Working Group(s) (Agenda Item 6.6) term forecasting of changes in population dynamics and ecosystem structure. Three proposals for new Working Groups were presented at the meeting. Dr. Richard FIS Topic Session for PICES IX (Agenda J. Beamish proposed a Working Group to Item 7) examine “Climate change and shifts in fish production”. Dr. Mikhail Stepanenko FIS supported a proposal by Dr. Yasunori recommended a Working Group to examine Sakurai to hold a one-day Topic Session at “stock assessment and methodological the PICES Ninth Annual Meeting on “Short development”. Dr. Tokio Wada lifespan squid and fish as keystone species recommended a Working Group to examine in North Pacific marine ecosystems”. “Climate change and fisheries Recom-mended convenors are Drs. management”. In addition, there was a Yasunori Sakurai (Japan) and Richard D. suggestion from Dr. Boehlert for a future Brodeur (U.S.A.). Working Group to consider “Habitat selection and habitat utilization by migratory FIS endorsed a proposal for a 2-day species in the North Pacific”. acoustic workshop, sponsored by Hokkaido University, to be held in Hakodate, in The Committee noted the close similarity of conjunction with the PICES IX.

65

FIS noted and endorsed the recommendation from the REX Task Team for a 2-day workshop with the first day examining trends in North Pacific herring Best Presentation Award (Agenda Item 8) populations and the second day examining trophodynamic interactions in ecosystems FIS voted for the Best Presentation Award that support herring populations. from talks presented during the FIS Topic and Paper Sessions. The award went to Dr. FIS endorsed the proposed joint REX-BASS Svetlana Davidova (Russia) for her Workshop/Symposium to examine linkages excellent presentation titled “Spawning of between the production in subarctic gyres subtropical species in Peter the Great Bay and resulting impacts in coastal and in 1991-1998”. transition zones.

FIS Endnote 1 Participation List

Canada Korea Richard J. Beamish Jin-Yeong Kim Douglas E. Hay Suam Kim Gordon A. McFarlane Chang-Ik Zhang (Chairman, FIS)

China Russia Qi Sheng Tang Victor V. Lapko Mikhail Stepanenko Japan Akihiko Hara U.S.A. Tokimasa Kobayashi George W. Boehlert

FIS Endnote 2 Agenda

1. Welcome and introduction of members 6. Scientific items of the interests 2. Election of new Chairman 6.1 Review the scientific activity in the 3. Discussion and approval of agenda CCCC Program and the international 4. Review of the implementation of PICES GLOBEC VII decisions 6.2 SCOR WG 105 activity (98/S/6a) 4.1 Review and adopt the WG 12 Final Report (98/S/1c) 4.2 Relations with other organizations and program (98/S/2c) 4.3 Publications of reports (98/S/3a) 4.4 Travel support (98/S/6a) 4.5 Co-sponsored meetings (98/S/7a) 5. FIS Strategic plan: accomplishments and changes

66 6.3 Relationship with regional fisheries from MONITOR Workshop organizations or commissions 6.6 Possibility to establish new Working a. UNDP-GEF North Pacific Group(s) Transboundary Project 7. Proposals for the session topic for b. NPAFC-PICES Juvenile Salmon PICES IX Workshop 8. Discussion of Best Presentation Award 6.4 Discussion on involvement in Arctic from FIS Monitoring and Assessment 9. Discussion of any other arising issues Programme (AMAP) 10. Draft of report and summary of FIS 6.5 PICES/GOOS relations: outcome recommendations to Science Board

FIS Endnote 3 Interim Report of Working Group 12 on Crabs and Shrimps

Introduction were unable to receive information over the full range of some stocks. Working Group 12 (WG 12) held its interim meeting in Qingdao, China, from August 10 Review of Terms of Reference to 14, 1999. The main purposes of the fourth and last meeting were to consider: WG 12 considered terms of reference formally adopted by FIS in 1997 and again 1. Crab and shrimp fisheries of China reviewed in 1998. It was agreed that they including aquaculture. should be reconsidered depending upon the 2. Spatial structuring of crab and shrimp context in which crab and shrimp are to be populations. included in future PICES deliberations. 3. Effectiveness of marine sanctuaries and Accordingly, terms of reference were to: restrictions of fishing activities on crabs and shrimps. 4. Conclusion of WG 12 activities and 1. Consider those crabs, shrimps and provision of final report to FIS. lobsters that are utilized in commercial, 5. Recommending how various topics subsistence or recreational fisheries. concerning crabs and shrimps might This may include introduced species if best be integrated into PICES for they are directly important or impact longer-term consideration. human utilization of any other marine species. Attendance was 8 of 15 members in 1999 as also occurred in 1998. This was the first 2. Identify persons from each country that meeting at which all six member nations are performing scientific work on the were represented (WG 12 Annex 1). A distribution, recruitment, larval transport, comprehensive review of Chinese fisheries migration, population dynamics, and within the PICES area was the major influences of environmental conditions undertaking of the meeting. for crabs and shrimps.

Members re-iterated their belief that it is 3. Identify data that are available that desirable for scientists from North Korea to would assist in the analyses of factors attend future PICES meetings since we affecting abundance trends.

67 opposed to harvest of wild stocks. Although 4. Review and exchange current the PICES Region encompasses most of knowledge and data concerning factors Area 67, it was also unclear what portion of affecting abundance and survival of Chinese waters should be included in the crabs, shrimps and spiny lobsters and PICES area and how much production was identify key scientific questions due to aquaculture rather than the harvest regarding reasons for abundance of wild stocks. Most of what follows fluctuations. concerning wild stocks is condensed from a report titled “Overview on the Crustaceans Consideration of Chinese crab and in the Chinese Waters of the PICES shrimp fisheries Region” by Zhi-Meng Zhaung and Jing-Yao Deng. Aquacultural information was A. Overview provided by “History and Present Status of Shrimp Culture in China” by Sheng-Li Cai The PICES Region contains all of the and Qing-Yin Wang. Both reports were Northeast Pacific (FAO Area 61), the U.S. delivered at the WG 12 meeting in Qingdao. portion of the East Central Pacific (Area 71) Chinese waters of the PICES Region and most of the Northwest Pacific (Area 67). include the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea and Looked at in this way and making the portion of the East China Sea north of appropriate deductions for fresh water 24ºN (Taiwan Straits). These waters species, landings by Taiwan or various contain about 300 species of crabs and territorial possessions, the PICES Region shrimps if one excludes anomurans (mostly contains approximately 43% of world crab hermit crabs, Paguridae) but includes resources and 23% of world shrimp stomatopods (particularly Squillidae). resources according to 1991 - 1995 United Generally, the northern waters of China Nations (FAO) landing statistics. Of these have fewer species of crabs and shrimps amounts, Chinese production would be 40% than southern waters. Since most Chinese of crabs and 80% of shrimps over the same shrimp fisheries exploit penaeid shrimps period. Until our meeting, it was not and most crab fisheries exploit Portunidae possible to deduce the importance of many (the swimming or blue crabs) the following individual resources from UN/FAO statistics example suffices: or the contribution of aquaculture as

Table. Average catch during the 1980s

Area Peneid Species Portunid Species Landings (t) South China Sea 90 40 70,000 East China Sea 51 20 255,000 Yellow Sea 10 4 Bohai Sea 3 2 98,300

Total commercial crabs and shrimps 30 species 465,800

While the decrease in taxa may reflect counterparts. For example, most increasingly estuarine conditions as well as commercial shrimps in Chinese waters latitude, crab and shrimp species in Chinese reach commercial size in six months and PICES waters are largely derived from complete their life cycle in about one year, southern groups. These generally have while pandalid shrimps in Russian waters shorter life spans than their northern complete there life cycle in about five years.

68 in 1978 but 10,400 t by 2000 vessels in Crabs and shrimps in the Bohai and Yellow 1982. The combined Bohai and Yellow Sea Seas have been fully exploited while those catch ranged from 15,800 to 65,900 t and in the East China Sea still show averaged 29,588 t from 1987 to 1997. In considerable potential for expansion. contrast, the catch in all Chinese waters rose from 104,535 t in 1987 to peak at B. Consideration of Chinese crab fisheries 292,000 t in 1994, but has averaged 237,841 in the past five years of record. The gazami or blue crab (Portunus Various management measures such as trituberculatus) is the most important closed seasons and protected areas are species in China as a whole, and as well as being considered to protect spawning in the PICES Region. This species and stocks and reduce the catch of immature several other portunid crabs are intensively crabs. aquacultured in some areas of China including parts of the East China Sea coast, C. Consideration of Chinese shrimp and it is not possible to separate fisheries aquacultural production from wild harvests. There are intensive Chinese fisheries for Three groups of shrimps are important wild wild stocks of gazami crab in the Yellow and stocks in the PICES area of Chinese Bohai seas, where crab culture is absent. waters. These are the mantis shrimps Important fisheries for this species also (Oratosquilla oratoria, one species only), the occur in Japan and Korea, making this the penaeid shrimps (15 species of which world’s largest single species crab fishery. Penaeus chinensis, Metapeneaus joyneri This is the only crab of any importance in and Trachypeneus curvirostris dominate the Chinese portion of the PICES Region. peneaid fisheries) and the akiami paste shrimp (Acetes chinensis). An additional six Gazami crabs are frequently harvested as species of shrimps (four families) are by-catch in trawl fisheries in the East China considered major species but are either of and Yellow Seas. They are abundant in the small importance to fisheries or not Bohai Sea where they are harvested with distinguished in landings. Unlike crabs, drift nets (a type of gill net) and bottom shrimp are cultured in coastal areas within trawls. The species inhabits shallow waters the PICES region. The major cultured in the summer months and migrates to species are all penaeids (P. chinensis, P. deeper water as the sea cools in autumn. monodon and P. japonicus dominate). We Females and later males migrate to were not able to report the species spawning grounds in summer, peak mating composition or production within the PICES occurs in September and there may be two Region at this time. For this reason and in incubations per year. Larvae are planktonic the interests of brevity, consideration of and have 6 larval stages. Incubation and shrimp aquaculture will be deferred to our larval development occur over a period of final report. 20-30 days Gazami crabs may reach 650 Mantis shrimps are stomatopods of the g but most in commercial catches are from family Squillidae and not closely related to 140 to 340 g. Both males and females are the much more familiar decapod shrimps. harvested. We include them here as they are unique and interesting although of only small Catches have been stable or increasing importance, except in the Bohai Sea. overall but there is evidence of depletion in Mantis shrimps are widely distributed in some areas. For example, the Wenzhou Chinese waters and they are also found in fishery landings were 6,800 t by 300 vessels Korea and Japan, where they were

69 historically more important than the present. area closures to protect spawning Compared to decapod shrimps in the area, concentrations and effort limitation for both these are slow growing and reach 150 to motorized trawling and fixed nets. 175 mm length at age 3. The maximum size is 210 mm (113 g) for females and 177 Economically, the fleshy prawn (P. mm (68 g) for males. Mating occurs in chinensis) has been the most important September and October. They tend to live commercial species in the Yellow and Bohai in burrows during the winter season Seas. It has also been extremely important (December to March) leading to low catch in China as a whole where landings rates but catch rates are similar during other averaged 167,527 t from 1986 to 1995. In months. Larvae occur in plankton samples the Yellow and Bohai Seas, fleshy prawns in May, and they persist in the plankton for have been exploited by Korea and Japan as 4-5 months. Larvae reach a maximum size well as China. Japan stopped fishing in of 26 mm as compared to 30 mm for the 1987. Landings from 1986-1995 were first benthic stages which are observed in 14.7% Korean, 5.1 % Japanese and 80.2% November. In 1982 the spawning biomass Chinese while averaging 7,916 t. Landings was estimated at 2,500 t and overall in China as a whole as well as the Bohai abundance was estimated at about 5,000 t. and China Seas have declined in recent years. There are two populations in the The blue shrimp (T. curvirostris) is Yellow-Bohai Sea area. One is found in the extremely widely distributed from Africa to western coastal waters of Korea while the Australia as well as southern and eastern other is found in both Korean and Chinese Asia, including China, Japan and Korea. waters. Although the two populations have Despite wide distribution, directed fishing separate migratory patterns, there is some occurs largely in China. In the PICES overlap in the Yellow Sea wintering region, the blue shrimp is particularly grounds. Fleshy prawns tend to follow the abundant in the Bohai and Yellow Seas 6°C isotherm as they begin their shoreward where the coastal waters of Shandong migration in March. The summer months Province are major fishing grounds, as are are a feeding period that culminates with certain Korean waters. It is also found in mating in October-November. There is a the East China Sea. Most fishing occurs massive mortality of males immediately during the reproductive and wintering after spawning that leads to large changes seasons when dense schooling occurs. in sex ratio. The species has been well The habitat is generally 20 to 40 m in the studied because of its importance to both Bohai and Yellow seas. Spawning begins in aquaculture and fishing. Fishing, growth May and peaks in June and July. As is true and mortality rates are well described as are of other penaeids, diet includes small diseases. Cohort analysis, yield per recruit molluscs and particularly planktonic modeling and stock-recruitment polychaetes and crustaceans. Chinese relationships are being used in stock landings from the Yellow and Bohai Seas assessment. Because hatchery techniques have increased drastically over the past 20 are available, enhancement through the years and averaged 48,018 t for 1988-1997, release of post-larval juveniles is being used as compared to 15,557 t during the previous to augment natural reproduction and has decade. While there is potential for further shown some promise. Currently, trawling is development in the South and East China forbidden in the Bohai Sea and that fishery Seas, the Yellow and Bohai Seas are is conducted with fixed nets and drift nets. considered over-exploited. Management Trawling is the usual means of fishing measures being considered include catch elsewhere by all nations involved. quotas on the wintering population, time-

70 The shiba shrimp (Metapenaeus joyneri) is populations distributed in shallow (< 20 m) waters of the Bohai, Yellow and East China Seas. This topic was considered briefly following Landings are about 5,000 t annually, but our consideration of Chinese fisheries and statistics are very imprecise. Shiba shrimp aquaculture. Findings were similar to those tend to be localized in distribution with little concerning sampling structure during our migration. Chinese catches are dominated 1998 meeting. The existence of discrete by shrimps of 100-110 mm length and aggregations at fine spatial scales is well weights of 11-13 g. Spawning occurs in known for many crab and shrimp stocks. At March-May and again in September- large spatial scales, meta-population December. Landing data for China were structure is often perpetuated by larval drift not presented, but FAO data show Korean occasionally to the point that some landings varying from 2,086 to 7,852 t from geographical units may be non-functional 1986 to 1995. from a reproductive standpoint. Further illustration of these problems is planned in The akiami paste shrimp (Acetes chinensis) the final report. is a sergistid shrimp found in China, Korea and Japan and is among the northernmost Effectiveness of marine sanctuaries and species of the genus. Landings constitute restrictions of fishing activities on crabs the largest single species shrimp fishery in and shrimps the world according to 1995 FAO statistics (409,995 t). The vast majority of world This topic was also briefly considered. landings are taken in China with Korea a There are apparently no marine sanctuaries distant second according to FAO statistics. that were established primarily to protect In China, they are the most important catch crabs and shrimps. Those that might be of various fixed (bag-like) nets. Chinese useful in this regard protect habitat for a landings averaged 223,934 t from 1976 to multiplicity of purposes (e.g. no dredging, 1997 with an average of 197,108 t (90.0%) dumping, mineral exploration, removal of coming from the PICES Region. In the artifacts, etc) other than perpetuation Bohai Sea the fishery has a 300 year history fisheries. This does not preclude and currently accounts for about one third of establishing sanctuaries for this purpose all landings there. They are also extremely and we recognized that sanctuaries are important in the East China Sea. Within the being considered in management planning Chinese PICES Region, 45.6% of landings for a variety of fisheries. Most frequently, are from the Bohai-Yellow Sea area and closures to fishing gear of certain types are 54.7% are from the East China Sea (1976- used in the management of crabs and 1997). These production figures are nearly shrimps. These latter “sanctuaries” are best astounding considering that the body treated as individual cases in our final lengths of mature paste shrimp are 17-32 report. mm for males and 18-43 mm for females (A 43 mm female is approximately 0.5 g). Other matters Spawning occurs twice per year and both brood stocks die after reproduction. The Working Group noted with pleasure that the NAFO/PICES/ICES Symposium We thank our Chinese colleagues for “Pandalid Shrimp Fisheries - Science and introducing us to shrimp aquaculture and Management at the Millennium” was to take particularly for including a trip to their place in Dartmouth, Canada, September 8- experimental station. 10, with Jim Boutillier of WG 12 as the Spatial structuring of crab and shrimp PICES Co-Convener. We were glad that

71 we could participate in its planning. As an conventionally exploitable crustacean afternote, the symposium was the first resources in the North Pacific. This is how dealing with world-wide pandalid shrimps we have treated them in a first-time look. since the International Pandalid Shrimp We felt it would be a mistake to allow this Symposium held by University of Alaska sort of effort to be eroded by time. We Sea Grant in Kodiak, Alaska, in 1979. hence recommend continuation of WG 12 There were 96 participants including eight efforts by a “Committee on Crustacean invited speakers to four sessions. Sessions Fisheries” that would convene every third included: 1) Environmental and Trophic year to update statistical series and Considerations) Stock Assessments, 3) research summaries and perhaps consider Management, and, 4) Harvesting and one special topic. This would be similar to Processing. There were 23 oral the way some working groups have presentations and 15 posters. The proceeded in ICES (eg., majid crabs). In symposium was attended by general, the WG did not see the need for a representatives of 15 nations. committee to meet annually as most research topics would readily fit into the WG 12 was also glad to note that the current FIS topic sessions. meeting of colleagues fostered by WG 12 has led to a cooperative Canadian-Korean How crustacean issues might best be project whereby Dr. Inja Yeon will be integrated into PICES for longer-term working in Nanaimo with Dr. Glen Jamieson consideration is not clear. We were and colleagues. reminded of the tremendous diversity of crustaceans during our deliberations and Conclusion of WG 12 activities and particularly concerned that we were not provision of final report dealing with the tremendous trophic importance of the groups that provide This was the last meeting of WG 12 and no fisheries as well as those that do not. We further financial resources will be necessary stopped short of recommending a Working to complete our work. It was the unanimous Group concerned with crustacean intention of WG 12 to publish a document trophodynamics. We do however as a PICES Scientific Report, over the recommend that a group be identified to course of the next year. Drafting is in integrate crustaceans in a regional progress and most statistical series are experiment involving the Bohai/Yellow Sea contained in our meeting documents. This area. In this regard we also recognized the would provide the first synoptic look at need to develop a statistical system based shrimp and crab stocks in the North Pacific. on area of capture rather than area of It is our intent that this be a living document. landings.

Long-term PICES consideration of crabs We continue to recommend that a “Working and shrimps Group on Introduced Species” be established. Crab, shrimp and lobsters in the PICES Region simply encompass the

WG 12 Annex 1 Participation List

Canada Jim Boutillier

72 Glen Jamieson Hideo Sekiguchi

China Korea Shen-Li Cai Sung-Yun Hong Ji-Sheng Chen Jing-Yau Deng Russia Ling Tong Boris Ivanov Zhi-Meng Zhuang Vitaly Rodin (Co-Chairman)

U.S.A. Japan Robert S. Otto (Co-Chairman)

73 REPORT OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY COMMITTEE

W X

Opening (Agenda Item 1) It was recommended that Working Group 8 continue for one more year to oversee the The MEQ meeting was opened by the assembly and publication of data from the Chairman, Dr. Alexander V. Tkalin, on Workshop, and that the final data set be Wednesday, Oct. 13, and continued on Oct. published as a PICES Scientific Report in a 14. Members from all PICES member format that could be cited in primary countries were present (MEQ Endnote 1). publications resulting from the Workshop. The proposed agenda for the meeting (MEQ These recommendations were endorsed by Endnote 2) was adopted. the MEQ Committee. The MEQ Committee also recommended that a session be Working Group 8 report and assessment convened at the PICES Ninth Annual of the MEQ Practical Workshop (Agenda Meeting in Hakodate to present and discuss Items 2 and 3) the Workshop results.

The report of WG 8 on Practical Relations with other inter-governmental Assessment Methodology was presented by bodies and programs (Agenda Items 4-6) Dr. John E. Stein (MEQ Endnote 3). The MEQ Practical Workshop (organized by Drs. Dr. Tkalin reported that PICES was asked to Stein and Colin D. Levings and Ms. Carla co-operate with the Arctic Monitoring and Stehr) was held in Vancouver, Canada at Assessment Program (AMAP), of which the West Vancouver Laboratory of Russia, Canada and the U.S.A. are already Canada’s Department of Fisheries and members. The Committee agreed to this Oceans, and hosted by Dr. Levings. Over proposal. 20 participants from all PICES countries participated in sampling and analyzing of Dr. Tkalin also described the relationship benthos, fish and inter-tidal biota. Some between PICES and GOOS (Global Ocean preliminary results of chemical and Observing System). GOOS currently has biological analyses had been compiled, and several components: Living Marine the organisers are confident that the Resources (LMR), Health of the Oceans Workshop had yielded valuable scientific (HOTO) and Coastal GOOS, all of which will data and had provided a unique opportunity eventually be merged. Within the North for PICES scientists to collaborate and to East Asian Region of GOOS (NEAR- establish good working relationships. Dr. GOOS), China, Japan, Korea and Russia Richard F. Addison summarized the have already agreed to exchange data on Workshop activities at the Opening Session physical oceanographic variables. These of the PICES Eighth Annual Meeting in data will be held in national data bases and Vladivostok, and Ms. Stehr provided a more also at the Japan Oceanographic Data detailed description, illustrated with slides, Centre (JODC) and at the Regional Real to the Committee. Some recent data Time Data Base (RRTDB) operated by the describing metal concentrations in various Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). samples collected at the Workshop was PICES' involvement with GOOS will be distributed to the Working Group members coordinated through the MONITOR Task by Dr. Tkalin. Team and there will be no direct involvement of MEQ at the moment, though this may come later.

73 reference were provided by an ad hoc Dr. Addison tabled correspondence with Dr. group. Membership of the Working Group Matthiessen (Chairman, ICES Working on Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Group on Biological Effects of North Pacific was discussed briefly prior to Contaminants: WGBEC) concerning future their presentation to Science Board. MEQ joint activities with the MEQ Committee. also recommended to Science Board that ICES - WGBEC will propose a meeting to travel funds be allocated to allow one of the be held in Seattle in spring, 2001, to discuss two Co-Chairmen of the proposed Working the application of artificial intelligence to the Group to travel to meet the other Co- manipulation of large data sets, probably Chairman for one inter-sessional meeting. jointly with SETAC. The MEQ Committee (See MEQ recommendations to SB.) recognised that this was a highly specialised topic which may not appeal to The MEQ Strategic Plan (Agenda Item 8) many members, but agreed to support the proposal, provided that an additional day Dr. Tkalin presented a draft MEQ Strategic could be added to address more general Plan. The document was approved by the aspects of PICES-ICES cooperation in the MEQ Committee (MEQ Endnote 4). area of MEQ scientific interests. Review of Scientific Sessions at PICES Drs. Tkalin and Addison re-introduced the VIII (Agenda Items 9 and 12) topic of PICES' interactions with GIWA (Global International Water Assessment). The Committee reviewed the scientific GIWA had made some preliminary sessions at PICES VIII. A joint MEQ/BIO proposals to PICES (see the PICES 1997 Topic Session on Coastal Eutrophication, Annual) but had not followed these up. Phytoplankton Dynamics, and Harmful Algal However, in a recent GIWA brochure, Blooms (with thirteen invited or contributed PICES was identified as a partner with papers) was extremely successful and well GIWA Dr. Addison undertook to work with attended. The MEQ Topic Session on Eco- the PICES Secretariat to clarify future logical Impacts of Oil Spills and Exploration connection between PICES and GIWA. (with twelve invited or contributed papers) was also very successful and attracted Establishment of a new Working Group overflow attendance. A further eleven (Agenda Items 7 and 10) papers were presented at the MEQ Paper Session. Finally, the Committee noted with Dr. Tatiana Orlova introduced this topic, pleasure the high standard of presentations which followed the successful joint MEQ- at all sessions, including that for contributed BIO Topic Session on Coastal papers. This made the choice of the Best Eutrophication, Phytoplankton Dynamics, Presentation Award at the meeting and Harmful Algal Blooms. It was extremely difficult, but after prolonged recognized that there was a need for a discussion, and two rounds of voting, the Working Group on harmful algal bloom and Committee nominated Dr. Tatiana Orlova that its terms of reference would reflect (Russia) for the award for her paper entitled concerns of the MEQ, BIO and POC “Harmful algal blooms on the Pacific coast committees. For administrative reasons of Russia”. MEQ considered that it would be simpler for the Working Group to report to only one Future scientific sessions (Agenda Item committee (MEQ) but its terms of reference 11) would recognize the need to links concerns of the other committees. Draft terms of

74 The MEQ Committee discussed activities members felt that the opportunity to offer for the PICES Ninth Annual Meeting in papers outside the themes identified by the Hakodate. In addition to the session on the committees was an important factor in MEQ Practical Workshop, to be co- attracting younger scientists, and new convened by Ms. Carla M. Stehr (U.S.A.) ideas, to PICES. The Committee and Dr. Toshihiro Horiguchi (Japan), agreed recognized the value of enhancing the to sponsor a Topic Ssession on Science status of the poster sessions, and agreed and Technology for Environmentally with the mechanisms proposed to achieve Sustainable Mariculture in Coastal Areas. this. However, it felt that poster Proposed Co-Convenors are Drs. John E. presentations were still viewed in some Stein (U.S.A.) and Colin D. Levings areas as being less significant than oral (Canada). presentations, and until this way of thinking Other business (Agenda Items 13 and 14) changed, the Committee agreed unanimously that it was desirable to retain The Committee discussed various business the Paper Sessions in addition to enhancing items referred by the Science Board the poster sessions. Chairman, Ms. Patricia Livingston. The Committee agreed to nominate Dr. Stein as The proposed amendments to the PICES its representative on the Steering Handbook were discussed: the Committee Committee for the PICES 10th Anniversary was reluctant to remove the guarantee that Symposium. each Committee could invite one speaker (at PICES’ expense) to the Annual Meeting, The Committee also agreed with the and it proposed an alternative wording suggestion that the Science Board which would provide the flexibility for a Symposium should be moved to an earlier committee to invite more than one speaker “slot” during the Annual Meeting, and with if that were justified. the proposal to encourage further inter- committee sponsored sessions. The MEQ meeting was formally closed with an expression of thanks to Dr. Tkalin for The suggestion to eliminate the Paper convening a very successful scientific Sessions excited strong disagreement: session.

MEQ Endnote 1 Participation List

Canada Korea Richard F. Addison (Rapporteur) K.H. Kim Steve C. Samis F.J.R. (Max) Taylor Russia Alexander V. Tkalin (Chairman, MEQ) China Irina G. Agafonova Ming-Jiang Zhou (Co-Chairman, WG 8) Dmitry L. Aminin Tatiana Orlova Japan Lev M. Gramm-Osipov Makoto Shimizu Yoichiro Ishibashi U.S.A. Yasuwo Fukuyo John E. Stein (Co-Chairman, WG 8) Carla M. Stehr

75

Observer Evgeny Shumilin (Mexico)

MEQ Endnote 2 Agenda

1. Opening and introduction of members, 7. Discussion on establishing new Working adoption of the agenda (All). Group (All). 2. Review of WG 8 report (J. Stein, M.J. 8. Review and adoption of MEQ Strategic Zhou). Plan (R. Addison, A. Tkalin). 3. Report on the MEQ Practical Workshop 9. Report on MEQ Scientific Sessions (C. Stehr). (K.W. Lee, A. Tkalin, T. Orlova). 4. Discussion of possible involvement in 10. Proposals on publications/travel support Arctic Monitoring and Assessment (A. Tkalin). Program, AMAP (A. Tkalin). 11. Proposals for future MEQ Scientific 5. PICES-GOOS relationships: outcome Sessions (All). from discussion at MONITOR WS (A. 12. Best Presentation Award. Tkalin, B. Taft). 13. Draft report to Science Board. 6. PICES-ICES relationships: plans for the 14. Other matters. PICES MEQ – ICES WGBEC WS (R. Addison).

MEQ Endnote 3 Report of Working Group 8 on Practical Assessment Methodology

The meeting of WG 8 was convened at presented results of analysis of fish bile for 0900 on October 10, 1999 (see Annex 1 for exposure to polycyclic aromatic list of participants. Ms. Carla M. Stehr hydrocarbons and histopathological agreed to serve as rapporteur. analyses of fish liver. The draft activity report was discussed, reviewed and The meeting agenda (Annex 2) was accepted with minor revisions (Annex 4). reviewed and approved. The objective of the meeting was to review status of sample The other major topics were: a) analyses collected during the MEQ Practical presentation of the results from the MEQ Workshop, which was conducted in May Practical Workshop at the PICES Ninth and June of this year in Vancouver Harbour, Annual Meeting in Hakodate, Japan; and b) Canada, and to begin planning for the publication of data and findings. publication and presentation of the Workshop results. a. Presentations: Dr. John E. Stein suggested that individual researchers or Dr. Alexander V. Tkalin presented each team prepare a poster on their preliminary results from analyses of findings. During the proposed session sediment, mussels and fish muscle tissue there would be a short presentation (5 for trace metals. Prof. Makoto Shimizu minutes) on each poster to brief the presented preliminary results for imposex objective of the work, the analytical studies of snails and analysis of mussel approach, and the major findings. The tissue for tributyl tin, and Ms. Carla Stehr posters could then be viewed during the

76 break. The session would also include Potential title for a special issue is presentations of particularly interesting “Environmental Assessment of findings (abstracts submitted to PICES Vancouver Harbour: Proceedings of an for oral presentation). To open the International Workshop”. session, an overview presentation on the Workshop would be given. c. The data report would build on the format of the database developed for b. Publications: The Working Group English sole sampled during the members discussed compiling the data workshop. Additional databases would into a series of files, with a preface of 3- be prepared for the following samples: 5 pages of text consisting of an 1) benthos, 2) clams/mussels, 3) fish introduction, materials and methods, community, 4) harmful algae, 5) and a brief synopsis of the results. This imposex in Nucella spp., and 6) could be published as a PICES Science sediment chemistry. It will be important Report. Possible title for the report is to cross reference files such as “Environmental Assessment of sediment chemistry with fish data. Vancouver Harbour: Data Report for the PICES MEQ Practical Workshop”. The Working Group members approved the The Working Group should approach a draft meeting report and the journal editor about publishing a special recommendations to the MEQ Committee issue on the Practical Workshop. (Annex 3). Journals such as Marine Environmental Research, or Marine Pollution Bulletin The meeting was adjourned at 1200 h on were suggested as possibilities. October 10, 1999.

WG 8 Annex 1 Participation List

Canada Russia Richard F. Addison (WG 8, MEQ)* Lev M. Gramm-Osipov (WG 8, MEQ) Steve C. Samis (MEQ) Alexander Tkalin (WG 8, MEQ Chairman)*

China U.S.A. Ming-Jiang Zhou, (WG 8 Co-Chairman)* John E. Stein (WG 8 Co-Chairman, MEQ)* Carla Stehr (U.S.A., observer, participant in Japan Practical Workshop) Makoto Shimizu (MEQ) Yoichiro Ishibashi (observer) *Member of WG 8 Implementation Group for Practical Workshop

WG 8 Annex 2 WG 8 Meeting Agenda

Goal of meeting: Review progress in steps in presenting findings to PICES and analyses of samples collected during for publishing data and findings. Practical Workshop and determine next Start date/time: 09:00, October 10, 1999

77 7. Discuss PICES IX Session for 1. Welcome and logistics presenting results of Practical Workshop 2. Introductions of members and observers 8 Discuss Workshop Technical Report 3. Discuss and adopt agenda 9 Other business 4. Appoint Rapporteur 10. Consideration, review and approval of 5. Review progress of analysis of samples recommendations to MEQ from Practical Workshop 11. Closure of the meeting 6. Review and revise draft report on activities during Practical Workshop

78 WG 8 Annex 3 Recommendations to MEQ Committee

1. It was the conclusion of WG 8 that the permanent record of PICES activities. It first objective WG 8, to plan and hold is anticipated that the Scientific Report the MEQ Practical Workshop, was could be more then 100 pages. achieved, and that the Workshop was a success. The publication of the data 3. All analyses of samples collected during and findings from the Workshop is the MEQ Practical Workshop will be warranted. We therefore recommend completed by June 2000. The WG 8 that WG 8 continue for one more year to recommends a one half-day or a whole oversee the publication of the results. day special session at the PICES Ninth Annual Meeting on findings from the 2. WG 8 also recommends that the full Workshop. The recommended session data set from the MEQ Practical title is: Environmental Assessment of Workshop be published as a PICES Vancouver Harbour Canada: Results Scientific Report, and that PICES from the PICES Practical Workshop. consider archiving the data from the Workshop in electronic form as

WG 8 Annex 4 PICES Practical Workshop Interim Report

Part A – Minutes of meetings and summary of field activities during the MEQ Practical Workshop scientific expertise, and objectives for Day 1, May 24, 1999, 1300 h the workshop. Those in attendance were: Colin Levings, Canada; Agenda Christine Elliott, Canada; Beth Piercey, 1. Introductions of workshop participants; Canada; John Stein, US; Carla Stehr, 2. Safety video (Workplace Hazardous US; Alexander Tkalin, Russia; Makoto Materials Information System video); Shimizu, Japan; Munetaka Shimizu, 3. Laboratory tour; Japan; Tatyana Belan, Russia; Tatyana 4. Description of geographic and Lishavskaya, Russia; Michael Watson, oceanographic features of Burrard Inlet. U.S.A.; Toshihiro Horiguchi, Japan; Seiichi Uno, Japan; Tian Yan, China; Minutes Zhengyan Li, China; and Jihyum Yun, Korea. 1. Colin Levings and John Stein thanked Carla Stehr, Christine Elliott, and Beth 2. Ms. Christine Elliott discussed Piercey for their efforts to date on laboratory safety and showed the logistics, daily work planning, and WHMIS video, demonstrating the safe acquisition of workshop supplies. Their use of chemicals. She emphasized that efforts have been key to implementing there is no eating, drinking or smoking in the MEQ Practical Workshop. Each any of the laboratories. It was also participant then gave a brief introduction noted that Material Safety Data Sheets of his or her professional associations, (MSDS) are available for all chemicals

79 used in the laboratories or on the R/V 5. Specific discussion of workshop Harold W. Streeter. sampling plan and greater detail on sampling site characteristics; 3. Ms. Elliott and Piercey conducted a tour 6. R/V Harold W. Streeter arrives from the of the laboratories available to the U.S.A. participants for the duration of the workshop. Minutes 4. Colin Levings gave a short presentation on the general geography and 1. For the benefit of participants arriving oceanography of the Burrard Inlet to today there were brief introductions acquaint the participants with features of Additional scientists joining the the sampling sites. He explained that Workshop for the day were Sung-Bum intertidal collections would be done from Hur (Korea), Tracy Collier (U.S.A.), an 8m outboard-powered launch (boat Janice Boyd (Canada) and Darcy operator provided by DFO Habitat and Goyette (Canada). Additional scientists Enhancement Branch) that could put present today for the rest of the scientists on the beach for collecting. Workshop were Richard Addison (Canada) and Stelvio Bandiera Day 2, May 25, 1999, 0830 h (Canada).

Agenda 2. Summary of presentations

1. Introductions of participants; Canada: 2. National Presentations (1 hour each): Richard Addison presented an overview Canada - Richard Addison, Janice of marine environmental monitoring by Boyd, Darcy Goyette, Environment federal and provincial agencies, and Canada. presented representative results from China - Tian Yan, Zheng-Yan Li research projects that were pertinent to Japan - Makoto Shimizu subjects of interest at the workshop, Russia - Alexander Tkalin e.g., TBT and dioxin and furans. There United States - John Stein was also a presentation on the BC Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) Dr. Jong Geel Je will give the formal Program. This program is addressing presentation by Korea after he arrives minimizing effects of pulp mill on May 28, 1999. Dr. Sung-Bum Hur of discharges on biota in receiving waters. Korea (in the group as an observer) kindly agreed to give a short China: presentation on current issues Tian Yan described Chinese programs associated with aquaculture in Korea. on marine environmental monitoring of Dr. Hur is a visiting scientist at IOS in pollution and seafood safety (biotoxins) Sidney, B.C., Canada. and briefly discussed a marine reserves program. She followed with highlights of 3. Overview of Puget Sound Protocols: research on effects of TBT on marine sediment and fish collection - Carla species and of studies to measure Stehr, U.S.A.; effects on marine species from marine 4. Discussion of previous contaminant phycotoxins. monitoring studies in Burrard Inlet. Darcy Goyette, Environment Canada;

80 Zheng-Yan Li presented a chronology of results of selected research projects that the development of marine pollution highlighted marine environmental regulations and programs in Hong Kong. quality. Monitoring efforts are directed towards assessing water quality, the impacts of United States: dredging, and disposal of dredged John Stein started with a brief overview material. Li also described briefly some of the federal, state and local (county) of the techniques being used to assess agencies with regulatory and monitoring sediment quality and recent results of responsibility along the West Coast of water quality compliance monitoring. the United States. He presented Japan: highlights of findings from coastwide Makoto Shimizu gave a complete and more local (e.g., Puget Sound) overview of marine environmental monitoring and research studies monitoring in Japan. He presented assessing linkages between marine information on individual projects, the contamination and effects on marine responsible agency, project objective, and anadromous fish species. He survey areas, frequency of sampling, emphasized how monitoring results are and measurements made in water, being used in support of environmental sediment and biota. Janice Boyd management actions. (Canada) initiated discussion on the differences in what is classified as 3. Carla Stehr presented an overview of ocean disposal in the different PICES the relevant fish and sediment sampling countries. For example, disposal in protocols from the "Puget Sound Japan is predominantly in deeper water, Protocols" and background information while in North America, disposal has on choosing fish species as indicators. occurred in more shallow water. She also described, with appropriate photos, how sediment and fish tissues Korea: are collected using the R/V Harold W. Workshop participants appreciated the Streeter. The Puget Sound Protocols willingness of Dr. Hur to give, on short were developed from inter-agency notice, brief comments on Korean efforts in the United States to aquaculture programs and his related standardize sampling and analysis research. Currently there are concerns methodology to improve Puget Sound about the degradation of coastal environmental monitoring data quality. environmental quality and its effect on aquaculture productivity. Specifically, 4. Darcy Goyette, Environment Canada, an important cultured molluscan discussed post-monitoring activities in shellfish species is declining and the Burrard Inlet, including information on cause is currently unknown. Research physical and biological characteristics is underway to identify the cause. that proved valuable in fine-tuning the sampling protocol for the workshop. Russia: Alexander Tkalin presented a 5. Colin Levings led a discussion of the description of the organizational biota and sediment sampling issues, structure of the Far Eastern Regional and answered questions on the Hydrometeorlogical Research Institute sampling sites. The discussion was in Vladivostok, Russia and the initiated by a presentation of a table relationships between monitoring and showing the types and numbers of research activities. He also introduced sediment and fish tissue samples to be

81 taken (necropsy procedure). The table was generated from email exchanges Agenda on samples of interest for each investigator. 1. MEQ Strategic Plan; 2. Publication of MEQ Practical Workshop It was agreed to focus chemistry results; analyses on fish tissues, rather than a 3. MEQ Sessions; surrogate (e.g. crab hepatopancreas) 4. New MEQ Working Group; even though crabs may also be 5. MEQ interactions with GIWA, ICES, available. Fish age will be determined GOOS. at the Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo. Minutes

For sediment, it was agreed to follow 1. The draft MEQ Strategic Plan prepared Puget Sound protocols for chemical by Drs. Addison and Tkalin was analyses. A sediment sample for reviewed. The major components of the chemistry will be taken from each of 3 plan were briefly discussed. There was Van Veen grabs to be collected at each agreement on the content. Dr. Stein site. These grabs will be taken in the offered a set of potential broad topic same location and at the same time as areas for consideration for consideration the benthos sediment grabs. Five grabs for inclusion in the plan. Suggested per site will be taken for benthos. Five topics included: long range transport of samples for meiofauna will be taken contaminants, contaminate effects in from one grab at each site. Three highly migratory species, trophic transfer samples for toxic algae will also be of contaminants, and impact of natural collected. toxins on marine species.

6. R/V Harold W. Streeter arrived from the 2. Each country agreed to draft a short United States at approximately 1430. report for the 1999 Annual Report Scientists who accompanied the describing their participation in the Streeter and participated in the first few workshop and schedule for analyses. days of the workshop included Paul Drs. Levings and Stein agreed to draft a Plesha, Dan Lomax, Bernadita short article for PICES Press on the Anulacion, and Sean Sol; all research Workshop; the article will include, scientists/field biologists from the perhaps, one group photo of the National Marine Fisheries Service participants and one photo of sampling. (NOAA) in Seattle. 3. Dr. Tkalin reported that satisfactory Day 3, May 26, 1999, Intersessional MEQ progress in identifying keynote speakers Meeting for the MEQ Topic Sessions at PICES VIII. Dr. Bruce Wright of U.S.A. and The opportunity was taken to hold an Prof. Kazuichi Hayakawa of Japan have intersessional meeting of the MEQ agreed to give talks at the session on Committee, because several committee Ecological Impacts of Oil Spills and members were present for the Workshop. Exploration. Dr. David Garrison of U.S.A. has agreed to co-convene the Attendees - Committee members: R. joint MEQ/BIO session on Coastal Addison, M. Shimizu, J. Stein, A. Tkalin, Euthropphication, Phytoplankton and M. Watson; observers: C. Levings. Dynamics, and Harmful Algal Blooms.

82 May 27 - Sample collection at trawl and 4. There was discussion of potential new sediment site 49, and intertidal site I-1 topics for a new Working Group to be (West Vancouver Lab). sponsored by the MEQ Committee. Two possible topics for consideration at May 28 - Sample collection at trawl and PICES VIII are harmful algal blooms, sediment site 11B and intertidal site I-3 and long-range transport of (Longsdale Quay). DFO launch operator contaminants. It was agreed that Bruce Clark and Beth Piercey briefed topic(s) for new working group(s) will be intertidal collectors on small boat safety and an agenda item for the MEQ Committee issued PFDs (lifejackets). at PICES VIII. May 29 - Sample collection at trawl and 5. There was considerable discussion of sediment site 38, intertidal site I-5 (Port potential interactions between the MEQ Moody), sediment site 41B (Ioco) and Committee and other Organizations and intertidal site I-6. Programs. A few possibilities currently before the Committee are: 1) continuing May 30 - Sample collection at trawl and to explore interactions with GIWA, 2) sediment site 48 and intertidal site I-4 more formal coordination with GOOS, (Indian Arm). and 3) a joint meeting with the ICES Working Group on Biological Effects of May 31 - free day except for scientists Contaminants. Horiguchi and Li, who traveled to Victoria to Dr. Addison will continue communication look for snails for imposex research since on potential interactions with GIWA. none have been observed at any of the Presently GIWA has an Executive planned sites. Snails were successfully Secretary and is apparently hiring located at four sites in Victoria. secretarial staff. June 1 - Sample collection at sediment sites Several members of the MEQ 3A (Sulfur Dock), intertidal site I-2, and Committee have attended variously return to site 11B for additional trawls for GOOS meetings or workshops, and length/weight flatfish community data. Dr. there was agreement that there is a Jong Jeel Je arrived from Korea. potential for collaboration between the MEQ Committee and the coastal June 2 - Sample collection at trawl and oriented GOOS projects [e.g., North sediment site 50 (Gibsons) and intertidal East Asia Regional – GOOS, (NEAR- site I-7, and snail collection at Mission Point, GOOS)]. Further discussions will be near Sechelt. Part of the group traveled by needed at the PICES VIII meeting on ferry/van, others via the R/V Streeter. interactions with GOOS. June 3 - Return to site T-49 to get additional Days 3 – 14, May 26 - June 6, 1999, MEQ length/weight data for fish community Practical Workshop field activities research. Additional sediment grabs and fishing operations were conducted for May 26 - Prepared supplies and equipment interested scientists. Research vessel for sample collection. Received safety departed for return transit to Seattle. training concerning the research vessel. June 4-6 - Sample processing in the laboratory, and preparation of samples for shipping to the participants laboratories.

83 143 Bile for fluorescent aromatic June 7 - Final meeting and barbecue at Co- compound (FACs) analyses (some Chairman Colin Levings’ house. fish did not have bile) (US) 150 Liver for organic analyses (US) Sample collection Synopsis: 93 Liver organic analyses (Japan) • Seven sites were sampled for sediment 25 Muscle for trace metals analyses and benthic invertebrates; (Russia) • Five sites were sampled for fish; 49 Muscle for organic analyses (Japan) • Seven sites were sampled for intertidal 150 Gonads for organic analyses invertebrates and algae; (Japan) • Four sites on Vancouver Island and one 60 Liver for Cytochrome P450 1-A near Sechelt (north of Howe Sound) (CYP1A) (Canada) were added for snail imposex 60 Liver for DNA adducts (US) determinations; 95 Stomachs for taxonomy of contents • The total number of samples collected (Canada) are summarized in the minutes of June 500 Length/weight of English sole 7, 1999. (Canada) 25 (trawls) species composition, Day 15, June 7, 1999, Review of field biomass data collected (Canada) activities and plans for sample analysis and overview of Practical Workshop activities Sediment Benthos Agenda for morning session: Review of field 35 grabs (0.1 m 2), Benthic community activities and plans for sample analysis: (Russia & Korea) Sediment Chemistry 1. View photos/slides of Practical 21 sediments for trace metals (Russia) Workshop activities; 21 sediments for TOC, TN (US & 2. Data review: - list samples taken Canada) (C,H,N - need to discuss 3. Preliminary discussion of next steps who will do total nitrogen) - Analyses - deadlines 21 sediments for organic (US) - Where do we go from here? Meiofauna & grain size - MEQ Strategic Plan 245 sediment samples (one grab at each site, 5 samples/grab, 7 slices Minutes from each sample with 4 for meiofauna, 3 for grain size) (Canada 1. Ms. Stehr, who had been photographing and Korea). the workshop activities, showed 35 mm Microalgae slides from the previous 2 weeks. These 9 sediment samples (3 sites, 3 reps/site) slides provided documentation of to culture microalgae from surficial workshop activities. sediments (China and Canada).

2. A list of samples collected during the Intertidal Practical Workshop: Mussels - 7 sites - 30/site trace metal (Russia) Fish - 500 g/site whole mussel for algal toxin. 162 Otoliths (Canada) (China) 152 Histology (liver, kidney, gonads) - 50 animals/site (9 sites) for organotin* (US) (Japan) (2 extra sites: Clover Point, 35 Plasma for vitellogenin (US & Japan) Victoria, and Sechelt)

84 - 50 animals/site for OCs and PAHs and and 100 were Nucella c. The lipids (8 sites) (Japan) Nucella c. could also be Nucella - 4 sites sampled for mussel community lima; Jong will do chromosome test using quadrates (Korea) for species ID. - 100 random mussels from 7 sites for condition factor, lipid (Korea) 3. The following tentative analysis deadlines were established: * composites will be analyzed

Otoliths, length frequency, fish Molluscs for organotin analyses (Japan) community analyses – September

1999 (Canada) site Bivalve collected Vittellogenin - September 1999 (Japan), I-1 mussel, oysters June 2000 (US) I-2 mussel, littleneck, butter, Bile - September 1999 (US) pointed macoma Liver organics - June 2000 (US, Japan) I-3a mussel Fish muscle trace metals - December I-3b mussel 1999 (Russia) I-3c mussel Fish muscle organics - June 2000 I-4a mussel, littleneck, butter, (Japan) pointed macoma, cockle Fish gonad organics - June 2000 I-4b littleneck, butter, pointed (Japan) macoma, cockle, horse clam Fish liver CYP1A - September 1999 I-5 mussel (Canada) I-6 mussel, mya, littleneck, Fish liver DNA adducts - December butter clam, oyster 1999 (US) I-7 mussel, softshell, dark Benthos species list - September 1999 mahogany clam, oyster (Korea and Russia)

Benthos statistics - December 1999 Oyden Pt. - Nucella spp. (Korea and Russia) Clover Pt. - Nucella spp., mussel Sediment metals - September 1999 10 Mile Pt - Nucella spp. (Russia) Missions Pt. - Nucella spp Sediment organics - June 2000 (US)

Sediment Total Organic Carbon - June (mussel = Mytilus trossulus) 2000 (US) (oysters = Crassostrea gigas) Meiofauna and sediment grain size - (native littleneck clam = Protothaca June 2000 (Canada) staminea) Grow out cysts from sediment - (butter clam = Saxidomus giganteus) December 1999 (Canada) (cockle = Clinocardium nuttali) Biotoxin analyses of molluscs - June (horse clam = Tresus capax) 2000 (China) (softshell clam = Mya arenaria) ARTOX analyses of microalgae -

September 2000 (China) Snails for imposex analyses (Japan and Mussel trace metals - December 1999 China) (Russia) 300-400 snails were collected at 3 Mollusks - TBT June 2000 (Japan) sites in Victoria including: Ogden Pt., Snails, imposex - June 2000 (Japan, Clover Pt., and Ten-mile Pt., and China) one site at Mission Pt. Sechelt. Of Bivalve organics - June 2000 (Japan) those collected, approximately 80 were Nucella e., 80 were Nucella l.,

85 Mussel community data, condition factor Vladivostok, in October 1999. This - June 2000 (Korea) would be a possible venue for presenting the full data sets from the Agenda for afternoon session: Overview of Practical Workshop. Data sets are to be Practical Workshop activities completed by June 2000.

1. Report on Workshop activities A “primary” publication in a special issue 2. Sampling overview of a scientific journal was discussed. 3. Publications Whether a special issue will be possible 4. Future – Strategic Plan discussion will depend on the findings from the workshop. Potential journals to Minutes consider: Marine Environmental Research, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1. Carla Stehr presented the workshop Environmental Pollution. slide show again as a visual aid to describe workshop activities for Dr. 4. Future MEQ activities were also a topic Alexander Bychkov, PICES Executive of discussion. Alexander Tkalin Secretary. discussed in general terms the potential interactions with other scientific 2. Richard Addison provided a summary of organizations. Alexander Bychkov sampling sites, samples taken, and presented current status of interactions anticipated completion dates for between ICES and GOOS and possible analyses. discussions between PICES and GOOS to consider a more specific relationship. 3. Discussion on publications from the The discussions may be initiated in the MEQ Practical Workshop resulted as MONITOR Task Team Workshop at follows: PICES VIII.

John Stein and Colin Levings will draft The former MEQ chairman, Richard an article for PICES Press. The article Addison, has also been contacted by is due to the Secretariat in late ICES members to explore possible September 1999. A lead scientist was interactions with MEQ on a novel delegated to develop a 1-2 page approach to evaluate environmental summary of samples and analyses to monitoring data. The possibility of date. The summary is due to Levings holding a joint PICES, ICES and SETAC and Stein on September 20, 1999. The workshop will be discussed in the near teams and team leads are: future. The workshop could be held in the Pacific Northwest. Team Lead Scientists Fish Stehr Colin Levings proposed consideration of Benthos Je pursuing contacts with LOICZ, because Imposex Horiguchi of the similarities with the goals of MEQ. Algal Toxins Yan No conclusion was reached on the next Mussels Tkalin step for external relations. Alexander Clam Uno Bychkov will keep us informed of discussions taking place at the level of Participants also consider developing a the Secretariat. PICES Scientific Report. A final decision will be made at PICES VIII in

86 There are other possibilities for discussed at PICES VIII, in regard to interactions of MEQ with a range of overseeing the publication of the organizations. This will be a major topic Practical Workshop findings. for the MEQ Committee to work on at PICES VIII. Alexander Bychkov provided his view on the success of the Practical Workshop and Alexander Tkalin then gave an overview expressed thanks for the efforts of Colin of discussions within MEQ on topics to Levings in organizing the Workshop and be considered for new Working Groups being a very good host. Bychkov said, to be sponsored by MEQ. The possible clearly, the Workshop was a great success. Working Groups are: Alexander Tkalin also thanked Carla Stehr and John Stein and the other US • HABs: atlas and training workshop participants for providing the R/V Streeter organization; and their expertise in sampling. Colin • Long range transport of Levings expressed his thanks to all contaminants and nutrients. participants for attending the workshop and making it a great success. The Practical The status of WG 8 was discussed. The Workshop was formally adjourned at 1500. question is whether to continue WG 8 until the results are published. It was agreed that this item will be formally Part B - Status reports on sample analyses

1. Summary of status of analyses of Japan - Organic chemical analyses and lipid samples content in mussels expected to be complete in June 2000. Benthos Team Japan - Organotin compounds in Mytilus Korea and Russia - Benthic community trossulus has been completed, with the data: species list and statistics expected highest levels evident at all of the non- December 99. reference sites in Vancouver Harbor. Canada – Mieobenthos: data expected June Korea - Condition factor and community 2000 analyses expected June 2000.

Sediment Chemistry Clam Team Russia - Metals analyses of sediment Japan - Analyses for organotin compounds complete. clams expected to be completed in the US - Aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbon next few months. analyses of sediment are in process: Japan - Organic chemical anlayses data expected Jan. 15, 2000. expected June 2000. US - Total organic carbon analyses of sediment complete. Harmful Algal Team China - Harmful Algae. Standard Artemia Mussel Team Toxicity Test (ARTOX) was performed Russia - Metals analysis on mussels have during the workshop to detect harmful been completed. One site had microalgae in Vancouver Harbor. particularly high concentrations of Al, Microalgal cells were scraped from Cu, Pb and Fe compared to the macroalgae and concentrated. Positive reference sites. results of samples from Lonsdale Quay suggested that Heterosigma or the DSP

87 producer Prorocentrum might be Russia - Metals analyses of fish muscle are present. complete. China - Shellfish samples (both intertidal Japan - Vitellogenin analyses (2 sites). and species) collected and frozen during Blood plasma collected from English the workshop will be analyzed for sole at two sites was analyzed during Paralytic Shellfish Poison using HPLC in the workshop. No vittelogenin was the next few months. observed in any of the samples, except Canada - surficial sediment was incubated for one individual from the reference for 3 weeks, and samples collected site. Reconfirmation of the sex every few days and preserved. These (histology), and check for cross samples will be analyzed for reactivity by immunoblotting needs to be phytoplankton abundance and done to rule out an error in sex composition over the next few months. determination or non-specific cross reactivity. Imposex Team US - Vitellogenin analyses (2 sites). Data Japan - Two species of dogwinkle were expected December 1999. examined for imposex. 72 to 100% of Canada - CYP1A in fish liver data are the snails examined at all four sites expected December 1999. (three sites near Victoria, and one site in Japan - Organic chemical analyses of fish Howe Sound) were affected. Additional muscle, liver and gonad are expected species of snails will be examined in the June 2000. next few months. US - Chlorinated hydrocarbon analyses of China - Imposex data expected in the next fish liver are expected January 2000. few months. US - PAH metabolites in bile, the data are Japan - Analyses for Organotin compounds available. in Nucella will be completed soon. US - DNA adducts in liver (2 sites) data are expected in June 2000. Fish Team US - Fish histopathology. Most of slides 2. Individual Status Reports read - preliminary data available. Liver lesions were not observed in fish Benthos Team Status Report examined at the reference sites, however 24 % of fish at the three test Benthic community identification and sites had one or more types of lesions statistical analysis (Russia and Korea) are known to be associated with in process and expected December 99. contaminant exposure. Canada - Fish age. Otoliths have been Meiobenthos (Canada) are in process and read. Results suggest that there is are expected June 2000 some density dependence, possibly Sediment Chemistry Status Report because this is an unfished population. Fish are older than expected based on Dr. Stein's Lab: TOC analyses (seven size. sites) - data completed and available at the Canada - Sites were plotted and charted by PICES VIII meeting. GIS. Tables of trawl and grab location data are complete. Dr. Stein's Lab: AH and CH analsyses: Canada - Fish community data are Samples from all 7 sites have been expected to be complete by March extracted and are in the process of being 2000. analyzed, estimated data availability is January 15, 2000.

88 (Table 1). Collected samples were used to Dr. Tkalin's Lab: Metal analyses are characterize community structure (Beth completed. Piercey and Ji Hyun Yun). Content of organic pollutants (PAHs, organochlorines, Mussel Team Status Report butyltin compounds, etc.) will be analyzed in Japan (Seiichi Uno) and trace metal Mussel collecting group consisted of Beth concentrations will be determined by a few Piercey (Canada), Seiichi Uno (Japan), Ji- labs in Vladivostok, Russia. Metals Hyun Yun (Korea), Alexander Tkalin and analyses of mussels by Dr. Tkalin's Lab and Tatiana Lishavskaya (Russia). During the TBT analyses of mussels by Dr. Horiguchi Workshop, mussels Mytilus trossolus were are complete. collected at low tide at seven locations

Table 1. Sampling locations (I=intertidal)

Sample code Date Location Additional information I-1 May 27 PEI site, West Vancouver Lab. Reference site I-3A May 28 Lonsdale Quay, Seaboard Int. I-5B May 29 Port Moody I-6 May 30 Port Moody (Ioco) I-2A May 30 Sulphur Dock, Brockton Pt. I-4 June 1 Indian Arm, Cates Park I-7 June 2 Howe Sound Reference site

nuttallii, Yoldia sp.). Samples were processed immediately after collected and put into deep freezer for later lyophilizing. Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP) of each Clam Team Status Report sample will be analyzed using HPLC.

Japan - organic chemical analyses and lipid Tian Yan: Standard Artemia Toxicity Test analyses expected by June 2000. (ARTOX) has been performed during the workshop to detect harmful microalgae in Japan - TBT analyses to be completed in Vancouver Bay. Main species of the next few months. macroalgae including Ulva lactuca, Fucus gardneri, Laminaria saccharina, Iridaea Harmful Algal Team Status Report cordata, Dilsea californica, Gigartina exaparata, Saragassum muticum, Pylaiella Tian Yan: Shellfish samples have been littoralis at each sampling site were collected during the workshop for algal toxin collected. Attached microalgal cells were analysis, including intertidal and benthic scraped from macroalgae and concentrated species. About 500g whole mussels Mytilus for ARTOX. Positive results of sample from edulis were collected at each intertidal Lonsdale Quay indicated that toxic algae sampling site to study algal toxin distribution such as Heterosigma or DSP producer in Vanvouver Bay. Clam samples were also Prorocentrum lima might be present in the got from some interdital beach (Ruditapes water. philippinarium, Venerupis staninea)and from benthic trawl sampling (Clinocardium

89 Terri Sutherland: Replicate sediment core I-4-B Pacific Littleneck (Protothaca samples have been collected from three staminea) sampling sites within Vancouver Harbour. Butter Clam (Saxidomus gigantea) The surficial sediment of each core was Pointed Macoma (Macoma incubated using phytoplankton growth inquinata) medium and optimal light conditions for Nuttall’s Cockle (Clinocardium approximately 3 weeks. Subsamples were nuttallii) collected every few days and preserved in Horse Clam (Tresus capax) Lugol's Solution. These samples will be analyzed for phytoplankton abundance and May 31 composition over the next few months. The VictoriaOgden Point germination of potentially harmful File Dogwinkle (Nucella lima) phytoplankton will be documented. Frilled Dogwinkle (N. lamellosa)

Imposex Team Status Report Clover Point Striped Dogwinkle (Nucella A list of specimens taken around emarginata) Vancouver, May 24 - June 7, Dr. Toshihiro File Dogwinkle (N. lima) Horiguchi: Frilled Dogwinkle (N. lamellosa) Foolish Mussel (Mytilus trossulus(?)) May 27 I-1 Foolish Mussel(Mytilus trossulus) Ten-mile Point Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) File Dogwinkle (Nucella lima) Frilled Dogwinkle (N. lamellosa) May 28 I-3-A Foolish Mussel (Mytilus trossulus) June 1 I-3-B Foolish Mussel (Mytilus trossulus) I-2 Foolish Mussel (Mytilus trossulus) I-3-C Foolish Mussel (Mytilus trossulus) Pacific Littleneck (Protothaca staminea) May 29 Butter Clam (Saxidomus gigantea) I-5-B Foolish Mussel (Mytilus trossulus) Pointed Macoma (Macoma I-6 Foolish Mussel (Mytilus trossulus) inquinata) Softshell-Clam (Mya arenaria) Japanese Littleneck (Venerupis June 2 philippinarum) Wilson Creek, Mission Point Pacific Littleneck (Protothaca File Dogwinkle (Nucella lima) (?) staminea) Frilled Dogwinkle (N. lamellosa) Butter Clam (Saxidomus gigantea) Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) I-7 Foolish Mussel (Mytilus trossulus) Softshell-Clam(Mya arenaria) May 30 Dark Mahogany-Clam (Nuttalia I-4-A Foolish Mussel (Mytilus trossulus) obscurata) Pacific Littleneck (Protothaca Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) staminea) Butter Clam (Saxidomus gigantea) June 3 Pointed Macoma (Macoma T-49 Milky Venus (Compsomyax inquinata) subdiaphana) Nuttall’s Cockle (Clinocardium nuttallii)

90 Imposex examinations on Nucella lima and Dr. Stein's group: Nucella lamellosa are complete. Organotin CH analyses of fish liver (5 sites) original analyses in tissue of the foolish mussel, deadline was June 2000. Revised date of Mytilus trossulus are also complete. data availabilty estimated to be Jan 15, 2000. Future studies: PAH metabolites in bile (5 sites) - complete 1.1 Examination of imposex symptoms in a data will be available at the PICES VIII few species of Nucella meeting. 1.2 Comparison of imposex symptoms among Nucella species Histopathology (5 sites) of English sole liver, 1.3 Determination of organotins in tissue of kidney and gonad: tissues have been Nucella species embedded and sectioned, most slides have 1.4 Comparison of organotin contamination been read. Preliminary data summary will and imposex symptoms in Nucella be available at the meeting. species with those in Japanese gastropods, such as the rock shell, Plasma Vitellogenin (2 sites) - expect to be Thais clavigera completed in December 1999.

2.1 Determination of organotins in tissue of DNA adducts in liver (2 sites) - expect to be other bivalve molluscs completed in March 2000. 2.2 Comparison of organotin accumulation among the bivalve species Dr. Tkalin's group: 2.3 Comparison of organotin contamination Metals analyses of fish muscle (5 sites) - levels observed in bivalves around with complete; data will be presented at the those in Japan PICES VIII meeting.

Fish Team Status Report Drs. Addison and Bandiera: CYP1A of fish liver (5 sites) expect to be Tissues were sampled from English sole at completed in November or December 1999. 5 sites during the workshop. The sites were: T-49, West Van. Lab; T-11B, Lonsdale Quay; T-38, Port Moody; T-48, Dr. Munetaka Shimizu: Indian Arm; T-50, Gibsons, Howe Sound. Vittelogenin (2 sites) - analyses were completed during the workshop, a Status of fish tissue analyses: preliminary report will be available at the workshop. Dr. Uno: CHs and AH metabolites in fish tissues Dr. Levings' group: (liver, gonad, muscle) to be completed by Otoliths (age) - otoliths have been read, and June 2000 data is being entered into a database.

MEQ Endnote 4 MEQ Strategic Plan

1. Review of activities The first MEQ meetings at Victoria, Canada (1992) and Seattle, U.S.A. (1993), were largely focused on identifying common

91 problems of marine pollution in the North developed a Scientific Workplan to hold the Pacific. It was decided that MEQ should Practical Workshop in Qingdao, China, in concentrate its efforts on coastal pollution 1997. Harmful algal blooms and problems (instead of open ocean environmental impacts of aquaculture were processes). The preliminary focus was on considered as possible topics for future “Interdisciplinary methodology to better MEQ sessions. assess and predict the impacts of pollutants on structure and function of marine At PICES VI (1997), MEQ held a session on ecosystems”. Two areas were mentioned "Processes of contaminant cycling." Three as particularly important: algal blooms and priority areas were identified for inter- chemical and biological contaminants. In sessional activities: 1) Environmentally 1992, Working Group 2 (WG 2) on sound mari-culture: status and technology Development of Common Assessment needs; 2) Harmful algal blooms; and 3) Methodology for Marine Pollution was MEQ/PICES interactions with GIWA (Global established under the leadership of Dr. Assessment of International Waters): a Richard F. Addison, Canada. Prof. Jia-Yi feasibility study. The WG 8 report on Zhou, China, was elected MEQ Chairman in preparation of Practical Workshop in 1992. Jiaozhou Bay, China, was also approved. Following the WG 8 meeting, the Chinese At PICES III (1994), MEQ held a authorities informed PICES that “… the symposium on "Interdisciplinary present situation in Jiaozhou Bay is not methodology to better assess and predict suitable to hold the workshop…”, and after the impact of pollutants on structure and some discussion within MEQ, the proposed function of marine ecosystems." It was site was moved to Vancouver. decided also to organize a Practical Workshop at one of the impacted coastal At PICES VII (1998), MEQ discussed the ecosystems of the western North Pacific to report of WG 8 on preparation for the work on common methodology of marine Practical Workshop in Vancouver Harbor in environment quality assessment. The May-June 1999. The MEQ topic session proposed preliminary workshop site was the was on “Science and technology for Yangtze estuary, East China Sea. After the environmentally-sustainable mariculture”. meeting, Working Group 2 was disbanded Joint MEQ/BIO Session was devoted to and Working Group 8 on Practical “Contaminants in high trophic level biota - Assessment Methodology was established linkages between individual and population to prepare and organize the Practical responses”. Dr. Alexander V. Tkalin was Workshop. elected as new MEQ Chairman.

At PICES IV (1995), MEQ held a In summary, over the past years, the Marine symposium on "Sources, transport, and Environment Quality Committee of PICES impact of chemical contaminants." WG 8 has focused its activities on coastal pollution recommended organizing Practical problems and common methodology to Workshop in Jiaozhou Bay, China (instead estimate the state of marine ecosystems of Yangtze estuary) to trace the ecological under anthropogenic pressure. Closer links impacts along the gradient of chemical between marine chemists and marine contamination. Dr. Addison was elected the biologists working on pollution problems in new MEQ Chairman. PICES member countries have been established. At PICES V (1996), MEQ held a session on "Processes of contaminant cycling." WG 8 2. The future

92 Diseases in marine species: population The main goal of MEQ, as part of PICES, is level effects and the role of human to improve "scientific knowledge about the activities in their occurrence. ocean environment, global weather and climate change, living resources and their MEQ should work to establish links with ecosystems, and the impacts of human relevant international activities". Increasing information exchange organizations/programs (GIWA, GOOS, and collaboration between scientists of ICES, NOWPAP). Preliminary discussions PICES countries will be of mutual benefit to with GIWA have not been productive: their people and will help to sustainable although a presentation on behalf of GIWA development of these countries. was made at PICES VI (Pusan). The GOOS program may be of more direct For the coming years, the following scientific relevance to PICES interests, especially as themes are considered of high priority to some member countries already have MEQ: developed GOOS components, and in the short term, GOOS may be a more Coastal pollution: eutrophication, appropriate vehicle for PICES to use to phytoplankton dynamics and harmful establish international connections. In algal events (joint MEQ/BIO session to addition, Dr. Addison has been contacted by be held at PICES VIII in Vladivostok); the Chairman of the ICES Working Group Ecological impacts of oil spills, oil on the Biological Effects of Contaminants exploration, land reclamation and other (WGBEC), which is the ICES “equivalent” to man-made activities (aspects addressed PICES MEQ, with the aim of establishing in MEQ topic session, PICES VIII, common interests of the two groups, which Vladivostok); could lead to future joint meetings. It is also Science and technology for environmentally important to broaden interest in MEQ within sustainable mariculture: impacts and PICES countries and through the scientific mitigation in coastal areas (MEQ topic disciplines (e.g., marine mammals, birds, session, PICES IX, Japan); etc.) by bringing new people to PICES Impacts of climate change on coastal meetings and inviting prominent scientists ecosystems; from all over the world. Biological and physical transport of anthropogenic substances in the North As a forum of international experts, MEQ Pacific; should identify priorities for interdisciplinary Assessment of the impacts of human research in the PICES area for a better activities on marine ecosystem integrity understanding of structure, function, and and harmonization of existing health of marine ecosystems under methodologies used in PICES countries. anthropogenic pressure.

MEQ Endnote 5 MEQ Recommendations to Science Board

1. WG 8 should remain established for one completion date fall 2000). more year to complete collation, editing (Recommendation forwarded from WG and publication of results from the MEQ 8). Practical Workshop (expected

93 2. At the PICES Ninth Annual Meeting in 3. PICES should publish the full data set Hakodate MEQ should from the MEQ Practical Workshop as a PICES Scientific Report, in which data • sponsor one half- or full- day would be available for citation in session, co-convened by Dr. publications in the primary refereed Toshihiro Horiguchi (Japan) and Ms. literature. PICES consider archiving the Carla M. Stehr (U.S.A.) for detailed data from the Workshop in electronic presentations of results from the form as permanent record of PICES MEQ Practical Workshop. activities. (Recommendation forwarded (Recommendation forwarded from from WG 8). WG 8); 4. PICES should provide travel support to • co-sponsor with BIO a topic session allow one of the two Co-Chairmen of the entitled “Science and technology for new Working Group on Ecology of environmentally-sustainable Harmful Algal Blooms in the North mariculture in coastal areas” (Co- Pacific to visit the other Co-Chairman for convenors: Drs. Colin D. Levings one inter-sessional meeting before (Canada) and John E. Stein PICES IX. (U.S.A.)).

94 REPORT OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE COMMITTEE

W X

The meeting began at 8:45 am on October 13. Final Report of Working Group 10 (Agenda The Chairman, Dr. Vyacheslav B. Lobanov Item 4) (Russia), welcomed the POC members and observers (POC Endnote 1). Dr. Howard J. Dr. Lobanov summarized the status of the final Freeland was elected as rapporteur. The agenda report of Working Group 10 on Circulation and appears in POC Endnote 2. Ventilation in the Japan Sea (East Sea) and its Adjacent Areas. It was completed this summer Old business and distributed among POC members with a request to submit comments by August 20. Dr. Dr. Lobanov reviewed the 2nd PICES Workshop Christopher N.K. Mooers, Co-Chairman of WG on the Okhotsk Sea and Adjacent Areas which 10, submitted a new set of recommendations, and was held in Nemuro, Japan on November 9-12, mentioned the difference in expectations between 1998. A volume of proceedings was issued in POC and the Working Group. Dr. Mooers the PICES Scientific Report series (No. 12) and agreed that there is a large body of new literature is available at the Secretariat. that can be accommodated in the report bibliography and some correction of the report There was discussion about whether the would be done. annotated bibliography on the Japan/East Sea, prepared by Dr. Mikhail A. Danchenkov, should The POC thanked Dr. Mooers and the Working be available in hard copy or on the internet. It Group members for their very productive work was decided to leave this to the Secretariat to and noted that the most serious problem of the discuss with the author. report is that it does not read as a review, but rather as proceedings of a meeting. One of the POC Strategic Plan: accomplishments and reasons for this is that the Japan/East Sea is changes (Agenda Item 3) currently an area of very intensive studies, so it is difficult to set a cut off date for a review Dr. Takeshi Uji suggested an addition to the coverage. The POC members agreed that POC strategic plan “Considering the important although this Working Group will be disbanded, role of the ocean on the climate system and the PICES should stay interested in the Japan/East shortage of data, POC should encourage and Sea studies and have a coordinating role in endorse the ARGO project, an important ocean developing a multidisciplinary program in the observing component of GOOS and GCOS, to area. provide subsurface T and S data by a global array of ocean profiling floats for studies of Regarding publication, POC asked that editorial climate variability and climate predictions.” Dr. criticisms be addressed by January 1, 2000, and James E. Overland suggested inserting a specific that the report be published on the PICES web reference to North Pacific and the suggestion site. The report becomes a “living document” was endorsed. and may be revised at a later stage to accommodate new findings. It is recommended that PICES maintain contact with the CREAMS and ONR programs on the Japan/East Sea which are currently implementing large observational and data synthesis projects, and that PICES organize a joint symposium with ONR and

93 CREAMS on the Japan/East Sea in 2002, with a proceedings to be published as a review of a Dr. Lobanov outlined the progress of current knowledge. CREAMS/PICES relations and proposed that POC support the idea that PICES co-sponsor the Progress report of Working Group 13 CREAMS Workshop on “Oceanography of the (Agenda Item 5) East Asian Marginal Seas” to be held in May 2000, in Vladivostok, Russia. Dr. Danchenkov, In the absence of the Co-Chairmen, the progress a representative of the local organizing report of the Working Group 13 on CO2 in the committee, provided brief information about the North Pacific was presented by Dr. Andrew workshop and supported the proposal. POC Dickson (POC Endnote 3). He noted that three supported the recommendation to co-sponsor a activities had taken place during the last year: joint CREAMS/PICES Workshop. a. A method intercomparison study; b. Sample exchange from WOCE line P-1 Status of ARGO (Agenda Item 7) crossing the N/S lines; c. Attendance at the SEATS (Southeast Asian Dr. Freeland briefed the Committee on recent Time Series) planning meeting. developments towards the design and implementation of ARGO. Dr. Kensuke Activities planned for next year include Takeuchi reported that in Japan, the situation is compiling data into a coherent synthesis. This is still liquid but will be more solid early next year; a joint activity together with TCODE and full operation will not start before 2001. The JGOFS North Pacific Task Team. For this main funding would be provided by the purpose, a symposium and a workshop on CO2 Millennium Budget, SODA (Study for Optimum data synthesis for the North Pacific, and an Design of ARGO) and Frontier Observational intercomparison of alkalinity measurement Research System. SODA is examining the techniques are planned for October 2000, in behaviour of floats in 3 typical areas: a weak Tsukuba, Japan, just prior to the PICES Ninth current region, an eddy-rich region (Kuroshio Annual Meeting. These meetings would be co- Extension) and a strong frontal region, sponsored by PICES and the CREST program of Kuroshio. the Japan Science and Technology Agency. It is recommended that PICES support some of the Cooperation with CLIVAR (Agenda Item 8) logistics of the intercomparison exercise and provide travel support for attendees. The Dr. Freeland reviewed the current state of Working Group proposed to arrange a topic development of CLIVAR following discussions session for PICES IX, jointly with BIO, entitled on this matter with Dr. John Gould, the Chief “North Pacific carbon cycle and ecosystem Scientist of CLIVAR. PICES should be an dynamics”. It was also recommended that integral part of the planning for CLIVAR and PICES continue to co-ordinate carbon cycle should be represented, probably, by the research in the North Pacific. Dr. Lobanov Chairman of POC. expressed thanks to Dr. Dickson. POC supported these recommendations and will Dr. Overland recommended strongly that POC address them to the Science Board. try to influence CLIVAR to take a stronger role in the northern North Pacific, rather than maintaining its focus on equatorial and El Niño dynamics. A letter will be written to CLIVAR.

CREAMS/PICES relations and co- PICES and GOOS (Agenda Item 9) sponsorship for CREAMS Workshop (Agenda Item 6)

94 Dr. Bruce A. Taft briefly reported the results line of interest for PICES. So it is expected that from the MONITOR Workshop that was held PICES will not become significantly involved in immediately prior to the PICES Eighth Annual arctic research. Meeting. It included a discussion of the GOOS program and its various components and focused Future symposia (Agenda Item 12) on PICES relationship with these components. The ARGO program was identified as a very POC discussed a suggestion to have a effective one for PICES. The MONITOR Task symposium on ARGO at the PICES Ninth Team endorsed the idea of supplying platforms Annual Meeting in 2000, in Hakodate. for the deploying of floats. It was recommended However, it was agreed to expand the focus to that PICES have representation and a leading climate science and long-term observations in role in coordinating the North Pacific area the North Pacific using the scientific foundation implementation of the LMR component of for ARGO, and sponsor a topic session on GOOS and the Data Buoy Cooperation Panel. “Large-scale circulation in the North Pacific”. The session should have an emphasis on new Dr. Lobanov thanked Dr. Taft for the update on techniques and new data sources, and how these MONITOR activities. Dr. Lobanov also will be used in the future. Convenors are Dr. informed POC about the development of the Takeshi Uji (or alternate) (Japan) and Dr. NEAR-GOOS (North East Asian Regional) Freeland (Canada). component of GOOS. It is one of the most advanced components of GOOS which is POC endorsed the suggestion of Working Group providing (through the internet without charge) 13 to co-sponsor a joint session with BIO on operational and delayed-mode data on physical “North Pacific Carbon Cycle and Ecosystem and hydrochemical parameters in the Japan/East Dynamics” for PICES IX. Sea, East-China Sea and Yellow Sea. It is recommended that PICES develop closer Publications/travel support (Agenda Item 13) collaboration with NEAR-GOOS. Dr. Taft strongly supported this suggestion. POC recommended that the progress report of the Working Group 13 on CO2 in the North Results of La Perouse/Soya project (Agenda Pacific be published in the 1999 Annual Report, Item 10) and the final report of the Working Group 10 on Circulation and Ventilation in the Japan/East Dr. Gennady Kantakov outlined the Sea and its Adjacent Waters be made available development of the project which is observing on the PICES web site. Travel requests are water exchange and ecological response in the reported under Recommendations to Science La Perouse/Soya Strait area. It is a good Board (Agenda Item 15). example of fruitful international cooperation among the PICES member countries. A letter Other business (Agenda Item 14) will be written expressing the desire of PICES/POC in seeing this program continue. PICES 10th Anniversary Symposium

POC supported the idea of the PICES 10th Anniversary Symposium and nominated Dr. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Program Susan E. Allen to represent POC on the steering (Agenda Item 11) committee for this event.

Expressing a general support for the Arctic Restructuring PICES Annual Meetings Climate Impact Assessment Program, the Committee noted that this is out of the normal POC endorsed:

95 a. moving the Science Board Symposium to the beginning of the Annual Meeting Working Group numbers and names agenda; b. promoting inter-committee topic sessions POC requested that the Secretariat discontinue and to upgrade the visibility of the poster the practice of identifying Working Groups by sessions (however, it is recommend that the number only and use words (short title) or Secretariat set standards for poster acronyms instead. presentations, both the nature of the poster and how it is handled by sessions); Recommendations to Science Board (Agenda c. supporting ventures that would encourage Item 15) the participation of young scientists. Financial requests Best Presentation Award • PICES provide support some of the logistics The nominee receiving most votes for the Best of the alkalinity intercomparison exercise; Presentation Award is Dr. Josef Chernyawsky (Canada) for his paper (with W. R. Crawford • PICES provide travel support for two and M. G. G. Foreman) entitled “Long-lived participants from North America and for one meanders and ocean eddies in the Alaskan from Russia to attend a Symposium and a stream”. Workshop on CO2 data synthesis in the North Pacific, and a Technical Workshop on POC discussed the question of the Best alkalinity measurements in Tsukuba, in Presentation Awards and recommended that October 2000; PICES drop all awards except for two: for best student presentation – oral, and best student • PICES co-sponsor a joint CREAMS/PICES presentation – poster. Workshop on “Oceanography of the East Asian Marginal Seas” in Vladivostok, in Standing list of organization and programs May 2000.

In reviewing the PICES standing list of Symposia at PICES IX organizations and programs for collaboration with PICES, POC endorsed adding ARGO and • POC sponsor a session on “Large scale CREAMS. circulation in the North Pacific”, with an emphasis on new techniques and new data Workshop on utilization of fishing vessels to sources, and how these will be used in the advance marine ecosystem research future. (Co-Convenors: Howard J. Freeland and Takeshi Uji (or alternate)); POC discussed a suggestion concerning a workshop on “Utilization of fishing vessels as • POC co-sponsor, with BIO, a session monitoring, tracking and data collection systems entitled “North Pacific carbon cycle and to advance marine ecosystem research” and ecosystem dynamics” (Co-Convenors to be recommended that the proponents present the determined). material at a MONITOR Workshop in Hakodate, in 2000, but not as a separate symposium.

POC Endnote 1 Participation List

Canada Susan E. Allen

96 Howard J. Freeland Gennady V. Khen Vyacheslav B. Lobanov (Chairman, POC) Japan Nobuo Suginohara U.S.A. Takeshi Uji Andrew Dickson Kensuke Takeuchi Christopher N.K. Mooers David L. Musgrave Russia James E. Overland Sergey V. Gladyshev Gennady A. Kantakov

POC Endnote 2 Agenda

1. Opening remarks and introduction 9. PICES/GOOS: outcome from discussion at 2. Approval/modification of the agenda the MONITOR 1999 Workshop (V. 3. POC Strategic Plan: accomplishments and Lobanov/ B. Taft) changes (V. Lobanov) 10. Results of the LaPerouse/Soya project (G. 4. WG 10 final report (C. Mooers) Kantakov) 5. WG 13 progress report (Y. Nojiri) 11. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment program 6. PICES/CREAMS relations and co- (V. Lobanov) sponsorship for the CREAMS 2000 12. Future symposia Workshop (V. Lobanov) 13. Publications/travel support 7. ARGO/GODAE recent progress (H. 14. Other business Freeland/K. Takeuchi) 15. Summary of POC recommendations for 8. PICES/CLIVAR: how to establish close Science Board links? (H. Freeland)

POC Endnote 3 Report of Working Group 13 on CO2 in the North Pacific

Meeting Summary North Pacific. This occurs because (1) the North Pacific is the final destination of circulation of The Working Group was attended by the deep water that contains a high level of representatives from Japan, Russia, and the preformed nutrients; and (2) the North Pacific United States of America. After a brief Intermediate Water stores dissolved CO2 for welcome by the Chairmen (Dr. Feely, U.S.A., more than a few tens of years. There is a and Dr. Nojiri, Japan), the first day of the considerable contrast in the ecosystems meeting was devoted to a series of technical producing organic carbon and CaCO3 particles, presentations (see the agenda Annex 1). one of the factors determining the CO2 sink strength in the ocean, between the eastern and The North Pacific is an important sink for western North Pacific. The contrast is likely due atmospheric carbon dioxide in the oceans and, to the difference in the nutrient composition in consequently, plays a significant role in water supplied from the subsurface to the controlling long-term climate changes on the surface euphotic layer (i.e. resulting from the Earth. Some biogeochemical processes relating physical forcing which affects mixed layer to the oceanic CO2 system are peculiar to the depth) and in the atmospheric input of iron and

other substances. In addition, continental shelf CO2 Survey data synthesis effort, and also of the water is now receiving significant attention as a CARINA program, an international program CO2 sink. The extent of CO2 exchange under aimed at synthesis of CO2 data for the Atlantic heavy winter storms in high-latitude oceans is Ocean. also not well known. At our last meeting in Fairbanks, the Working The presentations addressed a number of Group decided that a collaborative method research topics concerning the oceanic carbon intercomparison between the various PICES dioxide system in the North Pacific. nations was a high priority to enable future CO2 Collaborative research conducted by scientists measurements by PICES nations to be from Japan and Canada onboard the Skaugran comparable and correct. Dr. Andrew Dickson from 1995-99 have determined the major thus reported on the results of the PICES- seasonal variations of the sources and sinks for sponsored international method intercomparison carbon dioxide north of 35° N. This region of for carbonate parameters and the subsequent the North Pacific is a large net sink for CO2 (-0.3 Technical Workshop held in Tsukuba, Japan in PgC yr-1) with large wintertime sources in the April 1999. (A brief report of this exercise was convective overturn regions of the western published in PICES Press earlier this year (Vol. North Pacific and the Aleutian Islands, and large 7, No. 2) and a detailed report will be published spring and summertime sinks in the later – in both English and Japanese. For more northwestern Pacific and Bering Sea regions due details see Annex 2). After adjusting to a to high nutrient concentrations and primary common calibration scale, the results showed production. Recent studies by investigators very good agreement (better than 3 µmol kg-1) from the United States have shown large for total dissolved inorganic carbon, but poor -1 interannual variations of pCO2 in surface water agreement for total alkalinity (23 µmol kg ). near the equator due to the effects of the 1997- Therefore, the Working Group agreed to conduct 98 El Niño. The interannual variations of the a second study during the coming year that CO2 flux during this period were larger than the would be focused on alkalinity measurements, 1982-83 El Niño event and had a significant and to follow it up with a Technical Workshop impact on the growth rate of CO2 in the in October 2000. atmosphere during this period. The second day was devoted to discussions and There were also descriptions of additional field to the formulation of recommendations (see programs being conducted by investigators from below) that the Working Group felt were Russia and Japan together with some important to achieve their overall objective of preliminary interpretations based on the data improving the degree of collaboration and from these programs. Dr. Pavel Tishchenko of communication between the various PICES the Pacific Oceanological Institute reported on nations that are making oceanic CO2 an international study of the carbon system in measurements in the North Pacific. In the Japan/East Sea in 1999. The region is particular, a detailed plan was developed to dominated by mesoscale eddies and is a strong initiate an international North Pacific CO2 data sink for atmospheric CO2. Dr. Akihiko Murata synthesis activity which will be planned and of JAMSTEC reported on recent cruises onboard carried out in collaboration with the JGOFS R/V Mirai in the northwest Pacific in which his North Pacific Task Team (NPTT) and the PICES group was able to determine the relationships TCODE (for further details see Annex 3). between seawater pCO2 values, temperature and salinity in the mixing zone between water Plans for future activities masses. Dr. Alex Kozyr of CDIAC (Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center) provided • As a continuation of its method a review of the present status of the US Global intercomparison activity, the working group

will plan and carry out an international selected papers from this meeting in an intercomparison of alkalinity measurement international oceanographic journal such as techniques by exchanging test samples to be Journal of Geophysical Research (Oceans). analyzed in the various participating laboratories before August 2000. This • The Working Group will continue, where exercise is to be followed up by a second possible, to plan and coordinate international technical workshop in Tsukuba, Japan, efforts and research programs aimed at which will be held in conjunction with the studying CO2 in the North Pacific. This WG 13 meeting in October 2000; activity is assuming an increasing importance as PICES countries such as • The Working Group will initiate a North Japan, Canada, Russia, and the United States Pacific CO2 data synthesis activity in plan new research programs into aspects of collaboration with the JGOFS NPTT and the carbon cycle. As an example of this, PICES TCODE. Activities planned for scientific interactions within the PICES 2000 include the compilation of an Working Group have already started to inventory of CO2 data available for the improve collaboration between US and North Pacific, planning and organization of Japanese scientists who are working on CO2 a CO2 Data Synthesis Symposium to be held in the North Pacific. in Tsukuba, Japan in October 2000 (this symposium will be cosponsored by PICES Recommendations to PICES and JST-CREST), and organization of a joint WG 13/NPTT/TCODE meeting in • Support some of the logistics of the October 2000; alkalinity intercomparison exercise;

• The Working Group will collaborate with • Provide travel support for two participants other PICES committees to organize a from North America and for one from session at the PICES IX meeting in Russia to participate in the October 2000 Hakodate in October 2000. The proposed meetings in Tsukuba, Japan, i.e. the session title is: North Pacific Carbon Cycle Symposium on CO2 data synthesis in the and Ecosystem Dynamics. North Pacific, and a Technical Workshop on total alkalinity measurements in Tsukuba, in Session Overview: The North Pacific is an October 2000. The proposed meetings will important sink for CO2 in the oceans and be co-sponsored by the JST/CREST consequently plays a significant role in program; controlling long-term climate changes on the earth. Furthermore, there is considerable • Help to arrange a joint WG 13/JGOFS contrast in the ecosystems producing NPTT/TCODE meeting in Tsukuba in organic carbon and CaCO3 particles, one of October 2000. This meeting will organize a the factors determining the CO2 sink CO2 Data Synthesis Workshop that is strength in the ocean, between the eastern planned for March 2001 in Tsukuba, Japan. and western North Pacific. The session (This joint meeting will occur immediately would thus aim to highlight the present after the CO2 Data Synthesis Symposium state-of-the-art in our understanding of the and in parallel with the Technical Workshop mechanisms responsible for influencing the on alkalinity measurements (see Annex 4 for extent and variability of processes affecting a detailed timetable.) the carbon cycle in this important ocean region. The working group believes that it • Arrange a session (to be organized by POC will be desirable to highlight this area of in conjunction with BIO) at the PICES IX PICES science by planning to publish meeting in Hakodate, Japan, entitled: North

Pacific Carbon Cycle and Ecosystem • Continue to provide the forum for the Dynamics; international coordination of ocean carbon cycle research in the North Pacific.

Proposed Schedule for Working Group 13 Activities

Method Intercomparison Data Synthesis October 1999 WG 13 Meeting, Vladivostok Prepare samples for Prepare N. Pacific alkalinity intercomparison CO2 data inventory (ongoing) January 2000 Plan and organize session on Distribute samples Plan and organize symposium North Pacific Carbon Cycle April 2000 to participants And Ecosystem Dynamics For PICES IX in Hakodate

July 2000 Initiate planning for workshop Return results

October 2000 Technical Workshop, Tsukuba Symposium, Tsukuba WG 13 Meeting, Tsukuba Organize workshop joint with NPTT & TCODE

January 2001

Workshop, Tsukuba April 2001 Continue with data synthesis activity for period of 12-18 mo. July 2001

October 2001 WG 13 Meeting

WG 13 Annex 1 PICES Working Group 13 on CO2 in the North Pacific Agenda

The goals of this 2-day meeting are to: 1) observations; and 4) identify available suitable review the present level of understanding of the data sets on the CO2 system, and recommend processes controlling CO2 in the North Pacific, possible mechanisms of data information and identify gaps in our understanding; 2) exchange and discuss time, venue and format for review the results of the CO2 intercomparison the data workshop in the year 2000. exercise in April, and advise on future intercalibration and quality control procedures; October 8 3) discuss planned national and international 09:00 - 09:30 Welcome and review of the CO2 related scientific programs in the North agenda (Richard Feely) Pacific region, including long-term time-series

09:30 - 10:00 pCO2 monitoring by ships-of- 16:00 - 16:30 Summary and wrap-up of first opportunity in the North Pacific (Yukihiro day (Richard Feely) Nojiri) 10:00 - 10:30 The role of the equatorial warm October 9

pool in controlling interannual variations of 9:00 - 10:15 Discussion of 1999 PICES CO2

the air-sea CO2 during the 1997-98 El Niño intercomparison exercise and proposed 2000

event (Richard Feely) PICES North Pacific CO2 data synthesis 10:30 - 10:45 Coffee break activities (Nojiri and Dickson - Discussion 10:45 - 11:30 International activities of Pacific Leaders) Oceanological Institute in studies of the 10:15 - 10:30 Coffee break carbonate system in the Japan /East Sea in 10:30 - 12:00 Continuation of the discussion

1999 (Pavel Tishchenko et al.) of 1999 PICES CO2 intercomparison

11:30 - 12:00 Measurements of CO2 species exercise and proposed 2000 PICES North

onboard R/V Mirai (Akihiko Murata) Pacific CO2 data synthesis activities (Nojiri 12:00 - 13:30 Lunch and Dickson - Discussion Leaders) 13:30 - 14:00 New time series station in the 12:00 - 13:30 Lunch western North Pacific, KNOT: 44°N, 155°E 13:30 - 15:00 Discussion of planned national

(Yukihiro Nojiri) and international CO2 research programs in 14:00 - 14:30 Involvement of CDIAC in the North Pacific - (Nojiri and Feely - national and international carbon programs: Discussion Leaders) GLODAP and CARINA (Alex Kozyr) 15:00 - 15:15 Coffee break 14:30 - 15:00 Coffee break 15:15 - 16:15 Consideration, and approval of

15:00 - 16:00 The 1999 PICES CO2 the recommendations and meeting report for intercomparison exercise: Results and POC (Richard Feely) lessons learned (Andrew Dickson) 16:15 - 17:00 Other business and wrap up

WG 13 Annex 2 Method Intercomparison Activity

Introduction 1999 Intercomparison The previous Working Group Meeting (Fairbanks, 1999) initiated a PICES activity Preparations for this exercise were started aimed at improving the techniques used by the almost immediately after the Fairbanks meeting, various PICES member countries to measure and four samples were prepared for distribution: CO2 parameters in the North Pacific. As there already had been a number of international inter- • A certified reference material (CRM Batch laboratory comparisons of techniques to make 45) prepared at the Scripps Institution of underway pCO2 measurements, plans were made Oceanography, U.S.A.; to exchange sea water samples between various • A surface sea water sample prepared at the laboratories for the measurement of total Scripps Institution of Oceanography; dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) and total • A surface sea water sample prepared at the alkalinity (AT). This sample exchange would be University of Hokkaido, Japan; combined with a subsequent Technical Workshop to discuss the results.

• A deep (300 m) sea water sample prepared relatively encouraging. For CT, the results from on board the R/V Mirai by JAMSTEC, a number of laboratories clearly reflected the Japan. effects of calibration problems. However, once the various values for CT had been adjusted to a The samples were distributed to the participating common calibration scale (using the laboratories in January 1999 (with one exception measurements made on the CRM), the sent out in March). In all, thirteen laboratories agreement between the various laboratories was -1 were involved: seven from Japan, three from the excellent (±2 µmol kg ). For AT, the results United States, and one from each of Canada, were more disappointing, although reduction to Korea, and Taiwan. Results were returned a common calibration scale helped to reduce the promptly from all of these laboratories! extent of disagreement there were still major inter-laboratory differences (±12 µmol kg-1). A The Technical Workshop took place in April brief report describing this activity and the 1999 in Tsukuba, Japan, at the National Institute technical workshop was prepared for PICES for Research on the Environment (NIRE). The Press (Vol. 7, No. 2, 1999). A full detailed workshop was organized by Drs. Yukihiro Nojiri report is in preparation and will be published by (NIES) and Koh Harada (NIRE), and was NIES in both Japanese and English. supported jointly by PICES, KEEC, and JAMSTEC. A total of thirty-one participants 2000 Intercomparison Plans from the various laboratories (including an observer from Russia) enjoyed a detailed This activity will continue in the coming year discussion of the analytical techniques used by with a primary focus on improving the their laboratories for the measurement of CT and measurement of AT. The approach will be the AT. This discussion was facilitated by having same as in the last session: a sample exchange the actual instruments from a number of the activity that will provide the basis of the participating groups set up in a laboratory next intercomparison. This is planned for March to the meeting room. 2000, and will be followed by a second Technical Workshop in Tsukuba, Japan, in The results of the actual intercomparison were October 2000. discussed in detail at the workshop, and were

WG 13 Annex 3 CO2 Data Synthesis Activity

Introduction important activity. During the next year, the Working Group has planned a series of tasks - to As was agreed at WG 13’s first meeting in be carried out in collaboration with TCODE and Fairbanks (October 1999), international North the JGOFS NPTT - to initiate this activity. Pacific CO2 data synthesis is seen as an Year 2000 plans

• A Scientific Symposium on North Pacific CO2 Data Synthesis, cosponsored by PICES and by JST-CREST, is planned for October 2000. The symposium will review the present status of such synthesis activities including both time series and survey work (see Annex 4 for a brief overview);

• During the next year the Working Group in North Pacific CO2 synthesis activities to plans to compile an inventory of the existing discuss their joint data sets. CO2 data for the North Pacific region. This inventory will be used as the basis for • A CO2 data synthesis workshop planning a CO2 data synthesis workshop (provisionally planned in March 2001). described below;

• A joint meeting between WG 13, TCODE, and the JGOFS NPTT (in October 2000) to organize a data synthesis workshop that will bring together the major scientists involved

WG 13 Annex 4 Proposed Timetable for October 2000 Meetings in Tsukuba, Japan

NIES is planning a symposium on North Pacific North Pacific Ocean CO2 Data CO2 Data Synthesis to be held in Tsukuba, (NOPACCS/COSMIC, JAMSTEC, JMA, Japan, under co-sponsorship by PICES and JST- CO2 mapping project, NIES/IOS) CREST. This symposium is planned to occur in Day 2 Scientific Symposium Session conjunction with the PICES Ninth Annual Global ocean models for the carbon cycle Meeting in Hakodate, Japan, in October 2000. (FRONTIER, US Model, French Model) The symposium will be held in the Tsukuba Global Synthesis of Ocean CO2 Data International Congress Center (EPOCAL (LDEO, US Global Survey, AOML) Tsukuba). Day 3 Joint WG 13 / NPTT / TCODE session To take advantage of the number of scientists to design and organize data synthesis that will be present at this symposium, the workshop for March 2001 Working Group agreed that it would be desirable to schedule the proposed Technical Workshop Day 4 Joint PICES WG 13/NPTT session to on alkalinity measurements and the proposed discuss (i) The status of North Pacific CO2 joint WG 13/JGOFS NPTT/TCODE meeting(s) Data Synthesis; (ii) Plans for future in Tsukuba at the same time. observation programs; and (iii) Report and discussion of 1999 and 2000 method A proposed timetable follows (possible project intercomparisons (This is a travel day for representation is shown in parentheses): TCODE members to move from Tsukuba to Hakodate.) Day 1 Scientific Symposium Session Ocean Time-Series Observations of the Day 5 Travel for WG 13 and NPTT Carbon Cycle (HOT, PAPA, KNOT, participants from Tsukuba to Hakodate; SEATS, NOPP, SEATS) Day 6 Opening Day for PICES IX in Hakodate, Japan.

REPORT OF THE IMPLEMENTATION PANEL ON THE CCCC PROGRAM

W X

The Implementation Panel on the Climate collaboration with BASS and MODEL Change and Carrying Capacity Program Task Teams; (CCCC/IP) met on Tuesday, October 12. - A 2-day IFEP Planning Workshop on The meeting was opened by the Co- “Designing the iron fertilization Chairman, Dr. David W. Welch, who experiment in the Subarctic Pacific” (co- welcomed the participants (see CCCC sponsored by PICES and CRIEPI). Endnote 1). The agenda was reviewed and adopted. 2000 sessions and symposia

The CCCC/IP received reports from the The following sessions are to be convened Task Teams on their progress in 1999 and at the PICES Ninth Annual Meeting: planned activities for 2000 (these reports appear as CCCC Endnotes 2-5). The Panel - a 1-day CCCC Topic Session on discussed those issues with financial “Recent findings and comparisons of implications for 2000 and recommends: GLOBEC and GLOBEC-like programs in the North Pacific”; Publications - a 1-day joint BASS/REX symposium to examine the linkages between Reports of the 1999 MONITOR and REX production in the subarctic gyres and workshops and the 2000 MODEL workshop resulting impacts on coastal and be published in a single volume of the transition ecosystems (the subject of PICES Scientific Report Series. this joint symposium was subsequently chosen for the Science Board 2000 workshops Symposium); - a 1-day joint BIO/CCCC Topic Session The following meetings are to be convened on “Recent progress in zooplankton prior to the PICES Ninth Annual Meeting: ecology study in PICES regions (CCCC agreed to co-sponsor this session in - a 2-day BASS Workshop on discussion following PICES VIII). "Development of a conceptual model of the Subarctic Pacific Basin Travel support Ecosystem(s)", with one half-day held in conjunction with MODEL and REX Task PICES provide financial support for: Teams; - a 2-day MODEL Workshop on - 2 persons to attend the MODEL "Strategies for coupling higher and lower Workshop on “Lower trophic level trophic level models"; modeling” in January 2000, in Nemuro, - a 2-day MONITOR Workshop on Japan; "Progress in monitoring the North - 1 person (ECOPATH model expert) to Pacific"; attend the BASS Workshop in October - a 2-day REX Workshop on "Trends in 2000, in Hakodate, Japan; herring populations and - 3 outside experts to attend the 2000 trophodynamics", with one day held in IFEP Planning Workshop;

105 - 2 persons to attend the MODEL recommendations to identify the benefits of Workshop in October 2000, in separate versus combined meetings and Hakodate, Japan; seek ways to improve connections and - 1 person (expert on mooring communication between Task Teams. observations or design of observational arrays) to attend the MONITOR The CCCC/IP supports the proposal of REX Workshop in October 2000, in to endorse the Fisheries Acoustics Hakodate, Japan; workshop that is being planned by the - 2 persons to attend the REX Workshop Acoustic Society of Japan in conjunction in October 2000, in Hakodate, Japan. with PICES IX.

New groups The proposal for a 1-day workshop on “Factors affecting production of juvenile - The revised terms of reference for salmon: comparative studies on juvenile MONITOR Task Team be adopted (see salmon ecology between the East and West GC Appendix B (i)); North Pacific Ocean” was described and - An Advisory Panel on the Continuous accepted. The workshop will be organized Plankton Recorder survey in the North by NPAFC and PICES and hosted by Pacific be established, with a lifespan of NPAFC on October 29, 2000, in Tokyo, 2 years, renewable with prospect of Japan. future funding for the CPR program (see GC Appendix B (iii)). The CCCC/IP members were updated on plans for a mini-workshop on “Zooplankton Approval of new members ecology of the North Atlantic and North Pacific” to be held in conjunction with the - Dr. Tokimasa Kobayashi (Japan) to meeting of the ICES Working Group on replace Dr. Tokio Wada (Japan) as Co- Zooplankton Ecology, April 17-19, 2000, in Chairman of REX; Honolulu, U.S.A. The Panel, as well as the - Dr Bernard A. Megrey to replace Dr. BIO Committee, was very positive about Daniel M. Ware as Co-Chairman of involvement of PICES scientists in the MODEL. workshop and consider this meeting as a starting point for active collaboration Several other issues were identified during between PICES and ICES on zooplankton the CCCC/IP meeting and were endorsed monitoring and comparisons of the Pacific and brought forward to the Science Board: and Atlantic Oceans.

Both BASS and REX independently In reviewing the PICES standing list of proposed that time be set aside prior to organizations and programs for PICES IX in Hakodate for joint sessions collaboration with PICES, the Panel (during their workshops), which would also identified GOOS (LMR-GOOS and ARGO) include participation by members of the and GLOBEC as its highest priorities. MODEL Task Team. MODEL is also interested in coordinating its activities with BASS and REX. The Panel supports the

CCCC Endnote 1 Participation List

106 Canada Gordon A. MacFarlane Susan E. Allen David W. Welch (Co-Chairman) Richard J. Beamish Robin M. Brown China Paul J. Harrison Qi-Sheng Tang Douglas E. Hay Ling Tong Japan Koji Iida Tsutomu Ikeda Yukimasa Ishida (representing NPAFC) Masahide Kaeriyama Michio J. Kishi Yutaka Nagata Yasunori Sakurai Takashige Sugimoto Tokio Wada Akihiko Yatsu

Korea Jin-Yeong Kim Suam Kim (Co-Chairman) Chang-Ik Zhang

Russia Gennady A. Kantakov Victor I. Kuzin Vyacheslav B. Lobanov Vadim V. Navrotsky Alexander A. Nelezin Vladimir I. Radchenko Alexander Slizkin Alexander V. Tkalin Konstantin Zgurovsky Yury Zuenko

U.S.A. Patricia Livingston Stewart A. Macklin Bernard A. Megrey Christopher N.K. Mooers William T. Peterson Bruce A. Taft Warren S. Wooster Patricia A. Wheeler

CCCC Endnote 2

107 BASS Task Team Report

The BASS Task Team met in the morning of identified this as an area requiring further October 10, 1999 to review 1999 activities research. An Advisory Panel (under BASS) and plan activities for 2000. on “An Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean” (IFEP) was 1999 activities and accomplishments established after PICES VII. The IFEP members worked by correspondence during Selection of papers from the 1997 Science the year to develop a preliminary work plan Board Symposium (a BASS Task Team and met at PICES VIII to discuss it and initiative) on “Ecosystem dynamics in the report to BASS (see Annex 1). The current eastern and western gyres of the subarctic timetable for the IFEP members is to write Pacific” was published in the special issue proposals to representative govern-ments of Progress in Oceanography – Vol. 43 (2- for submission by April-June 2000 and hold 4). The objective of the symposium and its a planning workshop in conjunction with the subsequent publication was to compare PICES Ninth Annual Meeting in Hakodate. processes in the two gyres as well as to Presently the iron fertilization experiment is record existing information. planned for August 2002 in the eastern North Pacific (Station P) and for spring 2001 The BASS Task Team planned to convene (preliminary experiment) and May-June a 2-day workshop on “Development of a 2003 (full-scale experiment) in the western conceptual model for the Subarctic North North Pacific. Pacific Gyres” immediately prior to the PICES Eighth Annual Meeting in BASS members discussed the need for a Vladivostok. Due to the absence of one thorough assessment of the potential convenor and insufficient attendance at the impacts before endorsing whole ecosystem workshop it was cancelled and postponed to manipu-lations. There was also concern 2001. that PICES should be careful about endorsing claims of large-scale increases in A proposal was received (Dr. Paul Harrison) ocean production. for PICES to construct an ecozone classification system for the North Pacific 2000 planned activities and Ocean. A number of classification systems recommendations (including the recent one proposed by Dr. Alan Longhurst) were reviewed based on BASS proposes to convene a 2-day biogeographical, currents and wind workshop on “Development of a conceptual patterns, chlorophyll and remote sensing model(s) of the eastern and western gyres”, methods. After considerable discussion, the prior to the PICES Ninth Annual Meeting in Task Team recognized that physical and Hakodate. The information that is published biological boundaries were not necessarily in the proceedings of the 1997 BASS the same, and boundaries in the transition symposium can be used as a starting point. areas are variable. It was agreed to The workshop will review and identify continue discussions on delineation of biological and physical oceanographic data ecozones in the North Pacific at future needs for both gyres of the North Pacific (at meetings. all trophic levels), develop a conceptual model of each ecosystem, and review and BASS recognizes iron limitation as an discuss (with MODEL and REX) appropriate important unanswered question in the North ecosystem models. Co-convenors are Pacific and at the last year’s meeting Richard J. Beamish (Canada), Andrey S.

108 Krovnin (Russia), Gordon A. MacFarlane (Canada) and Akihiko Yatsu (Japan). BASS There was some discussion about practice recommends that the afternoon session on to separating BASS and REX meetings at the second day be held jointly with MODEL the Annual Meeting. It was recommended and REX to review progress and plan that discussions be carried out to identify modeling activities for 2001. Invited experts the benefits of separate versus combined from each country would participate, meetings. including seabird and marine mammal experts. BASS requests that PICES BASS endorses a proposal by IFEP to support two invited speakers, preferably convene a 2-day planning workshop on ECOPATH experts, to attend the workshop. “Designing the iron fertilization experiment in the Subarctic Pacific” (co-sponsored by BASS proposes a 1-day joint BASS/REX PICES and CRIEPI), prior to the PICES workshop or symposium to be held at the Ninth Annual Meeting. Co-Convenors are next year’s Annual Meeting that would Drs. Shigenobu Takeda (Japan) and C.S. examine the linkages between production in Wong (Canada). The objective of the the subarctic gyres and resulting impacts on workshop is to initiate planning for the coastal and transition zone ecosystems. experiment, including logistics and funding, The proposed co-convenors are Andrey S. etc. BASS supported a request from IFEP Krovnin (Russia), Gordon A. MacFarlane that PICES provide funds for three invited (Canada) and Akihiko Yatsu (Japan). speakers to attend the workshop.

BASS Annex 1 Report of Iron Fertilization Experiment Advisory Panel

The Advisory Panel on “An Iron Fertilization with different biology and unique water Experiment in the Subarctic Pacific Ocean” structure (e.g., strong pycnocline, fresher (IFEP) met on October 14. The IFEP Co- mixed layer) from the other two regions, is Chairman, Dr. Shigenobu Takeda, the only HNLC region without such an welcomed the members of the Panel and experiment to assess the CO2 removal observers and called the meeting to order. question related to iron. The Panel will (i) The agenda was reviewed and accepted examine the reasoning for a subarctic iron without changes. experiment, the scale disciplines, and resources required to ensure success of the Drs. Takeda and Paul J. Harrison experiment, and (ii) design the experiment introduced the IFEP objectives reflected in and its timing. the terms of reference. Iron fertilization of HNLC (High Nutrients Low Chlorophyll) Drs. William Cochlan and Mark L. Wells water is one possible approach to remove gave a brief overview of IRONEX I and CO2 from the atmosphere to combat global IRONEX II. In particular, Dr. Wells pointed warming caused by GHGs. Natural iron out the importance of understanding the iron fertilization has been hypothesized to chemistry: What happens to the iron when it control glacial/interglacial shift in is added? Does it precipitate out? atmospheric CO2. Iron fertilization experiments were repeatedly done in the Dr. Harrison presented physical, chemical equatorial Pacific under the IRONEX and biological conditions at Station P, a Programs I and II, and recently in the potential site for the iron fertilization Southern Ocean. The Subarctic Pacific, experiment in the eastern North Pacific. He

109 also discussed eddies forming off the Queen Charlotte Islands in winter and The Panel discussed the analytical whether whey could be used as an iron resources needed to be brought to bear on fertilization site. Dr. Josef Cherniawsky the problem. A list was created in which all provided more details on the physics of the recommended measurements were eddies. The IFEP members agreed that arranged into two groups, primary and additional information is required to decide if secondary importance. The IFEP members these eddies would be a suitable fertilization from each country were requested to site, an alternative to Station P. announce the experiment to colleagues, distribute the list and ask who would be Dr. Wells suggested that questions be interested in participating and what they formulated in order to test specific could measure/contribute. A list of hypothesis and then decide on needs for suggested participants should be sent to the measurements and personnel. The IFEP Co-Chairmen October 2000. following questions were drafted: The Panel reviewed a draft workplan - What are the driving hypotheses for a developed during 1999 by correspondence. fertilization experiment? Is it industry Presently the iron fertilization experiment is driven or science driven? planned for August 2002 at Station P in the - What are the motivating questions and northeast subarctic Pacific and May or June what are the best ways to answer these 2003 at Station KNOT in the northwest questions? subarctic Pacific. There is a chance for a - How is a fertilization experiment going to preliminary experiment in spring 2001 in the improve our understanding of the iron northwest subarctic Pacific. The Panel response and what aspects of the recommends to convene a 2-day planning response do you want to examine? workshop on “Designing the iron fertilization - What will a fertilization experiment tell experiment in the Subarctic Pacific” (co- you that the bottle enrichment sponsored by PICES and CRIEPI), prior to experiments and mesocosm the PICES Ninth Annual Meeting. Co- experiments have not? Convenors are Drs. Shigenobu Takeda - Why conduct an experiment at Ocean (Japan) and C.S. Wong (Canada). The Station PAPA and the northwest objective of the workshop is to initiate subarctic Pacific? planning for experiment, including logistics - What will it tell you that SOIREE, and funding, etc. IFEP requests that PICES SOFeX, Caruso and IronEx have not provide funds for three invited speakers to told you? attend the workshop.

CCCC Endnote 4 MODEL Task Team Report

The MODEL Task Team met on October 10 1999 activities and accomplishments (08:30-12:00). The Co-Chairmen welcomed participants and outlined the objectives of The report of the 1998 MODEL workshops the meeting and significant issues for on “Lower trophic level modeling” and discussion. The agenda was approved “Sources of high quality nutrient data for without changes. modeling lower trophic levels” was published in PICES Scientific Report No. 11.

110

Dr. Makoto Kashiwai reviewed progress on 2000 planned activities and preparation for the CCCC/MODEL recommendations workshop on “Lower trophic level modeling: International workshop on prototype lower The Task Team recommends that a trophic level ecosystem model for Proceedings of the 2000 MODEL workshop comparison of different marine ecosystems on “Lower trophic level modeling” be in the North Pacific“ to be held January 31- published in the PICES Scientific Report February 3, 2000, in Nemuro, Japan. Co- Series and selected papers from the Convenors are Makoto Kashiwai and Michio workshop be published in Fisheries J. Kishi (Japan) and Daniel M. Ware Oceanography in 2001. (Canada). The goal of the workshop is to develop a common framework for modeling MODEL reviewed the current situation on lower trophic level interactions and to do higher and lower trophic level models and interregional comparisons. Discussion of the integration of models and recommends the workshop format evolved around the convening a 2-day workshop on “Strategies objectives and goals. Participants decided for coupling higher and lower trophic level the overall goal was to have a common marine ecosystem models”, prior to the modeling framework for lower trophic level PICES Ninth Annual Meeting in Hakodate. models in order to facilitate comparative The 2000 MODEL workshop in Nemuro will work in the North Pacific. Dr. Kishi reported focus on the development and that the PICES lower trophic level model parameterization of a lower trophic level should be ready in time for the workshop. It model to PICES regional ecosystems. At was agreed that in order to have a realistic the end of this meeting, discussions will and achievable result for the workshop, the begin about ways to link higher level trophic focus should be on agreeing about the models to lower level trophic models. The model structure and applying it to two open follow-up workshop in Hakodate will extend ocean areas in the eastern and western this initial discussion to consider viable North Pacific. This means mean that strategies for this important linkage. MODEL would invite experts in lower trophic MODEL requests that PICES supports the level models from those regions and travel of two scientists to attend the biologists who could bring the appropriate workshop. data to parameterize the models. Then some discussion about the need to involve Discussion was initiated on model structure. scientists from all PICES nations was In Russia, ECOPATH is being used for a brought out – is there a need to involve higher and lower trophic level modeling. A people from Korea and Russia and work on simple NPZD model was adapted to the a coastal area model? Some people Okhotsk Sea a long time ago but it did not thought that there is a bigger difference show good results. Recently a more between eastern and western North Pacific precise empirical model has been applied to than between western North Pacific and the Japan/East Sea. The REX Task Team Japan/East Sea area. A list of suggested is interested in small pelagic fishes and an participants should be sent to MODEL Co- appropriate model must be developed. As Chairmen by the end of October. Funding to higher trophic level models, Individual for the workshop is mainly provided by the Based Models (IBM) are widely used in Japan Science and Technology Agency and NOAA Fishery Research Oceanography Nemuro City. However, the Task Team Coordinated Investigations (FOCI) and U.S. recommends that PICES support two GLOBEC. Also ECOPATH has been scientists to attend the workshop. adapted to various regions in northern

111 Pacific, i.e., Vancouver Island and the Consequently, the Task Team should Bering Sea areas. coordinate its activities with BASS and REX.

The goal of next few years for the MODEL MODEL recommends that the Science Task Team is to construct a prototype lower Board and CCCC/IP should seek ways to trophic level model which can be applied to improve connections and communication basin scale northern Pacific. After that it between BASS, REX and MONITOR Task should be modified to regional models. Teams and POC to MODEL, since activity of MODEL supports all these groups.

CCCC Endnote 5 MONITOR Task Team Report

The MONITOR Task Team met on October Selection of papers from the symposium will 10, 1999, to summarize results from a be published in a special issue of Progress PICES-GOOS workshop and review 1999 in Oceanography. activities and plans for 2000. The members in attendance were: Drs. Bruce A. Taft and A program on “Continuous Plankton Yasunori Sakurai (Co-Chairmen), Recorder Monitoring for the eastern North Vyacheslav B. Lobanov, Thomas C. Royer, Pacific and Southern Bering Sea” was David W. Welch, Warren .S. Wooster. Dr. developed and awarded funding for a two- Sonia D. Batten was invited as a guest year pilot project through the North Pacific expert on zooplankton sampling. Marine Research Initiative (see Annex 2).

1999 activities and accomplishments 2000 planned activities and The report of the 1998 MONITOR workshop recommendations on “Designing of a monitoring system for PICES” was published in PICES Scientific The Task Team reviewed the outcome from Report No. 11. the PICES-GOOS workshop and recommends (see Annex 1 for details): A PICES-GOOS workshop was convened prior to the PICES Eighth Annual Meeting. - to publish report of the workshop in the The purpose of the workshop was to PICES Scientific Report Series; provide a forum for PICES scientists to - to modify the terms of reference for the learn about GOOS and to develop MONITOR Task Team to include the recommendations for PICES future requirement to develop a PICES GOOS involvement in the GOOS effort. The action plan; workshop attracted attendance of about 30 - to assist in the future development of scientists and was very successful (see the LMR-GOOS by identifying pilot Annex 1). projects and components in the PICES region for incorporation in the Initial The Science Board Symposium on “The Observing System of GOOS; nature and impacts of North Pacific climate - to assist, by all possible means, in regime shifts” (a MONITOR Task Team implementation of ARGO. initiative) was convened at the PICES Eighth Annual Meeting. MONITOR discussed plans for biophysical moorings in the North Pacific: to what extent

112 do they satisfy our needs? Dr. Taft to be measured for additional monitoring provided information on PMEL moorings on initiatives. stations P and M, Dr. Yukihiro Noijiri – on moorings in the western North Pacific, and Zooplankton time series are flawed by Mr. Robin Brown – on Canadian moorings systematic errors as many types of gear in the eastern North Pacific and progress of have been used for collecting samples, and the Data Buoy Cooperation panel. The adequate intercalibration data for these Task Team felt that moorings with a full sampling systems do not exist. One set of suite of meteorological and oceanographic intercalibration data on two types of sensors is a very attractive way to look at sampling gear was presented to the Task the linkages between atmospheric forcing, Team by Dr. Stewart M. McKinnell. A full and ocean physical, chemical and biological list of the historical data that must be response. Unless the spectrum of variability calibrated will be assembled in the inter- is resolved, the linkages will not clearly be sessional period and be discussed at the delineated. If the pilot results are promising, next year’s meeting. Dr. Jeffrey M. Napp the Task Team strongly recommends that will be asked to prepare this list and to the measurements be continued on climate make suggestions on how to assemble the time scales. necessary manpower and ship time.

Dr. Welch summarized present ocean MONITOR was unable to arrange a monitoring in the subarctic North Pacific. discussion of secondary production at this Additional information on various ship-of- meeting. Dr. William T. Peterson will be opportunity programs and monitoring efforts asked to prepare an inter-sessional paper in the western North pacific was provided by on the subject. The arguments for making it Dr. Nojiri. The Task Team is encouraged a part of the monitoring array will be that funding was obtained for a 2-year pilot reviewed at the next year’s meeting. project to measure near-surface zooplankton abundance in the North Pacific The Task Team recommends to convene a with the Continuous Plankton Recorder (see 2-day workshop on “Progress in monitoring Annex 2 for details). MONITOR has North Pacific”, prior to the PICES Ninth attached a high priority to these Annual Meeting in Hakodate. Co- measurements which will assist in designing Convenors are Drs. Yasunori Sakurai a monitoring scheme for the eastern North (Japan) and Bruce A. Taft (U.S.A.). The Pacific. In discussion, it was noted that it major topics to be discussed at the workshop would be useful to consider the conceptual are the new results of the North Pacific CPR optimal sampling scheme. Once such a zooplankton sampling program, a long-term scheme is outlined it would be easier to direction for the zoo-plankton monitoring identify the significant departures between program, results and future plans of what we have and what we need. This mooring programs in the subarctic Pacific, process would result in an improved and development of a strategy for monitoring plan. addressing the calibration of various types of zooplankton sampling gear. The Task The Task Team recommends that an Team requests that PICES support one Advisory Panel be establish under outside expert (with expertise in mooring MONITOR to review and advise on the most observations or design of observational appropriate locations, timing and frequency arrays) to attend the workshop. of routes for the PICES CPR pilot project; and provide technical advice on parameters Dr. McKinnell has joined the PICES Secretariat and is no longer a member of

113 the Task Team. A Canadian replacement for Dr. McKinnell will be sought.

MONITOR Annex 1 Report on PICES/GOOS Workshop

The Global Ocean Observing System monitoring effort in the North Pacific and (GOOS), sponsored by IOC, WMO, UNEP, future prospects. and ICSU, is a scientifically-based, long- term international program that seeks to There is ample opportunity for closer provide practical benefits to society through cooperation between PICES and GOOS. the collection and timely distribution of One outcome from the workshop was the oceanic data and products, including recognition that existing PICES activities, assessments, assimilation of data into particularly those of the MONITOR Task numerical prediction models, the Team, are extremely relevant to GOOS and development and transfer of technology, that key CCCC activities in this regard will and capacity building. eventually be transferred into GOOS. Therefore, it was proposed that the terms of At the first international agreement meeting reference for the MONITOR Task Team be of GOOS, there was strong international modified to include the requirement for the support for at least some of the GOOS Task Team to develop an action plan for modules, which presently include Climate, how PICES should take an active and Health of the Oceans, Living Marine leading role in further development and Resources, Coastal, and Services modules. implementation of GOOS at a North Pacific In the North Atlantic, ICES has recently level. The action plan would: 1) identify formed a steering group on GOOS that has existing ocean observations in the coastal developed a set of recommendations with and open North Pacific that are relevant to regard to their involvement in GOOS GOOS, 2) develop a PICES-GOOS activities. PICES nations in the western implementation plan based on existing Pacific are involved in one of the most routine observations and augmented by advanced regional components of GOOS, new observations as appropriate, 3) provide North-East Asian Regional GOOS. a structured plan on how to transfer relevant Presently, PICES Scientific Committees and CCCC program activities to a PICES-GOOS CCCC Program are involved in activities program. that are related to GOOS. It is time to initiate discussion of how the Organization In the development of the Living Marine should move towards advancing a North Resources Panel of GOOS (LMR-GOOS), Pacific GOOS program that meets the some existing programs have been needs of PICES member countries. nominated as components of the Initial Observing System (IOS) and several in the The purpose of the workshop was to Pacific Ocean and Southern Ocean are provide a forum for PICES scientists to under consideration. A few pilot projects learn about GOOS and to develop were recommended for incorporation in the recommendations for PICES future IOS, and the Continuous Plankton Recorder involvement in the GOOS effort. The first (CPR) program, now funded in the day of the workshop was devoted to northeast Pacific, could be identified as presentations on international, regional, and such a pilot project (see Annex 2). PICES national components of GOOS and the can help to identify other components of the second day to discussions about the IOS and other pilot projects in its region,

114 can furnish suggestions for the list of 3,000 floats globally in preparation for desired measurements and preferred GODAE (Global Ocean Data assimilation methods of making them, and can otherwise Experiment). The time of the GODAE is assist in the future development of the LMR slated to be 2003-2005. Deployment in the module. Pacific will commence next year in the southeast region and subsequently move The participants were impressed by the into the lower latitudes of the northern scope and efficiency of the NEAR GOOS hemisphere; deployments in the PICES data center. In order to fully serve its area probably will start in 2-3 years. These scientific and industrial constituency, it temperature/salinity data will have a large should develop the means to acquire scientific impact on our understanding of biological data. ocean dynamics in the subarctic North Pacific. Every effort should be made by ARGO (Array for Real-time Geostrophic PICES to assist in the implementation of Oceanography) envisages a deployment of this program.

MONITOR Annex 2 Pilot Continuous Plankton Recorder Monitoring Program

At the 1998 MONITOR Task Team meeting one east-west, CPR tow per year (to at PICES VII, members recognised that establish spatial scale). The latter run will there was insufficient zooplankton extend as far as the southern Bering Sea. monitoring in the open eastern North Pacific All coastal/shelf samples would be analysed and concluded with a recommendation that on these routes, providing 18 km spatial the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) resolution. Only every fourth oceanic approach should be adopted, since it is a sample collected on 4 of the north-south deployable technology. To this end a tows and the east-west tow will be proposal was submitted in April 1999 to the enumerated (the other samples will be North Pacific Marine Research Initiative archived), providing 72 km spacing. The program and subsequently awarded funding remaining N-S tow would have alternate for a two-year pilot CPR project (PIs are samples analysed (36 km resolution) to try Drs. David W. Welch (Canada) and Sonia to identify the spatial scales of patchiness. D. Batten (UK)). The MONITOR TT had The first N-S tow will take place in March identified two routes as priorities, one 2000, followed by April, May, late June and running north-south from the Gulf of Alaska early August. It is intended that the late (Prince William Sound) to California and June tow coincide with the east-west tow one east-west from the vicinity of Vancouver and the Line P cruise run from Victoria to Island on a great circle line. As well as this Station P. This N-S tow will be the one with spatial coverage, identifying the seasonality more detailed sample analysis. In this way of the plankton is also an important the spatial information on zooplankton component and originally the intention was available for this one time period will be to run each route six times a year. A maximized. The sampling regime will be discussion on the appropriate balance of repeated in 2001. sampling was necessary to evaluate the best sampling scenario possible with the It was also suggested, and agreed, that the awarded funding. The conclusion was that separate copepodite stages of Neocalanus five north-south CPR tows could be run per plumchrus be enumerated to enable year (to establish seasonal variation) and extrapolation of the precise timing of the

115 main peak of its abundance, following the mesozooplankton biomass in the region, work of Mackas et al. (1998). This study therefore identification of its development, showed that the abundance peak had timing and appearance in surface waters shifted in time by almost two months and appear to be crucial. since this copepod makes up much of the

CCCC Endnote 6 REX Task Team Report

The REX Task Team met in the morning of Dr. Tokio Wada reported that compiling a October 10, 1999. Dr. William T. Peterson summary of the sampling strategies and called the meeting to order. After methods used to assess the stocks of small welcoming remarks by Dr. Vladimir I. pelagic species would be completed during Radchenko, all present members and the inter-sessional period. REX scientists observers introduced themselves. from each member country will be Discussion at the meeting was focussed on requested to contribute to the report. Dr. accomplishments in 1999 and activities Wada will collate all responses by next planned for 2000. The meeting ended with summer and the report will be discussed at a presentation by A. J. Paul on “Over-winter the next year’s REX meeting in Hakodate. energy changes in herring from Prince William Sound, Alaska”. Due to visa and The Task Team reviewed progress on airline reservation problems Dr. Paul was “compiling a catalogue of historical samples unable to attend the 1999 REX workshop, and data sets which are not yet analysed” therefore he gave his talk to the REX Task and deferred this item because the Team. MONITOR Task Team is working on a similar issue. This will be considered after 1999 activities and accomplishments reviewing the MONITOR report.

The report of the 1998 REX workshop on 2000 planned activities and “Small pelagics and climate change in the recommendations North Pacific Ocean” was published in PICES Scientific Report No. 11. The Task Team recommends that a Proceedings of the 1999 REX workshop on A 2-day REX workshop on “Herring and “Herring and euphausiids population euphausiids population dynamics” was dynamics” be published in the PICES convened prior to the PICES Eighth Annual Scientific Report Series. Meeting in Vladivostok (October 8-9, 1999). The workshop was highly successful thanks After the successful Herring-Euphausiid to 16 excellent presentations and the workshop, the Task Team felt strongly that spirited discussions from the 20-30 the next step should be to convene a 2-day participants. workshop on “Trends in herring populations and trophodynamics”, prior to the PICES A scientific session highlighting recent Ninth Annual Meeting in Hakodate. This findings of GLOBEC and GLOBEC-like workshop would examine trends in herring programs in the North Pacific was co- populations and in particular, consider the convened (with BIO) at the PICES Eighth reasons for the observation that most Annual Meeting. herring stocks around the Pacific Rim are at or near their historical high levels. Day 1

116 would focus on comparisons of key The Task Team discussed the value of biological data related to changes in paleoceanographic studies as an aid to abundance and distribution of stocks, producing data on past fluctuations in fish especially with respect to issues of current stocks on time scale 100-1000 years (from interest to PICES including regime shifts. analysis of fish scales and other debris in Day 2 would focus on trophodynamic sediments of anoxic basins) and interactions in ecosystems that support recommends that paleoceanographic herring populations. REX recommends that research be incorporated under the the second day of the workshop be held in umbrella of REX, and participation by collaboration with MODEL and BASS, and paleoceanographers in PICES activities be that activities for this day be co-ordinated by encouraged. Co-Chairmen of each of the three Task Teams. REX requests that PICES support Dr. Koji Iida reported that a workshop on two invited speakers to attend this fisheries acoustics is being planned by workshop. Hokkaido University, to be held on the weekend following the PICES Ninth Annual REX discussed the possibility of convening Meeting. Since many REX scientists are a workshop on smelts (Osmeridae) and interested in this topic, the Task Team other nearshore small planktivorous pelagic agreed that the workshop be very relevant species. Dr. Peterson, will request that Drs. to goals of the Organization and Douglas E. Hay and A.J. Paul poll the recommends that PICES endorse the community of fish ecologists to determine workshop. the level of interest in such a workshop. A report on this issue will be completed by Dr. Wada requested that the Task Team next spring and results of the study will be accept his resignation as Co-Chairman of presented at the next year’s REX meeting. REX. The Task Team recognized that Dr. Wada has served PICES for many years REX reviewed a proposal by BASS to co- and was instrumental in founding REX, and convene a workshop or symposium at the expressed its gratitude for Dr. Wada’s next year’s Annual Meeting that would leadership and efforts. REX recommends examine linkages between production in that Dr. Tokimasa Kobayashi (Hokkaido subarctic gyres and resulting impacts in National Fisheries Research Institute, coastal and transition zones. REX is very Kushiro, Japan) be appointed the new Co- interested in the biological responses in the Chairman. coastal regions to physical changes within the gyres, and resolved to support this idea.

117 REPORT OF THE TECHNICAL COMMITTEE ON DATA EXCHANGE

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The Chairman, Mr. Robin Brown, opened reciprocal links in association with which the meeting on October 9, 1999, and PICES is affiliated. welcomed the participants (TCODE Endnote 1). The meeting continued on The possibility of creating a "mirror" of the October 13, 1999. The meeting agenda PICES web site was discussed. Different was reviewed and a new business item working hours of PICES countries (Global International Waters Assessment - a sometimes can be seen in a busy web UNEP program) was added (TCODE server. Having a mirror site could be of use Endnote 2). to PICES members on the west side of the Pacific. In cooperation with TINRO, TCODE Review progress on items in the 1999 will attempt to establish a mirror site on a Workplan (Agenda Item 3) test basis.

Additions and improvements to TCODE web Members suggested that the PICES pages TCODE page should link directly to the important NEAR-GOOS home pages in Improvements to PICES TCODE web pages Japan, Russia, China and Korea. were discussed. The Committee proposed to expand the representation of western To increase the useful content on the Pacific data sources (including NEAR- PICES web page, TCODE suggested that GOOS). the Secretariat explore ways to allow members to add materials to the web site in Restructure Inventory of Long Time Series a dynamic way. The Secretariat is small for consistency with metadata standards and this strategy distributes the work and (FDGC) permits a large user-base to contribute useful content. The PICES Inventory of Long-Term Time Series has been incorporated into the Assist MONITOR Task Team to assemble Bering Sea Biophysical Metadatabase and detailed list of ongoing monitoring activities conform to the FGDC metadata standards as far as descriptor fields. All 90-95 records The MONITOR Task Teams asked for were transferred to the metadatabase support to make the results of a survey of without any problems. Many records have existing monitoring programs in the North fields with no data, so TCODE members Pacific available on the PICES web site. may be contacted in the near future to The MONITOR report is approaching assist with this work. completion. TCODE will be asked to assist in making this information available on the "Promotion" of the PICES TCODE web web. The monitoring station/transect list will pages be examined to see if all entries are listed in the Inventory of Long Time Series and the Some work has been done on promoting Inventory will be updated as required. the PICES TCODE web pages through the use of metatags. However, search results Assist BASS Task Team to identify are uneven. More should be done with proposed research cruises

105 TCODE did not have any contact with the - NOPACCS (Northwest Pacific Carbon BASS Task Team on this issue. TCODE Cycle Study) CD-ROM dataset reviewed and updated information and links compilation. This CD covers nine on research vessel schedules, but Dr. cruises from 1992-1995 and contains Toshio Nagai showed that research vessel data on T, S, DO, phosphate, nitrate, cruise plans, derived from National pH, chlorophyll a and particulate organic Oceanographic Program documents carbon. submitted to IOC, had not been updated for several years. Japan was a notable Korea exception to these observations. Assist MODEL Task Team in identifying Dr. Kee-Soo Nam reported on data sources of nutrient data management activities for NEAR-GOOS, including software developed to gather and No contact was made from the MODEL serve oceanographic data automatically in Task Team to TCODE regarding this real-time from several countries in the activity. NEAR-GOOS area, all in a homepage format at http://near-goos.kordi.re.kr/. Updates on data management activities in PICES nations (Agenda Item 4) Russia

Canada Dr. Igor D. Rostov provided a summary of data management activities at POI (Pacific Mr. Brown presented an outline of the Oceanological Institute) and discussed National Biogeochemical database that is three presentations that will be made at the under development in Canada. Further Data Visualization Workshop on Oct. 12 and details are available at http://www.meds- 14. In addition, Dr. Rostov reported on the sdmm.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/snap/Default.htm. new POI homepage and the data sources available there. China NEAR-GOOS activities involved IOC/ Mr. Ling Tong reported on the China WESTPAC training on data management, GLOBEC-I project in the Yellow Sea and and development of POI NEAR-GOOS GLOBEC-II project in the Yellow Sea and delayed mode database. There is also a East China Sea. A database is now being web site at constructed for the China GLOBEC-II http://www.pacific.marine.su/cdsdb/ngpdb/. project. The China NEAR-GOOS database (real-time and delayed-mode) is now POI data sets are regularly passed to operational. NODC and WDC-B for international exchange. Software to access this Japan information has been made available.

Dr. Nagai presented a summary of data Dr. Nikolay A. Rykov reported that FERHRI management activities at JODC, including: (Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological - Japan NEAR-GOOS delayed mode Institute) has a website database (http://near- http://www.hydromet.com where information goos.jodc.jhd.go.jp) can be found on various datasets managed - Tidal prediction and observations (http:// by the institute. www.jhd.go.jp/cue/ENGAN/real_time_tid e/htm/select/english/kck_mainEG.htm)

106 FERHRI is involved in several international deal with exchange of CO2 data and projects using PALACE floats. A Regional metadata, and to design and organize a Oceanographic Data Center (RODC) was CO2 Data Synthesis Workshop in 2001. created to collect, store, access and TCODE strongly supported this activity and distribute data on the Russian Far East has included this as a high priority item in oceans. RODC is involved in the GODAR the TCODE work plan for 1999/2000. project. Data (~90,000 ocean stations) will be available on the open ocean (no PICES and GOOS marginal seas) through the World Data Center. The importance of various GOOS components (NEAR-GOOS, GOOS-LMR, A new Russian Federal Program (1999- GOOS-HOTO, GOOS Coastal Module, 2007) “An Integrated System of Information GOOS Climate module) was discussed. about the World Ocean” was introduced. TCODE feels that these are very important activities for PICES and recommends that Dr. Igor I. Shevchenko said that the PICES play an active role in planning and Fisheries Committee of the Russian implementation of GOOS. The Committee Federation will establish the infrastructure noted that the NEAR-GOOS project has necessary to make biological information provided an excellent example of data available. A monitoring system will be put management and data exchange, amongst into place that will track fishing vessels four nations with different languages and using satellite systems. very different communication and computing infrastructure. U.S.A JGOFS - Data inventory No report. The International JGOFS project has TCODE Workshop on Data Visualization decided to use the Global Change Master (Agenda Item 5) Directory (http://gcmd.nasa.gov/) as a repository of JGOFS metadata records. The agenda and opening session of the Workshop on the application of scientific GLOBEC Project Office - Data management visualization to marine ecosystem analysis activities were reviewed. The session was well attended and talks were very interesting. Very little progress is apparent at the The Committee felt that this was a valuable GLOBEC International Project Office (IPO) topic area and this workshop should be on this issue. They are still in the process repeated periodically, perhaps every two of staffing the IPO who will coordinate this years, at PICES Annual Meetings. activity. TCODE will continue to correspond with the IPO on this issue. Other activities relevant to TCODE (Agenda Item 6) Proposal for new structure for PICES Annual Meeting WG 13 CO2 in the North Pacific - proposed CO2 Data Workshop The Committee approved the suggestion to move the Science Board Symposium to the A joint meeting of WG 13 with TCODE and first day. JGOFS North Pacific Task Team is planned prior to the next PICES Annual Meeting to

107 If there is a decision to emphasize the communication of science more through PICES X - Anniversary Science Symposium posters, then the status of posters within - nominee for organizing committee PICES has to be raised. Posters should be placed in an enclosed area that is used for Dr. Thomas C. Royer volunteered to act as collective coffee breaks, luncheons or TCODE representative for this Committee. socials. At the same time, PICES should explore the opportunity for "electronic Proposed Symposium - Utilization of fishing posters", software demonstrations, etc. vessel monitoring, tracking, and data PICES should institute an award for best collection systems to advance marine poster, software demo, home page demo ecosystem research etc. to encourage scientists to participate. TCODE strongly supported this proposal by The consensus among members seems to Drs. Bernard A. Megrey and Vidar G. be that international travel opportunities for Wespestad. Canada is pursuing various students are limited, if not non-existent, and "ships of opportunity" programs with Japan that a young scientist travel fund is a good and China. Russia has strong interests in idea. this topic as well.

Global International Waters Assessment Project

New Business (Agenda Item 7) Dr. Megrey reported on his meeting with officials from the Global International Organizations and programs relevant to Waters Assessment (GIWA) Project. They PICES are looking for "super-regional" partners in this activity and one of the "super-regions" The Committee reviewed the Standing List is a very good match for PICES. The of International Organizations and Programs Committee recommends that Science Board and made some suggestions for additions explore this in more detail and ask the and rankings. This issue will be discussed Secretariat to assemble additional at the Science Board meeting. information and look for possibilities and implications of establishing links with GIWA. Proposed changes to the PICES Handbook TCODE Workplan for 2000 (Agenda Item 8) The Committee agreed with the Science Board proposal regarding changes that Joint WG 13 / JGOFS NPTT / TCODE should be made to the Handbook for Workshop on CO2 data Chairmen and Convenors (definition of Advisory Panel, improving Best TCODE strongly supports this workshop Presentation Award advice, number of (see Agenda Item 6) to be held immediately approved keynote speakers, etc.). prior to PICES IX in Tsukuba, Japan). There will be a requirement to assemble Topic list of future Science Board Sessions inventories of CO2 data holdings prior to this meeting. The inventory project will be led The Committee reviewed the list of possible by Dr. Alex Kozyr of CDIAC, but TCODE topics for future Science Board Symposia. members may be asked to assist in this No additional topics were received from phase. TCODE members.

108 Maintenance and improvements to TCODE - Shorten the TCODE business meeting web pages (prior to opening ceremony) to one-half day and allocate the remaining time to The Committee will revise the content of the these demonstrations; or TCODE web pages, with a goal to - Include an "electronic poster session" improving the links to information sources component to an improved PICES on the western side of the Pacific. poster session at PICES IX. This is the preferred option. MONITOR Task Team - web pages The Committee recognized that the scale The Committee will assist the MONITOR and success of such a session is strongly Task Team/CCCC-IP to assemble web dependent on the facilities that would be pages describing the existing monitoring available at Hakodate, but preliminary programs in the North Pacific. information suggests that the venue will have highly advanced network and "Electonic Poster Session" at PICES IX multimedia facilities.

The Committee would like to sponsor an The “electronic poster session” could also "electonic poster session" to demonstrate include demonstrations by software software, databases and web pages at the vendors, if there was sufficient interest. next PICES Annual Meeting. Two options were discussed:

TCODE Endnote 1 Participation List

Canada Russia Robin M. Brown (Chairman)* Igor D. Rostov* Nikolay A. Rykov China Igor I. Shevchenko* Ling Tong* U.S.A. Japan Bernard A. Megrey* Tatsu Kishida* Thomas C. Royer* Toshio Nagai* Yutaka Nagata

Korea Hae-Seok Kang Kee-Soo Nam* * TCODE Committee member

TCODE Endnote 2 Agenda

1. Introduction of members. 3. Review progress on items in the 1999 2. Adoption of agenda. Workplan:

109 - Additions and improvements to management activities in their countries TCODE web pages; that might be relevant for PICES or - Restructure Inventory of Long Time other activities). Series to make this inventory 5. TCODE Workshop on Data Visualization consistent with metadata standards (short report from co-convenors). (FDGC); 6. Other activities relevant to TCODE: - Promotion" of the PICES TCODE - WG 13 CO2 in the North Pacific - web pages; proposed Data Workshop - Assist MONITOR Task Team to - PICES and GOOS assemble detailed list of ongoing - JGOFS - Data Inventory monitoring activities; - GLOBEC Project Office - Data - Assist BASS Task Team to identify management activities proposed research cruises; - Proposal for new structure for - Assist MODEL Task Team in PICES Annual Meetings (for identifying sources of nutrient data discussion and recommendations to that are not yet in international Science Board) databases. 7. New business (new agenda items 4. Updates on data management activities added at the time of the meeting) in PICES nations (to provide an 8. TCODE Workplan for 2000 opportunity for TCODE members to 9. Summary of TCODE recommendations exchange infor-mation on any new data for Science Board

110 REPORT OF THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE

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The Publication Committee met in the meetings. It was generally agreed that Vladivostok on October 11 and 14, 1999. proceedings of the scientific sessions would Participants in both meetings were Drs. be too expensive to produce and Warren S. Wooster (Interim Chairman), unnecessary when extended abstracts are Howard J. Freeland, Vyacheslav B. available through the web. Utility of the Lobanov, and Stewart (Skip) M. McKinnell. compilations of short abstracts produced by Dr. Takashige Sugimoto attended the first the Secretariat and available at the meeting; Mr. Simon Richert (Elsevier) meetings would be greatly improved if they attended the second. The following matters were indexed. were discussed. Peer-reviewed scientific journal, Status of present publications: Annual alternatives (e.g., Progress in Reports; Scientific Reports; PICES Press Oceanography)

Annual Reports are published each year While such a journal would have value in within a few months of the Annual Meetings. advertising the work of PICES, it is probably They continue to grow in size as work of the not necessary for publication of significant organization increases. Scientific Reports papers and would be expensive to produce. are occasional technical reports that are For the time being, use of special issues of usually proposed by one of the Scientific established journals, such as Progress in Committees or Program and approved by Oceanography or Fisheries Oceanography, Science Board. Costs of these and other seems a good way for publication of papers publications are not trivial, so the number of from selected symposia. Mr. Richert such reports must be limited. The expressed the satisfaction of Elsevier with newsletter, PICES Press, appears twice a the recent publication of the PICES Science year. Board Symposium on “Ecosystem dynamics in the eastern and western gyres The quality of these publications is high. of the subarctic Pacific” and suggested They constitute a vital component of the procedures that will facilitate production of PICES program of information future issues – e.g., designation of a central dissemination. The question of electronic point of contact for information exchange, publication is considered under item 4. establishment at an early date of the number of papers and a time table for Treatment of papers submitted to Annual receipt and review of manuscripts, etc. Meetings, extended abstracts, Detailed instructions are being revised and proceedings will soon be available.

In order to increase the availability of Electronic publication: merits, costs, and extended abstracts of papers to be application presented at Annual Meetings, it is proposed that they initially be submitted in The PICES Home Page is already used for electronic form and posted on the PICES dissemination of many PICES abstracts, Home Page. Local Organizing Committees reports, and other publications, and this use should then arrange to have a suitable will increase. As proposed above (item 2), number of copies printed for distribution at the web would be an appropriate place to

123 post extended abstracts for the Annual The current Publication Committee could Meetings. Consideration should be given to serve as an Editorial Board. The producing a CD-ROM version of the Committee should continue to have a collected extended abstracts for those who member from each country from whom a would find this format convenient. chairman would be elected. The Committee would report to the Science Board and would keep under review the publication Translation of recommended scientific policy of PICES. It was agreed that Dr. papers Howard J. Freeland should be asked to serve as Chairman from the end of PICES When there is a clear demand from a VIII. Scientific Committee for translation into English of a work of exceptional merit, and Proposals are under consideration for a this recommendation is endorsed by the special publication in celebration of the 10th Science Board, the Secretariat should Anniversary of the Organization. The determine the most effective way for this to Committee was generally in favour of the be accomplished. Timely and accurate idea, but felt that additional information on translation is expensive, so the requirement the nature and contents of such a may be difficult to meet within current publication are needed before the budgetary constraints. Assistance from Committee can formulate a member states with a translation capability recommendation. It was also suggested would be particularly helpful. that the Science Board consider the utility of publishing lists of selected papers, Other matters: Editorial Board; special nominated by member states, that reflect publication for 10th Anniversary scientific accomplishments of the past decade that could be attributed to the existence of PICES.

112 REPORT OF THE FINANCE AND ADMINISTRATION COMMITTEE

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The Finance and Administration Committee The Committee reviewed the Auditor's (F&A) met on Oct. 12 and 14 under the Report (F&A Endnote 2) and recommends chairmanship of Dr. Richard J. Marasco, that Council approve it on the endorsement and Drs. Alexander S. Bychkov and Stewart of the Executive Secretary. (Skip) M. McKinnell acted as rapporteurs (see F&A Endnote 1 for list of participants). The Committee recommends that Council retain Flader and Greene as auditor for Agenda Item 1. Opening by the Chairman another year.

The Chairman called the meeting to order Agenda Item 5. Budget and welcomed the participants, emphasizing that the job of the Committee a. Estimated accounts for fiscal year is to review financial and administrative 1999 matters in keeping with the Rules of the Organization and to provide a report to the The Committee reviewed and discussed the Governing Council for consideration and estimated accounts for 1999. adoption. The Executive Secretary noted that the Agenda Item 2. Adoption of agenda surplus in the budget is from the Personnel Services category, as the Executive The Committee reviewed and adopted the Secretary position was vacant from Jan. 1 agenda without change. to May 31, and the Assistant Executive Secretary position was vacant from June 1 Agenda item 3. Appointment of to Sept. 7. Executive Secretary and Assistant Executive Secretary The Committee recommends that Council accept the estimated accounts for 1999. The F&A Chairman briefed the Committee on the recent changes in the PICES b. Budget for fiscal year 2000 Secretariat. Dr. Alexander S. Bychkov was selected as the Executive Secretary, The Committee reviewed the proposed effective June 1, 1999, and Dr. Stewart M. 2000 budget, about a 3% increase from McKinnell was appointed as the Assistant 1999 (F&A Endnote 3). The Committee Executive Secretary, effective September 7, recommends that Council approve the 1999. Dr. Marasco mentioned that they budget of CDN $590,000, using CDN were chosen from among highly competent $58,400 from the Working Capital Fund and qualified candidates and expressed his surplus, thereby limiting the fees for each confidence that Drs. Bychkov and McKinnell Party to CDN $88,600. have the best assets to bring PICES to new heights and dimensions, and advance the The Japanese Government considers that, work of the Secretariat as a team. as many member countries are under severe financial condition, in order to Agenda Item 4. Audited accounts for continue financial contribution to fiscal year 1998 international organizations, the budget of international organizations should be the

127 minimum necessary. Therefore, the Japanese Government is requesting to The Executive Secretary reminded the many international organizations to keep Committee that the Working Capital Fund is basically nominal zero increase of budget, set at CDN $100,000. The amount of funds and PICES cannot be an exception. in this account may be increased, mainly by c. Forecast budget for fiscal year 2001 miscellaneous income (GST rebates, income tax levies, etc.) or by voluntary The forecast 2001 budget of CDN $607,000 contributions. According to 1995-1999 was examined by the Committee and is statistics, the Working Capital Fund could recommended to Council for information. increase annually by about CDN $40,000 The 2001 budget will be considered further from the miscellaneous income, if non- at PICES IX. Canadians fill one of the positions (Executive Secretary or Assistant Executive The following guideline was generally Secretary) in the Secretariat, and if there is accepted to assist member countries to no demand to transfer funds to build up the prepare their funding requests to cover Home Leave and Relocation Fund to its annual contributions, and the Executive maximum. With this level of income flow, Secretary to develop future budgets: the practice of transferring surpluses from the Working Capital Fund to the General For planning purposes it would be Fund is a viable approach to balancing reasonable for the Contracting Parties to accounts, only if the transfer does not expect that the projected budget and exceed about CDN $35,000. annual contributions will increase at the rate of inflation in Canada, currently Two possible approaches to improve the about 3% per year. Justification and current situation and balance the total finalization of the budget will occur at budget and the annual fees (for example) the Annual Meeting prior to the are: beginning of the new PICES fiscal year. - To keep the increase in the annual fees The Committee further discussed a general to about 2% higher than the increase in approach to developing PICES budgets. At the total budget during the next three the PICES Seventh Annual Meeting, years (2001-2003); Council approved a 10% increase in the - To request the Contracting Parties to budget (CDN $574,000 for 1999 compared pay a one-time contribution in addition to CDN $521,000 for 1998). At the same to their annual assessment in the year time the 1999 annual fees increased only by 2001, and then keep the equal increase 1.4% (CDN $86,000 for 1999 compared to in the total budget and annual fees in CDN $84,800 for 1998) as Council future years; approved a transfer of CDN $58,000 from the Working Capital Fund surpluses to the Considering that the Contracting Parties are General Fund to reduce 1999 contributions generally cautious about increasing their for each Party. For the year 2000 an equal annual contributions, the current imbalance 3% increase in the budget and annual fees between the annual contributions and the is proposed. To cover the difference annual budget, and recognizing that PICES between the budget (CDN $590,000) and must improve its financial situation, the the total contribution (CDN $531,600) a Committee recommends that PICES seek transfer of CDN $58,400 from the Working outside funding, consistent with the goals of Capital Fund to the General Fund is the Organization, by establishing a Fund- recommended. Raising Committee.

128 d. Working Capital Fund

The Executive Secretary forecast is that the Working Capital Fund will have a surplus of CDN $75,594 at the end of 1999. It is recommended that CDN $58,400 of the estimated surplus be transferred to the General Fund and that the residual surplus of CDN $17,194 be transferred to the Trust Fund.

129 e. Home Leave Relocation Fund to provide annual contributions by January 1st. The Committee suggests that Council The Executive Secretary reported that funds instruct the Chairman to send letters, expended this year for the relocation of the indicating the importance of prompt new Assistant Executive Secretary and his payment, to appropriate authorities in each family to the seat of the Secretariat will be country, as identified by national delegates. recovered from the income tax levies from foreign staff to adjust the Fund to a Agenda item 7. Tenth anniversary of maximum of CDN $110,000 at the end of PICES the fiscal year. The Executive Secretary indicated that f. Trust Fund PICES will hold its Tenth Annual Meeting in 2001, and in 2002 PICES will celebrate its The Executive Secretary reported that this tenth anniversary (the Convention for a year, approximately CDN $30,000 from the North Pacific Marine Science Organization Trust Fund was used to bring Canadian, entered into force on March 24, 1992). The Chinese, Korean, Russian, Mexican and Secretariat and Science Board proposed young scientists to this year’s Annual that PICES X be hosted by the Secretariat Meeting. The Trust Fund is forecast to be at the location of the First Annual Meeting, CDN $71,336 at the end of 1999. After the in Victoria, Canada. The Committee recommended transfer of CDN $17,194 suggests that various activities be planned from the Working Capital Fund, the Trust to commemorate the anniversary (e.g. to Fund will increase to approximately CDN hold an Anniversary Symposium in $88,530 in the beginning of 2000. Working conjunction with PICES X, to publish a new Capital Fund surpluses have allowed this PICES brochure and a special scientific fund to be replenished for the last several publication, etc). The Executive Secretary years. It is unlikely that surpluses of this noted that the proposed activities will magnitude will exist in the future, so require additional funding, and this was activities supported by the Trust Fund will accepted in principle. The Committee need to be reduced accordingly. recommends that Council send a request to member countries and agencies for Agenda Item 6. Annual contributions voluntary contributions to support these special events. It was suggested that a The Executive Secretary presented PICES Anniversary Steering Committee be historical statistics on the payment schedule formed to develop a plan by January 1, of annual fees to the Organization. As 2000. stated by Regulation 5(ii) of Financial Regulations, all national contributions to Agenda Item 8. Time, place and structure PICES “shall be considered due as of the of future Annual Meetings of the first day of the financial year (January 1) to Organization and subsidiary bodies which they relate”. The record of annual payments illustrates that most contributions The Committee reviewed possible dates for were not received until the third or fourth the Ninth Annual Meeting in Hakodate, quarter of the PICES fiscal year. This Japan, in 2000, and recommends to Council creates problems for the general operations that the meeting be held October 23-28. of the Secretariat, and results in much lower Meetings of Working Groups, Task Teams interest income in PICES accounts. The and others groups held in conjunction with Committee recommends that Council the Annual Meeting would occur before request cooperation from member countries October 23rd. These dates were established

130 in consultation with NPAFC (North Pacific Program and recommends its approval-in- Anadromous Fish Commission) to facilitate principle to Council. If Council wishes to participation by those who attend both implement the Program in the next fiscal Annual Meetings organized consecutively in year, it will be necessary to use the Trust nearby locations, and to allow scientists to Fund, as there is no special allocation for attend the joint NPAFC-PICES Workshop the Intern Program in the 2000 fiscal year on Factors Affecting Production of Juvenile budget. Permanent support for the Intern Salmon. This Workshop will be held Program will require replenishing the Trust immediately after PICES IX (October 29) in Fund or developing some other mechanism Tokyo. to support it, as funds used for the Intern Program will reduce Trust Fund support The Committee recommends that Council available for other activities. approve the proposal that the PICES Secretariat host the Tenth Annual Meeting Agenda Item 11. Other business in Victoria, Canada. Dates of the meeting will be confirmed at next year’s Annual PICES has developed an organizational Meeting. structure that allows it to carry out its business on an annual basis. Recently, Agenda Item 9. Space, facilities and Science Board encouraged Scientific services Committees and Programs to develop strategic plans for their work in order to Space, general services and promote and facilitate longer-term planning communications are provided to the and direction. The Committee discussed Secretariat by the Government of Canada the proposal to form a PICES Bureau through the Department of Fisheries and (consisting of the Chairman and Vice- Oceans. This agreement commenced April Chairman of Governing Council, the PICES 1, 1992, and continues indefinitely with a Executive Secretary and the Chairmen of review every three years. The Executive Science Board and F&A Committee) that Secretary reported that in 1998, the can perform the same function for the Canadian Government introduced a new organization as a whole. It is the opinion of comprehensive fixed cost of CDN $4,000 the Committee that a new administrative per year for office space/services at the body is not necessary at this time. As the Institute of Ocean Sciences. He also PICES Chairman provides leadership in indicated that the more profile and larger long-term planning for the Organization and space provided in 1998 should be sufficient monitoring progress towards PICES for the Secretariat’s needs over the next few objectives, he/she may call a mid-term years. meeting of PICES officers for that purpose. The meeting could be held at a convenient Agenda Item 10. PICES Intern and cost-effective location to be determined Program by the Chairman in consultation with the Executive Secretary. The Committee reviewed and revised the proposal to establish a PICES Intern

F&A Endnote 1 Participants and Observers

Canada Richard J. Beamish

131 Igor I. Shevchenko China Alexander Kurmazov Qian-Fei Liu Hai-Qing Li U.S.A. Dorothy Bergamaschi

Japan Other Makoto Kashiwai Hyung-Tack Huh (Chairman, PICES) Koji Harunari Vera Alexander (Vice-Chairman, PICES) Republic of Korea Richard J. Marasco (Chairman, F&A) Jin Yeong Kim Alexander S. Bychkov (Executive Young Shil Kang Secretary) (Rapporteur) Stewart (Skip) M. McKinnell (Assistant Executive Secretary) (Rapporteur) Russia

F&A Endnote 2 Auditor’s Report (1998) to the Organization

Flader and Greene Chartered Accountants 9768 Third Street, Sidney, B.C. V8L 3A4

To the Council of the North Pacific Marine Science Organization

We have audited the statement of financial position of the North Pacific Marine Science Organization as at December 31, 1998, and the statement of operations and changes in fund balances for the year then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the organization’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform an audit to obtain reasonable assurance whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.

In our opinion, these financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the organization as at December 31, 1998, and the results of its operations and the changes in financial position for the year then ended in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

132

Sidney, B.C. Canada Flader and Greene March 3, 1999 Chartered Accountants

133 Statement I

NORTH PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE ORGANIZATION STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION AS AT DECEMBER 31, 1998

1998 1997 ASSETS

Current Assets Cash and term deposits $ 365,201 $ 366,807 Accounts receivable $ 12,000 Due from Contracting Parties $ 7,376 $ 384,577 $ 366,807

LIABILITIES AND FUND BALANCES

Current Liabilities Accounts payable $ 12,801 $ 9,486

Fund Balances Working Capital Fund $ 162,620 $ 146,249 Trust Fund $ 99,156 $ 101,064 Home Leave Relocation Fund $110,000 $ 110,000 $ 371,776 $ 357,313 $ 384,577 $ 366,807

134 Statement II NORTH PACIFIC MARINE SCIENCE ORGANIZATION STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS AND CHANGES IN FUND BALANCES FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998

Working Home Leave General Capital Trust Relocation 1998 1997 Fund Fund Fund Fund Total Total Fund Balances, beginning of year $ - $ 146,247 $ 101,064 $ 110,000 $357,311 $ 318,104 Sources of Funds Contributions from Contracting Parties 508,800 - 5,609 - 514,409 508,800 Inter-Fund transfers (7,829) - 5,234 2,595 - Interest and other income – (Note 4) 26,456 4,526 2,589 3,780 37,351 32,784 Fund Balances, before expenditures 527,427 150,773 114,496 116,375 909,071 859,688 Expenditures Personnel services 280,215 - - - 280,215 286,163 Travel 72,300 2,874 38,430 - 113,604 108,156 Communication 16,832 - - - 16,832 26,124 Contractual services 17,353 - - - 17,353 12,628 Printing 45,998 - - - 45,998 35,185 Supplies 6,311 - - - 6,311 4,376 Equipment 10,996 - - - 10,996 10,898 Annual General Meeting expenditures 37,440 - - - 37,440 5,296 Workshops - - - 11,708 Relocation - - - 6,375 6,375 114 Miscellaneous 2,171 - - - 2,171 1,727 489,616 2,874 38,430 6,375 537,295 502,375 Net Funds Available 37,811 147,899 76,066 110,000 371,776 357,313 Transfers to Working Capital Fund (37,811) 37,811 - - - - Transfer of Working Capital Surplus (23,090) 23,090 Fund Balances, end of year (Note 5) $ - $ 162,620 $ 99,156 $ 110,000 371,776 $ 357,313

135 NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS DECEMBER 31, 1998

1. Purpose of the Organization

The North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES) is an intergovernmental non-profit scientific organization whose present members include Canada, Japan, the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation and the United States of America. The purpose of the organization is to promote and coordinate marine scientific research in order to advance scientific knowledge of the North Pacific and adjacent seas.

2. Accounting policies

The financial statements are prepared in accordance with the North Pacific Marine Science Organization’s Financial Regulations and are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. The following is a summary of the significant accounting policies used in the preparation of these financial statements: a. Fund accounting The Working Capital Fund represents the accumulated excess of contributions provided from Contracting Parties over expenditures in the General Fund. The purposes of the General Fund and Working Capital Fund are established by Regulation 6 of the Organization Financial Regulation.

The Trust Fund was established in 1994 for the purpose of facilitating participation of a broad spectrum of scientists in activities of the Organization.

The Home Leave Relocation Fund was established in 1996 to pay relocation and home leave expenses of new employees and their dependents to the seat of the Secretariat and removal after period of employment has ended, and provide home leave for international staff. This Fund is set at a maximum of $110,000. b. Capital assets Capital assets acquired by the Organization are expensed in the year of acquisition. c. Income tax The Organization is a non-taxable organization under the Privileges and Immunities (International Organizations) Act (Canada). d. Foreign exchange Transactions originating in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rate prevailing at the transaction dates. Assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currency are translated to equivalent Canadian amounts at the current rate of exchange at the statement of finance position date.

3. Commitments

General administrative and communication services are provided to the Secretariat of the Organization by the Government of Canada through the Department of Fisheries and Oceans.

This agreement commenced on April 1, 1992, and continues indefinitely with a review every three years. The fixed cost for office space is $4,000 per year. Services provided are invoiced quarterly.

4. Interest and other income

Working Home Leave General Capital Trust Relocation Fund Fund Fund Fund

Interest income $ - $ 4,526 $ 2,589 $ 3,780 Income tax levies 21,882 - - - GST rebates 4,574 - - - $ 26,456 $ 4,526 $ 2,589 $ 3,780

5. Working Capital Fund surplus

Pursuant to the decision of the Governing Council, $ 58,000 of the funds held in the Working Capital Fund will be transferred to reduce 1999 fees.

6. Uncertainty due to the year 2000 issue

The Year 2000 Issue arises because many computerized system use two digits rather than four to identify a year. Date-sensitive systems may recognize the year 2000 as 1900 or some other date, resulting in errors when information using year 2000 dates is processed. In addition, similar problems may arise in some systems which use certain dates in 1999 to represent something other than a date.

The effect of the Year 2000 Issue may be experienced before, on, or after January 1, 2000, and, if not addressed, the impact on operations and financial reporting may range from minor errors to significant system failure, which could affect an entity’s ability to conduct normal business operations. It is not possible to be certain that all aspects of the Year 2000 Issue affecting the entity, including those related to the efforts of contracting parties, suppliers, or other third parties, will be fully resolved.

F&A Endnote 3 Budget for fiscal year 2000

Category Allotment Personnel Services 288,000 Annual Meeting 42,000 Special Meetings 51,000 Travel 85,000 Printing 57,000 Communication 31,000 Equipment 10,000 Supplies 7,000 Contractual Services 16,000 Miscellaneous 3,000 Total 590,000

Source Contribution Contributions from six Contracting Parties 531,600 Transfer of Working Capital Fund surplus 58,400 Total 590,000

2000 Annual Fee for each Party 88,600

COMPOSITION OF THE ORGANIZATION

W X

Governing Council

Dr. Hyung-Tack Huh, Chairman Dr. Vera Alexander, Vice-Chairman

Canada Dr. William G. Doubleday China Mr. Zheng-Ping Tang Dr. Laura Richards Mr. Jing-Guang Li

Japan Dr. Makoto Kashiwai Korea Mr. Sung-Ho Joo Mr. Yukiya Amano Mr. Lae-Hyung Hong

Russia Dr. Lev N. Bocharov U.S.A. Dr. James W. Balsiger Dr. Sergey E. Dyagilev Dr. Vera Alexander

Finance and Administration Committee

Dr. Richard J. Marasco, Chairman

Canada Dr. Laura Richards China Mr. Zhong-Wei Liu Dr. William G. Doubleday Mr. Yong Li

Japan Dr. Makoto Kashiwai Korea Mr. Sung-Ho Joo Mr. Hiroshi Oka

Russia Dr. Alexander A. Kurmazov U.S.A. Ms. Dorothy Bergamaschi Dr. Igor I. Shevchenko

Science Board

Ms. Patricia Livingston, Chairman

Dr. Tsutomu Ikeda Dr. Douglas E. Hay (Biological Oceanography Committee) (Fishery Science Committee)

Dr. Alexander V. Tkalin Dr. Vyacheslav B. Lobanov (Marine Environmental Quality Committee) (Physical Oceanography & Climate Committee)

Secretariat

Executive Secretary Assistant Executive Secretary Dr. Alexander S. Bychkov Dr. Stewart (Skip) M. McKinnell

Administrative Assistant Secretary Ms. Christina Chiu Ms. Christie McAlister

139

Biological Oceanography Committee

Canada Dr. Kenneth L. Denman China Prof. Ya-Qu Chen Dr. Paul J. Harrison Dr. Song Sun Dr. David L. Mackas Dr. Ming-Yuan Zhu

Japan * Dr. Tsutomu Ikeda Korea Dr. Woong-Seo Kim Prof. Takashige Sugimoto Dr. Jae-Hyung Shim Dr. Atsushi Tsuda Dr. Sinjae Yoo

Russia Dr. Boris N. Kotenev U.S.A. Dr. Linda Jones Dr. Vladimir I. Radchenko Prof. Michael M. Mullin Prof. Victor V. Sapozhnikov Prof. Patricia A. Wheeler

Fishery Science Committee

Canada Dr. Richard J. Beamish China Mr. Jia-Hua Cheng * Dr. Douglas E. Hay Dr. Xian-Shi Jin Dr. Laura Richards Prof. Qi-Sheng Tang

Japan Dr. Akihiko Hara Korea Dr. Suam Kim Dr. Tokimasa Kobayashi Dr. Chang-Ik Zhang Dr. Takashi Minami

Russia Dr. Leonid V. Borets U.S.A. Dr. George W. Boehlert Dr. Victor V. Lapko Dr. Gordon H. Kruse Dr. Mikhail A. Stepanenko Dr. Loh-Lee Low

Marine Environmental Quality Committee

Canada Dr. Richard F. Addison China Prof. Shi-Zuo Feng Mr. Steve Samis Prof. Xiao-Ping Jia Prof. Jia-Yi Zhou

Japan Mr. Susumu Ota Korea Dr. Kwang-Woo Lee Prof. Makoto Shimizu Dr. Dong-Beom Yang Dr. Masataka Watanabe

Russia Dr. Tatiana A. Belan U.S.A. Dr. Paul K. Park Dr. Lev M. Gramm-Osipov Dr. John E. Stein * Dr. Alexander V. Tkalin Dr. C. Michael Watson

140

* Chairman

(membership as of January 2000)

141 Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee

Canada Dr. Susan E. Allen China Prof. Ji-Ping Chao Dr. Howard J. Freeland Prof. Dun-Xin Hu Dr. C.S. Wong Prof. Ming-Yu Zhou

Japan Prof. Yasuhiro Sugimori Korea Dr. Sang-Kyung Byun Dr. Nobuo Suginohara Dr. Kuh Kim Dr. Takeshi Uji Dr. Jae-Yul Yun

Russia Dr. Sergey V. Gladyshev U.S.A. Prof. David L. Musgrave Dr. Gennady V. Khen Dr. James E. Overland * Dr. Vyacheslav B. Lobanov Prof. Stephen C. Riser

Technical Committee on Data Exchange

Canada Ms. Susan Bates China Mr. Song-Nian Jiang * Mr. Robin M. Brown Mr. Ling Tong

Japan Dr. Tatsu Kishida Korea Mr. Hae Seok Kang Dr. Toshio Nagai

Russia Dr. Igor D. Rostov U.S.A. Dr. Bernard A. Megrey Dr. Igor I. Shevchenko Dr. Thomas C. Royer

Publication Committee

Canada * Dr. Howard J. Freeland China Prof. Qi-Sheng Tang

Japan Prof. Takashige Sugimoto Korea Dr. Jang-Uk Lee

Russia Dr. Vyacheslav B. Lobanov U.S.A. Dr. Warren S. Wooster

Fund-Raising Committee

Canada Dr. Richard J. Beamish China Mr. Zhi-Xin Chen

Japan to be confirmed Korea Mr. Sung-Ho Joo

Russia Dr. Lev N. Bocharov U.S.A. Ms. Heather D. McCarty

* Chairman

142 (membership as of January 2000)

143 Working Group 8: Practical Assessment Methodology

Canada Dr. Richard F. Addison China Prof. You-Xian Yuan Dr. Colin D. Levings * Prof. Ming-Jiang Zhou

Japan Mr. Susumu Ota Korea Prof. Makoto Shimizu Dr. Masataka Watanabe Dr. Hisashi Yamada

Russia Dr. Tatiana A. Belan U.S.A. Dr. Andrew Robertson Dr. Lev M. Gramm-Osipov Dr. Brenda M. Sanders Dr. Alexander V. Tkalin * Dr. John E. Stein

Working Group 12: Crabs and Shrimps

Canada Mr. Jim Boutillier China Mr. Zhi-Meng Zhuang Dr. Glen Jamieson

Japan Dr. Yasuki Ogawa Korea Dr. Sung-Yun Hong Dr. Hideo Sekiguchi Dr. In-Ja Yeon Ms. Ikuko Yosho

Russia Dr. Boris G. Ivanov U.S.A. Dr. David A. Armstrong * Dr. Vitaly E. Rodin Dr. Louis W. Botsford Ms. Yuliya B. Zaitseva * Dr. Robert S. Otto

Working Group 13: CO2 in the North Pacific

Canada Dr. C.S. Wong China Dr. Zhang-Gui Wang

Japan Dr. Akihiko Murata Korea Dr. Myung-Woo Han * Dr. Yukihiro Nojiri

Russia Ms. Galina Yu Pavlova U.S.A. Dr. Andrew Dickson Dr. Igor P. Semiletov * Dr. Richard A. Feely Dr. Pavel Ya. Tishchenko Dr. Paul Quay

* Chairman

144 (membership as of January 2000)

145 Working Group 14: Effective Sampling of Micronekton to Estimate Ecosystem Carrying Capacity

Canada Dr. John F. Dower China Prof. Ming-Yuan Zhu Dr. David L. Mackas

Japan Mr. Naoki Iguchi Korea Dr. Chul Park Dr. Orio Yamamura

Russia Dr. Andry A. Balanov U.S.A. * Dr. Richard D. Brodeur * Dr. Nikolay V. Parin Dr. Kenneth Coyle Dr. Vadim F. Savinykh Dr. Bruce H. Robison

Working Group 15: Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the North Pacific

Canada Dr. Paul J. Harrison China Dr. Tian Yan Dr. Youxian Yaun Prof. Ming-Yuan Zhu

Japan Dr. Yasuwo Fukuyo Korea Mr. Man Chang Dr. Ichiro Imai Mr. Chang-Hoon Kim Dr. Masaaki Kodama Dr. Hak Gyoon Kim Dr. Kyoichi Tamai

Russia Dr. Dmitry L. Aminin U.S.A. Dr. Donald M. Anderson Dr. Tatiana Orlova Dr. William Cochlan Dr. Vladimir M. Shulkin Dr. David Garrison Dr. Inna Stonik Dr. Vera L. Trainer Dr. Mark L. Wells

Working Group 16: Implications of Climate Change to Fisheries Management

Canada Dr. Richard J. Beamish China Mr. Jia-Hua Cheng Dr. James Irvine Dr. Xian-Shi Jin Dr. Jacquelynne R. King Dr. Shengfa Li

Japan Dr. Muneharu Tokimura Korea Dr. Jin-Yeong Kim Dr. Tokio Wada Dr. Suam Kim Dr. Akihiko Yatsu Dr. Chang-Ik Zhang

Russia Dr. Gennady Khen U.S.A. Dr. George W. Boehlert Dr. Leonid B. Klyashtorin Dr. Steven R. Hare Dr. Victor V. Lapko Dr. Alec D. MacCall

* Chairman

146 (membership as of January 2000) PICES-GLOBEC Implementation Panel on Climate Change and Carrying Capacity Program

Chairmen: Dr. Suam Kim (Republic of Korea) Dr. David W. Welch (Canada)

Executive Committee: Dr. Suam Kim (IP Co-chairman) Dr. David W. Welch (IP Co-chairman) Dr. Andrei S. Krovnin (BASS Task Team Co-chairman) Mr. Gordon A. McFarlane (BASS Task Team Co-chairman) Dr. Michio J. Kishi (MODEL Task Team Co-chairman) Dr. Bernard A. Megrey (MODEL Task Team Co-chairman) Dr. Bruce A. Taft (MONITOR Task Team Co-chairman) Dr. Yasunori Sakurai (MONITOR Task Team Co-chairman) Dr. William T. Peterson (REX Task Team Co-chairman, U.S.A. GLOBEC) Dr. Vladimir I. Radchenko (REX Task Team Co-chairman) Dr. Tokio Wada (REX Task Team Co-chairman) Dr. R. Ian Perry (Canada GLOBEC) Prof. Qi-Sheng Tang (China GLOBEC) Dr. Yukimasa Ishida (NPAFC representative)

National Members: Canada Dr. Richard J. Beamish China Prof. Ji-Lan Su Dr. David L. Mackas Prof. Qi-Sheng Tang Dr. R. Ian Perry Prof. Rong Wang Dr. Daniel M. Ware

Japan Prof. Masahide Kaeriyama Korea Dr. Suam Kim Dr. Kazuya Nagasawa Dr. Sinjae Yoo Prof. Yutaka Nagata Dr. Chang-Ik Zhang Dr. Yasunori Sakurai Dr. Tokio Wada

Russia Dr. Andrei S. Krovnin U.S.A. Dr. Bruce W. Frost Dr. Vyacheslav B. Lobanov Prof. Brenda L. Norcross Dr. Vladimir I. Radchenko Dr. William T. Peterson Dr. Yury Zuenko Dr. Bruce A. Taft Dr. Warren S. Wooster

Representatives: Ms. Patricia Livingston (Science Board Chairman) Dr. Alexander V. Tkalin (MEQ Chairman) Dr. Vyacheslav B. Lobanov (POC Chairman) Dr. Tsutomu Ikeda (BIO Chairman) Dr. Douglas E. Hay (FIS Chairman) Mr. Robin M. Brown (TCODE Chairman)

147

(membership as of January 2000) BASS Task Team:

Canada Dr. David L. Mackas China * Mr. Gordon A. McFarlane

Japan Dr. Makoto Kashiwai Korea Dr. Suam Kim Prof. Makoto Terazaki Dr. Jang-Uk Lee Dr. Akihiko Yatsu

Russia Dr. Alexander I. Boltnev U.S.A. Dr. Michael L. Dahlberg * Dr. Andrei S. Krovnin Dr. Bruce W. Frost Dr. Bruce A. Taft Prof. Patricia A. Wheeler

MODEL Task Team:

Canada Dr. R. Ian Perry China Dr. Da-Ji Huang Dr. Daniel M. Ware

Japan Dr. Masahiro Endoh Korea Dr. Jae-Hak Lee * Dr. Michio J. Kishi Dr. Sinjae Yoo

Russia Dr. Vadim V. Navrotsky U.S.A. Dr. Linda Jones Dr. Yury Zuenko Ms. Patricia Livingston * Dr. Bernard A. Megrey

MONITOR Task Team:

Canada China Dr. Xian-Yong Zhao Dr. David W. Welch

Japan Dr. Kaouru Nakata Korea Ms. Young-Jean Choi * Dr. Yasunori Sakurai Prof. Chul Park

Russia Dr. Vyacheslav B. Lobanov U.S.A. Dr. Jeffrey M. Napp Dr. Nikolay A. Rykov Dr. Thomas C. Royer Dr. Mikhail A. Stepanenko * Dr. Bruce A. Taft Dr. Warren S. Wooster

REX Task Team:

Canada Dr. Richard F. Addison China Prof. Qi-Sheng Tang Dr. N. Brent Hargreaves Prof. Rong Wang

Japan Dr. Yasunori Sakurai Korea Dr. Jin-Yeong Kim Prof. Yutaka Nagata Dr. Chang-Ik Zhang * Dr. Tokio Wada

Russia * Dr. Vladimir I. Radchenko U.S.A. Dr. George L. Hunt, Jr. Prof. Brenda L. Norcross * Dr. William T. Peterson

148

* Chairman

(membership as of January 2000) Advisory Panel on Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) Survey in the North Pacific

Canada Dr. David L. Mackas China Dr. Song Sun Dr. David W. Welch Mr. Zhi-Meng Zhuang

Japan Prof. Takashige Sugimoto Korea Dr. Young Shil Kang Dr. Sinjae Yoo

Russia Dr. Vladimir I. Radchenko U.S.A. Dr. Richard D. Brodeur Dr. Anatoly F. Volkov Dr. Michael M. Mullin Dr. Jeffrey M. Napp Dr. Warren S. Wooster

United Kingdom Dr. Sonia D. Batten

Advisory Panel on Marine Birds & Mammals

Canada Dr. Doug Bertram China Dr. Peter S. Ross

Japan Dr. Hidehiro Kato Korea Dr. Zang Guen Kim Dr. Yutaka Watanuki

Russia Dr. Nataliya Litvinenko U.S.A. Dr. Thomas R. Loughlin Dr. Vjatcheslav P. Shuntov Dr. William Sydeman

Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization Experiment

Canada Dr. Paul J. Harrison China Prof. Ming-Yu Zhou Dr. Neil M. Price * Dr. C.S. Wong

Japan Dr. Isao Kudo Korea Dr. Gi-Hoon Hong Prof. Masayuki Mac Takahashi * Dr. Shigenobu Takeda Dr. Atsushi Tsuda

Russia Dr. Lev Gramm-Osipov U.S.A. Dr. Robert R. Bidigare Dr. Victor V. Sapozhnikov Dr. Kenneth Coale

149 Dr. Vladimir M. Shulkin Dr. William Cochlan Dr. Mark L. Wells

* Chairman

(membership as of January 2000)

150 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS W X

CANADA 200 Kent Street, Dr. Richard F. Addison Ottawa, ON, Contaminant Science Canada. K1A 0E6 Institute of Ocean Sciences P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., Canada. V8L 4B2

Dr. Susan E. Allen Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences University of British Columbia 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. V6T 1Z4

Dr. Richard J. Beamish Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada. V9R 5K6

Mr. Robin M. Brown Ocean Science & Productivity Division Institute of Ocean Sciences P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C. Canada. V8L 4B2

Dr. Josef Y. Cherniawsky Canadian Hydrographic Service Institute of Ocean Sciences P.O. Box 6000, Sidney, B.C., Canada. V8L 4B2

Dr. Denis D'Amours Department of Fisheries & Oceans Government of Canada 200 Kent Street, Ottawa, ON, Canada. K1A 0E6

Dr. William G. Doubleday Department of Fisheries & Oceans Government of Canada

149 Dr. F.J.R. Taylor Dr. Howard J. Freeland Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences Ocean Science & Productivity Division University of British Columbia Institute of Ocean Sciences 6270 University Boulevard, P.O. Box 6000, Vancouver, B.C., Sidney, B.C., Canada. V6T 1Z4 Canada. V8L 4B2

Dr. David W. Welch Dr. Paul J. Harrison Pacific Biological Station Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences 3190 Hammond Bay Road, University of British Columbia Nanaimo, B.C., #1461, 6270 University Blvd., Canada. V9R 5K6 Vancouver, B.C., Canada. V6T 1Z4

Dr. Douglas E. Hay Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada. V9R 5K6

Dr. Jacquelynne R. King Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, B.C., Canada. V9R 5K6

Mr. Gordon A. McFarlane Pacific Biological Station 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, B.C. Canada. V9R 5K6

Ms. Jacqueline M. O'Connell Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences University of British Columbia 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. V6T 1Z4

Mr. Steve C. Samis Habitat & Enhancement Branch Department of Fisheries & Oceans 555 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. V6B 5G3 CHINA

Ms. Bi Juan Chen & Pollution Control Key Laboratory Aquacultural Environment Quality Optimization Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences

150 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China. 266071 Dr. Yao Sun Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences Dr. Shang Chen 106 Nanjing Road, First Institute of Oceanography Qingdao, Shandong, State Oceanic Administration People's Republic of China. 266071 3A Hongdaozhi Road, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China. 266003 Dr. Qi-Sheng Tang Director, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Mr. Yi Cui Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute 106 Nanjing Road, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences Qingdao, Shandong, 106 Nanjing Road, People's Republic of China. 266071 Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China. 266071 Mr. Ling Tong Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Mr. Yanan Hu Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences Department of International Cooperation 106 Nanjing Road, Ministry of Agriculture Qingdao, Shandong, 11 Nongzhanguan Nanli, People's Republic of China. 266071 Beijing, People's Republic of China. 100026 Prof. Jing-Yi Wang National Research Center for Marine Ms. Jian Kang Environmental Forecasts Science & Technology 8 Dahuisi Road, State Oceanic Administration Haidian District, 1 Fuxingmenwai Avenue, Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China. 100081 People's Republic of China. 100860

Dr. Jun Wang Mr. Hai-Qing Li Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Department of International Cooperation Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences State Oceanic Administration 106 Nanjing Road, 1 Fuxingmenwai Avenue, Qingdao, Shandong, Beijing, People's Republic of China. 266071 People's Republic of China. 100860

Prof. Jihui Yan National Marine Environment Forecasting Mr. Qian-Fei Liu Center Bureau of Fisheries State Oceanic Administration Ministry of Agriculture No. 8 Dahuisi Road, 11 Nongzhanguan Nanli, Haidian District, Beijing, Beijing, People's Republic of China. 100026 People's Republic of China. 100081

151 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong, Dr. Bo Zhang People's Republic of China. 266071 Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China. 266071

Dr. Ming-Jiang Zhou Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences

JAPAN Overseas Fishery Cooperation Foundation Dr. Kenji Asano Sankaido Bldg. 9-13, Akasakai, Minato-ku, Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute Tokyo, 49 Kokubumachi, Japan. Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan. 850-0951 Dr. Kohji Iida Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido Univesity Dr. Yasuwo Fukuyo 3-1-1 Minato-cho, University of Tokyo Hakodate, Hokkaido, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Japan. 041-8611 Tokyo, Japan. 113-8657 Dr. Tsutomu Ikeda Biological Oceanography Laboratory Dr. Akihiko Hara Faculty of Fisheries Department of Marine Biological Science Hokkaido University Faculty of Fisheries 1-1 Minato-cho, 3 chome, Hokkaido University Hakodate, Hokkaido, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Japan. 041-5541 Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan. 041-8611 Mr. Yoichiro Ishibashi Japan NUS Co., Ltd. Mr. Koji Harunari Sakae 8th Royal Bldg., 8F, 4-7-10 Sakae, Naka- International Science Cooperation Division ku, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Nagoya, 2-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Japan. 460-0008 Tokyo, Japan. 100-8919 Dr. Hiroshi Ishizaki Oceanographical Research Department Dr. Kazuichi Hayakawa Meteorological Research Institute Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1-1 Nagamine, Kanazawa University Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 13-1 Takaramachi, Japan. 305-0052 Kanazawa, Japan. 920-0934 Dr. Masahide Kaeriyama Department of Marine & Science Technology Mr. Kohachi Hayashi Hokkaido Tokai University Senior Technical Adviser 5-1-1-1 Minamisawa, Minami-ku,

152 Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. 005-8601 Dr. Taiyo Kobayashi Center for Climate System Research University of Tokyo Komaba 4-6-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan. 153-8904

Dr. Makoto Kashiwai Dr. Tokimasa Kobayashi Subarctic Fisheries Oceanography Division Subarctic Fisheries Resources Division Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute 116 Katsurakoi, 116 Katsurakoi, Kushiro, Hokkaido, Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan. 085-0802 Japan. 085-0802

Dr. Hidehiro Kato National Research Institute of Far Seas Dr. Kosei Komatsu Fisheries National Research Institute of Fisheries Science 5-7-1 Orido, Fukuura 2-12-4, Kanazawa-ku, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan. 424-8633 Japan. 236-8648

Dr. Yasuhiro Kawasaki Dr. Yasuo Matsukawa Subarctic Fisheries Oceanography Division National Research Institute of Fisheries Science Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, 116 Katsurakoi, Yokohama, Kanagawa Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan. 236-8648 Japan. 085-0802

Dr. Shoshiro Minobe Dr. Michio J.Kishi Division of Earth & Planetary Sciences Faculty of Fisheries Graduate School of Science Hokkaido University Hokkaido University 3-1-1 Minato-cho, N-10, W-8, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. 041-8611 Japan. 060-0810

Dr. Tatsu Kishida Mr. Kengo Miyamoto Resource Management Division Department of Geophysics National Research Institute of Fisheries Science Graduate School of Science Fukuura 2-12-4, Kanazawa-ku, Tohoku University Yokohama, Kanagawa, Aoba Ward, Japan. 236-8648 Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. 980-5878

Dr. Toru Kobari Faculty of Fisheries Dr. Akihiko Murata Hokkaido University Ocean Research Department 3-1-1 Minato-machi, Japan Marine Science & Technology Center Hakodate, Hokkaido, 2-15 Natsushima, Japan. 041-0821 Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. 237-0061

153

Mr. Toshio Nagai Dr. Toshio Suga Director, Department of Geophysics Oceanographic Data & Information Division Graduate School of Science Japan Oceanographic Data Center Tohoku University 5-3-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Aza-Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Tokyo, Sendai, Japan. 104-0045 Japan. 980-8578

Dr. Yutaka Nagata Dr. Takashige Sugimoto Marine Information Research Center (MIRC) Ocean Research Institute Japan Hydrographic Association University of Tokyo Mishima Bldg., 5F, 7-15-4 Ginza, Chuo-ku, 1-15-1 Minamidai, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. 104-0061 Japan. 164-8639

Dr. Yukihiro Nojiri Dr. Nobuo Suginohara National Institute for Environmental Studies Center for Climate System Research 16-2 Onogawa, University of Tokyo Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Japan. 305-0053 Tokyo, Japan. 153-8904

Dr. Yoshioki Oozeki National Research Institute of Fisheries Science Dr. Toru Suzuki Fukuura 2-12-4, Kanazawa-ku, Marine Information Research Center (MIRC) Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan Hydrographic Association Japan. 236-8648 Mishima Bldg., 5F, 7-15-4 Ginza, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan. 104-0061 Dr. Yasunori Sakurai Department of Marine Science Dr. Kazuaki Tadokoro Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute Hokkaido University 116 Katsurakoi, 3-1-1 Minato-cho, Kushiro, Hokkaido, Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan. 085-0802 Japan. 041-8611

Dr. Shigenobu Takeda Dr. Katsuyuki Sasaki Biology Department Marine Productivity Division Central Research Institute of Electric Power National Research Institute of Fisheries Science Industry (CRIEPI) Fukuura 2-12-4, Kanazawa-ku, 1646 Abiko, Yokohama, Kanagawa Abiko, Japan. 236-8648 Japan. 270-1194

Dr. Makoto Shimizu Dr. Kensuke Takeuchi Professor Emeritus Institute of Low Temperature Science University of Tokyo Hokkaido University 9-401 Minami-Ohi, 6-20 Shinagawa-ku, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kitaku, Tokyo, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. 140-0013 Japan. 060-0819

154 Tokyo, Japan. 100 Dr. Muneharu Tokimura Oceanography & Resources Division Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute Dr. Orio Yamamura 49 Kokubu-machi, Subarctic Fisheries Oceanography Division Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute Japan. 850-0951 116 Katsurakoi, Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan. 085-0802 Dr. Atsushi Tsuda Subarctic Fisheries Oceanography Division Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute Dr. Ichiro Yasuda 116 Katsurakoi, Department of Earth & Planetary Physics Kushiro, Hokkaido, Graduate School of Science Japan. 085-0802 University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Dr. Takeshi Uji Japan. 113-0033 Oceanographical Research Department Meteorological Research Institute 1-1 Nagamine, Dr. Akihiko Yatsu Tsukuba, Ibaraki, National Research Institute of Fisheries Science Japan. 305-0052 Fukuura 2-12-4, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan. 236-8648 Dr. Tokio Wada Resource Development Department Fisheries Agency 2-1 Kasumigaseki 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, KOREA Pukyung National University Dr. S.K. Cho Daeyeon 3 dong, Nam-gu, Institute of Fisheries Sciences Pusan, Pusan, Republic of Korea. 608-737 Republic of Korea.

Dr. Sung Yun Hong Dr. Joong Ki Choi Pusan National Fisheries University Department of Oceanography Daeyeon 3 dong, Nam-gu, Inha University Pusan, Yong Hyun dong, Nam gu, Republic of Korea. 608-737 Inchon, Republic of Korea. 402-751 Dr. Hyung-Tack Huh Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute Dr. Jae-Suk Choi Ansan P.O. Box 29, Department of Biotechnology Seoul, Pukyong National University Republic of Korea. 425-600 Daeyeon 3 dong, Nam-gu, Pusan, Republic of Korea. 608-737 Mr. Bo Kyu Hwang Pukyung National University Daeyeon 3 dong, Nam-gu, Dr. Yeong Gong Pusan, Department Marine Production Management Republic of Korea.

155

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156 Republic of Korea. 425-600 Republic of Koera. 619-900

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Dr. Eun-Hee Kwon Department of Biotechnology Mr. Sun-Kil Lee Pukyong National University Department of Marine Production Management Daeyeon 3 dong, Nam-gu, Pukyong National University Pusan, Daeyeon 3-dong Nam-gu, Republic of Korea. 608-737 Pusan, Republic of Korea. 608-737

Dr. Chang Kyu Lee Mr. Yong Hee Lee Harmful Algal Blooms Research Division Meteorological Research Institute National Fisheries Research & Development 460-18 Shindaebang-dong, Donjack-gu, Institute Seoul, 408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gun, Republic of Korea. 156-720 Pusan, Republic of Koera. 619-900 Dr. Kee-Soo Nam Changmok Marine Station Mr. Jae Bong Lee Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute Department of Marine Production Management Ansan P.O. Box 29, Pukyong National University Seoul, Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-gu, Republic of Korea. 425-600 Pusan, Republic of Korea. 608-737 Dr. Im Sang Oh Research Institute of Oceanography Mr. Man Woo Lee Seoul National University Department of Marine Production Management San 56-1, Silim-dong, Kwanak-gu, Pukyong National University Seoul, Daeyeon 3-dong Nam-gu, Republic of Korea. 151-742 Pusan, Republic of Korea. 608-737 Dr. Chul Park Department of Oceanography Mr. Myoung Woo Lee Chungnam National University Department of Marine Production Management 220 Kungdon, Yusung-gu, Pukyong National University Taejon, 599-1 Daeyon dong, Nam-gu, Republic of Korea. 305-764 Pusan, Republic of Korea. 608-737 Mr. Kwang Ki Park Department of Marine Production Management Dr. Sam Geon Lee Pukyong National University National Fisheries Research & Development 599-1 Daeyoun dong, Nam-gu, Institute Pusan, 408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gun, Republic of Korea. 608-737 Pusan,

157 Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-gu, Dr. Young Jae Ro Pusan, Department of Oceanography Republic of Korea. 608-737 Chungnam National University Kung-dong 220, Yusung-gu, Taejon, Dr. Young-Sang Suh Republic of Korea. 305-764 Oceanography Department National Fisheries Research & Development Institute 408-1 Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gun Pusan, Mr. Young Il Seo Republic of Korea. 619-900d Department of Marine Production Management Pukyong National University 599-1 Daeyoun dong, Nam-gu Dr. Yong-Rhim Yang Pusan, Department of Marine Production Management Republic of Korea. 608-737 Pukyong National University Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-gu, Pusan, Ms. Jeong Hee Shim Republic of Korea. 608-737 Polar Research Center Korea Ocean Research & Development Institute Sa-dong 1270, Dr. Chang-Ik Zhang Ansan Kyunggi, Department of Marine Production Management Republic of Korea. 425-600 Pukyong National University Daeyeon 3-dong, Nam-gu, Pusan, Dr. Hyeon Ok Shin Republic of Korea. 608-737 Department of Marine Production Management Pukyong National University RUSSIA Vladivostok, Dr. Albert G. Ablaev Russia. 690022 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Dr. Arkady V. Alekseev Vladivostok, Pacific Oceanological Institute Russia. 690041 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Russia. 690041 Dr. Valery A. Abramov Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Dr. A.I. Alexanin Vladivostok, Institution of Automation & Control Processes Russia. 690041 Vladivostok, Russia. 690041

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159 Research Institute (FERHRI) Russia. 690041 24 Fontannaya Street, Vladivostok, Russia. 690600 Dr. Alexander A. Gavrilevsky Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute (FERHRI) Dr. V.B. Darnitskiy 24 Fontannaya Street, Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Vladivostok, Center) Russia. 690600 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, Dr. Larissa A. Gayko Russia. 690600 Institute of Marine Biology 17 Palchevskogo Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Svetlana V. Davidova Russia. 690041 Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Center) 4 Shevchenko Alley, Dr. Sergey V. Gladyshev Vladivostok, Pacific Oceanological Institute Russia. 690600 currently at Institute of Low Temperature Hokkaido University Ms. Elena V. Dmitrieva Sapporo, Hokkaido, Pacific Oceanological Institute Japan. 060-0819 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Russia. 690041 Dr. Svetlana Yu. Glebova Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Center) Dr. Natalya T. Dolganova 4 Shevchenko Alley, Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Vladivostok, Center) Russia. 690600 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, Russia. 690600 Dr. Sergei A. Gorbarenko Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Dr. Vitaly A. Dudarev Vladivostok, Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Russia. 690041 Center) 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, Dr. Lev M. Gramm-Osipov Russia. 690600 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Vladimir I. Dulepov Russia. 690041 Institute of Marine Technology Problems 5-a Sukhanov Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Valentina N. Gramm-Osipova Russia. 690600 Faculty of Applied Ecology Far East State University 27 Octyabrskaya Street, Mr. Vladimir Efremov Vladivostok, Institute of Marine Biology Russia. 690000 17 Palchevskogo Street, Vladivostok,

160 Dr. Isabella S. Gusarova Russia. 690600 Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Center) 4 Shevchenko Alley, Dr. Fedor F. Khrapchenkov Vladivostok, Pacific Oceanological Institute Russia. 690600 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Russia. 690041 Ms. Irina Gvozdeva Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Dr. Talgat R. Kilmatov Vladivostok, Far Eastern State Academy of Economics & Russia. 690041 Management 19 Okeansky Prospect, Vladivostok, Russia. 690090

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161 Russia. 693000 Institute of Marine Biology 17 Palchevskogo Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Natali V. Kruk Russia. 690041 Institute of Marine Biology 17 Palchevskogo Street, Vladivostok, Mr. Alexander Lyashkov Russia. 690041 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Victor I. Kuzin Russia. 690041 Institute of Computational Mathematics & Mathematical Geophysics Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Science Dr. Alexander N. Man'ko 6 Lavrentieva Ave., Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Novosibirsk-90, Research Institute (FERHRI) Russia. 630090 24 Fontannaya Street, Vladivostok, Russia. 690600 Dr. Victor V. Lapko Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Center) Dr. Andrey Martynov 4 Shevchenko Alley, Institute of Computational Mathematics and Vladivostok, Numerical Geophysics Russia. 690600 Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Science, 6 Lavrentieva Ave., Novosibirsk, Dr. Alexandr Larentcev Russia. 630090 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Vasiliy F. Mishukov Russia. 690041 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Mr. Valentin Leskov Russia. 690041 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Galina I. Mishukova Russia. 690041 Pacific Oceanological Institute Dr. Vyacheslav B. Lobanov 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Deputy Director, Vladivostok, Pacific Oceanological Institute Russia. 690041 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Russia. 690041

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Dr. Ludmila N. Luchsheva Mr. Victor Molev

162 Far East State Technical University Russia. 683602 10 Pyshkinskaya Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Vadim V. Navrotsky Russia. Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Valentina V. Moroz Russia. 690041 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Alexander D. Nelezin Russia. 690041 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Anatoly V. Mozherovsky Russia. 690041 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Dr. A.A. Nikitin Russia. 690041 Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Center) 4 Shevchenko Alley, Ms. Larisa Muktepavel Vladivostok, Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Russia. 690600 Center) 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, Dr. A. Nikolaev Russia. 690600 Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Center) 4 Shevchenko Alley, Dr. Leonid F. Muratov Vladivostok, Pacific Oceanological Institute Russia. 690600 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Russia. 690041 Dr. Yury V. Novikov Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Center) Dr. Victoria V. Nadtochy 4 Shevchenko Alley, Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Vladivostok, Center) Russia. 690600 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, Russia. 690600 Dr. Anatoly Obzhirov Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Dr. V.V. Napazakov Vladivostok, Pacific Fisheries Research Center (TINRO- Russia. 690041 Center) 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, Dr. Tatiana Orlova Russia. 690600 Institute of Marine Biology 17 Palchevskogo Street, Vladivostok, Dr. N.I. Naumenko Russia. 690041 Kamchatka Scientific Research Institute of Fisheries & Oceanography 18 Naberezhnaya Street Ms. Galina Pavlova Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Pacific Oceanological Institute

163 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Sergey A. Pokrashenko Russia. 690041 Far Eastern State University 27 Oktyabraskaya Street, Vladivostok, Ms. Elena Pavlova Russia. 690600 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Ms. Antonina Polyarova Russia. 690041 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Russia. 690041 Dr. Alexander G. Petrov Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute (FERHRI) Dr. Vladimir I. Ponomarev 24 Fontannaya Street, Pacific Oceanological Institute Vladivostok, 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Russia. 690600 Vladivostok, Russia. 690041

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164 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Nikolay A. Rykov Russia. 690041 Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute (FERHRI) 24 Fontannaya Street, Mr. Renat Shakirov Vladivostok, Pacific Oceanological Institute Russia. 690600 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Russia. 690041 Ms. Anna S. Sakun Far Eastern State Academy of Economics & Mgmt. Dr. Tatyana V. Shaposhnikova 19 Okeansky Prospect, Pacific Fisheries Research Centre (TINRO- Vladivostok, Centre) Russia. 690090 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, Russia. 690600 Dr. Alexander Salomatin Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Dr. George V. Shevchenko Vladivostok, Institute of Marine Geology & Geophysics Russia. 690041 Nauki Street, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Russia. 693002 Dr. Anatoly Salyuk Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Dr. Igor I. Shevchenko Vladivostok, Pacific Fisheries Research Centre (TINRO- Russia. 690041 Centre) 4 Shevchenko Alley, Dr. Eugene V. Samko Vladivostok, Pacific Fisheries Research Centre (TINRO- Russia. 690600 Centre) 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, Ms. Elena Shtraihert Russia. 690600 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Mr. Alexey Savchenko Russia. 690041 Pacific Oceanological Institute 43 Baltiyskaya Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Vladimir M. Shulkin Russia. 690041 Pacific Geographical Institute 7 Radio Street, Vladivostok, Dr. Alexander V. Saveliev Russia. 690041 Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute (FERHRI) 24 Fontannaya Street, Dr. Vyacheslav P. Shuntov Vladivostok, Pacific Fisheries Research Centre (TINRO- Russia. 690600 Centre) 4 Shevchenko Alley, Vladivostok, Dr. Nina I. Savelieva Russia. 690600 Pacific Oceanological Institute

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169 Seattle, WA 98115-0070 Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory U.S.A. NOAA 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115-0070 Dr. Arthur J. Miller U.S.A. Climate Research Division Dr. Augustus J. Paul Scripps Institution of Oceanography Institute of Marine Science University of California San-Diego University of Alaska 9500 Gilman Drive P.O. Box 730, La Jolla, CA 92093-0224 Seward, AK 99664 U.S.A. U.S.A.

Dr. Christopher N.K. Mooers Dr. William T. Peterson Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Hatfield Marine Science Center Science National Marine Fisheries Service University of Miami 2030 S. Marine Science Drive, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Newport, OR 97365 Miami, FL 33149-1098 U.S.A. U.S.A.

Dr. Robert J. Presley Dr. David L. Musgrave Department of Oceanography School of Fisheries & Ocean Sciences Texas A & M University University of Alaska Fairbanks 100 Bizzel P.O. Box 757220, College Station, TX 77843-3146 Fairbanks, AK 99775-7220 U.S.A. U.S.A.

Dr. Thomas C. Royer Dr. Mark D. Ohman Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography Scripps Institution of Oceanography Old Dominion University University of California San Diego 768 W. 52 Street, 9500 Gilman Drive Norfolk, VA 23529 La Jolla, CA 92093-0227 U.S.A. U.S.A.

Dr. Scott M. Rumsey Ms. Sonia Olivella Hamilton Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated University of California San Diego Investigations 9500 Gilman Drive, NOAA La Jolla, CA 92093-0218 7600 Sand Point Way NE, U.S.A. Seattle, WA 98115-0070 U.S.A. Dr. Jeffrey W. Short Auke Bay Laboratory Dr. Robert S. Otto National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Department of Commerce 11305 Glacier Highway, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Juneau, AK 99801-8626 P.O. Box 1638, U.S.A. Kodiak, AK 99615-1638 U.S.A. Dr. William W. Smoker School of Fisheries & Ocean Sciences Dr. James E. Overland University of Alaska Fairbanks

170 11120 Glacier Highway, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Juneau, AK 99801 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, U.S.A. Seattle, WA 98112 U.S.A.

Ms. Carla M. Stehr Northwest Fisheries Science Center Dr. Mark L. Wells National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA School of Marine Sciences 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. University of Maine Seattle, WA 98112 5741 Libby Hall U.S.A. Orono, Maine 04469-5741 U.S.A.

Dr. John E. Stein Northwest Fisheries Science Center Dr. Patricia A. Wheeler National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Sciences 2725 Montlake Blvd. E. Oregon State University Seattle, WA 98112 Ocean Admin. Bldg. 104 U.S.A. Corvallis, OR 97331 U.S.A.

Dr. Yoshihiro Tachibana Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere & Dr. Warren S. Wooster Oceans School of Marine Affairs University of Washington University of Washington Box 354235, 4909 25th Avenue NE, 3707 Brooklyn Avenue, Seattle, WA 98195-4235 Seattle, WA 98105-6715 U.S.A. U.S.A.

Dr. Bruce A. Taft 10580 NE South Beach Drive, Dr. Bruce A. Wright Bainbridge Island, WA 98110 Office of Oil Spill Restoration U.S.A. NOAA 11305 Glacier Highway Juneau, AK 99807 Dr. Lynne D. Talley U.S.A. Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San-Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0230 U.S.A.

Dr. Vera L. Trainer Northwest Fisheries Science Center OBSERVERS Chief Staff Member Fisheries Dr. Sonia D. Batten Hakodate City Hall Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Science 4-13 Shinonome-cho, 1 Walker Terrace, Hakodate, Hokkaido, The Hoe Plymouth, Japan. 040-8666 United Kingdom. PL1 3BN

Dr. Ned Cyr Mr. Satoru Bizen Ocean Science & Living Resource

171 Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission Dr. Stein Kaartvedt UNESCO University of Oslo, Norway 1, rue Miollis, currently at: 75732 Paris Cedex, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution France MS#33, Biology Department Woods Hole, MA 02543 U.S.A. Dr. Steven R. Hare International Pacific Halibut Commission (IPHC) P.O. Box 95009, Dr. Evgueni Shumilin Seattle, WA 98145-2009 Interdisciplinary Marine Science Center U.S.A. Avenida Instiuto Politecnico Nacional s/n, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita Apdo Postal 592, Dr. David U. Hernandez-Becerril La Paz, Baja California Sur, Laboratorio de Ecologia de Pesquerias Mexico. 23096 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, UNAM Circuito Exterior, C.U. Apdo. Postal 70-305 Mr. Simon Richert Mexico. 04510 Elsevier Science The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford, Mr. Eiji Ikeda United Kingdom Planning Department Hakodate City Hall 4-13 Shinonome-cho, Mr. Yunkyeong Kang Hakodate, Hokkaido, Pusan Daily Newspaper Japan. 040-8666 Pusan, Republic of Korea Dr. Yukimasa Ishida North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Suite 502, 889 West Pender Street, Vancouver, B.C., Canada. V6C 3B2

172 LIST OF ACRONYMS

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ACIA Arctic Climate Impact Assessment Program (ACIAP of AMAP) ALACE Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (float) AMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program ARGO Array for Real-time Geostrophic Oceanography BASS (TT) Basin Studies (Task Team) BIO Biological Oceanography Committee CCCC Climate Change and Carrying Capacity Program CLIVAR Climate Variability and Predictability Program CPR Continuous Plankton Recorder Program CRIEPI Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan CREAMS Circulation Research of the East Asian Marginal Seas EC/IP Executive Committee / Implementation Panel for CCCC FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FIS Fishery Science Committee FOCI Fishery Research Oceanography Coordinated Investigations program GIWA Global International Waters Assessment program GLOBEC Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics Programme GODAE Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment GOOS Global Ocean Observing System GOOS-LMR Living Marine Resources Panel of GOOS HAB Harmful Algal Blooms IATTC Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission ICES International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions IFEP PICES Advisory Panel on Iron Fertilization Experiment IGPB International Geosphere Biosphere Programme IGOSS Integrated Global Ocean Services System IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission IODE International Oceanographic Data Information Exchange (IOC) IPHC International Pacific Halibut Commission ISC Interim Scientific Committee for Tuna and Tuna-like Species in the North Pacific Ocean JFA Japan Fisheries Agency JGOFS Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (IGPB) JODC Japanese Oceanographic Data Center JST/CREST Japan Science and Technology Agency/Core Research for Evolution Science and Technology LOICZ Land Ocean Interaction in the Coastal Zone MBARI Montery Bay Aquarium Research Institute MEDS Marine Environmental Data Center MEQ Marine Environmental Committee MIRC Marine Information Research Center MODEL (TT) Conceptual / Theoretical and Modeling Studies (Task Team) MONITOR (TT) Monitor (Task Team) MOU Memorandum of Understanding

171 NEAR-GOOS North East Asian Regional GOOS NIES National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan NOAA National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (U.S.A.) NODC National Oceanographic Data Center NOWPAP Northwest Pacific Action Plan NPAFC North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission ODC Oceanographic Data Center PICES North Pacific Marine Science Organization POC Physical Oceanography and Climate Committee REX (TT) Regional Experiments (Task Team) SCOR Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research STA Science and Technology Agency Japan TCODE Technical Committee on Data Exchange TT Task Team UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization WCRP World Climate Research Program WDC-A World Data Center - A WESTPAC Sub-Committee for the Western Pacific Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission WG Working Group WMO World Meteorological Organization WOCE World Ocean Circulation Experiment WWWP World Wide Web

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