To Make Man Whole August 1973
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Nisan / The Levantine Review Volume 4 Number 2 (Winter 2015) Identity and Peoples in History Speculating on Ancient Mediterranean Mysteries Mordechai Nisan* We are familiar with a philo-Semitic disposition characterizing a number of communities, including Phoenicians/Lebanese, Kabyles/Berbers, and Ismailis/Druze, raising the question of a historical foundation binding them all together. The ethnic threads began in the Galilee and Mount Lebanon and later conceivably wound themselves back there in the persona of Al-Muwahiddun [Unitarian] Druze. While DNA testing is a fascinating methodology to verify the similarity or identity of a shared gene pool among ostensibly disparate peoples, we will primarily pursue our inquiry using conventional historical materials, without however—at the end—avoiding the clues offered by modern science. Our thesis seeks to substantiate an intuition, a reading of the contours of tales emanating from the eastern Mediterranean basin, the Levantine area, to Africa and Egypt, and returning to Israel and Lebanon. The story unfolds with ancient biblical tribes of Israel in the north of their country mixing with, or becoming Lebanese Phoenicians, travelling to North Africa—Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya in particular— assimilating among Kabyle Berbers, later fusing with Shi’a Ismailis in the Maghreb, who would then migrate to Egypt, and during the Fatimid period evolve as the Druze. The latter would later flee Egypt and return to Lebanon—the place where their (biological) ancestors had once dwelt. The original core group was composed of Hebrews/Jews, toward whom various communities evince affinity and identity today with the Jewish people and the state of Israel. -
Poverty and Charity in Roman Palestine
Poverty and charity in Roman Palestine Gildas Hamel Abstract The present book reformats the text, notes, and appendices of the origi- nal 1990 publication by the University of California Press. Its pagination is different. There is no index. i D’ur vamm ha d’ur breur aet d’an Anaon re abred A.M.G. 31 Meurzh 1975 Y.M.H. 12 Geñver 1986 Contents Contents ii List of Figures iv List of Tables iv Introduction ix 1 Daily bread 1 1.1 Food items ............................. 2 1.2 Diets ................................ 19 1.3 Diseases and death ........................ 55 1.4 Conclusion ............................ 58 2 Poverty in clothing 61 2.1 Common articles of clothing ................... 61 2.2 Lack of clothing .......................... 70 2.3 Clothing and social status .................... 81 2.4 Conclusion ............................ 104 3 Causes of poverty 107 3.1 Discourse of the ancients on yields . 108 3.2 Aspects of agriculture: climate and soil . 116 3.3 Work and technical standards . 125 3.4 Yields ............................... 145 3.5 Population of Palestine . 159 3.6 Conclusion ............................ 163 4 Taxes and rents 165 4.1 Roman taxes . 168 ii Contents iii 4.2 Jewish taxes and history of tax burden . 171 4.3 Labor and ground rents . 176 4.4 Conclusion ............................ 190 5 The vocabulary of poverty 193 5.1 Explicit vocabulary: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek . 196 5.2 Explicit vocabulary: self-designations . 209 5.3 Greek and Jewish views on poverty and wealth . 229 5.4 Implicit vocabulary . 239 5.5 Conclusion ............................ 248 6 Charity in Roman Palestine 251 6.1 Discourses on charity . -
M-Pythian Games
THE AGES DIGITAL LIBRARY REFERENCE CYCLOPEDIA of BIBLICAL, THEOLOGICAL and ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE M - Pythian Games by James Strong & John McClintock To the Students of the Words, Works and Ways of God: Welcome to the AGES Digital Library. We trust your experience with this and other volumes in the Library fulfills our motto and vision which is our commitment to you: MAKING THE WORDS OF THE WISE AVAILABLE TO ALL — INEXPENSIVELY. AGES Software Rio, WI USA Version 1.0 © 2000 2 M Maarath For this site Mr. Tyrwhitt Drake proposes (Quar. Statement of the "Pal. Explor. Fund," April 1874, page 76) the Mons Mardes where St. Euthymius found ruins (Acta Sanctorum, 2:306), now Khirbet Mird, near Mar Saba, on a round, isolated hill, containing the remains of an aqueduct, wells, and cisterns (Memoirs to the Ordnance Survey, 3:212); but Lieut. Conder suggests (Quar. Statement, January 1875, page 13) an ancient site near Beit Ainum, where a valley has the corresponding Arabic name, Wady el-Moghair. This latter ruin is laid down on the Ordnance Map, two miles north-east of Hebron, without any name attached. Later, however, Lieut. Conder suggests (Tent Work, 2:338) Beit Ummar, six miles north of Hebron, probably the Betumair of Eusebius (Onomast. s.v. Baalthamar). It is "a small but conspicuous village, standing on the watershed, and visible from some distance on the north. An ancient road passes through it. Halfa mile north-east is a good spring, Ain Kufin. The mosque has a small tower to it. The surrounding neighborhood is covered with brushwood" (Memoirs to Ordnance Survey, 3:303). -
The Survey of Western Palestine. a General Index
THE SURVEY OF WESTERN PALESTINE. A GENERAL INDEX TO 1. THE MEMOIRS, VOLS. I.-III. 2. THE SPECIAL PAPERS. 3. THE JERUSALEM VOLUME. 4. THE FLORA AND FAUNA OF PALESTINE. 5. THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. AND TO THE ARABIC AND ENGLISH NAME LISTS. COMPILED BY HENRY C. STEWARDSON. 1888 Electronic Edition by Todd Bolen BiblePlaces.com 2005 PREFACE. ITTLE explanation is required of the arrangement followed in this Volume, beyond calling L attention to the division of this Volume into two parts: the first forms a combined Index to the three Volumes of the Memoirs, the Special Papers, the Jerusalem Volume, the Flora and Fauna of Palestine, and the Geological Survey; and the second is an Index to the Arabic and English Name Lists. This division was considered advisable in order to avoid the continual use of reference letters to the Name Lists, which would otherwise have been required. The large number of entries rendered it absolutely necessary to make them as brief as possible; but it is hoped that it will be found that perspicuity has not been sacrificed to brevity. A full explanation of the reference letters used will be found on the first page. The short Hebrew Index at the end of the Volume has been kindly furnished by Dr. W. Aldis Wright. H. C. S. PREFACE TO ELECTRONIC EDITION. ore than a hundred years after the publication of the Survey of Western Palestine, its M continued value is well-known and is evidenced by the recent reprint and librarians’ propensity to store the work in restricted areas of the library. -
Biblical References - Israel
BIBLICAL REFERENCES - ISRAEL THE COASTAL PLAIN Caesarea Maritime -- Founded by Herod the Great in 22 B.C., named for Augustus Caesar. The seat of Roman government in Palestine for over 500 years. A center of the early followers of Jesus: Phillip, one of the seven deacons from Jerusalem, was the first to preach here, and later settled in Caesarea with his 4 prophesying daughters. (Acts 8:40; 21:8-9) Here, Cornelius became the first Gentile convert to the new faith (Acts 10), and the Apostle Paul was imprisoned before being taken to Rome to stand trial. Cana -- The place of the first miracle performed by Jesus, where he turned the water into wine at that most famous wedding. (John 2:1-11) Nazareth -- A small village never mentioned in the Hebrew Bible (OT), today Nazareth is the largest Arab city in Israel with a population of 60,000 - half Christians and half Muslims. Here, the Lord Jesus spent most of his life until his ministry began at age 30. (e.g., Luke 1:26-28; 2:1-7; 2:21-23; 2:41-52; 4:16-30 Mark 6:1-6) K'far Kedem -- Restored, life-size model of a Galilee village. Spend a festive evening amidst the ancient atmosphere of the Galilee region; feast on local foods and wines; donkey rides; witness olive pressing, baking, and goat milking. Mount Carmel -- This mountain, 13 miles long, projects into the Mediterranean Sea at Haifa. The mountain rises from the sea so sharply that the rapidly rising air is forced to deposit its moisture as rain or dew. -
Palestine Railways] the I Connecting Link I Between 5
- ׳ - ־ *-- ATI !BEHSBS -ך^■ ו11״ ft nn ■ ■־*■ jl-.L-^-.ir r ■irn ■ fl 7 PALESTINE RAILWAYS] THE I CONNECTING LINK I BETWEEN 5 L* L* When in Egypt the most comfortable and interesting route to Palestine H is via Kantara W The Palestine Railways cross Sinai in the tracks over which the Pharaoh Rameses IIover. Napoleon Bonaparte and other great figures of history have travelled M M The Palestine Railways connect the most famous places of the Holy Land with the Land of the Pharaohs. * * ffl i j EXPRESS CORRIDOR TRAINS j j RESTAURANT a SLEEPING CARS j " j Full particulars obtainable from the general 2 manager, Haifa station. iililliiillllliiiilllliiiilllliiiilllliiiilllliiiilllliiiilllliiiilllliM^ nil! BARCLAYS BANK (DOMINION, COLONIAL AND OVERSEAS( ן 10,000,000 ״£ 1AUTHORISED CAPITAL ן 1SUBSCRIBED CAPITAL 6,975,500 ן PAID-UP CAPITAL " 4,975,500| 1RESERVE FUND 1,650,000 f = 1DEPOSITS over » 60,000,000 OVER 400 BRANCHES PALESTINE: ACRE, HAIFA, JAFFA, JERUSALEM, NAZARETH, NABLUS and TEL-AVIV. IALSO — THROUGHOUT— EGYPT, THE SUDAN, 1EAST SOUTH SOUTH-WEST AND WEST- -1 AFRICA, BRITISH GUIANA AND THE BRITISH WEST INDIES, AND AT MALTA, GIBRALTAR, HAMBURG AND NEW YORK. Barclays Bank (Canada): Montreal and Toronto Agents in Iraq: Eastern Bank Limited, Amara, Baghdad, Basra, Kirkuk, Mosul ־א־ * -א- = The Bank acts as Correspondent for Home, Colonial and Foreign Banks. = Head Office : W | § LOMBARD STREET,* * LONDON, E.C.3 4, יצ * AFFILIATED TO BARCLAYS BANK, LIMITED TOTAL RESOURCES OVER £ 300,000,000 2 ill?!■!m FINEST PALESTINE OLIVE OIL AD IN LUXURY OLIVE OIL TOILET SOAP O R A OLIVE OIL SOAP FLAKES SHE M E N CASTILE ־SOAP SPECIAL TOI LET SOAPS FOR HARD WATER SHEMEN WORKS HAIFA EXPORT TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD INQUIRIES INVITED. -
Sacred Sites in the Holy Land: Historical and Religious Perspectives
This project is funded by the European Union Sacred Sites in the Holy Land: Historical and Religious Perspectives ©Copyright IHJR 2011 This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are the sole responsibility of the Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. Published by The Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation (IHJR) Laan van Meerdervoort 70 2517 AN, The Hague, The Netherlands © IHJR 2011 All rights reserved ISBN 978-94-91145-02-5 Copy-editing: Hilmara Requena Book design: Linda Germanis Copyright© 2011 Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. The IHJR has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. P r e fa c e As Executive Director of the Institute for Historical Justice and Reconciliation, I am pleased to present the following case studies of three sacred sites in the Middle East. The work contained in this report represents an overview of historical and religious perspectives on these specific sites. The Sacred Sites project represents a multi‐year joint effort initiated and conducted by two leading scholars, an Israeli, Yitzhak Reiter and a Palestinian expert* who produced substantial work. -
The Moslem Mukams
Palestine Exploration Quarterly ISSN: 0031-0328 (Print) 1743-1301 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ypeq20 The Moslem Mukams Claude R. Conder To cite this article: Claude R. Conder (1877) The Moslem Mukams, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 9:2, 89-103, DOI: 10.1179/peq.1877.9.2.89 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/peq.1877.9.2.89 Published online: 20 Nov 2013. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 7 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ypeq20 Download by: [Universite Laval] Date: 13 May 2016, At: 01:52 THE MOSLEM MUKAMS. 8~ The proportionate distances agree, though the mile usod seems to have been longer than the English mile. This is almost the only caso I have met of a.town retaining a Crusading name; there were many others to which the Crusaders gave new names, as Casal Blanc (Kueildit), Casale Lambert, Casal Beroard (Jlfzuet cl Ki1l'ah), Casale Royal, whicu have lost their mediroval names. C. R. C. THE 1\IOSLEM MUICAMS. I. NEXT to the study of the language of the peasantry in Palestine there is probably nothing which ,vill throw more light on the question of thQ origin of their race than that· of the vulgar faith as exemplified in the local sanctuaries scattered over the country, a study which is also of no little importance in relation to the ancient topography of Palestine, as. is shown by the various sites which have been recovered by means of the tradition of sacred tombs preserved after the name of the site itself had been lost. -
And Type the TITLE of YOUR WORK in All Caps
BURIAL PRACTICES, FUNERARY TEXTS, AND THE TREATMENT OF DEATH IN IRON AGE ISRAEL AND ARAM by RACHEL VIRGINIA KING NABULSI Under the Direction of RICHARD FRIEDMAN ABSTRACT This research encompasses two branches of evidence regarding the treatment of death and burial among the Iron Age cultures of Israel and Aram – the archaeological and the textual. The importance of this investigation lies in placing these groups in dialogue with one another, and in the comprehensive use of both archaeological and textual information. The archaeological aspect of this research begins by collecting archeological data from a large number of burial sites throughout both of the target territories. The range of this data extends from the time of the Late Bronze Age into the Persian period, but the primary focus is upon the Iron Age. The first section of the dissertation relates to each of these areas and what can be learned from a survey of sites over this period, with particular attention paid to commonalities and contrasts among the two cultural groups. The second half of this research encompasses the textual and inscriptional data. Textual data include inscriptions from coffins, tombs, and funerary monuments from the Iron Age through the Persian period in Israel and Aram. Another crucial aspect of this textual data is the text of the Hebrew Bible. The biblical text, particularly the narrative sections of the text, provides a great amount of material for understanding death in Iron Age Israel and Judah. iv INDEX WORDS: Israel, Judah, Aram, Hebrew Bible, death, -
General Index and Name Lists
THE SURVEY OF WESTERN PALESTINE. A GENERAL INDEX TO 1. THE MEMOIRS, VOLS. I.-III. 2. THE SPECIAL PAPERS. 3. THE JERUSALEM VOLUME. 4. THE FLORA AND FAUNA OF PALESTINE. 5. THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. AND TO THE ARABIC AND ENGLISH NAME LISTS. COMPILED BY HENRY C. STEWARDSON. 1888 Electronic Edition by Todd Bolen BiblePlaces.com 2005 PREFACE. ITTLE explanation is required of the arrangement followed in this Volume, beyond calling L attention to the division of this Volume into two parts: the first forms a combined Index to the three Volumes of the Memoirs, the Special Papers, the Jerusalem Volume, the Flora and Fauna of Palestine, and the Geological Survey; and the second is an Index to the Arabic and English Name Lists. This division was considered advisable in order to avoid the continual use of reference letters to the Name Lists, which would otherwise have been required. The large number of entries rendered it absolutely necessary to make them as brief as possible; but it is hoped that it will be found that perspicuity has not been sacrificed to brevity. A full explanation of the reference letters used will be found on the first page. The short Hebrew Index at the end of the Volume has been kindly furnished by Dr. W. Aldis Wright. H. C. S. PREFACE TO ELECTRONIC EDITION. ore than a hundred years after the publication of the Survey of Western Palestine, its M continued value is well-known and is evidenced by the recent reprint and librarians’ propensity to store the work in restricted areas of the library. -
Jewish-Muslim Veneration at Pilgrimage Places in the Holy Land
RELIGION and the ARTS Religion and the Arts 15 (2011) 1–60 brill.nl/rart Jewish-Muslim Veneration at Pilgrimage Places in the Holy Land Pamela Berger Boston College Abstract For millennia human communities have designated certain sites as sacred and nowhere more so than in the Holy Land. The Bible records that Canaanites worshipped in “high places,” and the prophets railed against the Israelites for continuing the practice. Jesus cas- tigated the Pharisees for adorning the tombs of the prophets. When Jews were expelled from Jerusalem, those who remained on the land did not abandon their devotion to the holy sites. When the Muslims arrived they continued the practice of visiting the tombs of those figures mentioned in both the Bible and the Quran. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern period Muslims and Jews wrote about their visits to these jointly- venerated tombs. Jews made illustrated scrolls, wall hangings, and other works of art depict- ing these sites, representing the shrines with prominent Islamic crescents on top, an indication that Jewish viewers felt no discomfort at the use of this iconography. The Jewish valorization of the Islamic crescent atop shrines common to Jews and Muslims reflects a relationship very different from that existing between the two cultures today. Keywords pilgrimage, tombs, shrines, Holy Land, Jewish arts and crafts or millennia human communities worldwide have designated springs, Fwells, trees, groves, mountains, and caves as sacred, and perhaps nowhere more so than in the Holy Land. At these sites people would erect their shrines and placate their gods or goddesses. -
Gush Etzion”) and Their Economic and Educational Potential
The role of ancient sites in the political struggle in the Bethlehem area (“Gush Etzion”) and their economic and educational potential 2015 The role of ancient sites in the political struggle in the Bethlehem area (“Gush Etzion”) and their economic and educational potential 2015 Table of contents February 2015 Introduction 4 Part I: Archaeological sites in the service of the settlements 5 1. Israel’s definition of the area 5 Written and researched by: Anna Veeder, Gideon Suleimani, Yonathan Mizrachi 2. The tourism industry 7 Proof-editing: Dana Hercbergs 2.1 The development of tourism in the Bethlehem area by the Graphic Design: Lior Cohen Palestinian Authority 7 Photographs: Emek Shaveh 2.2 The development of tourism development in Gush Etzion Mapping: Slava Pirsky, Lior Cohen by Israel 8 3. Sites 10 3.1 Herodium (Jabel al-Fureidis) 10 3.2 The Biyar Aqueduct 13 Part II: Tours of archaeological sites that are accessible to Palestinians 14 Emek Shaveh (cc) | Email: [email protected] | website www.alt-arch.org Introduction 14 Route no. 1: From the Valley of Pools to Solomon’s Pools 16 Emek Shaveh is an organization of archaeologists and heritage professionals focusing on Khirbet Zakariyya 17 the role of tangible cultural heritage in Israeli society and in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The ancient Roman road from Jerusalem to Hebron We view archaeology as a resource for strengthening understanding between different 18 peoples and cultures. Khirbet el-Humeidiya 20 Ein Biyar-Wadi Biyar 22 Deir el-Banat 24 Solomon’s Pools 24 Route no. 2: The area of the villages Battir and Husan 26 Khirbet Umm el-Qal'ah 27 Wadi a-Jamea - Ein el Balad 27 Ein el Amud 27 Ein Hawiya 27 The village of Husan 28 The village of Battir and its sites 29 Khirbet el Yahud/Khirbet Battir 30 Route no.