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Posted 07/15 FINAL REPORT Understanding and Combating the Fire-Enhancing Impact of Non-Native Annuals in Desert Scrub through the Tools of Population and Landscape Ecology SERDP Project RC-1721 MAY 2015 Claus Holzapfel Rutgers University, Newark Kirk A. Moloney Iowa State University Distribution Statement A This report was prepared under contract to the Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). The publication of this report does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official policy or position of the Department of Defense. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Department of Defense. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 27-05-2015 Final Report 2/2010 -- 5/2015 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Understanding and Combating the Fire-Enhancing Impact of W912HQ-10-C-0008 Non-Native Annuals in Desert Scrub through the Tools of 5b. GRANT NUMBER Population and Landscape Ecology 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER Holzapfel, Claus RC-1721 Moloney, Kirk A. 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT Rutgers University Newark NUMBER 195 University Avenue Newark, NJ 07102 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S) S trategic Environmental SERDP R esearch and Development Program 4800 Mark Center Drive 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT S uite 17D08 A lexandria, VA 22350 NUMBER(S) RC-1721 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT This project examined the hypothesis that some of the now dominant and problematic non-native invasive annuals are able to spread into the areas between the shrubs by employing population strategies that sharply contrast with those of native species. This greatly increases the fuel load in the matrix, which has historically produced a natural firebreak between shrubs. Our particular aims were to: (1) gain an understanding of the landscape-scale population dynamics of fire promoting and fire retarding plant species; (2) test the hypothesis that once fire becomes important, naturally formed islands of fertility will break down and a negative feedback will enhance fire even further; (3) apply the results to aid management practices that will help restore the original environmental pattern of islands of fertility in a low-nutrient matrix and therefore prevent future wildfires; and (4) understand the effects of non-native invasive plant species on fire regimes. The results derived from this project’s experimental and simulation modeling approaches facilitate a better understanding of the association between annual plants and desert shrubs with respect to key interactions and the development of spatial pattern that may influence fire risk. It also provides insights into the different role the exotic species Schismus arabicus plays in fire spread within the Mojave and Sonora Desert sites. This understanding is a first step in characterizing the interaction of fire and soil disturbance in changing the likelihood of future fire occurrences through the direct influence on the creosote shrub plant community. 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON OF ABSTRACT OF PAGES Claus Holzapfel a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE UU 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (include area code) U U U 68 973-353-5385 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 Table of Contents List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. 3 List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ 4 Keywords ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... 6 1. Objective .................................................................................................................................... 9 2. Background ............................................................................................................................. 10 3. Site Selection and Setup.......................................................................................................... 13 3.1: Team buildup and division of tasks and responsibility .............................................................. 13 3.2: Initial site selection ........................................................................................................................ 13 3.3: Site setup ........................................................................................................................................ 14 3.4: Selection of target species and seed collection ............................................................................ 17 4. Pre-treatment Site Characterization ..................................................................................... 20 4.1: Climate ........................................................................................................................................... 20 4.2: Present disturbance regime and soil crusts ................................................................................. 21 4.3: Seed bank characterization .......................................................................................................... 22 4.4: Soil nutrient distribution .............................................................................................................. 24 4.5: Soil water distribution and microclimate .................................................................................... 25 4.6 Annual plant populations in association with shrubs .................................................................. 26 4.7 Shrub-size distribution ................................................................................................................... 30 4.8: Discussion of Pre-treatment Site Characterization ................................................................... 24 5. Effects of Experimental Treatments ..................................................................................... 33 5.1 Site Treatments ............................................................................................................................... 33 5.2 Treatment effects on annual plant populations ........................................................................... 36 5.3 Quantification of treatment effects on soil crusts and differentiation of physical and biotic soil crusts ...................................................................................................................................................... 41 5.4: Discussion of Effects of Experimental Treatment ..................................................................... 34 6. Model Development, Validation and Experiments .............................................................. 43 6.1 Modeling Philosophy ...................................................................................................................... 43 6.2 The FireGrid Blueprint: Basic Model Structure .......................................................................... 44 6.3 Linking to Percolation Theory ...................................................................................................... 46 Experiments on a simple binary landscape ........................................................................................ 48 General conclusions of the percolation analysis ................................................................................ 50 6.4 Fire spread from a single ignition point ....................................................................................... 51 6.5 Adding realism: plant (fuel) density ............................................................................................
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