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Recovery Plan for the Sonoran Pronghorn (Antilocapra Americana Sonoriensis) Second Revision

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Recovery Plan for the Sonoran Pronghorn (Antilocapra Americana Sonoriensis) Second Revision U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Recovery Plan for the Sonoran Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) Second Revision Sonoran pronghorn. Photograph by Jim Atkinson, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. November 2016 DISCLAIMER Recovery plans delineate such reasonable actions as may be necessary, based upon the best scientific and commercial data available, for the conservation and survival of listed species. Plans are published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and sometimes prepared with the assistance of recovery teams, contractors, state agencies and others. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views, official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in the plan formulation, other than FWS. They represent the official position of FWS only after they have been signed by the Regional Director. Recovery plans are guidance and planning documents only; identification of an action to be implemented by any public or private party does not create a legal obligation beyond existing legal requirements. Nothing in this plan should be construed as a commitment or requirement that any federal agency obligate or pay funds in any one fiscal year in excess of appropriations made by Congress for that fiscal year in contravention of the Anti-Deficiency Act, 31 U.S.C. 1341, or any other law or regulation. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery actions. LITERATURE CITATION SHOULD READ AS FOLLOWS: U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2016. Recovery Plan for the Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis), Second Revision. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Southwest Region, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA. COPIES MAY BE OBTAINED ON-LINE AT: http://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/arizona/ and http://www.fws.gov A draft of this recovery plan was made available through a Federal Register notice published on July 2, 2015. Comments received from the public and peer-reviewers were considered in finalizing this revised recovery plan. FWS responses to comments can be found at https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/arizona/Sonoran_Pronghorn.htm. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service gratefully acknowledges the commitment, dedication, and efforts of the Sonoran Pronghorn Recovery Team and invited Team participants in the development of this recovery plan, and for their continued efforts in the conservation of the species. Sonoran Pronghorn Recovery Team members and invited Team participants include: Ole Alcumbrac* Wildlife Health Services James B. Atkinson* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sonoran Pronghorn Recovery Coordinator Aaron Alvidrez* Barry M. Goldwater Range-East (Luke Air Force Base) Holly Barton* Tohono O'odham Nation Jill Bright Arizona Game and Fish Department David E. Brown* Arizona State University Carlos Castillo* Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas David Christianson University of Arizona Tyler Coleman* Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Lizardo Cruz*2 Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas Melanie Culver U.S.Geological Survey/University of Arizona Stephanie Doerries University of Arizona Randy English Barry M. Goldwater Range-West (Marine Corps Air Station - Yuma) Erin Fernandez* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Dan Garcia2 Barry M. Goldwater Range-East (Luke Air Force Base) Federico Godinez Leal* Reserva de la Biosfera El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Don Jones*2 U.S. Border Patrol John Hervert* Arizona Game and Fish Department Yuma Regional Office Jeff Holland* The Los Angeles Zoo Karen Howe 2 Tohono O'odham Nation Ron Pearce1 Barry M. Goldwater Range-West Cristina Meléndez* Comisión de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable del Estado de Sonora Hector Munro Reserva de la Biosfera El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Joe Oliver U.S. Border Patrol Leif Olsen U.S. Navy Horacio Ortega Reserva de la Biosfera El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Eric Saltzer2 Barry M. Goldwater Range-West (Marine Corps Air Station - Yuma) Daniel Steward** U.S. Army, Yuma Proving Ground Erica Stewart* Bureau of Land Management - Yuma Field Office Tim Tibbitts*1 Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Ron Tipton* Bureau of Land Management - Lower Sonoran Field Office Charles Trost* U.S. Customs and Border Protection James Vance U.S. Customs and Border Protection Christa Weise* U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Devorah Young* Phoenix Zoo ii * = Sonoran Pronghorn Recovery Team Members ** = awaiting confirmation as an Recovery Team member 1 = retired 2 = no longer in position Primary authors of this plan are Terry Frederick of Harris Environmental Group; and Jim Atkinson and Erin Fernandez of the FWS. We appreciate the assistance of Phil Miller in developing the population viability analysis. We thank Paul Krausman of the University of Montana; and Wendy Brown (retired 2014), Julie McIntyre, Brenda Smith, and Sarah Rinkevich of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for their valuable insights and edits to the plan. Francisco "Paco" Abarca, International and Borderlands Program Manager of Arizona Game and Fish Department, provided essential background information on Mexican agencies, laws, and policies. We thank Phil Miller and Luis Carrillo of the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group for facilitating meetings; Kevin Clark of the San Diego Natural History Museum for providing information and maps for the California reintroduction areas; Ami Pate of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument for developing figures of the mines in Mexico; Lirain Urreiztieta of Harris Environmental Group for developing the range maps and management unit maps; and Jorge de Jesús Cancino Hernández of Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste for providing information on pronghorn management in Baja California. Thank you to Pete Sorensen of the Palm Springs Fish and Wildlife Service Office, Region 8, for coordinating with us on and reviewing the draft recovery plan and providing edits on portions of the plan relating to the potential California Reintroduction Unit. Thank you to the peer reviewers for your valuable comments on the Draft Recovery Plan: Josef Warman, Espacios Naturales y Desarrollo Sustentable A.C.; Alberto Lafon, Protection de la Fauna Mexicana; Dave Christianson, University of Arizona; John Winnie Jr., Montana State University; and Tim Tibbitts. We are also very grateful to the participants of our multi-day meetings and numerous conference calls to develop a population viability analysis, threats assessment, and recovery actions outlined in this plan: Jean Calhoun – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Terry Frederick – Harris Environmental Group Lisa Harris – Harris Environmental Group Lacrecia Johnson – U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Lirain Urreiztieta – Harris Environmental Group Dietrich Walker – Harris Environmental Group Doug Whitbeck – Harris Environmental Group iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CURRENT SPECIES STATUS The Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) was included on the first list of endangered species in 1967 under the Endangered Species Preservation Act, and is currently listed as endangered throughout its range, without critical habitat, under the Endangered Species Act. It is also listed as an endangered species in Mexico by the Mexican Government. The Sonoran pronghorn is one of four extant subspecies of pronghorn, which are endemic to western North America. The first Sonoran Pronghorn Recovery Plan was completed in 1982; this is the second revision. The species’ current recovery priority number is 3, indicating the subspecies has a high degree of threat and a high potential for recovery. HABITAT REQUIREMENTS AND THREATS Sonoran pronghorn are found exclusively in the Lower Colorado River Valley and the Arizona Upland subdivisions of the Sonoran Desertscrub Biome and currently occur in southwestern Arizona and northwestern Sonora, Mexico. In winter, Sonoran pronghorn prefer sparsely- vegetated, flat, open spaces that are ideal for swift running and visual detection of predators. However, in summer they require denser vegetation that offers thermal cover and moister forage. A mix of these vegetation types is essential to enable Sonoran pronghorn to use the most suitable vegetation type for the season. Sonoran pronghorn move nomadically in response to changing forage conditions and water availability as a result of sporadic rainfall. They require large expanses of contiguous habitat to make these movements and to persist in the harsh desert environment. They also require quality forage, access to water, a mosaic of suitable vegetation structure, and minimal human disturbance. Threats to Sonoran pronghorn include habitat loss and fragmentation, reduced forage quality, altered habitat structure, extended drought and climate change, reduced access to and availability of water, predation, disease, loss of genetic diversity, human disturbance, and high mortality rates due to accidental death or poaching. Although all threats exist across the range of Sonoran pronghorn, the threats of habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are greatest in Sonora, Mexico, where much of the habitat is privately or communally-owned. The impetus for this revision of the recovery plan is new information obtained on Sonoran pronghorn, new identified threats to the species, and new management efforts. The recommendations in this second revised recovery plan focus on management to reduce and remove threats across the range of Sonoran pronghorn and supersede those presented in the 1998 recovery plan. RECOVERY STRATEGY The recovery
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