Fr om Welcomi ng t o Wary: The SPD's Rhetoric on the Flüchtlingspolitik Jun gbi n L i m

Abstract: This paper traces the response of the Social The party asserted that refugees have a right to Democratic Party of (SPD) to the European a safer and bet t er fut ure i n Europe and t hat migrant crisis in the fall of 2015. In particular, I explore the change in the party's position, which initially had pledged Germany has a responsibility to provide refuge full support of the admission of refugees to Germany but to victims of war. Some party members even toned down its support over the course of the fall. I discuss suggested that the inflow of refugees would this development against the backdrop of the rightward shift benefit the German economy. However, over the of the SPD. I argue that a possible explanation of the change month of September, the party changed. in the SPD's position is the decision of Chancellor Merkel, leader of the rival party Christian Democratic Union, to Presumably influenced by CDU leader and grant admission to hundreds of thousands of refugees on German Chancellor ?s momentous September 5th, 2015. Mainly based on the SPD's own decision on September 4 to open Germany?s publications and media coverage of the party's activities, this doors to refugees stranded elsewhere in Europe, paper examines the shift in the language of the SPD. the SPD has become increasingly wary of Since its inception in the mid-nineteenth admitting a large number of refugees, even century, the Social Democratic Party of though the number of refugees that have Germany (SPD) has represented the ent ered Germany so far t hi s year does not di ffer working-class and the German left at large. much from the number predicted by party After the West German Communist Party was leaders months before. In this paper, written in banned in 1956, the SPD became the sole party November 2015, I argue that, in September 2015, in the Federal Republic on for nearly the SPD changed its rhetoric on the refugee three decades before other leftist parties policy (Flüchtlingspolitik) from welcoming to ent ered t he pol i t i cal scene i n t he earl y 1980s. wary, which stemmed at least in part from the This included the Green Party (established in SPD?s? especially party chairman Sigmar 1983) and the Party of Democratic Socialism Gabriel?s? political maneuver to take over the (established in 1990). However, the SPD has center. Since this paper analyzes an ongoing been inching to the center since the 1990s? the phenomenon, it faces the challenge of studying SPD and the center-right Christian Democratic a limited perspective of a historical event that is Union (CDU) are now almost indistinguishable still unfolding. Nevertheless, the value of the on several policies. In light of such paper lies primarily in the documentation of development of the SPD, the party?s responses changes among the Social Democrats, especially to the current migrant crisis, which has become in the context of the party?s long-term a very controversial topic in German politics evol ut i on. si nce August 2015, i l l ust rat es t he SPD?s Through a survey of German rightward shift. From the outset of the Syrian newspapers? namely, Frankfurter Allgemeine Civil War in 2011 to the first week of Zeitung (heretofore FAZ), , and Die September 2015, the SPD strongly supported Zeit?I trace the SPD?s rhetoric and the response admitting hundreds of thousands of refugees.

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of the media to it. A reason behind the acknowledged the ever-growing challenge of preponderance of newspapers is simply the absorbing nearly a million refugees, but the dearth of secondary literature. Given how SPD emphasized the humanitarian cause of the recent the change in policy took place, few Flüchtlingspolitik throughout the conference, non-media sources exist. Other non-German suggest i ng t hat ref ugees l egi t i mat el y deser ve media sources include the Associated Press, help.1 On the same day, the SPD website Politico, the New York Times, and St er n. The released another article, titled American Institute for Contemporary German ?SPD- Resol ut i on: Flüchtlingspolitik in St udi es, German Politics and Society, the Journal Germany,? that covered the same press of Refugee Studies, and the Migrant Policy conference i n more dept h.2 Again, refugees Institute are non- newspaper sources of were described as people in need who have a information on the SPD?s history and the right to European assistance: German political landscape. Lastly, the SPD website and Facebook page provided "[refugees] seek statements released directly by the party. The freedom and party?s Facebook page proved particularly useful. Since Facebook posts are normally brief, secur i t y, t h ey h ope they serve as one of the most direct forms of to be able to live in a better contact between the party and the public, and they often represent the core of the party?s soci et y, i n wh i ch j ust i ce an d messages. For this reason, while only two solidarity are real. The sources in the paper come from the SPD refugees count on our Facebook page, Facebook played a crucial role in the research process. fundamental values!? Before the first week of September 2015, in Notably, the SPD left economic migrants out which Merkel announced her decision to of the picture and instead argued that it is only suspend European Uni on (EU) asyl um rul es and right that Germany should lift refugees out of allow refugees stranded in other EU countries misery. In framing the issue in terms of to enter Germany, the SPD enthusiastically freedom and justice, the SPD assumed a risk: supported admitting refugees, even though once they described refugee?s claims to asylum many of the party leaders recognized the as l egi t i mat e, any act i on l ess t han ful l challenge of a large influx. The SPD website accommodation of refugees would be seen as demonstrates the party?s support of the reneging on earlier promises of delivering admission of refugees. The website published justice. Later in the article, the SPD positioned an article on the press conference of SPD itself as a counterforce to ?isolation and leaders on August 31, in which Malu Dreyer, deterrence? (Abschottung und Abschreckung) the Minister-president of Rheinland-Pfalz, and that the Social Democrats ascribed to the , the President of the European political right. Germany was ?not only Parliament, discussed where the party stands economically strong, but also formed of great on the Flüchtlingspolitik. Dreyer and Schulz humanity? (Mitmenschlichkeit). focused on three tasks: ?humane admittance of The SPD leadership?s optimistic stance in refugees, social cohesion of Germany, and the last week of August is representative of the united European politics.? On the whole, they line that the party had been treading for the called for more help for local communities in past several months. Party Chairman Sigmar order to implement a ?humane refugee policy,? Gabriel was quoted on the SPD Facebook page while exhorting the CDU to ?at last undertake on August 19th as saying ?we will accomplish responsibility.? Dreyer and Schultz

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it? (wir werden das schaffen) on the Merkel?s position and the ?The Boat is Full? Flüchtlingspolitik.3 Considering the criticism (Das Boot Ist Voll) slogan used to characterize Merkel received over the past two months for the position of the Christian Social Union of her optimistic slogan We will do it (Wir Schaffen Bavaria (CSU), the more-conservative sister Das), from which even the SPD distanced. This party of the CDU, which calls for restrictions on did not deter Gabriel?s own assurance that the number of refugees. Gabriel and Steinmeier Germany ?will accomplish it,? which evinced st ressed t hat st at es and communi t i es are the enthusiasm with which the SPD supported overburdened by the vast number of refugees the admission of refugees. On August 9, the and demanded t hat Germany have ?an honest Ger man weekl y St er n reported on the meeting discussion about realistic capabilities? between Gabriel and filmmaker Til Schweiger. (Gestaltungmöglichkeiten).6 The latter had received both positive and negative attention in the media for his active The word ?realism,? support of ref ugees, as wel l as for t i rades hardly used before agai nst t hose who demanded severe restrictions on the number of incoming Sep t em b er , n o w refugees.4 Given Schweiger?s reputation as a charact erizes t he current st rong support er of t he admi ssi on of ref ugees,

this meeting sent a sign of approval. Gabr i el vacillation of the SPD. presumably made a statement on where he When the CSU and PEGIDA (an anti-Islamic, st ands on t he Fl ücht l i ngspol i t i k t hrough t he far-right movement that has been staging meeting (which both Gabriel and Schweiger demonstrations in major cities since late 2014) publicized on their Facebook pages). All in all, support ers i nsi st t hat Germany i s not capabl e two points have to be emphasized on the SPD?s of accommodating the large influx of refugees, stance up to September. First, the SPD did not the call to ?realism? takes on a distinct mention the limits to Germany?s capacity or meaning. Also on October 9, the newspaper Der realism with respect to the Flüchtlingspolitik, Spi egel published an interview with Sigmar despite both the mainstream media and Gabriel, in which he criticized Merkel and Gabriel projecting earlier in 2015 that nearly a again highlighted the limits to Germany?s million refugees would enter Germany that abi l i t y t o t ake i n refugees.7 Gabriel refused to year.5 Second, the SPD viewed refugees, except directly attack Merkel, the leader of the Grand those they considered economic refugees, as Coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD. deserving a place of security and freedom in He denied that Merkel?s decision was to blame Germany. Accordingly, the admission of for the high number of refugees aspiring to refugees was the humane and right decision. receive asylum in Germany. However, Gabriel Between the last week of September and remarked, ?next to confidence we also need November 2015, when this paper was written, realism? many places in Germany are already there has been a noticeable shift in the rhetoric overburdened.? Later, he made an elusive of the SPD? the party now emphasizes the statement that ?naturally the right of asylum limits to Germany?s capabilities and the word knows no limits (Obergrenze), but there are realism. A joint statement titled ?With factual limits to the capability of the towns and Confidence and Realism? (Mit Zuversicht und communities.? In other words, the new position Realismus) by Gabriel and Frank-Walter of the SPD reads, the Basic Law of Germany Steinmeier, the Minister of Foreign Policy and legally allows all refugees to live in Germany, a t op SPD l eader, was rel eased on t he SPD but there are practical limits to how many website on October 9. They spoke against both Germany can admit. At the party congress on the ?We Will Do It? slogan that represents Oct ober 11, t he SPD leadership again st ressed

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that Germany has limits and lambasted the The migrant crisis CDU for inadequately handling the situation. Gabriel asserted that Germany cannot has divided the SPD constantly absorb a million refugees year after between its left wing year. Merkel too knows it, but ?she does not speak about i t ?8 according to him. faction that wants to Most of the SPD party leaders have taken continue admitting refugees part in the rhetoric shift from welcoming to and skeptics who want to wary, including Thomas Oppermann, chairman of the SPD parliamentary group. In September restrict the influx. 2013, Oppermann posted on Facebook that it The newspaper Süddeut sche Z ei t ung focused on was ?good? that Syrian refugees should come the party?s internal discord in early October. to his state, . He called it an The newspaper reported saying ?imperative of humanity? that Germany should that ?we must urgently achieve a clear accept t hem; he even sai d t hat Germany shoul d reduction of the number of refugees in the do more than simply take in merely 5,000 out comi ng year.?13 While party leaders like 9 of nearly 6 million Syrian refugees. A year Steinmeier and Oppermann echo his message, later, in November 2014, Oppermann others, like Ju sos (SPD?s youth wing) leader maintained the same message, saying it was a Johanna Uekermann, said that it is not ?worthy ?good chance? for Germany that refugees of social democracy? to join the opposition should stay for the long term, since the agai nst t he admi ssi on of refugees. On German economy needs manpower and many November 9, the FAZ released a detailed article 10 Syrian refugees are well educated. On titled ?Where does the SPD stand in the October 5, however, the newspaper Die Zeit ran migrant crisis?? The article likewise delved into an article on the SPD in middle of the ?refugee the divisions within the SPD. In particular, it dilemma,? in which Oppermann was quoted to noted the ?horizontal? division between the have said that Merkel should ?say clearly? that student council that actively engages in aiding a million refugees will exhaust Germany?s refugees and ?the traditional representatives of 11 capacity to integrate them. Likewise, the the workforce? among whom ?social political newspaper Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung fears and cultural reservations [against asked him whether people in his circle believe refugees] dominate.? 14 In sum, the crisis has Merkel when she says ?we accomplish it? (wir thrown the SPD into confusion. The Grand schaffen das). He gave a qualified response, Coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD is saying that Germany could accomplish it if replete with tensions among all three parties. Europe develops a common refugee policy and Within the SPD, there is disagreement between clear decisions can be made quickly in Berlin the left wing and the party leadership (though 12 and Brussel s. Oppermann represents the new, the SPD is known for strong party discipline). reserved tone among the party leadership on Lastly, Gabriel himself gives conflicting the Flüchtlingspolitik. Given how sanguine messages. He speaks of both limiting the Oppermann had been a year earlier about number of refugees and advocating the earlier refugees entering Germany, his change in stance of providing refuge to those in need. opinion highlights the discrepancy in the SPD?s However, the SPD?s change is more a shift statements before and after September. than a reversal; by no means has the SPD turned its back on refugees. Despite its warnings and the caveats, the SPD still support s al l owi ng hundreds and t housands of

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Syrians, Afghans, Eritreans and others to 1993, amidst the then refugee crisis following resettle in Germany. Moreover, the SPD the onset of the Yugoslav Wars, the staunchly defends the right of asylum. The (German parliament) amended Article 16 of the Social Democrats have been in the frontline Basic Law, which guaranteed the right of agai nst t he PEGIDA and ri ght radi cal s who asylum, to add restrictions that reduced the commit violence against refugees. In response number of permissible refugees from Eastern to CDU politician Markus Söder, who Europe. The SPD opposed amendments to questioned the right of asylum itself, SPD Article 16 before 1993, but, as Wolfgang General Secretary declared that Bosswick argues, eventually the pressure to the right of asylum is ?not negotiable.?15 Still, allow the amendment came from ?within the the change in the SPD?s position is party from the level of communities? that had unmistakable. Die Zeit perceived the nuanced to cope with hundreds of thousands of changes in the statements from the party refugees.18 The SPD has been the party of the leaders; Lisa Caspari, editor of Die Zeit, working-class since the nineteenth century. analyzed the SPD?s shift in an article titled ?the Under current circumstances, the SPD in the Refugee Dilemma? on October 5. working-class are among the most vociferous ?What is going on? Does the SPD now position opponents of allowing potential immigrant itself to the right of Merkel?? Caspari asked. In compet i t ors who coul d l i mi t access particular, she brought attention to the fact empl oyment and soci al servi ces. On Oct ober that now ?warnings instead of optimism? are 14, Magdeburg mayor Lutz Trümper, a member heard over and over from the SPD.16 of the SPD since 1990, walked out of the party over the Flüchtlingspolitik. He crit icized t he There could be many reasons that motivated regional party policy on refugees as the Social Democrats to tone down its support ?unrealistic,? demanding the limitation of the of the admission of refugees, and the sheer number of refugees given asylum.19 The number of refugees entering Germany must be Trümper incident demonstrates the challenge counted among the most significant factors. that the party leadership faces in addressing The influx of refugees has already exceeded the the discontent among party members at the capacity of numerous communities to local level. accommodat e t hem. Since Merkel ?s momentous decision on September 4, her However, a consideration that makes one approval rat i ngs have t aken a severe hi t , question whether the discontent from below causing many to wonder whether the days of fully explains the SPD?s shift is that the SPD, her government are numbered.17 especi al l y Gabri el , had project ed earl i er i n 2015 that between 800 thousand and one million Many Germans fear refugees would enter Germany in 2015. The the strain refugees SPD already backtracked on its policy in 1993 due to the mounting number of refugees. It is exer t on t he not unreasonable, therefore, to surmise that treasury, the cultural change party members must have known the implications of a resettling a million refugees newcomers entail, and the for local communities and national politics instability following the when they spoke repeatedly in support of the influx of a million people. admi ssi on of refugees. Insofar as a change i n rhetoric, let alone in a change in policy, Discontent has risen not only among the presents a liability for a political party, it is general population but also among noteworthy that the SPD had been so rank-and-file Social Democrats themselves. In supportive of admitting refugees before

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Amber Wang, 2016 42 RICESPRING HISTORICAL 2016 REVIEW 43 JUNGBIN LIM

September, even though it was aware of the the criticism that he inches toward the center. complications that would eventually arise. At the party congress in Mainz on October 11, he declared to the party that anyone ?who The SPD?s aspiration to become the shuns t he cent er does not wi sh t o wi n.? He governing party could be another reason that added, ?[t he part y] shoul d not shy away from the SPD changed its stance. Currently, the SPD reaching to the programmatic center of is part of the Grand Coalition with the sister soci et y.?23 Gabriel already announced on parties CDU/CSU. Since 1998, the support for October 28 that he will run for Chancellor in the SPD has gradually dwindled, in terms of the 2017 election. According to Die Zeit, party membership and votes; the SPD now defeating Merkel as chancellor was previously faces challenges from both left and right: the considered unrealistic even by the SPD, but (AfD) and PEGIDA si nce Merkel shi ft ed t he CDU?s posi t i on on t he from the right and the The Left and the Greens Flüchtlingspolitik, the chancellorship is no from the left. Meanwhile, the polls indicate longer out of reach for other parties.24 The that only around 25 percent of the population SPD?s motivation behind the decision to support s t he Soci al Democrat s? a distance itself from the earlier position on the disappointing number for the second largest Flüchtlingspolitk is not clear, but the decision party of Germany.20 In an article published in nonetheless corresponds to Gabriel?s vision to 2008 on an earlier coalition during the first take the SPD to the center and once again Merkel government, the international affairs become the ruling party. scholar Angelika von Wahl touches on the ?ideological convergence and increasing The migrant crisis will likely alter moderation? in the SPD and the CDU. As more Germany?s political landscape. Merkel has and more part y members l eave t he part i es, von al ready creat ed a ri ft bet ween t he CDU and t he Wahl argues that ?pragmatists vying for the CSU because of her September 4th decision, median voter? gain a stronger voice in both while the Grand Coalition between the parties.21 In this context, the SPD?s support of CDU/CSU and the SPD is divided over the restrictions the number of refugees can be Flüchtlingspolitik. The PEGIDA and t he interpreted as a political maneuver to exploit AfD? suspicious of mainstream politics and Merkel?s vulnerability and expand the party?s ant i pat het i c t o refugees? have gai ned support support base. Si gmar Gabri el has l ong in the meanwhile. In this context, the SPD supported the move to the center, which has shifts further to the center, with a gesture that been noted by the media for some time. In an makes the SPD appear almost as if the party article on August 3, Politico described the SPD turned its back on refugees. Where the SPD as representative of center-left parties in heads henceforth will have a far-reaching Europe that try to gain more support by effect on German pol i t i cs. The SPD coul d ei t her moving to the center. The SPD, ?a party decide to maintain its traditional position on without a clear profile,? does not differ much the left, or it could attempt to become the from Merkel in terms of policy. Gabriel governing party once again by assuming the support s t he Transat l ant i c Trade and cent er. For t hi s reason, t he SPD?s responses t o Investment Partnership (TTIP) trade the current migrant crisis carry special agreement opposed by the The Left and the significance for the future of German politics. Greens, who protest the loosening of trade and financial regulations that would result from the trade agreement. Gabriel ?tried to walk a fine line? on Greece, in order to alienate neither the party base nor the majority of the population.22 Gabriel himself does not deny

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NOTES: Oct ober 27, 2015, http://www.stern.de/news2/oppermann-- 1 ?Deutschland Schafft Das!? SPD, August 31, fluechtlinge-sind--grosse-chance--3241390. 2015, accessed October 30, 2015, html. https://www.spd.de/aktuelles/130200/20150831 11 fluechtlingspolitik.html. Gathmann and Nelles, ?Gabriel zur Flüchtlingskrise: ?Wir nähern und den Grenzen 2 ?SPD-Beschluss: ?Flüchtlingspolitik in unserer Möglichkeiten.? Deutschland?,? SPD, accessed October 29, 2015, 12 https://www3.spd.de/presse/Pressemitteilun ?Europa braucht gemeinsame gen/130198/20150831_beschluss_fluechtlings Fl ücht l i ngspol i t i k,? SPD Frakt i on, accessed politik.html. Oct ober 30, 2015, http://www.spdfraktion.de/presse/interviews/ 3 SPD?s Facebook Page, August 19, 2015, europa- braucht- gemei nsame- fl %C3%BC https://www.facebook.com/SPD/?fref=ts. chtlingspolitik. 4?Neue ziemlich beste Freunde für 13 Christoph Hickmann, ?Flüchtlinge entzweien Fl ücht l i nge?? St er n, August 9, 2015, accessed die SPD,? Süddeut sche Z ei t ung, October 4, 2015, November 1, 2015, accessed November 22, 2015, http://www.stern.de/lifestyle/leute/hilfe-fuer- http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/ fluechtlinge--til-schweiger-und-sigmar- asyldebatte-fluechtlinge-entzweien-spd-1. gabriel---neue-ziemlich-beste-freunde-- 2676085. 6376108.html. 14 Reinhard Bingener, Majid Sattar, and 5 ?Flüchtlingspolitik in Deutschland,? SPD. Matthias Wyssuwa, ?Wo steht die SPD in der 6?Mit Zuversicht und Realismus,? SPD, Fl ücht l i ngskri se?? Frankfurter Allgemeine accessed November 1, 2015, Zeitung, November 9, 2011, accessed November http://www.spd.de/aktuelles/130748/20151009 22, 2015, http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ _n am en sb ei t r ag_sg_f w s. h t m l . fluechtlingskrise/wo-steht-die-spd-in-der- fluechtlingskrise-13901184.html?printPaged 7 Florian Gathmann and Roland Nelles, Article=true%20-%20pageIndex_2. ?Gabriel zur Flüchtlingskrise: 'Wir nähern und den Grenzen unserer Möglichkeiten,'? Spi egel 15 ?Asyl-Grundrecht nicht verhandelbar,? SPD, Online, October 2, 2015, accessed October 29, accessed October 30, 2015, 2015, http://www.spd.de/aktuelles/130704/20151005 http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ _fluechtlingspolitik.html. si gmar- gabri el - zur- f l uecht l i ngskri se- 16 Lisa Caspari, ?Die SPD im belastungsgrenze-bald-erreicht-a-1055747.html. Fl ücht l i ngs- Di l emma,? Die Zeit Online, Oct ober 8 Horand Knaup, ?SPD gegen Union: Schluss 5, 2015, accessed October 28, 2015, mit Kuscheln,? Spiegel Online, Oct ober 11, http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2015- 2015, accessed October 30, 2015. 10/spd-fluechtlinge-sigmar-gabriel. http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ 17 spd- kongress- si gmar- gabri el - wagt- angri f f- auf Almut Möller, ?Has Merkel?s Power Peaked,? -union-a-1057244.html. European Council on Foreign Relations, October 8, 2015, accessed October 29, 2015. 9 Thomas Oppermann, Thomas Oppermann?s http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_has_ Facebook Page, Sep t em ber 11, 2013, merkels_power_peaked_4065. https://www.facebook.com/OppermannTho/. 10 ?Oppermann: Flüchtlinge sind ?grosse Chance,? St er n, November 30, 2014, accessed

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18 Wolfgang Bosswick, ?Development of BIBLIOGRAPHY: Asylum Policy in Germany,? Jou r n a l of Ref u gees Studies Vol. 14, No. 1 (2000): 49. ?Aktuelle Umfrage Forsa.? Spi egel Onl i ne, November 17, 2015. Accessed November 22, 19 ?Kritik an Flüchtlingspolitik: Magdeburger 2015. Bürgermei st er verl ässt di e SPD,? Spi egel Onl i ne, http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ October 14, 2015, accessed November 22, 2015, sonnt agsf rage- umf ragen- zu- bundest agswahl - http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/lutz landtagswahl-europawahl-a-944816.html.? -truemper-magdeburger-ob-verlaesst-spd- wegen-fluechtlingspolitik-a-1057832.html. 20 ?Aktuelle Umfrage Forsa,? Spi egel Onl i ne, "Asyl-Grundrecht nicht verhandelbar,? SPD, November 17, 2015, Accessed November 22, accessed October 30, 2015, 2015, http://www.spd.de/aktuelles/130704/20151005 http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ _fluechtlingspolitik.html. sonnt agsf rage- umf ragen- zu- bundest agswahl - landtagswahl-europawahl-a-944816.html. Bosswick, Wolfgang. ?Development of Asylum 21 Angelika Von Wahl, ?From Family to Pol i cy i n Ger m an y.? Journal of Refugees Studies Reconciliation Policy: How the Grand Coalition Vol. 14, No. 1 (2000): 43-60. Reforms the German Welfare State,? German Politics and Society Vol. 26, No. 3 (88) (Autumn 2008): 40, accessed November 19, 2015, Bingener, Reinhard, Sattar, Majid, and http://www.jstor.org/stable/23742861. Wyssuwa, Matthias. ?Wo steht die SPD in der Fl ücht l i ngskri se?? Frankfurter Allgemeine 22 Matthew Karnitschnig, ?Sigmar Gabriel?s Zeitung, November 9, 2011. Accessed November fall,? Politico, August 3, 2015, accessed October 22, 2015. 29, 2015. http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/fluechtling http://www.politico.eu/article/sigmar-gabriel- skri se/ wo- st eht- di espd- i n- der- f l uecht l i ngskri se unemployment-economy-minister-germany- -13901184.html?printPagedArticle=true%20- growth/. %20pageI ndex_2. 23 Horand Knaup, ?SPD gegen Union: Schluss mit Kuscheln.? Caspari, Lisa. ?Die SPD im 24 Katharina Schuler, ?Hauptsache einig,? Die Fl ücht l i ngs- Di l emma.? Die Zeit Online, Oct ober Zeit Online, November 5, 2015, accessed 5, 2015. Accessed October 28, 2015. November 22, 2015, http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2015- http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/ 10/spd-fluechtlinge-sigmar-gabriel. 2015-11/fluechtlinge-grosse-koalition-gipfel- angel a- merkel . ?Europa braucht gemeinsame Fl ücht l i ngspol i t i k.? SPD Frakt i on. Accessed Oct ober 30, 2015. http://www.spdfraktion.de/presse/interviews/ europa- braucht- gemei nsamefl %C3%BCcht l i ng spolitik. Gathmann, Florian and Nelles, Roland.

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?Gabriel zur Flüchtlingskrise: ?Wir nähern und ?Neue ziemlich beste Freunde für Flüchtlinge?? den Grenzen unserer Möglichkeiten.?? Spi egel St er n, August 9, 2015. Accessed November 1, 2015. Online, October 2, 2015. Accessed October 29, http://www.stern.de/lifestyle/leute/hilfe-fuer- 2015. fluechtlinge--til-schweiger-und-sigmar-gabriel http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ ---neue-ziemlich-beste-freunde--6376108.html. si gmar- gabri el - zur- f l uecht l i ngskri se- bel ast un

gsgrenze-bald-erreicht-a-1055747.html. ?Oppermann: Flüchtlinge sind ?grosse Chance.? St er n, November 30, 2014. Accessed October 27, Hickmann, Christoph. ?Flüchtlinge entzweien 2015. http://www.stern.de/news2/oppermann-- die SPD.? Süddeut sche Z ei t ung, October 4, 2015. fluechtlinge-sind--grosse-chance--3241390. html. Accessed November 22, 2015.http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/ asyldebatte-fluechtlingeentzweien-spd- Oppermann, Thomas. Thomas Oppermann?s 1.2676085. Facebook Page, September 11, 2013. Accessed Oct ober 27, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/OppermannTho/. Karnitschnig, Matthew. ?Sigmar Gabriel?s fall.? Politico, August 3, 2015. Accessed October 29, 2015. Schuler, Katharina. ?Hauptsache einig.? Die Zeit http://www.politico.eu/article/sigmar-gabriel- Online, November 5, 2015. Accessed November 22, unemployment-economy-minister-germany- 2015, growth/. http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2015- 11/fluechtlinge-grosse-koalition-gipfel-angela -merkel. Knaup, Horand. ?SPD gegen Union: Schluss mit Kuscheln.? Spiegel Online, Oct ober 11, 2015. Accessed October 30. 2015. SPD. ?Deutschland Schafft Das.? August 31, 2015. http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ Accessed October 30, 2015. spd- kongress- si gmar- gabri el - wagt- angri f f- auf https://www.spd.de/aktuelles/130200/20150831 -union-a-1057244.html . _fluechtlingspolitik.html.

?Kritik an Flüchtlingspolitik: Magdeburger ???. ?Mit Zuversicht und Realismus.? Accessed Bürgermei st er verl ässt di e SPD.? Spi egel Onl i ne, November 1, 2015. October 14, 2015. Accessed November 22, 2015. http://www.spd.de/aktuelles/130748/20151009 http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ _n am en sb ei t r ag_sg_f w s. h t m l . lutz-truemper-magdeburger-ob-verlaesst- spdwegen-fluechtlingspolitik-a-1057832.html. ???. ?SPD-Beschluss: ?Flüchtlingspolitik in Deutschland.? Accessed October 29, 2015. Möller, Almut. ?Has Merkel?s Power Peaked.? http://www.spd.de/presse/Pressemitteilungen/ European Council on Foreign Relations, October 130198/20150831_beschluss_fluechtlingspolitik. 8, 2015. Accessed October 29, html. 2015.http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_ has_merkels_power_peaked_4065.

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???. SPD?s Facebook Page. August 19, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/SPD/?fref=ts.

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