42 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 3(6): November-December 2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.093*** ICV 5.13*** Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE……!!!
A REVIEW ON SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA BEAUV *Ganpat Lal, Veerashekhar T, I.J Kuppast, Dharshan, Shakeel Ahamed Khan Lecturer1, Principal and HOD2, Department of Pharmacology, National College of Pharmacy. Balraj Urs Road, Shimoga, Karnataka, India. ABSTRACT KEYWORDS: The plant based, traditional medicine system continues to play an essential role in health care, for 80 percent of the world’s inhabitants Hypertension, Dysentery, relying mainly on traditional medicines for their primary health care. Schizontocidal, Spathodea campanulata is a plant belonging to bignoniaceae family. The constipation. plant is widely distributed in the subtropical regions where it is found in For Correspondence: tropical and sub tropical area including Africa and south America. It is Ganpat Lal * commonly known as African tulip free and in hindi -Rugtoora, kannada- Address: Department of Neerukayi Mara . In traditional medicine, the plant is often assumed to Pharmacology, National treat diseases such as fever, dysentery, constipation ,malaria diabetes College of Pharmacy. skin disease . The described pharmacological properties of the plant Balraj Urs Road, involve the antimalerial, anticonvulsant, antibacterial and schizontocidal Shimoga, Karnataka, activities and many other properties. Over 50 percent of all modern drugs India. are natural product origin and they play an important role in drug E-mail: development programs of the pharmaceutical industry. Spathodea Ganpatlakhara411@gmai campanulata has been used to break variety of diseases and disorders in l.com view of this in the present study a review on Spathodea campanulata has been taken.
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43 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
INTRODUCTION: The use of plants as medicines predates written human history. The use of herbs to treat diseases is almost universal among non-industrialized societies and is often more affordable than purchasing expensive modern pharmaceuticals3. The WHO (world health organization) estimated that 80 percent of the population of some Asian and African countries presently use herbal medicines for some aspect of primary health care4. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION: Spathodea campanulata belong to bignoniaceae family is a native of Africa but today it is pantropically distributed in several parts of India. The plant is frequently found in pastures cultivated lands, roadsides and lawns5. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION Botanical name : Spathodea campanulata; Synonyms : Spathodea nilotica seem ,Spathodea campanulata beauv. Kingdom : Plantae Order : Lamiales Family : Bignoniaceae Tribe : Tecomeae Genus : Spathodea Species : S. campanulata6 DESCRIPTION: Spathodea campanulata is medium sized, reaching a height of 10-35 meter deciduous, with a round, heavy crown of dense, dark foliage, sometimes somewhat flattened young bark pale, grey- brown and smooth but turns grey-black, scaly and cracked vertically and horizontally with age. The opposite imparipinnate leaves are exstipulate. Each leaf consists of 5-7 pairs of opposite leaflets and a terminal one. The leaflets are oblong-elliptic, about 1 cm long and 0.5 cm broad, entire, broadly acuminate, unequal at the base, dark green on top and light green on the underside, there are glandular swellings at the base of the lamina (usually a pair) the midrib and nerves are yellow, raised and very slightly pubescent the venation is reticulate the short, thick petiole is about 0.7 cm long, there are conspicuous lenticels on the rachis swollen7.
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44 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Fig 1: Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv Fig 2: Pinnae of Spathodea campanulata
HABITATS: Spathodea campaulata is grows naturally in Africa in secondary forests in the high forest zone and in deciduous, transition, and savannah forests. PHYTOCHEMICALS: Spathoside, a new cerebroside was isolated from the stem bark of Spathodea campanulata, besides known compounds (n-alkanes, linear aliphatic alcohols, sitosterol and their esters, β-sitosterol-3-O- β-D-glucopyranoside, oleanolic acid, pomolic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and phenylethanol esters). Spathodic acid,steroids, saponins, ursolic acid,and tomentosolic acid Spathodea campanulata contain spathodic acid ,steroid,saponin, ursolic acid, isolated from the stem. flower are furnished with spathodol, caffieic acid . spathodol, flavonoid found in leaves8 . TRADITIONAL USES: Spathodea campanulata has many medicinal uses both where it is native and introduced. Extracts of bark, leaves and flowers are used to treat malaria, HIV, diabetes mellitus, oedema, dysentery, constipation, gastrointestinal disorders, ulcers, skin diseases, wounds, fever, urethral inflammation, liver complaints and as a poison antidote. It may be effective as a malaria prophylactic9,10. REPORTED ACTIVITIES OF SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY Ofori-kwakye k et al.has been carried out that, Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv is extensively used in Indian traditional and folklore medicines to cure various human ailments. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves revealed the presence of alkaloids,flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids and terpenoids. The organic leaf extracts of this species was evaluated for antimalarial activity against clinically isolated Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant and sensitive strains.The in vitro antimalarial activity was performed following schizont maturation
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45 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 inhibition assay (SMI). The ethanol fraction exhibited very good antiplasmodial activity against both chloroquine sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum isolates followed by the butanol and chloroform extracts11. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY: HEIM S.C et al. has been studied that Spathodea campanulata is used in traditional medicine in Africa as diuretic and anti inflammatory. Although few studies have reported the mechanism of antioxidant action, this study evidenced the antioxidant activity of S. campanulata bark and flower extracts and their possible mechanism of action. Ethanol extracts of S. campanulata bark and flowers showed antioxidant activity on lipid peroxidation of liver microsome induced by Fe+3ascorbic acid. Bark extract was 5 times more efficient than flower extract. The antioxidant activity of flower extract, previously complexed with increasing concentrations of Fe+3 (20 – 100M) which resulted in antioxidant activity loss, was shown to be related to iron complex formation. In contrast, the antioxidant activity of bark extract was not inhibited by the previous incubation with Fe3+, although complexation was demonstrated by spectral analysis of the solution. These results suggest an antioxidant mechanism other than Fe+3 complex formation. Therefore, the antioxidant mechanisms of S.campanulata flower and bark extracts are distinct from each other, reflecting the extract heterogeneous composition and the mechanism of action12. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY: Rajesh Kowti et al. has been carried out ethanolic extract of leaf and flower of Spathodea campanulata was investigated for antimicrobial activity at 10 mg/ml concentrations by using Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method against gram positive and gram negative organisms like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas sps, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera. After incubation for 24 hrs, the zone of inhibition was compared with standard antibiotics genatamycin and streptomycin (10 μg/ disc). From the dose dependent study it was observed that the ethanolic flower extract was more potentent than leaf extract. Flavanoids and tannins are present in the both ethanol extract may be responsible for the antimicrobial activity.13 ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY: Emmanuel E. Ilodigwe et al. Herbal preparations of Spathodea campanulata leaves are used in southeastern Nigeria for the treatment of convulsions. A preliminary study of the ethanol leaf extract of S. campanulata has confirmed the anticonvulsant potency of the plant. This study was aimed to isolate the constituents responsible for this claimed activity. The ethanolic leaf extract was subjected to bioactivity guided fractionation and isolation of the active compound. Anticonvulsant
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46 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 effect of the isolated compound was performed using Pentylene tetrazole (PTZ) and electrically – induced seizures. Activities related to anti-convulsion such as effect on rota rod performance and phenobarbitone induced-sleeping time were investigated. Also the acute toxicity studies, as well as the structural elucidation of the isolated compound were carried out using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. Results were indicated that the new active compound (SCI) isolated from S. campanulata exhibited significant (p < 0.05) abolition of seizures induced by PTZ and maximal electro shock (MES) seizures. Acute toxicity studies of SCI estimated an oral and intraperitoneal LD50 of 323.59 and 158 mg/kg respectively. Structural elucidation of SCI provided a glycoside: urs-12-en-27α, 30 di-oic acid 3-0-α-L- rhamnopyranosyl (1→2) α-L- arabinopyranoside.14 ANALGESIC AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY Emmanuel. E Ilodigwe et al. has been carried out the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potentials of the ethanol leaf extract of Spathodea campanulata, Nigerian traditional medicinal plant was studied using cold, thermal and chemical-induced pain models, and carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats. The acute toxicity and the phytochemical constituents of the extract were also determined. The results were showed that the extract (250-1000 mg/kg) significantly (P<0.05) and dose-dependently prolonged the pain reaction times in hot-plate and tail flick pain models, and reduced acetic acid –induced writhing. The extract demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity against acute inflammation induced by carrageenan. The estimated LD50 of the extract was 4500 mg/kg. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides and flavonoids. These findings indicate that the leaf extract of Spathodea campanulata has both analgesic and anti- inflammatory properties and could be beneficial in alleviating painful inflammatory conditions15 WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY Kwabena Ofori-Kwakyet al., has been evaluated the wound healing potential of Spathodea campanulata stem bark in Sprague Dawley rats using the excision wound model. The methanol extract contained glycosides, flavonoids and tannins, and was relatively stable when stored at the room temperature for six months. Solvent-free, semi-solid extract of S. campanulata was incorporated into an aqueous cream and applied (10 % w/w and 20 % w/w) on excision wounds of thirty two rats. Cicatrin® cream was used as a standard wound healing agent. Prior to the remedial cream application, done later on twice daily, sixteen rats had their wounds infected with Staphylococcus aureus, while in the remaining sixteen the wounds were kept clean. The surface area of the excision wounds was monitored planimetrically every four days until a complete wound
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47 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 closure or healing took place. Excision wounds treated with 20 % w/w Spathodea cream and Cicatrin® cream showed a rapid and comparable decrease (p > 0.05) in wound size. In uninfected wounds, both 20% w/w Spathodea cream and Cicatrin® cream application resulted in ∼ 95 %- wound closure seen on Day 20, and a complete closure seen on Day 24. In infected wounds, both 20% w/w Spathodea cream and Cicatrin® cream administration led to ∼ 91 %-wound closure on Day 24 and a complete wound contraction on Day 28. The results of this study justify the folkloric use of S. campanulata stem bark to the effect of wound treatment16. CONCLUSION: Spathode acampanulata is a plant of wide usage in traditional medicine. In traditional medicine, the plant is often assumed to treat diseases such as fever, headache, skin diseases, diarrhoea, and dysentery. Following these traditional usages many studies have been conducted in laboratories for the efficiency of the plant, in addition the plant may have many other properties since it has not been tested for all desired pharmacological activities. Since the global scenario is now changing towards the use of nontoxic plant product having traditional medicine use, development of modern drug from Spathodea campanulata should be emphasized for the control of various diseases. The plant Spathodea campanulata holds tremendous potential for pharmaceutical products of commercial values. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: We are very thankful to Vision group of science and technology, Govt. of Karnataka, and the management of National educational society Shimoga. REFRENCES 1. Omonkhelin J. Owolabi, Eric K. I. Omogbai and Osahon Obasuyi, “Antifungal and antibacterial activities of the ethanolic and aqueous extract of Kigelia africana (Bignoniaceae) stem bark”, African Journal of Biotechnology; 2007, 6 (14): 1677-1680. 2. Bekele T, Birnie A, Tengnäs B. Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia. Identification, propagation and management for agricultural and pastoral communities. Technical Handbook. 3. K R Kirtikar and B D Basu, “Indian Medicinal plants”, Periodical experts book agency, Delhi-10095; 1st edition: 308-309. 4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/herbalism( accessed on 18-08-2014) 5. .Mbosso EJ, Ngouela S, Nguedia JC, Penlap V, Rohmer M, Tsamo E. Spathoside, acerebroside and other antibacterial constituents of the stem bark of Spathodea campanulata.Nat Prod Res. 2008; 22(4):296-304.
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6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spathodea 7. .Mbosso EJ, Ngouela S, Nguedia JC, Penlap V, Rohmer M, Tsamo E. Spathoside, a cerebroside and other antibacterial constituents of the stem bark of Spathodea campanulata. Nat Prod Res. 2008; 22(4):296-304. 8. Burkill HM. The useful plant of west tropical Africa 2 edition United kingdom 1985. 9. Yogananarasimhan S .N. Medicinal plant of india interline publishing pvt ltd vol -1 karnataka page no-442. 10. Consoli RAGB , mendus NM , Pereira JP , santos BS lamounier MA .influnce the some plant extract on the survival of the larvae of aedes fluviatilis (clutz) dipteral culicidae in the laboratory memorias do instituto oswaldo cruz 1988 ;83 (1) 87-93. 11. Ofori-kwakye ,Kwapong AA, Bayor M T, “Wound healing potential of methanolic extract of Spathodea campanulata stem bark”, African Journal of Traditional complement; 2011, 8(3); 218-223. 12. HEIM, S.C.1; GUARNIER, F.A.1; FERREIRA, D.T.2; BRAZ-FILHO, R. 3; CECCHINI, R. 1; CECCHINI, A.L. “Antioxidant activity of Spathodea campanulata (Bignoneaceae) extracts”, Rev. Bras. Pl. Med., Botucatu, v.14, n.2, p.287-292, 2012. 13. Rajesh Kowti , Harsha.R. , Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed, Hareesh AR, Thammanna Gowda SS, Dinesha R, Satish Kumar BP, Irfan Ali M “Antimicrobial activity of leaf and flower of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv” Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences vol 1(3) page no. 693 Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, B.G. Nagara- 571448, Karnataka, India. 14. Emmanuel E. Ilodigwe, Peter A. Akah, Theophine C. Okoye and Edwin O. Omeje Anticonvulsant effects of a glycoside isolated from the leaf of Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv Journal of Medicinal Plants Research Vol. 4(18), pp. 1895-1900, 18 September, 2010 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. 15. Emmanuel. E Ilodigwe and Peter .A. Akah Spathodea Campanulata an Experimental Evaluation of the Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Properties of a Traditional Remedy Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 1(2): 35-38, 2009 Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Niger Delta University Amassoma Bayelsa State, Nigeria. 16. Kwabena ofori-kwakye Awo Afi kwopong. And Marcel Tunkumgnen Bayor wound healing potential of methanol extract of spathodea campanulata stem bark formulated into a topical prepation African journal of traditional complementary and alternative medicine 2011; 8(3): 218–223.
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