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International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio 42 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 3(6): November-December 2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.093*** ICV 5.13*** Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE……!!! A REVIEW ON SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA BEAUV *Ganpat Lal, Veerashekhar T, I.J Kuppast, Dharshan, Shakeel Ahamed Khan Lecturer1, Principal and HOD2, Department of Pharmacology, National College of Pharmacy. Balraj Urs Road, Shimoga, Karnataka, India. ABSTRACT KEYWORDS: The plant based, traditional medicine system continues to play an essential role in health care, for 80 percent of the world’s inhabitants Hypertension, Dysentery, relying mainly on traditional medicines for their primary health care. Schizontocidal, Spathodea campanulata is a plant belonging to bignoniaceae family. The constipation. plant is widely distributed in the subtropical regions where it is found in For Correspondence: tropical and sub tropical area including Africa and south America. It is Ganpat Lal * commonly known as African tulip free and in hindi -Rugtoora, kannada- Address: Department of Neerukayi Mara . In traditional medicine, the plant is often assumed to Pharmacology, National treat diseases such as fever, dysentery, constipation ,malaria diabetes College of Pharmacy. skin disease . The described pharmacological properties of the plant Balraj Urs Road, involve the antimalerial, anticonvulsant, antibacterial and schizontocidal Shimoga, Karnataka, activities and many other properties. Over 50 percent of all modern drugs India. are natural product origin and they play an important role in drug E-mail: development programs of the pharmaceutical industry. Spathodea Ganpatlakhara411@gmai campanulata has been used to break variety of diseases and disorders in l.com view of this in the present study a review on Spathodea campanulata has been taken. Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 43 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 INTRODUCTION: The use of plants as medicines predates written human history. The use of herbs to treat diseases is almost universal among non-industrialized societies and is often more affordable than purchasing expensive modern pharmaceuticals3. The WHO (world health organization) estimated that 80 percent of the population of some Asian and African countries presently use herbal medicines for some aspect of primary health care4. ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION: Spathodea campanulata belong to bignoniaceae family is a native of Africa but today it is pantropically distributed in several parts of India. The plant is frequently found in pastures cultivated lands, roadsides and lawns5. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION Botanical name : Spathodea campanulata; Synonyms : Spathodea nilotica seem ,Spathodea campanulata beauv. Kingdom : Plantae Order : Lamiales Family : Bignoniaceae Tribe : Tecomeae Genus : Spathodea Species : S. campanulata6 DESCRIPTION: Spathodea campanulata is medium sized, reaching a height of 10-35 meter deciduous, with a round, heavy crown of dense, dark foliage, sometimes somewhat flattened young bark pale, grey- brown and smooth but turns grey-black, scaly and cracked vertically and horizontally with age. The opposite imparipinnate leaves are exstipulate. Each leaf consists of 5-7 pairs of opposite leaflets and a terminal one. The leaflets are oblong-elliptic, about 1 cm long and 0.5 cm broad, entire, broadly acuminate, unequal at the base, dark green on top and light green on the underside, there are glandular swellings at the base of the lamina (usually a pair) the midrib and nerves are yellow, raised and very slightly pubescent the venation is reticulate the short, thick petiole is about 0.7 cm long, there are conspicuous lenticels on the rachis swollen7. Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 44 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 Fig 1: Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv Fig 2: Pinnae of Spathodea campanulata HABITATS: Spathodea campaulata is grows naturally in Africa in secondary forests in the high forest zone and in deciduous, transition, and savannah forests. PHYTOCHEMICALS: Spathoside, a new cerebroside was isolated from the stem bark of Spathodea campanulata, besides known compounds (n-alkanes, linear aliphatic alcohols, sitosterol and their esters, β-sitosterol-3-O- β-D-glucopyranoside, oleanolic acid, pomolic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and phenylethanol esters). Spathodic acid,steroids, saponins, ursolic acid,and tomentosolic acid Spathodea campanulata contain spathodic acid ,steroid,saponin, ursolic acid, isolated from the stem. flower are furnished with spathodol, caffieic acid . spathodol, flavonoid found in leaves8 . TRADITIONAL USES: Spathodea campanulata has many medicinal uses both where it is native and introduced. Extracts of bark, leaves and flowers are used to treat malaria, HIV, diabetes mellitus, oedema, dysentery, constipation, gastrointestinal disorders, ulcers, skin diseases, wounds, fever, urethral inflammation, liver complaints and as a poison antidote. It may be effective as a malaria prophylactic9,10. REPORTED ACTIVITIES OF SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA ANTIMALARIAL ACTIVITY Ofori-kwakye k et al.has been carried out that, Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv is extensively used in Indian traditional and folklore medicines to cure various human ailments. The preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves revealed the presence of alkaloids,flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids and terpenoids. The organic leaf extracts of this species was evaluated for antimalarial activity against clinically isolated Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant and sensitive strains.The in vitro antimalarial activity was performed following schizont maturation Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 45 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 inhibition assay (SMI). The ethanol fraction exhibited very good antiplasmodial activity against both chloroquine sensitive and resistant Plasmodium falciparum isolates followed by the butanol and chloroform extracts11. ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY: HEIM S.C et al. has been studied that Spathodea campanulata is used in traditional medicine in Africa as diuretic and anti inflammatory. Although few studies have reported the mechanism of antioxidant action, this study evidenced the antioxidant activity of S. campanulata bark and flower extracts and their possible mechanism of action. Ethanol extracts of S. campanulata bark and flowers showed antioxidant activity on lipid peroxidation of liver microsome induced by Fe+3ascorbic acid. Bark extract was 5 times more efficient than flower extract. The antioxidant activity of flower extract, previously complexed with increasing concentrations of Fe+3 (20 – 100M) which resulted in antioxidant activity loss, was shown to be related to iron complex formation. In contrast, the antioxidant activity of bark extract was not inhibited by the previous incubation with Fe3+, although complexation was demonstrated by spectral analysis of the solution. These results suggest an antioxidant mechanism other than Fe+3 complex formation. Therefore, the antioxidant mechanisms of S.campanulata flower and bark extracts are distinct from each other, reflecting the extract heterogeneous composition and the mechanism of action12. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY: Rajesh Kowti et al. has been carried out ethanolic extract of leaf and flower of Spathodea campanulata was investigated for antimicrobial activity at 10 mg/ml concentrations by using Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method against gram positive and gram negative organisms like Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas sps, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholera. After incubation for 24 hrs, the zone of inhibition was compared with standard antibiotics genatamycin and streptomycin (10 μg/ disc). From the dose dependent study it was observed that the ethanolic flower extract was more potentent than leaf extract. Flavanoids and tannins are present in the both ethanol extract may be responsible for the antimicrobial activity.13 ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY: Emmanuel E. Ilodigwe et al. Herbal preparations of Spathodea campanulata leaves are used in southeastern Nigeria for the treatment of convulsions. A preliminary study of the ethanol leaf extract of S. campanulata has confirmed the anticonvulsant potency of the plant. This study was aimed to isolate the constituents responsible for this claimed activity. The ethanolic leaf extract was subjected to bioactivity guided fractionation and isolation of the active compound. Anticonvulsant Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com 46 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 effect of the isolated compound was performed using Pentylene tetrazole (PTZ) and electrically – induced seizures. Activities related to anti-convulsion such as effect on rota rod performance and phenobarbitone induced-sleeping time were investigated. Also the acute toxicity studies, as well as the structural elucidation of the isolated compound were carried out using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. Results were indicated that the new active compound (SCI) isolated from S. campanulata exhibited significant (p < 0.05) abolition of seizures induced by PTZ and maximal electro shock (MES) seizures. Acute toxicity studies of SCI estimated an oral and intraperitoneal LD50 of 323.59 and 158 mg/kg respectively. Structural elucidation of SCI provided a glycoside:
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