DOCSLIB.ORG

Cuticular Wax Profiles of Leaves of Some Traditionally Used African

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cuticular Wax Profiles of Leaves of Some Traditionally Used African Cuticular Wax Profiles of Leaves of Some Traditionally Used African Bignoniaceae Rainer Gormanna, Lukas Schreiberb, and Herbert Kolodzieja,* a Institut für Pharmazie, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str.2+4,D-14195 Berlin, Germany. Fax: +30-838-53729. E-mail: [email protected] b Institut für Botanik, Abteilung Ökophysiologie, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms- Universität Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany * Author for correspondence and reprint requests Z. Naturforsch. 59c, 631Ð635 (2004); received May 24/June 15, 2004 The cuticular waxes, obtained by chloroform extraction from the leaves of four African Bignoniaceae, Newbouldia laevis, Markhamia acuminata, Spathodea campanulata and Kigelia africana were analysed by GC-MS. The principal constituents were represented by a homolo- gous series of n-alkanes (C23ÐC33), n-alcohols (C18ÐC30) and related carboxylic acids (C16Ð C36). For N. laevis and M. acuminata, ursolic and oleanolic acid were the most abundant wax components (52 and 60%, respectively), followed by the C29, the C31 and the C33 n-alkanes. The predominant components of S. campanulata were n-alcohols (35%), with octacosanol and triacontanol as the most abundant ones, while K. africana is distinguished from these three members by the conspicuous absence of triterpenoic acids and the predominance of n-alkanes (70%) with hentriacontane and tritriacontane as the main representatives. Other notable constituents were sterols, albeit present in trace amounts. The wax profiles are dis- cussed in terms of taxonomic characters. Key words: Bignoniaceae, Cuticular Wax, Chemotaxonomic Characters Introduction (Schoonhoven et al., 1998), with long chain hy- drocarbons and derivatives thereof as principle Members of the Bignoniaceae are common in constituents (Baker, 1982). Terpenoids and flavo- the tropical areas of the New World, while only a noids also occur, the latter being reported for cu- few occur in the rain forests and savannah zones ticular waxes of some species and used as taxo- of Africa. Although many species are cropped nomic features (Stermitz et al., 1992; Wollenweber (Janzen, 1975; Shepherd et al., 2000; Nyberg et al., et al., 1996; Blatt et al., 1998; Alcerito et al., 2002). 2002) and employed in traditional medical systems This paper deals with compositional studies of for the treatment of various diseases (Burkill, the cuticular waxes of N. laevis., M. acuminata., 1985), little attention has been paid to the chemi- S. campanulata and K. africana and their possible cal constituents of plants of the Bignoniaceae. The taxonomic significance. systematic application of morphological characters of, e.g., fruits and seeds to the establishment of subfamilial boundaries is limited and has produced Materials and Methods seven tribes, with at least for the Tecomeae tribe Plant material considerable heterogeneity (Gentry, 1980; Arm- strong, 1985). The present study was therefore ini- Adult leaves of N. laevis were provided by the tiated to re-examine the taxonomic grouping of Royal Botanical Garden of Belgium, adult leaves the medicinally used plants Newbouldia laevis of M. acuminata, S. campanulata and K. africana Seem., Markhamia acuminata (Klotzsch) K. were obtained from the Botanical Garden of Ber- Schum., and Spathodea campanulata Beauv. (tribe lin (Germany). All species were grown in a tropi- Tecomeae) and Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. cal greenhouse under similar conditions. Voucher (tribe Coleeae) on the basis of their leaf wax com- specimens are deposited at the Institut für Phar- positions as chemical characters. The role of sur- mazie, Pharmazeutische Biologie, Freie Universi- face waxes in plant defence is well established tät Berlin, Berlin, Germany. 0939Ð5075/2004/0900Ð0631 $ 06.00 ” 2004 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, Tübingen · http://www.znaturforsch.com · D 632 R. Gormann et al. · Cuticular Wax Profiles of Leaves of Some African Bignoniaceae Extraction S. campanulata, M. acuminata and N. laevis are Four to six leaves of each plant were extracted morphologically well characterized and can be dis- by immersion in 50 ml chloroform for 30 s. The tinguished by their spathaceous calyx splitted on wax extracts were filtered over defatted cotton adaxial (S. campanulata, M. acuminata) or abaxial and the solvent subsequently evaporated under re- side (N. laevis), respectively. Furthermore, the lat- duced pressure. After gravimetric determination, ter two members can be differentiated by their the extracts were dissolved in chloroform (2 mg/ ovules and fruits (Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1963; ml) with tetracosane as internal standard (100 µg/ Steentoft, 1988). These aspects have obviously ml) and analysed by GC-MS and GC-FID. Meas- been ignored in the past. urements of the surface area were performed by The average total wax load for the leaves of N. tracing the photocopied image of each leaf using laevis, M. acuminata, S. campanulata and K. afri- µ 2 standard calibration paper. cana were 18.5, 14.7, 1.6 and 0.6 g/cm , respec- tively. From the chloroform extracts about 62% (N. laevis), 67% (M. acuminata), 52% (S. campa- Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the nulata) and 79% (K. africana) of their constituents wax fractions were unambiguously identified by GC-MS analy- Aliquots (100 µl) of the wax fractions were dried ses and the results are presented in Table I. Unfor- and then silylated with 20 µl BSTFA (N,N-bistri- tunately, separate GC-MS analyses of the wax ex- methyl-silyltrifluoroacetamide; Macherey-Nagel) tracts on a Restek Rtx“-5Sil column using a in the presence of 10 µl pyridine at 70 ∞C for Finnigan MD 800 instrument and comparison of 30 min. Qualitative analyses were carried out by the mass spectra with those of Wiley and NIST GC-MS using a Hewlett-Packard HP 5890 II in- Library by means of AMDIS failed to identify fur- strument, coupled with a quadrupole mass selec- ther constituents. In each case, the lipophilic frac- tive detector (HP MSD 5971). A DB-1 fused-silica tions consisted of a complex mixture with hy- capillary column (30 m x 0.32 mm i.d., film thick- drocarbons and oxygenated triterpenoids as the µ ness 0.1 m; Fisons) was used with a temperature dominating constituents. Several homologous programme of 50Ð200 ∞C (40 ∞C minÐ1) and 200Ð series were identified, including n-alkanes (C23Ð 300 ∞C(3∞C minÐ1), 300 ∞C (20 min); pressure pro- C33), n-alcohols (C18ÐC30) and related carboxylic gramme: 10 kPa (40 min), 10Ð100 kPa (10 kPa acids (C ÐC ), which are typical constituents of Ð1 16 36 min ), 100 kPa (30 min); helium was the carrier cuticular waxes (Baker, 1982). Conspicuously, gas at a flow rate of 2 ml/min. For MS analysis, the large gaps were observed in these series (Table I), ionisation energy was 70 eV. The compounds were a finding that can not be satisfactorily explained. identified on the basis of their retention times and A range of sterols was also detected, although in mass-spectral fragmentation patterns compared trace amounts (< 0.01%). To our knowledge, the with those of reference compounds stored on our occurrence of stigmasterol (M. acuminata, S. cam- spectrometer database. panulata) and campesterol (S. campanulata) was Quantification of identified constituents was not previously described for leaf extracts of the µ performed by injecting 1 l of the samples (on-col- indicated members. umn injector; FID; hydrogen as carrier gas). The Compositional studies of the wax extracts of following temperature and pressure programmes N. laevis and M. acuminata revealed the presence were used: 50 ∞C (2 min), 50Ð200 ∞C (40 ∞C minÐ1), Ð1), of considerable amounts of oxygenated triterpe- 200Ð320 ∞C(3∞C min 320 ∞C (20 min); 40 kPa noids, accounting for 52% and 60% of the iden- Ð Ð1 (40 min), 40 150 kPa (10 kPa min ), 150 kPa tified constituents, respectively, followed by long- (30 min). chain n-alkanes (C26ÐC33) with ca. 9% and 7%, respectively (Table I). The triterpenoid compo- Results and Discussion nents in the waxes of N. laevis and M. acuminata The selection of plants was prompted by the were oleanolic acid (14.5% and 23%, respectively) synonym citation of some of the specimens, e.g. and ursolic acid (around 37%), with the latter as Markhamia acuminata syn. Spathodea acuminata the major component in each case. It should also and Newbouldia laevis syn. Spathodea laevis (Mis- be noted that hederagenin occurred in M. acumi- souri Botanical Garden), giving rise to some con- nata as a trace component, but was apparently fusion in their botanical classification. However, absent or only present below detection limits R. Gormann et al. · Cuticular Wax Profiles of Leaves of Some African Bignoniaceae 633 Table I. Cuticular wax profiles and distribution of hydrocarbons, alcohols, fatty acids, triterpenoids and sterols for N. laevis, M. acuminata, S. campanulata and K. africana. Species/ N. laevis M. acuminata S. campanulata K. africana Substance class abababab n-Alkanes Tricosane C23 Ð ÐÐÐÐÐ* 0.5 Hexacosane C26 0.1 ð 0.006 0.4 ÐÐÐÐÐÐ ͷ Heptacosane C27 0.1 ð 0.006 0.2 0.1 ð 0.002 0.1 0.7 * 1.7 Octacosane C28 0.1 ð 0.004 0.4 ÐÐÐÐÐÐ ͷ Nonacosane C29 0.5 ð 0.11 2.9 0.1 ð 0.021 0.6 1.0 0.1 ð 0.012 7.0 Triacontane C30 0.1 ð 0.013 0.6 ÐÐÐÐÐÐ ͷ Hentriacontane C31 0.5 ð 0.07 3.0 0.4 ð 0.037 2.9 1.7 0.3 ð 0.04 42.5 Dotriacontane C32 0.1 ð 0.017 0.4 ÐÐÐÐÐÐ ͷ Tritriacontane C33 0.2 ð 0.026 1.4 0.5 ð 0.015 3.2 2.3 0.1 ð 0.02 18.2 Σ 1.7 9.3 1.1 6.8 0.1 5.7 0.5 69.9 n-Alcohols Octadecanol C18 ÐÐÐÐ* 0.6 Eicosanol C20 ÐÐ* 0.6 * 1.2 Hexacosaol C26 ÐÐ0.1
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Delimitation of Malagasy Tribe Coleeae and Implications for Fruit Evolution in Bignoniaceae Inferred from a Chloroplast DNA Phylogeny
    Plant Syst. Evol. 245: 55–67 (2004) DOI 10.1007/s00606-003-0025-y Delimitation of Malagasy tribe Coleeae and implications for fruit evolution in Bignoniaceae inferred from a chloroplast DNA phylogeny M. L. Zjhra1, K. J. Sytsma2, and R. G. Olmstead3 1Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA 2Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA 3Department of Botany, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Received February 2, 2003; accepted April 23, 2003 Published online: February 23, 2004 Ó Springer-Verlag 2004 Abstract. Coleeae (Bignoniaceae) are a tribe almost the Gondwanan continent, Madagascar was entirely restricted to Madagascar. Coleeae have attached to Africa at present day Somalia, previously been placed in neotropical Crescentieae Kenya and Tanzania until 165 mya (Rabino- due to species with indehiscent fruits, a character witz et al. 1982, 1983). Madagascar was otherwise unusual in Bignoniaceae. A phylogeny completely separated from Africa by ndh trn based on three chloroplast regions ( F, T-L 120 mya (Rabinowitz et al. 1983), but spacer, trnL-F spacer) identifies a monophyletic remained attached to India until 88 mya Coleeae that is endemic to Madagascar and sur- rounding islands of the Indian Ocean (Seychelles, (Storey et al. 1995). During the lower Creta- Comores and Mascarenes). African Kigelia is not a ceous Madagascar traveled to its present member of Coleeae, rather it is more closely related position 400 km off the coast of Mozambique to a subset of African and Southeast Asian species (Fig. 1). The granitic islands of the Seychelles, of Tecomeae. The molecular phylogeny indicates in the Indian Ocean north of Madagascar, that indehiscent fruit have arisen repeatedly in represent fragments of the separation of Mad- Bignoniaceae: in Coleeae, Kigelia and Crescentieae.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on New Guinea Moths. 1. Introduction (Lepidoptera)
    PROC. ENTOMOL. SOC. WASH. 105(4), 2003, pp. 1034-1042 STUDIES ON NEW GUINEA MOTHS. 1. INTRODUCTION (LEPIDOPTERA) SCOTT E. MILLER, VOJTECH NOVOTNY, AND YVES BASSET (SEM) Department of Systematic Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0105, U.S.A. (e-mail: [email protected]. edu); (VN) Institute of Entomology, Czech Academy of Sciences and Biological Faculty, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 31, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (YB) Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Ancon, Panama Abstract.•This is the first in a series of papers providing taxonomic data in support of ecological and biogeographic studies of moths in New Guinea. The primary study is an extensive inventory of the caterpillar fauna of a lowland rainforest site near Madang, Papua New Guinea, from 1994•2001. The inventory focused on the Lepidoptera com- munity on 71 woody plant species representing 45 genera and 23 families. During the study, 46,457 caterpillars representing 585 species were sampled, with 19,660 caterpillars representing 441 species reared to adults. This introductory contribution is intended to provide background on the project, including descriptions of the study site, sampling methods, and taxonomic methods. Key Words: Malesia, Papua New Guinea, Lepidoptera, biodiversity, rearing, community ecology A very large portion of tropical biodi- 1992 and 1993 (Basset 1996, Basset et al. versity consists of herbivorous insects, and 1996). This paper represents the first in a among them, Lepidoptera are among the series of papers providing taxonomic doc- most amenable to study. To better under- umentation in support of the broader stud- stand the structure and maintenance of trop- ies, and is intended to provide general back- ical biodiversity, we undertook a series of ground, including descriptions of the study related inventories of Lepidoptera in New site, sampling methods, and taxonomic Guinea.
    [Show full text]
  • DNA Barcoding Confirms Polyphagy in a Generalist Moth, Homona Mermerodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
    Molecular Ecology Notes (2007) 7, 549–557 doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01786.x BARCODINGBlackwell Publishing Ltd DNA barcoding confirms polyphagy in a generalist moth, Homona mermerodes (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) JIRI HULCR,* SCOTT E. MILLER,† GREGORY P. SETLIFF,‡ KAROLYN DARROW,† NATHANIEL D. MUELLER,§ PAUL D. N. HEBERT¶ and GEORGE D. WEIBLEN** *Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, 243 Natural Sciences Building, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA, †National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA, ‡Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108–1095 USA, §Saint Olaf College, 1500 Saint Olaf Avenue, Northfield, MN 55057, USA,¶Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G2W1, **Bell Museum of Natural History and Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, 220 Biological Sciences Center, 1445 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108–1095, USA Abstract Recent DNA barcoding of generalist insect herbivores has revealed complexes of cryptic species within named species. We evaluated the species concept for a common generalist moth occurring in New Guinea and Australia, Homona mermerodes, in light of host plant records and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I haplotype diversity. Genetic divergence among H. mermerodes moths feeding on different host tree species was much lower than among several Homona species. Genetic divergence between haplotypes from New Guinea and Australia was also less than interspecific divergence. Whereas molecular species identification methods may reveal cryptic species in some generalist herbivores, these same methods may confirm polyphagy when identical haplotypes are reared from multiple host plant families. A lectotype for the species is designated, and a summarized bibliography and illustrations including male genitalia are provided for the first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Changes in Plant Community Diversity and Floristic Composition on Environmental and Geographical Gradients Author(S): Alwyn H
    Changes in Plant Community Diversity and Floristic Composition on Environmental and Geographical Gradients Author(s): Alwyn H. Gentry Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 75, No. 1 (1988), pp. 1-34 Published by: Missouri Botanical Garden Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2399464 Accessed: 02/09/2010 07:33 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mobot. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Missouri Botanical Garden Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.jstor.org Volume75 Annals Number1 of the 1988 Missourl Botanical Garden CHANGES IN PLANT AlwynH.
    [Show full text]
  • Palm Beach County Preferred Plant Species List
    Preferred Species List The Palm Beach County Zoning Division has prepared the following list of plants to assist industry and the public with selecting the right plants for the appropriate location. The list contains trees, pahns, shrubs and groundcovers. (ffl}.. PZB, ZONING DIVISION ---------------------------------------~--------------------------~~ Table of Contents Trees Palms Shrubs Groundcovers Trees Monday, October 18, 2004 11:28:28 A Palm Beach County Trees Common Name Scientific Salt Light Mature Growth Type Comments FL Native FL Recommended Flowering Name Size Hardiness Species Street Tree Range Acacia, Sweet Acacia farnesiana H Sun 15x20' M Evergreen Small, thorny, bushy. Fragrant 9b-11 flowers. Native to So. Florida, occasionally in Panhandle. New growth and leaves damaged at 20°F, severe damage at 15°F. Recommended small tree. African Tulip Tree Spathodea M Sun 50x50' F Evergreen Requires little maintenance but is 10b-11 campanulata a messy tree. Has big orange and yellow flowers during winter and spring. Black Olive Bucida buceras H Sun 30x45' M Evergreen An overused tree, can be spiny, 10a-11 leave stain surfaces. Will suffer freeze damage. Large street tree. Moderate value as a street tree. Key: Salt Tolerant L-Low, M-Medium, H-High Light P-Partial, L-Low, Sun-Full, Sh-Shade Native checked=yes; not checked=no "Plant List" Fla Hardiness Range - Plant Zone in Palm Beach County 9b to 10b Common Name Scientific Salt Light Mature Growth Type Comments FL Native FL Recommended Flowering Name Size Hardiness Species Street Tree Range Blolly Guapira discolor H Sun 30x40' M Evergreen A drought tolerant native tree. 9b-11 Smooth gray bark & attractive leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Lamiales – Synoptical Classification Vers
    Lamiales – Synoptical classification vers. 2.6.2 (in prog.) Updated: 12 April, 2016 A Synoptical Classification of the Lamiales Version 2.6.2 (This is a working document) Compiled by Richard Olmstead With the help of: D. Albach, P. Beardsley, D. Bedigian, B. Bremer, P. Cantino, J. Chau, J. L. Clark, B. Drew, P. Garnock- Jones, S. Grose (Heydler), R. Harley, H.-D. Ihlenfeldt, B. Li, L. Lohmann, S. Mathews, L. McDade, K. Müller, E. Norman, N. O’Leary, B. Oxelman, J. Reveal, R. Scotland, J. Smith, D. Tank, E. Tripp, S. Wagstaff, E. Wallander, A. Weber, A. Wolfe, A. Wortley, N. Young, M. Zjhra, and many others [estimated 25 families, 1041 genera, and ca. 21,878 species in Lamiales] The goal of this project is to produce a working infraordinal classification of the Lamiales to genus with information on distribution and species richness. All recognized taxa will be clades; adherence to Linnaean ranks is optional. Synonymy is very incomplete (comprehensive synonymy is not a goal of the project, but could be incorporated). Although I anticipate producing a publishable version of this classification at a future date, my near- term goal is to produce a web-accessible version, which will be available to the public and which will be updated regularly through input from systematists familiar with taxa within the Lamiales. For further information on the project and to provide information for future versions, please contact R. Olmstead via email at [email protected], or by regular mail at: Department of Biology, Box 355325, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Spathodea Campanulata Bignoniaceae Beauv
    Spathodea campanulata Beauv. Bignoniaceae Nandi flame, flame of the forest LOCAL NAMES Cantonese (neerukayi mara); English (flame of the forest,tulip tree,squirt tree,fountain tree,Nile flame,Nandi flame,Uganda flame,African tulip tree); French (immortel éntranger); Hindi (rugtoora); Luganda (kifabakazi); Malay (panchut-panchut); Sinhala (kudulu,kudaella gaha); Spanish (tulipán africano,espatodea,amapola,mampolo); Swahili (kifabakazi,kibobakasi); Tamil (patadi); Trade name (Nandi flame,flame of the forest) BOTANIC DESCRIPTION The pictures of flowers were taken in Spathodea campanulata is medium sized, reaching a height of 10-35 m, Norzagray, Bulacan, Philippines (Jerry E. deciduous, with a round, heavy crown of dense, dark foliage, sometimes Adrados) somewhat flattened; young bark pale, grey-brown and smooth but turns grey-black, scaly and cracked vertically and horizontally with age. The opposite imparipinnate leaves are exstipulate. Each leaf consists of 5- 7 pairs of opposite leaflets and a terminal one. The leaflets are oblong- elliptic, about 1 cm long and 0.5 cm broad, entire, broadly acuminate, unequal at the base, dark green on top and light green on the underside; there are glandular swellings at the base of the lamina (usually a pair); the midrib and nerves are yellow, raised and very slightly pubescent; the venation is reticulate; the short, thick petiole is about 0.7 cm long; there are conspicuous lenticels on the rachis; rachis base is swollen. Dense, velvety erineum caused by the microscopic mites of the Eriophyoidea collected in Kenya. This tree is used as an Flowers large, red, hermaphrodite, orange inside; calyx green, about 1 cm ornamental tree in South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • By CGGJ History. the Publication Of
    Malayan Bignoniaceae, their taxonomy, origin and geographical distribution by C.G.G.J. van Steenis. and will not distribu- Age area do, function of and tion is a age biology. The mechanism of evolution is the main problem of biological science. Introduction. : My publication on the Bignoniaceae of New Guinea ) has been the prime cause to study this family for the whole Malayan region. So this study forms a parallel to the publications of the families worked out by the botanists at Buitenzorg, which are an attempt to constitute a modern review of the Malayan flora. That this a review of family was necessary may appear from short historical a survey. History. Since the publication of „De flora van Neder- landsch Indie” by Miguel 2), only 4 of the 5 Javanese 3 species have been discussed byKoorders and Va 1eton ); 4 Koorders ) gives only a short enumeration of the 5 Java- nese species, together with the cultivated ones of Java. 6 discussed the and Boerlage ) genera gave an account critical dis- of the species known then, but did not give a cussion of the species. 1) Nova-Guinea 14 (1927) 293-303. 2 ) De Flora van Nederlandsch Indie. 2 (1856) 750-9. 8 ) Bijdrage tot de boomsoorten van Java. 1 (1894) 64. 4) Excursionsflora fur Java. 3 (1912) 182. 6 585 ) Handleiding tot de kennis der flora van Ned. Indie. 2 (1899) 788 For the there extra-Javanese species are only the elder works of Blume 1 2 ) and Mique 1 ) and for Deplanchea the descriptions of Scheffer 3). As the and genera species were known only incompletely, the geographical distribution could not be indicated with any certainty and about the affinities was not known much either.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio
    42 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141 International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 3(6): November-December 2014 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES IMPACT FACTOR 2.093*** ICV 5.13*** Pharmaceutical Sciences REVIEW ARTICLE……!!! A REVIEW ON SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA BEAUV *Ganpat Lal, Veerashekhar T, I.J Kuppast, Dharshan, Shakeel Ahamed Khan Lecturer1, Principal and HOD2, Department of Pharmacology, National College of Pharmacy. Balraj Urs Road, Shimoga, Karnataka, India. ABSTRACT KEYWORDS: The plant based, traditional medicine system continues to play an essential role in health care, for 80 percent of the world’s inhabitants Hypertension, Dysentery, relying mainly on traditional medicines for their primary health care. Schizontocidal, Spathodea campanulata is a plant belonging to bignoniaceae family. The constipation. plant is widely distributed in the subtropical regions where it is found in For Correspondence: tropical and sub tropical area including Africa and south America. It is Ganpat Lal * commonly known as African tulip free and in hindi -Rugtoora, kannada- Address: Department of Neerukayi Mara . In traditional medicine, the plant is often assumed to Pharmacology, National treat diseases such as fever, dysentery, constipation ,malaria diabetes College of Pharmacy. skin disease . The described pharmacological properties of the plant Balraj Urs Road, involve the antimalerial, anticonvulsant, antibacterial and schizontocidal Shimoga, Karnataka, activities and many other properties. Over 50 percent of all modern drugs India. are natural product origin and they play an important role in drug E-mail: development programs of the pharmaceutical industry. Spathodea Ganpatlakhara411@gmai campanulata has been used to break variety of diseases and disorders in l.com view of this in the present study a review on Spathodea campanulata has been taken.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on the Occurrence of Markhamia Lutea (Bentham) K
    Pleione 9(2): 535 - 537. 2015. ISSN: 0973-9467 © East Himalayan Society for Spermatophyte Taxonomy Notes on the occurrence of Markhamia lutea (Bentham) K. Schumann [Bignoniaceae] in Khuntimari Forest of West Bengal, India Baishakhi Sarkar, Subir Bera1 and A. P. Das Taxonomy and Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, North Bengal University, Siliguri 734 013, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India 1Department of Botany, Calcutta University, 35 Ballygunj Circular Road, Kolkata 700 019, West Bengal, India E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] [Received 31.10.2015; Revised 30.11.2015; Accepted 02.12.2015; Published 31.12.2015] Abstract Markhamia lutea (Bentham) K. Schumann [Bignoniaceae], an indigenous plant to Africa, is spotted for the first time from the Dooars, North Bengal, India. A detailed description with illustration and relevant notes are provided for its easy identification. Key words: Markhamia lutea, Pollen morphology, Dooars INTRODUCTION Markhamia lutea (Bentham) K. Schumann [Bignoniaceae] or the nile tulip or nile trumpet tree is an evergreen tropical shrub or small tree of about 15 m height. The genus is represented by six species, out of which Markhamia lutea is indigenous to Africa. So far, two species of the genus are known to grow in India, namely M. lutea and M. stipulata. During a floristic exploration in the Dooars region of West Bengal, an interesting tree of Bignoniaceae was spotted in the Khuntimari forest, under the Jalpaiguri Forest Division. After careful study of the available literature (Noad & Birnie 1989; Bidgood et al. 2006) relevant websites [http:// www.efloras.org/flora; http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp] and consultation of the specimen deposited in CAL the plant was authenticated as Markhamia lutea (Bentham) K.
    [Show full text]
  • The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal, 2018, 5(2):52-61 Research Article
    The Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal, 2018, 5(2):52-61 Available online www.tpcj.org ISSN: 2349-7092 Research Article CODEN(USA): PCJHBA Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activities of Extracts from Six Medicinal Plants Utilized as Antimalarials in Ethno-Medicine Dorcas O. Moronkola*1,2, Olaoluwa O. Olaoluwa1, Ibrahim A. Oladosu1, Sherifat A. Aboaba1, Olapeju O. Aiyelaagbe1 1Chemistry Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria 2Department of Chemistry, Meston Building, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK Abstract Six out of forty plants attested to be utilized in antimalarial in South West Nigeria by herbal traders and native doctors were collected. The plants are Sphenocentrum jollyanum, Spathodea campanulata, Kigelia africana, Harungana madagascariensis, Ficus exasperata and Antiaris africana. Their methanol extracts were obtained by cold extraction. Extracts were subjected to phytochemical tests using standard methods. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) were determined against five microbes [Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella typhi and Candida albicans]; to assess antibacterial and antifungal activities of each extract. All the eighteen extracts contain saponins, almost all have reducing sugars. Five of the plants contain alkaloids and resins. Flavonoids and phenols were moderately present in the extracts. Phlobatannins and anthraquinones were not abundant in the plant extracts. Antibacterial activities of the extracts are more pronounced than their antifungal potentials. Keywords Secondary metabolites, bacteria, fungi, ethno-medicine, bioactivity, MIC Introduction In a recent survey carried out on plants used by herbal traders and native doctors in antimalarial therapies in south- west Nigeria [1], forty plants were identified. Six out of these plants were found to be interesting from literature. The six indigenous medicinal plants are Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre (Menispermaceae), Spathodea campanulata Pal Beauv.
    [Show full text]
  • Flooding and Profuse Flowering Result in High Litterfall in Novel Spathodea Campanulata Forests in Northern Puerto Rico 1, OSCAR J
    Flooding and profuse flowering result in high litterfall in novel Spathodea campanulata forests in northern Puerto Rico 1, OSCAR J. ABELLEIRA MARTI´NEZ International Institute of Tropical Forestry, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1201 Calle Ceiba, Jardı´n Bota´nico Sur, Rı´o Piedras, Puerto Rico 00926 and Departamento de Biologı´a, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Rı´o Piedras, Puerto Rico 00931 Citation: Abelleira Martı´nez, O. J. 2011. Flooding and profuse flowering result in high litterfall in novel Spathodea campanulata forests in northern Puerto Rico. Ecosphere 2(9):105. doi:10.1890/ES11-00165.1 Abstract. The African tulip tree, Spathodea campanulata, dominates many post-agricultural secondary forests in the moist tropics. Some consider these novel forests have no ecological value, yet they appear to restore ecosystem processes on degraded sites. This study describes the litterfall mass and seasonality, canopy phenology, and microclimate of S. campanulata forests on alluvial and karst substrates in northern Puerto Rico. These substrates have different water drainage properties and I hypothesized that (1) annual leaf fall mass and seasonality would differ between substrate types; because (2) leaf fall would be related to water availability and seasonality. I used analysis of variance to compare annual and biweekly litterfall mass across three sites on each substrate type, and multiple linear regression analysis to relate biweekly litterfall to environmental variables. Litterfall mass was high (13.8 MgÁhaÀ1ÁyrÀ1,n¼ 6, SE ¼ 0.60) yet its components did not differ by substrate type except for reproductive part mass which was higher on karst due to more S.
    [Show full text]