SPRING 1998 ISSUE No. 72

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Journal of the International Map Collectors' Society

SPRING 1998 ISSUE No. 72

CONTENTS From the Chairman's Desk 4 Al-U-Pa Belgian Map Collectors' Circle 5 Letter to the Editor Maps of Hungary in Ortelius Atlases 7 International News & Events Map of Hungary by J.C. Milller 19 Japan 1998 IMCoS Travel Grants 27 News from Members Croatian Contribution to Mapmaking 29 IMCoS-Summer 1998 IMCoS in Miami 33 Notice of AGM IMCoS Bulletin# 2: Fake or Real 35 IMCoS Informal Evening, London

For Advertising, contact the Journal Advertising Manager, Derek Allen, 25 St Margaret's Road, London SE4 1YL. Tel: 0181-469 3932. Chairman: Jenny Harvey, 27 Landford Road, Putney, London SW15 1AQ. Tel: 0181-789 7358. Fax: 0181-788 7819. e-mail:[email protected] Vice-Chairman: Valerie Scott, 48 High Street, Tring, Herts HP23 5BH. Tel: 01442-824 977 e-mail: [email protected] Gen. Secretary: W.H.S. Pearce, 29 Mount Ephraim Road, Streatham, London SW16 INQ. Tel: 0181-769 5041. Fax: 0181-677 5417 Membership Secretary: Sam Pearce, 7 East Park Street, Chatteris, Camb. PE16 6LA. Tel: 01354-692 023. Fax: 01354-692 697 Treasurer: Dr Cyrus Ala'i, I Golders Park Close, West Heath Avenue, London NW11 7QR. Publicity Officer: Yasha Beresiner, 43 Templars Crescent, London N3 3QR. Tel: 0181-349 2207. Fax: 0181-346-9539 Int. Development Officer: Caroline Batchelor, Pikes, The Ridgeway, Oxshott, Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 OLG. Tel: 01372-843 425 Int. Secretary: Dr Robert Clancy, 11 High Street, Newcastle, NSW 2300, Australia. Fax: 61-49-252-169 ©All signed articles are the copyright of the author, and must not be reproduced without the written consent of the author. Whilst every care is taken in compiling this journal the Society cannot accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the information included herein. 3 From the Chairman's Desk

As we move into 1998 I am in the process the world. The Web page will include of handing over the role of membership information which is currently in the secretary to Samantha Pearce, whom membership leaflet, so that those who en­ some of you already know from meeting quire about membership by e-mail can her at IMCoS events in 1997. Sam, as she have an electronic response. It will also likes to be called, appears in the latest contain the list of books in the IMCoS Directory of Members as Samantha Baud, library, and information about forthcom­ but has recently changed her name. ing events. I welcome other ideas which Following my compilation of the Di­ you think we should add. rectory, Sam and I undertook an analysis Secondly the Society will be encour­ of members during our handover which aging a series ofiMCoS Visits to interesting yielded some interesting information. The map events and collections world-wide. international nature of our Society is re­ These will be different from our Interna­ flected in members from 51 countries, tional and UK Symposia, in that they will with the largest groupings being UK 213, not be attended by speakers and will be of USA 161, Germany 32, Australia 22, and shorter duration- typically one day events Netherlands 22. At the other end of the plus each participant's own travelling time. scale, 17 countries have just one member Such events will inevitably have a regional each. Every continent is represented and focus in terms of attendees, but one of the members who have joined in the last unique features ofiMCoS is the desire of its twelve months come from countries not more active members to incorporate their previously represented, such as Pakistan love of maps into business or vacation and China, as well as from more familiar travel. ones. Such a diverse geographical spread Seasoned IMCoS travellers will tell creates widening needs and I hope that our you that they receive a friendly and help­ Journal and International Symposia reach ful welcome when they are visiting other out to those of you who are not close to map people and places. So I anticipate that other members. The Journal editor would there will be the opportunity to establish particularly like to hear from those mem­ links with events run by other organisa­ bers in countries not mentioned above, tions/societies. When you read 'IMCoS who seek encouragement and support in calls in to ... ' you will know that there sustaining and expanding their interest in will be a group of IMCoS faces alongside maps. your local hosts. The first of these events I can see two means of reaching out will shortly take place in Belgium where to a wider audience than we do at present. IMCoS will be supporting the estab­ Firstly, the creation of an IMCoS Web site lishment of a Belgian Map Circle. which is overdue but nearing completion. Together with Caroline Batchelor, our In­ As the Internet becomes more a part of our ternational Development Officer, 1 shall lives we shall be using it as a window onto be attending the inaugural Informal Meet-

4 ing on 31st March in Brussels. Details of Warren from the California Map Society this are given below, and we shall pub­ as they pass through London this month. licise future events in a similar manner. In January, Caroline Batchelor and I met Anther attractive feature of an Inter­ Dubravka Mlinaric, one of the speakers at national Society is the network of individ­ our Budapest International Symposium, ual contacts which it provides when on her recent visit to the UK. So don't be travelling to many countries of the world. shy if you are travelling! I know I speak for the International Rep­ Finally, it is with great sadness that I resentatives and others when I say that in report the death of Andreas Landvogt sud­ any country where IMCoS is represented denly and unexpectedly in December. Par­ there is always an individual welcome to ticipants at our International Symposia will international visitors, who happen to be remember Andreas, who with his wife Ma­ passing through. For example, the rianne were part of the German group of friendly face of Robert Clancy in Austra­ regular IMCoS members, and whose com­ lia or Dawn Rooney in Thailand, no doubt pany we had been enjoying only two accompanied by a welcoming drink, can months earlier in Budapest. We extend our put a more personal touch to a hectic sympathy to Marianne who remains a mem­ international schedule. Ian and I will be ber of the IMCoS family and whom we look enjoying the company of Bill and Jane forward to meeting again. Establishment of a Belgium Map Collectors' Circle

Following up a suggestion made by ltzhak equivalent) to cover hire of the room, sand­ Sperling during the Budapest symposium wiches and drinks (wine, beer or soft last September, an informal meeting of map drinks).lt is hoped that with some publicity collectors and those interested in maps is to to be launched in and around Brussels, the be organised in Brussels, Belgium, on the large international community will respond lines of the Farmers' Club evening in Lon­ favourably. Participants are encouraged to don in January (see the report in page 57 of bring along a map from their collection this issue). which they find curious or interesting, or In conjunction with Philippe Swolfs, which they would like to find out more the Belgian representative of IMCoS, and about. The meeting will be honoured by the under the patronage of the IMCoS Executive presence of the current IMCoS Chairman Committee, Wulf Bodenstein, IMCoS Jenny Harvey, the International Develop­ member in Brussels, is co-ordinating the ment Officer Caroline Batchelor, and poss­ first gathering of what is to become the ibly other IMCoS personalities. The Brussels International Map Collectors' attendance of some multi-lingual persons Circle. This event is scheduled for 31st should ensure that, in addition to English March, 1998, from 6.00 to 9.00 pm at the which will be the working language, at least, College St. Michel, 24 Boulevard St. French, Dutch and German may be spoken. Michel, 1040 Brussels (nearest Metro sta­ Those who would like to participate, or tion: Montgomery; private car park avail­ need further details, are invited to contact able). As in the Farmers' Club meeting, a W. Bodenstein on Tel/Fax No. charge will have to be made (about £10 or +32/(0)21772.69 .09.

5 ~~ublishers and ~ suppliers of books 1f • ~ about early maps 1f .lAl' CowcroR1 Send for our pUBUCATIONS latest booklist today This i ncluJcs hooks Contact: Valerie Scott puhlishcJ by ourselves, new or Mary Baldwin titles frotn other publishers, Map Collector Publications Ltd and our inventory of out-of- 48 High Street Tring, Herts print and antiquarian HP23 5BH reference hooks and UK tnagazines. We also offer a Tel: (0)1442 824977 search service for hard-to- Fax: (0)1442 827712 ~i~1d books. E-mail: [email protected]~\,;f

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The Maps Theatrum was an instant success. It had to When in 1570 Abraham Ortelius pub­ be reprinted four times in the first year of lished his atlas, the Theatrum Orbis Ter­ its publication to satisfy demand. It rarum, printed evidence of Hungarian brought fame and fortune to Ortelius. cartography had been in existence for al­ Tributes for the atlas came pouring in most fifty years. Lazar the Clerk, or to use from everywhere in Europe. Sambucus his Latin name Elezarus, secretary to had been so impressed with the volume Cardinal Tamas Bak6cz the powerful and presented to him that it prompted him to highly influential archbishop of Eszter­ write: 'I am under a great obligation to you gom, completed his survey of Hungary for your Theatrum, no ordinary gift as you prior to the cataclysmic tragedy of Mo­ may think'. 2 hacs in 1526. Lazar's map was published The area of the 'Holy Crown of Hun­ posthumously by Peter Apian at Ingol­ gary' in the sixteenth century, before the stadt in 1528. Four years later Honterus, Turkish occupation of a large part of the the gt:eat humanist and polyhistor from country, covered the entire Carpathian Brass6 (now Brasov, Romania), publish­ basin. Some parts, like Slavonia and Croa­ ed his map of Transilvania. Both maps tia in the south and Transilvania in the were extensively used by successive car­ east, administered their own internal af­ tographers, and both men were afforded fairs, but nevertheless formed an integral due recognition by Ortelius in the Cata­ part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The logus Auctorum Geographicum, printed Turkish expansion into Southern and Cen­ in the Theatrum. Although maps of Hun­ tral Europe created a great deal of anxiety gary by Giovanni Vavassore (c.1538), and therefore interest in Western Europe, Giacomo Gastaldi (1546), Wolfgang La­ which gained reflection in the number of zius (1556), Augustin Hirschvogel maps published covering the land threat­ (1565), Johannes Sambucus (1566), ened and most vulnerable- Hungary. Of Mathias Zlindt (1566), Gerhard De Jode the fifty-three maps in the first edition of ( 1567) amongst others were all published the Theatrum three were from the area. prior to the appearance of the Theatrum, Separate maps were devoted each to Scla­ these were individual maps, difficult to vonia, Hungary and Transilvania. By obtain and mostly cumbersome to handle. 1573 an additional map of Illyricum by Therefore it was Ortelius's Theatrum Sambucus made it four, and by 1579 it which made both the availability and the rose to five with another map of Hungary, ease of use of maps possible at a time also by Sambucus. This was contrary to when demand ' ... to estimate the daily Ortelius's original intentions as he clearly reports regarding the European wars' was stated at the outset to 'have but one map growing daily. 1 Little wonder then that the of each country'. It is possible that the

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overwhelming interest in the Turkish wars number of maps in each edition of the deflected Ortelius from his original objec­ Theatrum. Exceptions are maps of the tive, but it is also probable that it was his 1571 and 1575 Latin, 1573 and 1587-89 admiration towards his friend Sambucus German, the 1598 and 1610 Dutch, and which made him include the map oflllyria the 1608 and 1612 Italian editions where and of Hungary, both already in the Thea­ both the folio numbers and the textual trum, the former as Scalvonia by Hirsch­ matter remained the same. In fact it is the vogel, and the latter as Hungariae by comparisons of the differences in the text Lazius. After the map of Pannonia ap­ which enabled me to establish the four peared in the fourth Additamentum in editions of the first, 1570 issues of the 1590 and of Dacia in the 1595 Additamen­ Theatrum, where although folio numbers tum, both reflecting Ortelius' s own inter­ remained the same, the title and the body est in ancient history, the maps covering of the text had been re-set; a sure indica­ the area of Hungary had risen to seven. tion and proof that as a rule it was the maps I have compiled a table of editions for which were printed first and not the text. the above-mentioned maps, so estab­ For further evidence of this, I will return lishing the dates and editions of the indi­ to the subject later. vidual maps, or even atlases with missing title-pages and colophons, is not too diffi­ Map 1 uHungariae Descriptio, Wolf­ cult as the folio numbers had to be con­ ganga Lazio Auct[ore]" stantly changed with the increasing As I have mentioned already the early

8 editions of the Theatrum until 1579 had only one map of Hungary, that of Wolf­ LAZIUS gang Lazius, and it appeared in every edi­ tion of the Theatrum. The full length title cartouche is placed at the top, while the coat of arms of Hungary, erroneously shown with the triple cross in place of the apostolic cross, is unique in this respect. The erroneous colour symbols also add to the heraldic confusion. It is interesting to note, however, that in spite of this, six maps out of the seven with original colour in my collection are correctly coloured and suggests that Ortelius' s colourists CORRECT used a more reliable source for the armor­ ial data. In the lower right hand corner of the map the circular strap-work cartouche contains explanatory text to help the users with their Hungarian pronunciation. La­ zius used the map of Lazar the Clerk as a source and by trying to correct the line of the River Danube he actually further dis­ torted his map. In consequence, all those cartographers who drew on Lazius for their maps perpetuated this error, which was corrected only in the early eighteenth century by Count Marsigli, who with the nonius, the learned historian and anti­ help of Johann Muller, undertook the de­ quary. He was also Ortelius's personal tailed and thorough mapping of the Da­ friend with whom he shared a deep inter­ nube. est in ancient history and above all in numismatography. Ortelius afforded Map 2 'Another Map of Hungary' praise to this map as being 'more exact ... is the title of the English text on and true' and also felt it necessary to 'ad­ the verso of Sambucus's map of Hungary joine unto the former'. Indeed, it was which appeared in every Theatrum from Sambucus who re-wrote all the place 1579 onwards alongside Lazius's 'Hun­ names distorted by foreign authors, giving gary' with the exception of the Dutch them their correct Hungarian spelling. editions. As I have mentioned earlier, Or­ The distortion of the Danube, of course, is telius contradicted himself by including still unchanged but the orientation of the another map of Hungary in his atlas, but Tihany peninsula has been corrected, now of course the author of this map was none protruding into Lake Balaton from the other than Johannes Sambucus Pan- north. Plate damage in the lower right

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Damage to the map of Hungary is obvious on the left. In the centre, an attempt has been made to conceal the damage with colour. On the right the missing part of the border has been added in ink. hand corner first appeared from the 1602 'stack theory', whereby a quantity of Spanish edition, which gradually deterior­ maps from the same plate was printed and ated and by the last Italian edition of 1612 'stacked', to be used in reverse order leav­ the horizontal damage reached 30 mm. ing the earlier 'pulls' for a later edition. This damage on the uncoloured maps was usually left uncorrected, while on col­ Map 3 Slavonia oured copies the colour wash of the frame Augustin Hirsch vogel's map, without continued and somewhat hid the blemish. any longitude or latitude graduations, However, on one map at least, the frame covers the area of part of Slovenia, Croa­ had been re-drawn by hand, in all prob­ tia, Bosnia, and also part of Austria and ability for an atlas supplied to a discerning Hungary. The title of the map is placed in customer. Some difficulty arose with the the full-length cartouche at the foot of the dating of the damage, as although the cor­ map, and the 'Scala Millarium' is imme­ ner of the plate was already broken and diately above this without any ornamenta­ missing on the 1602 Spanish edition, on tion. The compass rose, in the lower right one of the maps from the Latin edition of hand corner, is again rather plain and 1603 it was still there, albeit damaged. functional, and has the arrow pointing to The answer can be found in the so-called the south. In all, a total of 466 places are

10 marked with 465 place names, having left phon. The plate had cracked in two places one unnamed by the Fekir river in Windi­ by the left hand margin fairly early in its schland, just above the River Sawa. The life ( 1579) and although showing sign of places are marked with small, view-like repair the cracks got progressively worse. engravings; some are larger, according to By the time of the English edition in 1606 their importance. Forests and woods are they extended into the engraved surface of marked with groups of trees, and moun­ the map itself. Despite this, they conti­ tains are represented with shaded hills. nued printing from the plate until the final The beautiful calligraphy marking the edition (1612). Adriatic Sea is enhanced by a barge in full sail. Map 5 Transilvania The only map by Sambucus to appear Map 4 Illyria in every edition of the Theatrum, although This map of Illyria by Sambucus from two different plates. As the text in roughly corresponds to the area of Hirsch­ the cartouche reveals, Sambucus had fin­ vogel's Sclavonia, and was first published ished the map by 1566, so he was able to in Vienna in 1572. Sambucus wasted no send it to Ortelius in good time to be time in sending it to Ortelius, who in tum included in the first edition of the Thea­ at once included it in the first Additamen­ trum. The map shows 288 localities but tum of 1573. The fact that this map also only 277 names. The discrepancy is ex­ appeared in the Dutch edition bearing the plained by the fact that '4 Bergstet' and '7 date 1571 is confusing at first, but it seems Dorffer' are illustrated by the same num­ that some of the Dutch atlases of 1573 ber of engravings as are contained in the appeared with unaltered date in the colo- two place-names. There was also some

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~hJfoelt. ~~- .~· /,r( > liclten. . ' '--~~ --~ ~ The mystifying initials on the map ofTransilvania. 11 doubt regarding the meaning of the letters illustrations of settlements it only names 'AW' in the centre of the map just below 272, a sure sign that the replacement plate Hermannstadt (Sibinium/Sibiu/Nagy­ had to be prepared in a hurry. Amongst the szeben). The suggestion that Ortelius in­ place names missing are Rodna, cluded his own initials A[braham] S.Merten, Galata, Neustadt and Kelbing, W[ortels] was made,3 but as the letters in while Nagyszeben/Sibiu is marked as question already appeared on Sambucus's Hermanstadt only with its Latin name of map of Transilvania published in Vienna Sibinium missing. The two plates are eas­ in 1566 (but not on Honter' s which he ily distinguishable as several alterations used as source) this was found not to be the were made to the new plate. A much wider case. Other suggestions regarding the in­ decorative border had been added making itials included Andreas Wechel ofFrankfurt it 17 mm wide in contrast to the first with whom Sambucus had association,4 or plate's 7 mm. All the cartouche designs Alexander Weissenborn of Ingolstadt who had been changed and the text in the right was publishing maps in 1553 and where hand cartouche has only four lines in con­ Sambucus paid regular visits. 5 However, a trast to five on maps from the first plate. more likely explanation is that it simply is While the grotesque head in the lower the German place name of Heltau (Cis­ cartouche has more detail on the second nadie/Nagydiszn6d) shown on the map as plate, nevertheless, the general appear­ 'Aw' or 'Au' 6 and separately 'Helten'. ance of the map is not as fine. The second plate, first used for the 1575 edition of the Theatrum, shows it Map 6 Pannonia exactly in the same way, but for the 297 The map of Upper and Lower Pan­ nonia by Ortelius extends from Vienna (Vindobona) in the north to Macedonia in the south, Venice (Venetia) in the west and the Tisza (Tibiscus) river in the east. The very elaborate title-cartouche takes up most of the upper right hand corner of the map, while two smaller cartouches occupy the upper and lower left corners. It first appeared, without folio number, in theAdditamentum of 1590. The text grad­ ually increased from one folio page in 1590 to both sides of the verso of the map by the English edition of 1606. No Dutch text version was published.

Map 7 Dacia Another map by Ortelius from his collection of maps of ancient civilisations, Plate I (above); Plate II (below). first published in the Additamentum of 12 1595 without a folio number. It was also included in the Parergon section of the Theatrum in the same year marked by a capital letter 'S' in place of a folio num­ ber. The map has a decorative border with longitude and latitude graduations, and the title-cartouche is placed in the lower left hand comer. The map covers the area of present-day Central Hungary on the west to the Black Sea in the east and to the Bosphorus in the south.

The Cartographers Wolfgang Lazius (1514-1565) A man of many talents, historian, doctor of medicine, court surgeon, chief public health officer, and cartographer. Born in Vienna on 31 October 1514, he was the son of the dean of the medical Wolfgang Lazius school there. He was educated in Vienna and received his Master's degree in Phil­ Ferdinand I' s request and the following osophy in 1532. However, his success was years he made several journeys to those marred as his father had died in the Black areas of Hungary which were not under Death in the same year. Lazius took up the Turkish occupation. For the rest he had study of medicine and earned his doctor­ still to rely on the Lazarus/A pian map ate from the University of Ingolstadt in causing him further anxieties and frustra­ 1538. As a military surgeon he took part tion. He completed his ten-sheet map of in 1541 in the unsuccessful campaign Hungary in 1556 and it was published in against the Turks in Hungary, during Vienna the same year. Lazius' map of which he made a series of sketches of the Hungary, as I have already mentioned, localities he visited. It is possible that his appeared in all the editions of the Thea­ frustration with Lazar the Clerk, whose trum. map he found inadequate and who he called 'some Hun', stemmed from that Johannes Sambucus/Zsdmboky Janos time and made him determined to produce (1531-1584) one of his own. Humanist and historian, physician During the following years Lazius be­ and poet, collector and cartographer. Jo­ came a prolific cartographer, producing hannes Sambucus, or Janos Zsamboky in maps of Austria, Bavaria, the Rhineland Hungarian, was born in Nagyszombat (1545), and wrote a book on the history of (now Tmava, Slovakia). Karrow suggests Austria (1546). His opportunity to pro­ he came from an old French family 7 but at duce a map of Hungary came in 1552 on the time of his birth in 1531 8 his father,

13 Peter Samboky (1500-1565), was a was now at Nagyszombat. Ohih decided nobleman, a prosperous merchant, city to fund Sambucus's medical studies at councillor and magistrate. His mother Padua and at the same time thought so came from the Horvath- Petranszky fam­ highly of him that he entrusted Sambucus ily and Sambucus himself was at pains to with the care of his nephew Georgius use 'Pannonius' after his name showing Bona, a student at the university there. proudly his origins. He must have been Sambucus received his Doctor of Me­ something of a child prodigy, for after dicine degree in 1557. receiving his primary education in his na­ Following his studies at Padua, Sam­ tive city, the young Zsamboky, at the ten­ bucus spent some time in Venice and der age of eleven, travelled to Vienna to taught briefly at the University of Bo­ study Latin and Greek at the university logna. From 1555 Sambucus as a 'friend there. His education in the classical lan­ of the court' received an annuity of one guages served him well, and he was to hundred Hungarian guilders which en­ publish over fifty books, many of them abled him to travel widely in Europe, his translations of ancient Greek and Roman sojourns taking him to Paris (1560), authors, as well as his own poems, written Milan, Florence, Bologna, Rome, Naples either in Latin or in Greek. (1562), Augsburg and Ghent (1563). It After Vienna he attended the univer­ was during his stay in Holland that in a sities at Leipzig and at Wittenberg where letter, which Sambucus wrote on 22 Sep­ he matriculated on 29 June 1545 to read tember 1563, Ortelius is first described as philosophy under the guidance of Mel­ a cartographer.9 The following year Sam­ anchthon. From the Protestant citadel of bucus ended his travels and finally settled Wittenberg he moved in 1549 to Catholic in Vienna devoting his time to the study Ingolstadt, where he was a frequent guest of history, medicine, poetry, writing and at the house of Peter Apian and where he formed lasting friendships with A pian's sons. During the same year he travelled to Strasbourg and in the following autumn to Paris where he studied mathematics and astronomy at the College Royal earning his Master's degree with a thesis on Plato. Dole in Burgundy followed, where he fin­ ished editing a book of portraits of the Roman emperors, based on the evidence of ancient coins, manifestly signalling his life-long interest in numismatics, an inter­ est which he shared with Ortelius. By that time, no doubt, Sambucus's talents were noted by Cardinal Nicholas Olah, Arch­ bishop of Esztergom and Primate of Hun­ gary whose seat, due to the Turkish wars, Johannes Sambucus 14 editing books, collecting manuscripts, and on 13 June 1584 when, aged fifty-three, of course cartography. However, it is Sambucus died as a result of a stroke. His generally accepted that Sambucus was not epitaph under his portrait, published in the a cartographer independent of other same year, reads as follows: sources. His map of Transilvania, which 'What are the limits of your talents? he published in 1566, is based on Hon­ You, who write about famed doctors terus, and his map of Hungary on Tanstet­ and paint beautiful pictures of them! ter/Apian, while the source for his map of You are the knowledge, a library Illyria is Hirschvogel. Another map in the and itself the diligence. Theatrum, that of Friuli (roughly the area You write of the achievements of Leaders, between Trieste and Venice), first pub­ and seek out their unknown deeds; lished in the 1573 German Additamen­ Through your work we can see tum, is said to bear close resemblance to Rome and Greece. an anonymous Venetian map of Friuli probably printed in the 1560s. 1 Follow­ The sickness they call Anazarbea * ° You have cured in great numbers. ing Lazius's death in 1565 the titles The Gods should grant your name 'Royal Historiographer', 'Court Surgeon' Long life and immortality. and 'Royal Councillor' were conferred on Sambucus, and in 1563 he was created The Gods protect the citizens, 'Comes Palatinus'. The town and Pannonia Which nursed you as parents By the time of his appointment at the And preserve their glory.' royal court in Vienna, Sambucus's circle *Anazarbea or Anazarca, an ancient name for of friends included almost all the leading dropsy. humanists, scientists and men of letters. He planned to make Vienna the cultural In present-day Trnava a street is and scientific centre of Europe, but his named in memory of him, although the plans never materialised and by the late Ulica J ana Sambucusa is not in the ancient 1570s Sambucus was beset by personal part of the walled city but tucked away intrigues and financial difficulties. To off­ rather modestly in a modern suburb. set his mounting debts he had to sell his now famous manuscript collection, Augustin Hirschvogel ( 1503-1553) which, after years of wrangling over the Augustin Hirschvogel, glass painter, purchase price, was bought by the new ceramist, stonecutter, engraver, landscape emperor, Rudolph II, and is now housed artist and cartographer was born in 1503 in the Osterreichische Nationalbibliothek as one of six children to the famous Nu­ in Vienna. Undeterred by human enmity remberg glass painter Viet Hirschvogel. and material worries Sambucus continued Augustin spent his early life in his father's publishing on a wide range of historical, workshop, acquiring skills and techniques antiquarian and classical subjects and car­ in draughtsmanship, painting and engrav­ ried on with his medical profession both ing. Nuremberg was one of the great cul­ to his royal patrons and in his general tural centres in Germany during the practice. The full life which he led ended Middle Ages and the Renaissance; Regio-

15 montanus, Etzlaub, Schedel and Ziindt taught and worked there, Johann St6ffler and J ohan Schaner, both renowned mathe­ maticians, taught there, and the famous wood engravers Albrecht Diirer and Chris­ toph Zell worked in the city; their influence made Hirschvogel an excellent carto­ grapher and artisan of high repute. His map of the Turkish border, which he presented to the magistrature of the city of Nuremberg in 1539 brought him due recognition. Encour­ aged by his success, Hirschvogel three years later presented another map, this time of Upper Austria, to the city council. In 1544, after moving to Vienna, he sent his new 'Eine Mappe des Furstentums Kamten' [A map of the principality of Carinthia] to Em­ peror Ferdinand, which brought him fame and further commissions. The mayor of Augustin Hirschvogel Vienna, not wanting to the left out, in 1546 entrusted Hirsch vogel with the survey of the tion, 38 (30%) are in original colour, 30 Austrian capital, which he carried out using (24%) were coloured at a later date or are the recently described mapping technique of in modem colour, and 58 remain uncol­ triangulation. Following his success with oured. Therefore, my collection- which the map ofVienna, Hirschvogel travelled to contains examples from the entire life Hungary with the purpose of producing a span of the Theatrum- seems to suggest large map of the country. After completing that only about 30% of the atlases were his survey and producing the manuscript in required to be coloured at the time they the winter of 1553 he fell ill and never saw were published. It is interesting to note his work in print, having died in February that Ortelius, himself once a colourist of that year. His map was eventually publish­ maps, did not encourage his clients to ed, printed on twelve sheets, some twelve have the maps in their atlases coloured, years after Hirschvogel' s death. The map of and if they insisted, and only then, did he Sclavonia for the Theatrum was made using recommend that it should be carried out this map, with some changes by Ortelius, by his sister Anne. Anne Ortel' s ability as and appeared in every edition of the Thea­ a colourist of very high standard is in fact trum. confirmed in a letter by Montanus Bene­ dictus Arias, the Spanish philosopher and Special Observations theologian, when on 28 February 1576 he Colouring wrote to Ortelius: 'Please deliver to Plan­ Of the 126 maps originating from the tin or Er. Visscher an unbound copy of Theatrum Orbis Terrarum in my collec- your Theatrum (coloured by our, i.e. your

16 sister ... ' and uses the term 'coloribus watermarks, excluding the variants (the distinctum' .11 Certainly, I have in my col­ list of which is almost endless as no two lection a number of maps in original col­ marks seem to be exactly the same). Most our of very high quality indeed, and I prevalent in the early editions of the Thea­ should like to think bear the hand of Anne trum are the crossed arrows, of which two Ortel. However, until documentary evi­ distinctive types exist, while the posthom, dence can support this link, my theory within or without a shield, is most com­ must remain only a very strong supposi­ monly found in maps from the later editions. tion.

Watermarks Numbers printed and their survival I have identified some ten different A recent survey by Van den Broecke

1588 . 1612 SPANISH SPANISH

1602 SPANISH

1575 LATIN

1603 LATIN

Two of the types of watermarks commonly found in editions of the Theatrum. 17 estimates that some 7300 Theatrums, 150 or general wear and tear, and with only a Additamentums, and 600 separately pub­ handful of collectors numbers available on lished Parergons were published. Dr the market should reflect this. In contrast, Broecke based his estimates on surviving very few can be seen either at auction, or in records in the Plantijn archives showing the stocks of galleries and dealers. the quantity of paper used for some of the Maps without text are even more dif­ editions and sale data for others. Never­ ficult to obtain, as they were sold individ­ theless, he readily accepts that these num­ ually to clients on a casual basis or at the bers are approximations only. various 16th century book fairs in West­ As regards survival, the number of em Europe. In either case, their mortality Theatrum atlases extant in libraries is es­ rate was very high, and few have survived. timated to be around 1100 by van der Dr Broecke suggests that around 5% of Krogt in a recent survey which is more the mapsheets were sold separately but than double the numbers suggested by van even he does not venture to speculate at den Broecke following his 1986 survey. their rate of survival. 13 Certainly, in spite of two world wars, the Theatrum has survived in great numbers. NOTES 1. Van den Broecke, Ortelius Atlas Maps, ( 1966), p. In Oxford I am aware of at least twenty­ 14. Letter by Johannes Raedermacherus to Jacob four, while of lesser known (to some at Cool in 1603, as featured in the English transla­ least) places like the Bishop's Library at tion summary of letter 330 by J.H. Hessels, Ab­ Szombathely, Hungary, has a copy and rahami Ortelii (geographi Antverpiensis) et virorum eroditorum . . . (1887). Reprint: Zeller, the Teleki Teka at Tirgu Mures (Marosva­ (1969). sarhely, Romania also owns a German 2. Hessels, op. cit., p. 37. edition of the Theatrum. In private hands 3. Letter of Bernard Williams of Weston-super­ the number of complete atlases is esti­ Mare, to The Map Collector. 12 4. R. Karrow, Mapmakers of the Sixteenth Century mated to be around 500. Of the loose and their Maps, (1993), p. 463. individual maps, originating from broken 5. Ibid., pp. 73 and 457. up atlases, the estimate is in the region of 6. Sebastian Munster shows it as 'Au' and 'Helten' 5% of all maps printed, i.e. circa 350 for on his map ofTransilvania, published in 1588; as does Broniowski in 1595. Honterus only names a map which appeared in all the editions 'Helten' and the neighbouring location to the left of the Theatrum. However, in my collect­ is unnamed. ing time of more than 35 years I have not 7. Karrow, op. cit., p. 457. seen maps in sufficient numbers to vali­ 8. There is some doubt as to the exact date of his birth. Karrow gives it as 1 June 1531, while date these figures. It may be a valid argu­ Lubomir Prikryl, Vyvoj mapoveho zobrazovania ment to suggest that maps of England, the Slovenska ( 1977), states it as 24 June 1531 . Americas, theW orld, or of Japan are more 9. The original letter is in the Houghton Library, sought after, and thus much scarcer to Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. find, but of Hungary? Take as an example 10. Karrow, op. cit., p. 402. Lazius's Hungariae which appeared in 11 . Hessels, op. cit., No. 62, p. 140. every edition. It was bound in or near the 12. Van den Broecke, op. cit., p. 17. centre of the Theatrum, thus well pro­ 13. Ibid., p. 29. tected from damage caused by use, damp LASZLO L. GROF

18 Antecedents of the Map of Hungary by J.C. Miiller

The Turkish expansion, which had threat­ maps for the book Danubius Pannonico­ ened Europe for centuries, was halted by Mysicus by L.F. Marsigli. a 16-year-long war of liberation (1683- 1699), and concluded with the peace The boundary maps by Miiller in the treaty of Karl6cza. Kriegsarchiv, Vienna The precise fixing of the borderlines There are 14 borderline maps in the determined in the treaty was conducted by Staatsarchiv in Vienna, all with annotations committees of Turkish and Austrian offi­ in Latin manuscript, many of them signed cials. The leader on the Austrian side was and stamped by L.F. Marsigli. They were Luigi Ferdinanda Marsigli. In his service, made on the spot, created for the committee and on his orders, J.C. Muller produced and for the Hofkriegsrat to determine the his boundary maps. These had been made borders, and were attached to Marsigli's in the field during different phases of the reports. The maps are not signed, but have negotiations. They were enclosed with abundant annotations. There is no time now Marsigli' s reports of the current state of to argue conclusively that they were made the negotiations and had been forwarded by J.C. Muller, but in this case it is not so to Vienna. important for us. I would prefer to pick out These remarkably fine unsigned two of them and by showing their annota­ maps, accompanied by abundant hand­ tions, illustrate their role and significance in written annotations, reveal the lengthy diplomacy. discussions that were held with the Tur­ kish pashas and their representatives. The B IX c 829-7 maps were drawn, but not signed, by MUl­ Inscription on the map: ler. 'It is a geographical map indicating On the basis of these sketch maps the agreed borderlines along the River Muller prepared his 39, or rather 41 sec­ Corana up to Jeszera. tional borderline maps, on which the final AA. indicates the range of mountains settlement of the boundaries was marked. on which look-out towers were built. These are signed by Muller and were B. The road leading from Szluin to drawn up in 1702-03 in Numberg. Corbavia. During this period Muller had been C. The better road from Szluin to preparing other maps for Marsigli in Corbavia. Nurnberg. They included the eight maps No. 1. The project sent to and ac­ of the states which made up the Hungarian cepted by the Imperial Court on 3 July. kingdom- Transilvania, Moldavia, Val­ No. 2. The project presented to me lachia, Banatus Temisvariensis, Bulgaria, [Marsigli] during the negotiations with Servia, Herzegovina and Croatia, and the Turks.

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Ph: (212) 751 8135 & (800) 453 0045. Fax: (212) 832 5389 kc::::=:=>«k==>«~<=::::M>«k==>«k=:::;:)l>lk==>«kC:::::::::::;:)I>II<==>«t<==>«k== No. 3. The already agreed borderline. B IX c 830 No.4. The line proposed by the Turks, The borderline along the Sava River. according to Basa Hasan's directions.' B IX c 829/8 The borderline map of Croatia. B IX c 829-3 Annotations on the map: Inscription on the map: The red line shows the borders, which 'It is a geographical map indicating have been accepted by both deputies. the stretch of the Una river between the The line with the red dots shows the two empires still disputed part of the border. One part of the border is mutually ac­ The yellow line indicates the line pro­ cepted, the other part is still disputed. We posed by the Turks. have drawn a yellow circle around the dis­ B IX c 829-6 puted territory, which is the one over Novi Lower Croatia- On this map Marsi­ based on the unanimous request of the in­ gli shows the results of the destruction of habitants; which is, however, insisted upon No vi. by the Turks who, referring to the peace B IX c 829-1 treaty, say that this territory, together with The stretch of the Una river up to the 6-Novi [Old Novi], belonged to the Turkish ruins of the monastery. Empire before the war. B IX a 764-800 Since this territory is being demanded This map shows with the red line the by Uj-Novi [New Novi], which has been territories, which belonged before the war strengthened by cannons and a garrison, to the Turks, and which were surrendered its question will be left open, and our work by them to the Austrian Emperor. will be continued by placing artificial B IX c 829-4 landmarks in the direction of the China From Szluin up to the 'triplex-confi­ river, and the short stretch between the nia', also up to the point where the three River Una and the Simon Mountain, be­ states - Austria, Turkey and Venice - cause of the mentioned delays, will be left meet. empty for a while.' B IX c 832 Below, on the right is: This map shows the ratified and the 'I certify that this map is an accurate un-ratified borderlines from the 'triplex representation of the territory in question. confinia' up to Szluin. Luigi Ferd. Marsigli' B IX c 829-2 The borderline between the two em­ These are the full inscriptions of two pires from the confluence of the Sava and of the maps. Below are brief notes on the Una rivers up to the Adriatic Sea. remainder. Annotations on the map: The red-yellow line indicates the still B IX c 790/800 disputed stretch of the border. The problems of communication after The designs on the watch-towers the evacuation of Jeszenovitz and Du­ show the places where these watch-towers bitza. must be built. 21 Fine Antique Maps, Atlases & Globes

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One of the 39 boundary sections showing the conflux of the Marusi and Tibisi rivers. The 39 or rather 41 sectional boundary sigli who commissioned Muller to draw it, maps by J.C. Miiller and that Muller completed the border sec- Characteristics of the maps tions before 12 May 1703 in Numberg. They show the enormously long But how did the map come to Vienna? boundary, nearly 800 km, running be- We find it in the year 1710 still in Eo- tween Transilvania and the Adriatic Sea. logna! Marsigli had donated it scilicet to The summary sheet (50 x 118 em) is the University of Bologna! divided into 39 sections (50 x 63 em). There is in the Archivo di Stato in Sections 40 and 41 contain 91 miniature Bologna a testamentary letter by Marsigli plans of the sites of the border marks. dated 3 February 1710, in which he asked the dignitaries of the University to send History of the map the boundary sections drawn by J.C. Miil­ It was known that this border map, on ler after his [Marsigli's] death to Vienna. which the final settlement of the boun- This wish in his testament was read out in daries was marked, was drawn by Muller. the Senate on 11 August 1731. The mem­ I have already mentioned that it was Mar- bers decided to comply with Marsigli' s

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Kent/Suffolk- Bellin. I 759, 88 x 58 ems; follows the Thames as far as London; very fine ca:"touche. £ I 80 Cornwall- Saxton/Kip. 1637, 39 x 30 ems. With a ship, compass rose. scale, monster, coat of arms. inset of Launceston Castle and cartouche. £ I 80 Wales- Mercator/Lhuyd, 48 x 34 ems: plate ii, state B ( I 636 -1642) coloured £ 270 Dublin Bay- Greenville Collins, I 776, 57 x 45 ems., compass rose & decorative cartouche: coloured. £ I 40 Mediterranean- Mallet, c 1686, I OY:! x I 4~ ems; coloured. Laterally inverted so the Gibraltar strait is shown at the right hand end of the Mediterranean.£ 30 Verona - Schonsperger. I 496, 14 x 19 ems. coloured. From the plagiarised version of the Nuremberg Chronicle.£ 100 Crete - Sanson, c 1665. 51 x 3 7 ems. Compass rose & cartouche. £ 250 Rhodes- Berti us. 1602. I 2 x 8Y:! ems. Engraved by Van den Keere; coloured. £ 60 Skiros - Bordone. 1534. I 4 x 8 ems. Woodcut from the Isolario: on the reverse is a similar map of Skopelos. £ 45 Shanghai- Anon, c 1880?. 3 I x 23 ems. Printed locally? in red on thin brown paper apparently from a local guide book.£ 40 Madagascar- Hulsius(?). 1604, I 0 x I 4Y:! ems. From "Ausszug auss der abrahami Ortclli " : scarce. £ 60 Florida- Muller, 1692, 8 x 6Y2 ems. Includes all of the S.E.US; set in a page of text. £ 1UO Mexico City- BertilJs, 1618, 13 x 9Y:? ems. Shows the Aztec city with the temples at its centre: coloured. £ 80 West Indies- Dury, c 1761, 12 x 10. In old outline colour. £ 38 Barbados - Morden. 1680. 13 x I OY:! ems. Set in a page of text, this plate was replaced by another in the 2nd & subsequent editions. £160 u.LSr-~rXVIII . "'

One of the detailed sketch maps drawn to show the location of the boundary mark. will, but only after making an accurate 1699, with the boundary map as the main copy of the map; however, only the copy focus of interest. of the summary map was completed. The mystery of how and when one of The maps of the Hungarian Kingdom J.C. Muller's most beautiful maps could by J.C. Muller have been taken to Vienna has been These unsigned maps are preserved in solved. Respecting Marsigli's will, the the University Library of Bologna. I have Senate of the University sent the map in a found letters from Muller to Marsigli box to the Imperial envoy in Venice in which demonstrate that they were made 1732. The box came complete with a list by Muller in 1702-03 in Niirnberg. In a of contents. That is why the map is not in letter dated 17 April 1703, Muller sent a the Kriegsarchiv, but in the Nationalbib­ statement of the work he had done so far: liothek in Vienna and the copy of this map 'A list of the work I have carried out so was drawn at that time for the Hofkriegs­ far and the contract: rat, who instantly recognised its import­ According to the contract I receive, for each border section: 5 florins ance. for each province of the Marsigli also understood clearly the Hungarian Monarchy: 12 florins significance of his boundary map, which Although I completed three border sec­ is why he wrote about it in his will. For the tions during the time that I needed to Senate of the University he explained his complete a single section of the Danube, I still charge for each Danube section reasons by underlining the importance of only 6 florins. the information contained in the map for The works that I have completed are as the whole Christian world, and why, right­ follows:(au) ly, it should be forwarded to the Austrian Border sections, a total of 24 pieces. Emperor, the person most interested in Price: 5 florins/piece. The provinces of the Hungarian Mon­ this delineation of the frontier. archy: There is an oil painting in the Marsi­ Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, Herzegovina, gli-Archiv which depicts a Turkish deputy Bansag of Ternes, Transilvania, Molda­ sitting in front of his tent, confusedly gaz­ via, W allachia ing at the map spread in front of him on Price: 12 fllpiece. A total of: 96 florins the ground; the map shows the facts un­ Danube sections 18 pieces ambiguously. It is a diplomatic scene from Price: 6 fl/piece.

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~eaLers.Appraisers, Consulranls q Established 7957 4TMember ANvf(tLAB A total of: 120 florins his large map of Hungary (1709). And finally the Trans-Danubian border sections The maps of the Danubius Pannonico­ 5 pieces. Price: 5 fllpiece. Mysicus A total of: 25 florins The letters between Muller and Mar­ Final total being: 361 florins ' sigli relate where (Numberg), how (with the remote control of Marsigli) and when On 12 May 1703 Muller announced (1702-03) the beautiful maps for Marsi­ that he had completed not only the border gli' s monograph on the Danube were sections, but also - and this was not drawn. The cartographer was J.C. Muller. previously known - he had finished These very fine maps are well known to drawing the map of the 'Lands of the us, and it is sufficient that we refer to them Hungarian Monarchy'. I have located as Mappa Potomographica, General Map eight of these beautiful manuscript maps of the Danube, and to the 18 sectional amongst Marsigli's papers. They were at­ maps of the river. tached to the front of a manuscript de­ scription of Hungary, neatly arranged and In 1706, when J .C. Muller received nearly ready for the printer. the commission from the Hungarian gov­ All the eight maps are the same size ernment to prepare a large map of Hun­ - 52 x 72 em - and are graduated. gary, he had much data and a number of In the inscription to the 41 sectional very accurate manuscript maps about the borderline maps Muller emphasised that territory in question. It was not difficult, he had graduated his map with the help of therefore, for him to make a map of Hun­ astronomical position-determination. The gary that was better than any previous course of the rivers for the boundary maps map of the country. was determined by use of a compass. Miil­ ANTAL ANDRAS DEAK ler wrote about this in the inscription of

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As a contribution to the discussion of 'Old came well practised. This time of turmoil Maps in the Heart of Europe' the 17th became one of the most productive century cartography of the Croatian terri­ periods in Croatian cartographic history. tories, primarily by authors of Croatian 3. Space. The main subject of my investi­ origin, will be presented. As a relatively gation was the Croatian ethnic territories small country on the crossroads of Euro­ within the Hungarian part of the Hapsburg pean political, cultural, demographic, re­ Monarchy. These territories were in­ ligious and other influences, Croatia cluded in the kingdom(s) of Dalmatia, shared and adopted these influences Croatia and Slavonia; the so-called Triune together with various trends from abroad. Kingdom, the title proclaimed and used At the same time these authors adopted by the Croatian Diet of Nobility. Addi­ and modified this knowledge to their par­ tionally, attention was paid to the margi­ ticular political climate (Ottoman nal Croatian territories, including Istria, presence and wars). Isola Murakes (Medjimurje) and Dubrov­ Several crucial issues are to be ident­ nik. Such areas were under the jurisdiction ified and discussed: of different neighbours, situated on the 1. Sources. The scientific investigation, points of interchanges of various kinds. following the rules of historical geo­ graphy, relied on maps as the primary The evolution of Croatian maps source of evidence. A critical selection of a) Temporal Croatian maps revealed those of greatest The exploration of new territories coin­ importance as well as their authors; these cided with the advent of new cartographic were within the wider European context. tools and improvements in cartographic 2. Time. Although processes of long­ techniques. These factors, together with the duree could not be spatially (territorial) or new comprehensions of the Renaissance in temporally limited by specific boundaries the 17th century resulted in Croatian carto­ this presentation will consider the carto­ graphy becoming more accurate, embel­ graphic representations concerning the lished and generally improved. 17th century Croatian territories. This in­ cludes the events and political-geographi­ b) Spatial cal influences of the Zitvatorok Peace Although the primary concern here is Treaty in 1606, through the Vasvar Peace Croatian map-production in a Central­ Treaty in 1664 until the Karlowitz Peace European context, the earlier carto­ Treaty which ended the Austro-Turkish graphers were also of another provenance war in 1699. The Ottoman wars and re­ -from the Mediterranean. This was also treat provided a situation where military a time of evolution for Croatian 17th cen­ surveys and cartographic field work be- tury mapmakers.

29 The prolific output of Renaissance lit­ atic coastal towns included in /solaria, erature (M. Marulic, H. Lucie, M. Drzic, P. printed by G.F. Camocio. A collaborator in Zoranic) and education in Mediterranean /solaria was Martin Rota Kolunic (Mar­ cultural centres significantly marked and tinus Rota Sibenicensis ), who depicted the directed the approach to map-production of areas around Sibenik and Zadar. the Croatian 16th century map-makers. As a result of this involvement in Me­ diterranean cartographic circles, Croatians Earlier Mediterranean influences became known within the European context, Since the 13th century, portolan charts contributing to the renown oftheir country by for navigational and commercial purposes publishing to a much wider audience. were also drawn of Croatian coasts. Pietro Coppo (Petar Kopic) ( 1469- Mingling of influences: Mediterranean 1555) from Istria made the first regional map and Central European of the Istrian peninsula recording accurate At the beginning of the 18th century, toponyms. Vicko Dimitrija Volcic (Vicen­ the work of Ivan Klobucaric (Johannes tius Demetrei Volcius Rachuseus) from Du­ Clobucciarich Fluminensis) was the chro­ brovnik produced portolan charts for the nological turning point from the Mediter­ Mediterranean workshop of the Oliva family. ranean - mainly Venetian - influence Bozo Bonifacic (Natal Bonifacio) ( 1537-92) towards a Central European cultural from Sibenik drew charts of the Eastern Adri- centre. Born on the island of Krk and

Map of /stria by Pietro Cappo (1469-1555). 30 employed by the Austrian Archduke Fer­ bishopric in Zagreb, along with the only dinand for the cartographic survey of Sti­ two surviving later copies. ria and inner-Austria in 1703, Klobucaric Pavao Ritter Vitezovic (Paulus Ritter) began a long-lasting relationship with the from Senj was later involved in surveying Austrian military missions. Their mutual and recording political borders, based on objective was a successful defence against international state agreements, after the the aggression of the Ottomans. In spite of Karlovitz Peace Treaty in 1699. The Croa­ the quality of his work (some maps were tian Parliament authorised him to protect the mere sketches) he managed, for the first interests of Croatia in the Austrian com­ time, to record toponyms supplied by mission for the delineation of the border, led local inhabitants, and contributed to a by Count F.L. Marsigli and J.C. Milller. Vi­ general acquaintance with these lands. tezovic' s European education in history, geo­ graphy, cartography and state law, under Central European cartographic in­ G.M. VischerandJohann Weikard Valvasor, fluences and military purposes enabled him to become Marsigli' s assistant A representative of the Central Euro­ for the Croatian region. His manuscript draw­ pean, in his case German-Austrian, carto­ ings of the area were incorporated in later, graphic stream was a Jesuit from Varazdin, more comprehensive maps of the border. Vi­ Stjepan Glavac. Educated at the univer­ tezovic was engaged to inform the Court sities of Graz, Vienna and Linz, he obtained about the progress of the commission and he additional training in the print-shop of J.W appended to his reports exact copies of MUl­ V alvasor in Carniola, and form the sur­ ler' s maps. In the early era of the Croatian veyors of the 'Military Border'. With its national awakening, caused by the ever-pres­ precise hydrography and toponyms (i.e. ent threat of the Ottomans, he published a Maize! M, Kamenitza M.) and with the li­ historical and geographical work Croatia near scale measured in Croatian miles, his Rediviva or Croatia Revived, referring to the map of 'Reliquiae reliquiarum of the King­ existence of Croats on these territories from dom of Croatia' dated 1673 was used as the the Greek and Roman times. The example of model for the map by G. Cantelli da Vig­ this ideological impact on map-making is the nola Although he had a Central European recording of Ottoman and Venetian pos­ education, Glavac worked on the Austrian sessions around the Triplex Confinium, or side in the military campaigns, opposing the Triple Border, as 'Croatiae Regni Pars'. Turkish presence in the area and their occu­ pation of half of Croatia. Supported and Western European cartographic in­ employed by the Bishop of Zagreb, Matija fluences and commercial purposes Borkovic, as well as the Croatian nobility, Maybe the most beautiful work, at he was instrumental in issuing a vital docu­ least with the involvement of a Croatian ment for the Austrian army - an accurate cartographer, was the map by Ivan Lucie map for the campaigns against the Ottomans. Lucius, 'lllyricum Hodiernum'. It was in­ It is worth noting that only one orig­ cluded in Lucie's historical book about inal of Glavac's map has survived; it is Croatia as 'antemurale Christianis', De preserved in the Archives of the Arch- Regno Dalmatiae et Croatiae, published

31 0

ILLYRICVM

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'/llyricum Hodiernum' by Ivan Lucius Lucie by J. Blaeu in 1699. The author's devotion ders between Venice, the Hapsburg Em- to historical documents from antiquity il- pire and the Ottoman territories. From the lustrated the presence of Croats and re- perspective of the Venetian pupil, Vicko fleets the ideology of early Croatian Dimitrija Volcic, a noticeable interest for national awakening and patriotism. the historical borders of Dalmatia and Croatia was less inspiring than in the case To sum up, Croatian participation in of Ivan Lucie. Lucie combined all domi­ European 17th century cartographic pro­ nant and major aspects that can be found duction can be divided according to the on 17th century Croatian maps: roots of different aspects of interest for certain areas antiquity, cultural patterns of the Renaiss­ and the presentation of borders. From an­ ance and Humanism that profoundly di­ other perspective, domestic contribution rected the development and the reality of was flavoured by the Mediterranean and early modem political circumstances. Central European influences. Certain carto­ Being shaped be contemporary politi­ graphers were influenced by their Mediter­ cal, cultural and economic circumstances, ranean education and interest in coastlines, Croatian cartography adopted general Eu­ while others by their Austrian education, ropean cartographic tendencies. It also in­ that recognised the necessity of military sur­ clude the specific aspects of Croatian veying and cartography. early national self-identification, mainly This plurality of influence and inter­ with the territories of the historical king­ est for coastal regions and the Croatian doms of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. hinterland were closely related to the bor- MLINARIC DUBRAVKA

32 IMCoS in Miami

Gazing out to sea from the shores of Miami dealers. It is hoped that closer ties between Bay in Florida is a statue of Christopher the two organisations will be possible in Columbus. The inscription claims 'He the future. Dealers attending were from dreamed greatly, he dared courageously, he various countries including England, the achieved mightily. Guided by the hand of USA, Argentina and The Netherlands and Gcxl he gave us a New World- America'. their stock included some rare items. One 1bis might be seen tcxlay as a eurocentric of the best known was the Le Moyne map sentiment ill-fitted for the cosmopolitan com­ 'Floridae Americae Provinciae .. . ' by De munity of Miami where half of the population Bry, 1591. This important map includes is of Latin American and Caribbean origin the peninsula of Florida and the surround­ and Spanish is the predominant language. ing regions and comes from the second Nevertheless, as this was my first visit to volume of De Bry's Grands Voyages. Florida and the statue was one of the first Another rare map for sale at the fair things I saw on my arrival it did rather wann was of Cuba surrounded by vignettes my heart as a European on foreign soil. based on early views by Cuba's first litho­ The Historical Museum of Florida is grapher, Frederic Mialhe. These illus­ situated in Downtown Miami. It has a trated the cultivation of tobacco, a cock collection of some 1500 maps and a rare, fight and a hurricane in full fury. The full double elephant folio of Audubon's Birds title was MapaHistorico Pintoresco Mod­ ofAmerica, of which they are very proud. emo de lalsla de Cuba, Hamburg?, 1853. There are currently two annual fairs in the The keynote speaker was Prof. world devoted solely to maps, the IMCoS Gunter Schilder from Utrecht University event in London every June, and the in The Netherlands who gave an illus­ Miami Map Fair which is held in the His­ trated lecture on the golden age of Dutch torical Museum of Florida under the aus­ cartography. Antique map dealer Robert pices of Dr Joe Fitzgerald, an enthusiastic Ross of Calabasas, California, also led a collector who founded the Miami fair. He workshop on what to collect and how to was able to hold the first fair five years ago collect it. after an anonymous donor set up a trust to This is a most enjoyable weekend support the museum's map collection and which other members of IMCoS may like to provide curatorial services for it, and to to fit into their schedule for next year. It is foster an appreciation for historic maps always held the first weekend of February through exhibitions, publications and and promises a ray of sunshine for those educational programmes. suffering from winter blues in other parts I was attending the Miami Map Fair of the world. IMCoS is very grateful to Joe (February 7-8) as Vice Chairman of Fitzgerald and his colleagues for enabling IMCoS and was pleased to sign up anum­ the Society to be represented there, and for ber of new members and to discuss our their hospitality. Society with many of the visitors and VALERIE SCOTI

33 [!) [!) I~ ~ ~ KUNSTHAND LUNG ~ ~ ~ ~ JOHANNES MULLER ~ ~ ~ ._;;,· ' ,, ~ ~ 4~- r ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ •1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ A-5020 Salzburs • Hildmannplatz 1A • Te/./Fax +43-662-84 63 38 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Antique Maps • Typographical Views ~ ~ ~ ~ We specialize in 19th Century Maps ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Your offers and enquiries are welcome ~ J~1 ~ [!) @]

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Ht4/t4 ad ~ (14 fl~ ~ IMCoS Bulletin No.2: Distinguishing Fake from Real Compiled by Hans Kok

Experienced collectors, as well as beginners, often find it hard to judge whether they are being offered a fake or a genuine old map. As this difference will have an important bearing on value- and thus on price-it is often best to seek advice from a reliable dealer, an academic, or other expert in the field. A. General remarks Maps may be 'genuine originals' , originals from altered blocks or plates (e.g. after incorporating changes, based on new discoveries, etc.), re-strikes from old plates (up to a hundred years later is not uncommon), or reproductions. The terminology relating to reproductions is not precise. For the purpose of this pamphlet, a facsimile is an exact copy in full-size of a particular map. It may be produced on modem paper without intent to deceive. This might be indicated by a special printed or embossed sign outside the image area or on the reverse side of the facsimile. When manufactured using old techniques on specially made paper, a facsimile may become a work of value by its own merit. A facsimile may become a fake or forgery if, for instance, an identifying caption is removed and it is offered for sale as genuine, perhaps disguised within a frame. Other reproductions range from larger than full-size to postcard format. A fake is something contrived, possibly on inferior material, bearing a fictitious name or date. It comes close to a forgery, which is a deliberately falsified artefact, intended to deceive the purchaser. The number of acknowledged fakes or forgeries is still rather small; however, with prices increasing as they are, counterfeiting early maps is likely to increase. As a generalisation, it is easier to produce a fake wood-block than a fake copperplate engraving. Further, an expensive map is more likely to be the subject than a cheaper one, as the potential rewards would be higher. Finally, restorations to an original map may be so extensive, or deceptive, that 'fake ' becomes a more logical qualification than 'real'. Buying subject to return, when not verified as original, is not always practical, but mostly acceptable to reputable dealers or auction houses. Note: Before buying manuscript maps (on vellum or parchment), expert advice should always be obtained, as opportunities certainly exist for skilful forgery (Vinland map?). In particular the map's provenance should be carefully checked. B. Plate-marks Maps printed from wood-blocks show no outer plate-mark, as wood-block printing is a relief printing technique. Moreover, the wood-block is less sharp-edged (and softer); the pressure exerted on the block is much less than in the case of copper or steel plates. On wood-cuts there is, however, some indentation through the paper at the back of the map, which can usually be felt with a finger tip. The 'intaglio' technique of the metal plates is the cause of indented plate-marks, which are generally visible and can often be felt. The plate-mark should be continuous all around the outer edge of the printed image. In earlier maps, the plate-mark is normally quite close to the map image; in later times, the plate-mark can be up to 1 em outside the engraved area and not necessarily symmetrically so on all sides.

35 Joined multiple sheet maps (e.g. wall maps or maps in excess of about 40 x 50 em) will usually have some of the plate-mark cut off to facilitate joining. Large plates were difficult to handle, did not fit the printing press, or paper of the required size was not readily available. CA UTI 0 N: Plate-marks are known to be added to fakes and in cases of re-margining during restoration. Where plate-marks take the form of a simple groove (paper is equally high on both sides), faking must be assumed. C. Paper markings European paper, made before about 1800, shows two sets of parallel lines, about thirty to the inch one way, and another set of single lines at right-angles to them. The single lines are about one inch apart. These lines originate from the trays used to produce the paper and the subsequent drying process. These so-called chain lines and laid lines form a slightly irregular grid, which becomes more regular in later paper. The lines can be seen when the paper is held up against the light and should continue outside the printed area, all the way to the edge of the sheet. In case these lines are missing altogether, look for other tell-tale signs; this map may be a reproduction. When lines are present, but not all the way to the edges, this particular map may have had its margins replaced in restoration. Even when old paper has been used, line spacing may be different or show a mismatch. The tray- called deckle- produces an irregular edge to the paper sheet, the deckle edge, which is peculiar to early paper. However, the sheets may have been cut (no deckle edge along the cut) or the deckle edge may have been cut off altogether. Modem machines sometimes produce deckle edges on purpose, to simulate quality paper. Early paper often shows water-marks (a study in its own right; books are available, but few are readily obtainable). This water-mark is the paper-maker's mark or image and can take a variety of forms. Paper was often stored for decades by printers; an identifiable water-mark thus provides a starting date only. CAUTION: Blank sheets of old paper in small sizes are still available in fairly large quantities. Larger size sheets are also found, though in much smaller numbers. D. Paper quality From the late 1400s until about 1800, European paper was made from rags pulped in water. After manufacture, the paper would have been 'sized', treating it with animal glue to reduce absorbency. After about 1800, paper was increasingly produced mechanically from wood­ based pulp, treated with chemicals. Its finish was typically smoother and harder; the grid lines are no longer present. Even though the old paper animal glue may have deteriorated with time, this paper is acknowledged to be tougher and longer-lasting than much of the 19th century paper. Old paper is commonly of a heavy type, fairly coarse to the eye and to the touch. Thinner paper also occurs (a good example would be that used by Jansson), but was mainly used in the text-pages of atlases and books to keep thickness and weight down. When paper feels very smooth, it is most likely of more recent origin. Paper of old maps has a difficult-to-describe 'old' feel and smell to it. Try to get your hands on an old map and a new one and compare! When a map is without any blemish at all (no holes, tears, water stains, rust, browning or

36 foxing) it is unlikely to be antique. Bleaching of old maps can result in a pristine white paper-colour, loss of original colouring, if any, but will not remove other tell-tale signs like tears, worm holes, thin spots, etc. Even when backed with Japan paper, this type of damage may still be visible, although new techniques, including a machine which joins new paper to old sheets, are making detection difficult. When paper edges are like new, they could have been trimmed recently to make them more presentable or you may be looking at a modem reproduction. E. (Centre-)folds If the map came from an atlas, bible or book, a definite centre-fold should be visible in a typical early map. Some unfolded editions of many of the famous early atlases were made, and maps have been sold separately as well. On the back of the map, there is usually a tab or guard to enable the map to be bound into an atlas. The guard may have been removed in part or in total, leaving merely a remnant, or even only some signs of glue. When maps were too large to fit the size of a book, they were folded to fit. These folds may be on one side only, or on all four sides and in any combination as required. Often genuine maps will show some damage at the intersections of folds. F. Colouring In English-speaking countries, contemporary colouring means colour applied around the time the map was issued, as opposed to modem colouring. In other countries there may be confusion when contemporary stands for modem colouring as opposed to old or original colour. To avoid misunderstanding, it is best to ask and make sure. Later application of colour to a map originally printed in black and white or monochrome, does not make it a fake. However, it is relatively easy to pass off skilled modem colouring, or widespread retouching of an earlier coloured map, as original colouring. This would be improper. (See also IMCoS Bulletin No. 1.) It may take more than layman's knowledge on the subject, but modem colouring­ on an old or a new map - is sometimes done according to borders, which did not exist at the time of the map's printing. Original colouring is sometimes sloppy, as it was occasionally done by children. Old colours may have soaked into the paper, especially green colour, whereas in general modem colours do not. Some modem colourists know how to get this effect; they may give themselves away when front and reverse side colours do not coincide completely. A map which has been folded in an atlas or book may show traces of the colour in mirror image on the other half, symmetrical about the (centre-)fold. G. Map dimensions The size of the printed surface, and on occasion the size of the plate, is known for most early maps , and can be found in reference books. A 2% variation in dimension is not uncommon and may be caused by paper shrinkage over the years, or through the effects of humidity. Such variations do not warrant a conclusion of 'fake' or 'printed from a different plate'. Larger deviations should make one suspicious; reproductions are often made to different dimensions, for various reasons. The size of the original paper sheets is sometimes known, but more difficult to verify. Margins

37 may have been trimmed or replaced, using old paper, but not to the original sheet size. Note: Ortelius offered his atlases with small, medium or wide margins, printed from the same plates. H. Photo-techniques When a plate had been sloppily inked or was dirty with old ink to start with, the finer details would not print clearly; either they were absent, or the thinner lines would show intenuptions. This will be discernible using a magnifying glass. When photo-techniques are employed for reproduction, the dot-system will cause white intenuptions, specifically in thick black lines, thus giving away the use of modem methods. Recent photo-lithographic techniques are using continuous tones rather than dots and are much more difficult to detect. Examples of dot-based techniques can be found in newspaper photographs, scanners, computer printers and photographic film. I. Restoration Philosophies on restoration are subject to continuous debate. In principle, all restorations should be reversible, should they ever have to be undone. In general, the academic world holds the opinion that restoration should be mainly conserving and protecting in nature. Restorations should be identifiable from the original object, and correct archival materials should be used, In commercial circles, where appearance is more important, it is generally held that holes should be 'fixed', borders should be retraced when missing, etc. In general the aim is recreation of the original, whereby restorations and repairs should be as inconspicuous as possible. Very modem techniques are nowadays available for restoration, but these same techniques may be applied to forgeries. What should we think of an original map with side-borders of city views and indigenous people (carte afigures), where the borders are severely damaged, seriously detracting from its selling price? It is original but incomplete, and unattractive. Is it better, then, to remove the damaged border and replace it with a modern photo-copy, attached around the map? And laid down on Japan paper to better conceal the replacement? Restoration, 'fake' or 'real'? At which price? J. Summary The ability to distinguish 'fake' from 'real' improves with experience. A 'gut-feeling' that something is a-miss is often triggered subconsciously. Do follow-up that feeling and look searchingly for other signs, to confirm or deny the suspicion. And-if it is any consolation at all-remember, even experts fall into traps on occasion. To conclude: a 'greedy' feeling often entices collectors into overlooking tell-tale signs. An 'objective' disposition is essential to keep one from seeing qualities one wishes to see in a purchase under consideration.

CAUTION: Beware of ill-fated combinations, such as bargain prices, doubtful provenance, unaccredited individuals and non-specialist outlets.

38 Three Sixteenth Century Italian Atlases: from the former Austro-Hungarian Empire

IMCoS members visiting the National of the Lanfranconi collection, but whether Szechenyi Library in Budapest in October the whole atlas was in any way connected 1997 saw, as part of their collection, one with the same source can only be specula­ of the scarce 16th century Italian compo­ tive. The atlas has 88 numbered pages and site atlases known loosely as 'Lafreri' at­ 87 maps, with three pages being indexes lases. These atlases consist of of names and sometimes two maps being separately-printed maps gathered printed on one leaf. Of the 87 maps, 7 4 are together by Venetian and Roman publish­ classified by Tooley, with 13 not being on ers, often preserving cartographic ma­ his list. It is these newer maps which I list terial that would otherwise have perished. below as they may represent variant states Nearly 60 years ago R.V. Tooley publish­ or possibly unrecorded material. ed a listing of known maps in such atlases which, although superseded in detail, still (Map number) 5. Europae Brevis, ac Nov­ remains the essential first port of refer­ issima Descriptio Venetiis MDLXVIII ence.1 [1568]. 275 x 380 mm. The same map as Similar atlases have been noted in Tooley 33 except that Apud ... Camotiu is earlier issues of the IMCoS JoumaP and erased. a census of the known total was published 35.1 Untitled map of Italy. 200 x 270 mm. in The Map Collector as part of an article The dedication concludes with the names in 1992.3 At the time I remarked that there dominico zenoni and oratio berteli. was an absence of locations in eastern 35.2 Morea ... 145 x 195 mm. Another Europe within the fiefs of the old Austro­ small map with the signature oratio berteli. Hungarian empire. Since then further at­ 39. Sardinia . .. 295 x 200 mm. lases have come to light, and this article 40. Untitled map of the territory ofCremona briefly describes three of them not in­ in Italy. 225 x 355 mm. There is the signa­ cluded in Tooley's list: one in Budapest, ture Paolo Forlani, and the map is dated one in Cracow and one in Vienna. For 1570. details about the atlas seen by me in Bu­ 52. Untitled map of the Republic of Venice. dapest I am especially grateful to Dr Ka­ 440 x 550 mm. The map is signed Ferrano talin Plihal, Head of the Map Department Bertelli and is dated 1571; there is also the there. signature of the engraver Girolamo Olgiato Little seems to be known as to the fece. provenance of the Budapest atlas. Dr Pli­ 59. Morea Peninsula. 350 x 420 mm. hal notes that the Library has two separate 61. Untitled map of the island of Naxos in Italian maps (Fernando Bertelli's map of the Aegean. 250 x 170 mm. There is the Germany, 1562, and Paolo Forlani' s map monogram BF in the lower right comer. The of Transylvania, 1566) which certainly intials may be those of [B]artolomeo [F]aleti came into their possession in 1895 as part who signed in this form a map of Cyprus (no.

39 68, below) and a plan of Rome, 1569. (Tooley 202) and latest date is 1571 which 64. Untitled map of the island of Rhodes. is on two maps: a map of the world by 265 x 175 mm. Dated 1570. Bertelli (Tooley 16) and a map of Europe 65. Untitled map of Cyprus. 425 x 565 mm. by Forlani (Tooley 39). The range of dates Signature Iacomo franco in the right comer. can be depicted as follows: (See note below.) 68. Cyprus Insula, olimMacharia ... 210 x 1559 1 1564 4 1568 5 310 mm. An earlier date of MDLX (1560) 1560 - 1565 8 1569 5 has been erased, also the initials 'B.F.'. 1561 1 1566 12 1570 10 75.1 and 75.2 Two untitled maps of south­ 1562 3 1567 7 1571 2 east Asia. 205 x 370 mm and 410 x 360 mm 1563 5 respectively. Dedication concludes with the name Hieronymus Olgiatus. The Venetian compilers were clearly 81.1 and 81.2. Seconda Ostro Tavola. 280 x drawing on relatively recent stock from 380 mm (one size only provided). Two maps the mid-late 1560s up to the first year or on a trapezoidal projection oriented to the so of the 1570s and the atlas as a whole south showing south-east Asia. must have been compiled in about 1571. In several instances (such as the map of None of these 'not in Tooley' maps Cyprus no. 68, above) a 1560s date has are of great significance except for the been erased in favour of a later one. map of Cyprus. Iacomo Franco is a less well-known Italian engraver but his map For details of the second atlas, in Cra­ of Cyprus is a large and exceptionally fine cow, I am indebted to Douglas Sims of one which was copied by Ortelius in 1573 New York. Cracow, now in Poland, was and widely disseminated in his later edi­ for a long period in the 19th century part tions of the Theatrum. Only three other of the old Austro-Hungarian empire. examples are known; none in Italian at­ When he was in Cracow in 1992, Douglas lases. 4 Franco was also the engraver of the Sims drew up some descriptive notes fol­ cordiform world map that appears on the lowing a visit to the Czartoryski Library front of the current IMCoS membership there and has kindly given me permission registration form. to summarise his much more thorough Throughout the atlas the signatures and unpublished findings. and imprints are nearly all of Venetian There appear to have been a total of artists and publishers, with familiar names 105 leaves in the Czartoryski Library atlas such as Bertelli, Forlani, Camocio and of which 5 are missing, and a total of 106 others. There are surprisingly few - if maps allowing for a few instances where any-maps which might have come from there are two maps per leaf. Of these, 101 Roman stock, and the atlas was certainly maps correspond to those listed in Tooley a Venetian compilation. and there are thus five, 'not in Tooley' Taking account of all maps in the atlas items which are listed below. which carry a date we find that the earliest date on a map is 1559 on one of Flanders 67. Seconda parte dell'Asia. Similar to the

40 second part of the map of Asia by Gastaldi 106. Fortresse de Zighet assiegee par les described under Tooley 54 but lacking the Turcs. signature fabio licinio f The great sea-battle of Lepanto was 68. Terza parte dell'Asia. Similar to the in 1572. La Rochelle was besieged by third part of the map of Asia by Gastaldi Louis XIII in 1627-28, so this item may described under Tooley 61 but is also un­ have been a later addition to the atlas. signed. Zighet (or Sziget) in Hungary suffered 72. Roma con li forti . . . Differs in some several sieges, of which the most import­ details from the similar map of Rome de­ ant was in 1565-66. scribed under Tooley 487 which is dated The distribution of dates on those 1557. maps which are dated in the Cracow atlas 93. Castello Fortezza della Goletta. The title is somewhat wider than the Budapest is taken from lettering on the map which example. The earliest is 1554 (1 example) may or may not be the same as Tooley 260 and the latest 1573 (4 examples), with a as the size differs. full spread as follows: 94. ll vero et ultimo desegno della presa di Tunis ... l'anno MDLXXIII [1573] ... 455 1554 1 1561 3 1568 x 355 mm. This is similar to the siege map 1555 1 1562 5 1569 2 of Tunis listed under Tooley 560 (which 1556 1 1563 3 1570 9 perhaps gives an abbreviated title), but again 1557 4 1564 5 1571 1 the size differs. 1558 8 1565 5 1572 1 1559 2 1566 6 1573 4 None of these 'new' maps are of car­ 1560 5 1567 2 tographic significance. The evidence points to compilation in There are French annotations on the 1573, or shortly afterwards. preliminary pages to the atlas and a manu­ As to the place of compilation - script table of contents. French was a Venice or Rome - Douglas Sims is widespread cultural language in the 17th- uncertain. He says that he found nearly 18th century when the atlas is likely to 70 per cent of maps not indicating a have been annotated after coming into the place of publication and the remainder possession of the Czartoryski family. Its to be almost equally distributed between earlier provenance is unknown. The de­ Rome and Venice. When he made a re­ scriptive titles to the five missing maps turn trip to the Library in 1995 to check can be obtained from the contents list as on this point and other queries, unfortu­ follows: nately the librarian was unavailable and the atlas couldn't be found! (Have not 23. Carte de Danemark, Suede, Norvvege, other IMCoS members had similar ex­ partie de Ia Russe, Islande, avec lesfigures. periances?) Anyway I am very grateful 89. Bataille de Lepante. to him for allowing this summary of his 90. Bataille de Lepante. findings to be published in the IMCoS 105. La Rochelle assiegee par Louis XIII. Journal. 41 Finally, a note about the third Italian later additions. However, an argument atlas which is in the Austrian National in favour of most of the maps having Library in Vienna. I was notified of this formed an earlier corpus is the presence after the IMCoS Budapest Symposium by of earlier states dated 1560 or 1561 (e.g., Dr Ingrid Kretschmer, one of the nos 96 and 97 below) when later states speakers, who brought its location to my are known. Most of the maps have Vene­ attention. This atlas, which was not tian imprints. Of the total of 113 items, known to Tooley in 1939, is called the 90 have already been recorded by Von Stosch Atlas and was described by Tooley and so again I only list those Rudolf Kinauer in 1970.4 which are additions to the established The atlas has several interesting fea­ repertoire and are thus less likely to be tures. It contains more items - 113- well known, omitting a few plans of than either the Cracow or Budapest at­ forts and battle scenes. lases. And the date of compilation must have been substantially later as there are 11. Eastern sheet only of an unidentified several maps dating from the early 1600s two-sheet map of Rome dated 1597. 340 x with imprints of engravers and publishers 515 mm. less frequently found in the majority of 32. A plan of Florence with the imprint of such composite atlases. These include Matteo Florimi, Siena; c. 1600. Giovanni Orlandi, Matteo Florimi, 39. Serenissimae Reipublica Genuensis Du­ Francesco Valegio, Stefano Scolari, Alvi­ catus et Domini. A bird' s-eye view of Genoa gio Rosaccio and others. The wide range attributed to c.l580. 500 x 365 mm. of dates can be seen from the listing 41. Totius Graeciae descriptio ... 1558 . . . below: Petri di Nobilibus F ormis. 625 x 425 mm. A later issue of the map of Greece listed under 1544 1 1561 8 1577 1 Tooley 279. The imprint of the publisher 1545 1 1562 3 c.1580 1 Pietro di Nobili suggests an issue in the 1548 1 1563 4 1584 1 1590s. 1551 1 1564 3 1586 1 52. Geografia modema di tutte la Italia ... 1552 1 1565 3 1591 I Matteo Florimi formis . . . Epiphanius de 1553 2 1566 10 1597 2 Alfiano . . . incidebat Florentiae 1597. 490 1555 1 1567 3 1599 I x390mm. 1556 I 1568 2 c.1600 2 53. Another example of no. 52 but with the 1557 4 1569 3 1602 2 signature Autr. Petrus Petrucci for. Senis. 1558 2 1615 1 54. Il Golfo di Venetia . . . 1615. Previous 1559 7 1621 I imprint included the names Domenico Zenoi 1560 4 1647 1 and Donato Berteli. 510 x 390 mm. 55. Il vero disegno dell'Isole et Citta di It is not possible to say with certainty Corfu . . . Henrie. van Schoelformis romae when the atlas was compiled. A likely date 1602. 240 x 340 mm. might be in the early 1600s, with the three 58. Candia . .. A.F. Lucini Fece. Undated. maps dated 1615, 1621 and 1647 being 520 x 380 mm.

42 59. La Cite di Lepanto .. . D. Zenoi. Un­ of Cyprus not otherwise known in an Ita­ dated. 200 x 150 mm. lian composite atlas. It is listed by Stylia­ 80. Explicato Aliquot Loco rum Quae nou as no. 45 dating from c.1570.5 Puteolis ... Ioannes Orlandi formis These three atlases are useful addi­ romae 1602 apud Haeredes Claudii Du­ tions to our knowledge of composite cheti 1586. 510 x 390 mm. collections of 16th century Italian maps. 81. Another example of no. 80 above with In particular, relatively little has been the imprint Claudii Ducheti and the date disseminated about the transmission of 1586 only. plates after the 1570s. One sequence of 84. Paese di Roma Jo. Jacomo ... de plates was from Antonio Lafreri Rube is formis Romae alia Pace 1647. 445 (1560s-70s) to Claudio Duchetti x 320 mm. (1570s-80s) to Pietro de Nobili (1580s- 88. Orlandus Malevolta lectoribus. Sena 90s) to Giovanni Orlandi (1602-13) to Vetus ... MDXCIX[1599]. 360 x 275 nun. van Schoel (1613-26); thence perhaps A map of Siena. back to Orlandi until 1640 before being 89. Stato di Siene ... Arnoldo di Arnoldi finally acquired by the de Rossi family. ... Matteo Florimi for. 485 x 375 nun. It is interesting that several maps with Attributed to c.l600. the imprints of these publishers appear 96. Totius Descriptio Hispaniae ... in the Vienna example. A volume which MDLX [1560]. 540 x 405 mm. An earlier was very likely assembled by de Nobili, state of the map of Spain than the map together with another collection poss­ described under Tooley 533 (1566). ibly by Orlandi, have been located in 97. Jodoco a Meggen ... Helvetius .. . Malta. 6 Other such atlases have been MDLX/[1561]. 590 x420mm. An earlier tentatively recorded. state of the map of Switzerland than the map described under Tooley 534 (1566). NOTES 99. A map of Switzerland signed Alvigi 1. R.V. Tooley, 'Maps in Italian Atlases of the Six­ teenth Century', in Imago Mundi, 3, 1939. Rosaccio. 490 x 390 mm. 2. See previous articles about Italian atlasfactices in 106. Diesgno della Valtellina .. . Raffael the IMCoS Journals for Autumn 1992 Monano in Venetia Franc. Valesio f 455 (Grenoble); Winter 1993 (Lyon); Spring 1995 x 320 nun. (Belgium); Winter 1996 (Paris and Nancy); and Spring 1997 (Vilnius). 107. Il Nuovo et vera Disegno della Val­ 3. Rodney Shirley, 'A rare Italian atlas at Hatfield tellina ... Cesare Bassano sculp. in Mi­ House', in The Map Collector, 60, Autumn 1992. lano et ristampeta in Napoli per Giovanni 4. Rudolf Kinauer, 'Neue Karten zum Atlas des Pozzuoli Orlandi 1621 . 490 x 320 mm. Freiherm Philipp von Stosch', in Josef Mayer­ hOfer und Walter Ritzer (eds), Festschrift Josef 110. Cyprus, insula nobilissima . .. Jo. Fr. Stummvoll, Vienna, 1970, pp. 177-90. Camotii ... MDCXXXXI [1591] Stefano 5. For further details see A. and J. Stylianou, History Scolari forma. 400 x 260 mm. A later state of the Cartography of Cyprus, Nicosia, 1980; of the map described under Tooley 183 entry 64 and fig. 66. 6. Albert Ganado, Description ofa Splendid Collec­ (1566). tion . . . at the Malta National Library, The Malta 111. Isola di Cipro. Fell ice Brunelo V[ en­ Historical Society, 1994. etia] F[ecit]. 210 x 165 mm. A small map RODNEY SHIRLEY 43 Collecting Old Maps by F.J. Manasek is a completely new book about map collecting

At virtually every fair, map dealers are asked "Can you recommend a good book that deals secifically with map collecting?" Although there are excellent books that deal with the mapping of different areas of the world, books that deal with individual mapmakers, and books that deal with the history of cartography, there is precious little on the topic of map collecting. Collecting Old Maps was written to fill that need and is aimed at all levels of collectors. It will introduce a beginner to this fascinating hobby and has all the information needed to get started and make some sense out of what may, to the beginner, seem confusing. Price, condition, buying and selling at auction, are but some of the topics covered. Filled with data, illustrations, and reference information, the book will also be useful to ..------, advanced collectors, dealers, and Contents institutions. It is international in scope and contains a mine of PART I information relating to all aspects of Collecting Old Maps map collecting. General principles 1. Before you begin ... and specific details are discussed in 2. Names of map parts. depth, and illustrated where 3. Kinds of maps. appropriate. The book is not devoted 4. How maps look. only to the ultra-rare or ultra­ expensive 'trophy' map; beginners are 5. Facsimiles, forgeries and other copies. introduced to maps that are more 6. Condition and conservation. generally available. 7. On building a map collection. 8. Prices-The market speaks. • 320 pages with about 250 illustrations in black and white PART II and colour. An introduction to the diversity of printed maps • 8 1/2 x 11 inches, hardbound, 9. A survey of printed maps - A series of 130 with an attractive full-colour DJ large-format illustrations of old maps from • Printed on acid-free coated paper. 1483 to 1945 arranged chronologically. • ISBN 0-9649000-6-8

PART III Price: $65.00 plus shipping Appendices A. The makers of maps. B. The map collector's reference library. G.B. Manasek, Inc. C. Roman numerals. D. Mapwords: a foreign language dictionary. Box 1204 E. The substance of maps: Paper and vellum. Norwich VT 05055 USA F. Chemistry for collectors. Tel 802 649 1722 G. Useful addresses and sources. Fax 802 649 2256 H. Glossary. Index. Dealer enquiries invited Tidbits and Snippets

In an earlier issue of the IMCoS Journal The work was in two volumes, with the we invited collectors to send in odd facts first advertised, bound, in January 17 51/2. that they had discovered-perhaps signi­ Volume Two followed, completed prob­ ficant to them but not important enough to ably in 1755. Three title pages are known make a full article. In this issue we look at with dates 1743, 1748 and 1749. The at­ some more new developments in British lases vary in content, none contains every County mapping. plate of the 42 views of the counties, North and South Wales and sea coast. 1. John Seller George Bickham died in 1771 and his In 1694, Seller published his small stock was sold. Robert Sayer may have British county atlas, theAnglia Contracta. purchased the Bickham stock in 1772 and The engraver is unknown but the maps this interim state was possibly prepared by were simple, reduced copies of Speed. Sayer shortly after for an uncompleted Many maps had Seller's name, an ornate atlas or it was an early Laurie and Whittle cartouche title frame and graticule of proof, as a Laurie & Whittle reprint fol­ miles. lowed in 1796. They could have acquired After initial popularity the maps reap­ the plates when they bought Robert peared after a break of sixty years when Sayer's stock in 1794. However, a loose Francis Grose (c.1731-91) issued them in copy of Devon has been found with his Antiquities. He added a short topo­ changes that pre-date this later atlas issue. graphical sketch which started below the The title line, which originally was in map and continued overleaf with a note of attractive calligraphy, has been deleted the most important sites. The reverse and the plate cut some 22 mm below the usually ends with a list headed ANTIQ­ map removing the mileage information UITIES in this COUNTY worthy notice. together with the imprint. It is known that Donald Hodson, in his latest excellent at least two more copies in this state were book on county mapping, has pointed out on sale in 1991; those of Cornwall and that there are many minimal text vari­ Surrey. 1 ations. As these changes do not affect the The next state of the maps is found in map itself, Hodson has only selected a few the Laurie and Whittle edition of A counties to review. County carto-bibliog­ Curious Antique Collection of Birds-Eye raphers are encouraged to discover the Views from 1796 as recorded by Hodson,2 variations themselves. and each map now has a plain title and plate number (CaOS and EaOS). What 2. George Bickham other counties have been seen in the in­ Towards the end of 1749 George terim state? Bickham Senior and Junior reissued their British Monarchy in two-weekly parts, 3. Emanuel Bowen: Large English Atlas this time including a set of county maps. John Hinton initially published the

45 maps that subsequently appeared in the refers to the alternative map of Norfolk by Large English Atlas as a series beginning Corbridge, and that of Suffolk (probably) in 1749 and intended to be issued by Corbridge. Both were executed by monthly. Hinton engaged Emanuel James Corbridge, a surveyor who lived Bowen and Thomas Kitchin to engrave and worked in Norfolk from 1724 to 1735, the set of large scale county maps with and who produced the first large-scale up-to-date details. The map of Sussex ap­ map of that county, also engraved by peared in May 1749 and the first five maps Bowen, in 1730. The standard 1749 map appeared monthly as planned. After that is closely copied from this map of 1730, progress was haphazard. but clearly from a draft or first proof rather In 1752, after 25 maps had been com­ than from the definitive version which pleted, Hinton pulled out and handed over was on sale when the later map was en­ to John Tinney (fl.1721-61 ), a prominent graved. map and print seller who was in business The 1735 maps of Norfolk and Suf­ in 1734 and selling maps as early as 1737. folk are readily identifiable by concentric In April17 54 the first five of Tinney's circles one mile apart from Norwich, commissioned maps appeared including King's Lynn and Bury St. Edmunds. They Devon. Three more maps appeared in were so designed that the removal of the 1755. After this time Tinney, probably for bottom and part of the margins of the map financial reasons, went into partnership of Norfolk, and the top of the map of with members of the Bowles family and Suffolk, allows them to be so joined as to Robert Sayer, all successful print sellers. produce a single map of the two counties, Eight further maps followed, the last in and they have been found in this form. 1760, with the last three by a different The two maps were advertised for engraver. The first advertisement for the sale separately during the century (e.g., Atlas by name appeared in May 1760. Bowles and Carver's Catalogue of 1795) Donald Hodson has detailed the de­ and it would seem that they were taken velopment very fully; 3 however, there are from the bookseller's stock from time to extra Tinney states for some maps, e.g., time to add some variation, but with no Devon has been seen in two states- with very obvious pattern, to a limited number and without the main rivers named (e.g., of copies of the Atlas. Tamar) and with slight alterations to a couple of towns (Starcross was added and 4. Robert Kearsley Dawson Upautre was replaced with Upottery).4 Lieutenant, later Lieutenant-Colonel Hodson's detailed analysis of the Robert Kearsley Dawson, RE (1798- Atlas shows that sometimes the usual 1861) prepared the boundary surveys for maps (with different imprints but with 277 county maps and city plans of Eng­ little or no alterations to the actual maps) land and Wales which were printed as a were replaced by alternatives. The stand­ result of the Reform Bill of 1831 and ard maps of Norfolk, 1749, and Suffolk, related to the Boundaries Act passed in 1750, engraved by Emanuel Bowen were July 1832. The maps and plans were sub­ replaced by quite different ones. Hodson sequently published in two volumes in

46 1832 in Plans of the Cities and Boroughs the early 1840s and returned to Regent of England and Wales. Street ( 129) in 1846 but probably ceased There are two distinct plates of the trading before 1850.5It will be interesting map of Devon not including the alterna­ to see if there are two plates for other tive states. One variation is signed R.. K: counties. Dawson and a later one is signed Robt. K. Dawson. The earlier map also has Newton If you have something to share -re­ Bushel (later changed to Newton Abbot) gardless how short - please send it to and the title is in attractive script (com­ us. pared to plain script in the later version). The untidy engraving and the clumsy NOTES addition of the polling places added to the 1. Correspondence from Eugene Burden to Ray­ mond CarrolL second state of the earlier map may have 2.0 Hodson; County Atlases of the British Isles VoL convinced Dawson to have the map re-en­ 2.; Bracken Press; 1989; entry 218. graved. The second engraving was by J 3. D Hodson; ibid; p.97ff. Gardner Regent Street. James Gardner's 4. D Hodson; ibid; see table pp.140-14L 5. J B Harley and Yolande O'Donoghue in the intro­ father, also James, was an official Agent duction to; The Old Series Ordnance Survey for the Sale of Ordnance Maps. James Maps ofEngland and Wales- Vol II; H Margary; junior took over the business in Regent Lympne Castle; 1977; p.xxxviii. Street but moved to Brewer Street during KIT BATTEN

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47 N & MBorg

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Tony Burgess likes to collect maps on Barrow (named by Beechey) are from unusual pieces - matchbooks, stamps, Captain James Cook's 1778 and 1779 cigar boxes - any odd spot where a map voyages. Mt. St. Elias, then thought to be might land. This explains why he was the highest peak in north America, and enchanted by a cigar box lid featuring a Mt. Logan have been moved to Canada handsome red, silver, and blue map of and are given prominent display. Alaska flanked by two coins on each side This leads to a mental image of the and a spray of leaves. The caption under­ Croger Cigar firm contemplating an entry neath states it is 'Gold Medal Alaska or perhaps celebrating the victory at the Yukon Pacific Exposition, 1909' and the Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition, a honour of the design and title goes to Seattle World's Fair sort of attempt to Croger Cigar Co. keep the interest in the north going. The Tony never having been to Alaska, he gold rush, the famous Klondike in the thought of me and brought a photocopy Yukon, was over be then and the mer­ along to the last meeting. chants of Seattle who had been making a As might be expected, the map itself great deal of money off the estimated is rather crude but recognisable. The seal 40,000 gold seekers from around the of the Croyca, 1901, is tastefully placed in world were feeling the pinch. the North Pacific Ocean. In spite of the So buildings and fountains and dis­ title of Alaska, this would seem to be an plays and hype in general were put English or Canadian product. Neither together. It's not known if the exposition Sitka, the old capital nor the then new one was a financial success; certainly it had no of Juneau is named, but Ft. Yukon, a Hud­ lasting effect on bringing people to Alaska son Bay Company post, is prominently or the Yukon. In actuality, the area went displayed nearly a third of the way down into a slump unrelieved until World War the Yukon River. In reality, although Fort II brought a massive military build-up. Yukon, founded in 1847, sits on the Arctic Even today the Yukon has only 40,000 Circle at 145o 16" West and so definitely inhabitants; Alaska has 600,000 for its was always inside the Alaska-Canada 586,000 square miles. boundary line of 141 o West, it is far from I prefer to move back in time and being a third of the way across the state. think of the cartographer, cigar surely in The other place names, apart from Pt. mouth, happily designing the map in 1909; jettisoning the Aleutian Islands as upsetting the scale, ignoring the capital, If you come across something carto­ and picking out a few place names to add graphic which interests you, it is interest. It's a nice picture. likely to interest someone else too. So And my thanks to Tony for the diver­ do send us a short note about it, for siOn. publication in the Journal. DEELONGENBAUGH

49 Letter to the Editor

285 Nether Street - that he would have seen a Ptolemaic London N3 1PD map decorated in the margins with 'many­ Dear Editor armed figures and hairy-bodied women' May I venture to enlighten Cosimo (5); (Writings about Maps, IMCoS Journal, - that his interests as a cartographer no. 71 (1997), pp. 29-33), who wonders could be defined as 'tantamount to the why Dava Sobel's Longitude has been so discovery of the world' (6) or that his aim much more 'remarked upon' than James would have been to 'map every part of the Cowan's The Mapmaker's Dream? world' (103); The answer is simple. The two 'best­ -that he 'studies [maps by] such men as sellers' may be similar in physical format Gerardus Mercator and Abraham Orte­ but in other respects they are poles apart lius' (113); and the comparison is sheer impertinence. -that he could have received a visit from While the former makes a major contribu­ a Jesuit priest, from wherever the latter tion to the world of learning in general, was 'freshly arrived', India or elsewhere and to the history of cartography in par­ (123). ticular, in offering the general reader an accessible yet perceptive and soundly­ Shall I continue? No- space in this based account of a topic which many Journal is usually reserved for more en­ would expect to find dry as dust, the latter lightened communication. Cowan's his­ must take its place amongst the worst torical infamy would have passed us all by cases of 'faction'. had he simply altered the name from that In extolling Cowan's literary eleg­ of an important and well known Late Me­ ances, Cosimo fails to point to any of dieval figure to something matching the Cowan's gross factual misrepresentations. fiction of his text (Fra Oraum, perhaps). Anybody who reads this Journal should be Instead, I refer the more discerning appalled at a genre of writing which deals in readers of this Journal to a short note by blatant disinformation. We read, for in­ Alessandro Scafi on 'Fra Mauro's Map' stance, that Fra Mauro (who died c,1459): in Medieval Trade, Travel and Explora­ tion: An encyclopedia, edited by John - was 'typical of many Renaissance Friedman, Garland Press (forthcoming), scholars' and that he represented an 'un­ which really does tell us something about usually creative example in the flowering the real monk from Murano, his highly of Renaissance thought' (xiii, xv); original and unusually critical thinking, - that there are no records to tum to for and some of his 'dreams', such as how to information about him (xiv); show the Earthly Paradise on a map of the - that his work was 'entirely undevo­ world. tional' and that he was 'a specialist in Yours sincerely cartography' (xiii); Catherine Delano Smith

50 International News & Events

1998 17th International Symposium international flights leave from there in Tokyo, Japan the morning only. This is being arranged 3-6 October through Japan Travel Bureau, and will be Contact: Mr Hideo Fujiwara included as an additional cost for the post­ Inokashira 5-2-5, Mitaka, conference tour. Tokyo-181 Hotel bookings should be made direct Tel: 00-81-422-42-1655 to the hotel in Tokyo for the duration of Fax: 00-81-422-42-7662 the symposium, for the nights of Oct 2-7 (5 nights). The hotel reservation may be 1999 18th International Symposium made by using a Credit Card. Istanbul, Turkey Those wishing to book through Re­ Likely dates: 10-14 October, gent should send a cheque for the Regis­ tration fee of £70 for participants/£60 for JAPAN 1998 accompanying persons before 1 June Since the registration forms went to 1998. Those wishing to join the flight members with the Winter issue of the from UK via Amsterdam should contact Journal, there have been some additional Regent as soon as possible, definitely be­ arrangements. fore 1 April 1998. It has not yet been decided whether Contact: Regent Holidays (UK) Ltd there will be a Map Fair in conjunction 15 John Street, Bristol BS 1 2HR with the IMCoS Symposium. Dealers are Tel: (44)(0)-117 9211711 advised to contact IMCoS Rep. Kazumasa Fax: ( 44 )(0) 117 925 4866 Yamashita, Fax: 81 3 3423 3320 for fur­ ther information. For participants from other countries in Europe: For participants travelling from UK With the current high rate of the It is now possible to pay the registra­ pound, members coming from elsewhere tion fee through Regent Holidays (to in Europe are advised to make bookings avoid excessive individual bank charges), from their own countries individually. as well as to book the flight. Seats have Those who wish to travel through London been reserved on KLM, departing from should contact Regent, as above. Amsterdam on Thursday 1st October. Those wishing to join this flight may fly For participants travelling from from several UK airports to Amsterdam. USA/Canada The return for those going on the Bill Warren has agreed to make ar­ Post-Conference Tour will be from Kan­ rangements for those who wish to join a sai Airport, Osaka on Monday 12th Oc­ group from USA. He will also probably be tober, in the morning. This will involve an able to make a consolidated payment of extra night's stay at Osaka, since most the registration fee.

51 Group travel is economical if there cost is Y 110,000 per person, on a twin are at least ten people travelling outward room basis. This includes breakfast in the bound together (there is some choice hoteVs, and participants are free to make about return travel dates). There are direct their own arangements for other meals. flights from several cities in USA, with There will be guides for the sightseeing fares from the west coast approx. $1100, tours at Kyoto and Kobe. and from Chicago and New York approx. $1300. Group savings are about 25% of Confirmation of booking these. Flights would leave USA on Thurs­ If members who have registered for day 1 Oct, arriving 2 Oct in Tokyo. the symposium and/or booked a room at Obviously, the sooner Bill hears from the KKR Hotel in Tokyo have not re­ members planning to attend, the easier it ceived prompt confirmation, they should will be for him to organise groups where contact: they are warranted. So please get in touch For the symposium: Mr Hideo Fujiwara, with him as early as possible. Fax: +81-422-42-7662 For the KKR Hotel: Contact: William J. Warren Fax: +81-3-3287-2998 1109 Linda Glen Drive Pasadena, CA 91105 FOR ALL PARTICIPANTS Tel: (626) 792-9152 The sooner our organisers know how Fax: (626) 568-4945 many participants they may expect, the e-mail: [email protected] easier it is for them to make the arrange­ ments. This leads to a more enjoyable time Post Symposium Tour for us all. Last minute bookings are oc­ Participants who register for the sym­ casionally unavoidable, but they certainly posium, and indicate that they wish to join make life complicated for the rest of us. the Post-Symposium Tour will be con­ So do make your arrangements early, and tacted direct by Japan Travel Bureau. The send payments before the due date.

NEWS FROM IMCOS MEMBERS From Romania Archives. On the final day participants Mariuca Radu writes about an Inter­ visited the Bran Museum. national Symposium on History of Carto­ graphy that took place in Brasov on 19-22 From China November 1997. Oswald Dreyer-Eimbcke has sent a The sessions included speakers from cutting from China Daily, dated 26 No­ Vienna, Budapest, Esztergom, and Bra­ vember 1997, in which the discovery of a sov. An exhibition on 'Patrimonial values 2,300-year-old map is reported. This was of old maps in specialised institutions and in north China's Hebei Province. private collections in Romania' was op­ The map is clearly marked with dis­ ened, and another in the Brasov National tances, and is believed to be the oldest

52 map of its kind in the world. From USA The map was carved into a 96 em The Book Club of Texas announces long, 48 em wide, and 0.8 em thick copper that a new home has been found for it at plate and shows the mausoleum of Wang the Texas Tech University. Tech will, Cuo (344-313 BC), the fifth king of through its Southwest Collection/Special Zhongshan kingdom. Collections Library provide physical fa­ Known as 'Zhao Yu Tu', the map was cilities, administration support, financial unearthed from an underground palace of management, staff support and communi­ an imperial mausoleum in Pinghsan cation facilities for the Club. County, Hebei in the late 1970s. Its his­ Further information from J.C. Martin toric value and identification has now at (281) 479-2421, or Club President Ger­ been made by Du Naisong, a researcher vais Bell at (713) 664-11 0 1. with the Palace Museum, Beijing. The map marks locations of buildings The John Carter Brown Library in the five mausoleums of Wang, his queen announces an exhibition curated by Kim and concubines. It also specifies halls, pa­ Klooster, 'The Dutch in the Americas, laces and gates of the mausoleums with 1600-1800: Rare Prints, Maps and Illus­ words and graphic symbols. Numerals, trated Books from the John Carter Brown symbols and epigraphs on the map are inlaid Library', running until4 April1998 at the with pure gold and silver. It is oriented with Equitable Gallery, 787 Seventh Ave (51st south at the top, and the scale has been St), New York City. recognised as being approximately one cen­ timetre to five metres. From UK From Portugal The Trustees of the J.B. Harley Re­ An International Conference to com­ search Fellowships announce the fifth memorate the SOOth anniversary ofVasco series of awards, as follows: da Gama' s voyage to India is being or­ Karen C. Pinto (Dept of History, Colum­ ganised by CNCDP in Lisbon from 4 to 8 bia University), 'Ways of Seeing: The November 1998. World in the Medieval Muslim Carte­ Conference themes will be assembled graphical Imagination'. in five main groups: Voyages, Economies, Dr James C. Robertson (Dept of His­ Societies, Cultures, and Institutions. Ab­ tory, Univ. of W. Indies, Kingston, stracts of papers should have been sub­ Jamaica), 'Maps, Surveyors and Surve­ mitted before 31 January. The organisers ying: Framing the Initial English Settle­ will bear all travel, accommodation and ment in Jamaica'. meal expenses for chosen participants. Jill Shefrin (independent researcher, To­ Contact: J oaquim Romero Magalhaes ronto, Canada), 'Maps as Educational Chairman, Scientific Committee Aids in the Teaching of Geography to Casados Bicos Children in England, 1760-1820'. Rua dos Bacalhoeiros For further information, write to Hon. 1100 Lisboa Sec., J.B. Harley Research Fellowships, 53 c/o British Library Map Library, 96 Euston IMCoS 18th INTERNATIONAL Road, St Pancras, London NWI 2DB. MAP FAIR Sunday, 14 June 1998 Helen Wallis Award 10.30 am-5.30 pm The British Library announces the es­ IMCoS members admitted at 10.00 am tablishment of an annual Award to honour Forte Crest Bloomsbury Hotel, Coram the memory of Dr Helen Wallis, OBE, and Street, London WC1N 1HT confer recognition by the Library on a scho­ lar whose work will help promote the ex­ Warburg Lectures on tended and complementary use of the 'Maps and Society' British Library's book and cartographic col­ lections. Dr Wallis was Map Librarian at the 26 Mar. Dr Christopher Board (Dept of British Museum and then British Library Geography, London School of from 1967 to 1986. She was President of Economics and Political Th1CoS from 1996 until her death in 1995. Science): 'Silences, Secrecy and The Fellowship will be launched in Falsification on Maps after January 1999. Closing date for the first 1858'. Award is 1 May 1998. 30 Apr Geraldine Beech (Public Record For further information and applica­ Office, London): "A Wall of tions, write to: The Map Librarian, British Glass': Mapping Boundaries in Library Map Library, 96 Euston Road, St the Balkans since 1830'. Pancras, London NWl 2DB. 28 May Prof. David Buisseret (Dept of History, University of Edinburgh-3 Day Event Texas-Arlington): 'A New The National Library of Scotland an­ Vision: Artists and Maps in Early nounces the 14th Edinburgh 3-Day Carto­ Modem Europe'. graphic Event of the British Cartographic Society, to be held 7-9 May 1998, includ­ Held at The Warburg Institute, University ing a Meeting of the Charles Close So­ of London, Woburn Square, London ciety for the Study of Ordnance Survey WClH OAB, at 5.00 pm. Admission free. Maps. For further information, contact: IMCoS Conservation Bulletins Margaret Wilkes, Map Library, National Hans Kok, who has compiled IMCoS Library of Scotland, 33 Salisbury Place, Bulletin No.2 'Distinguishing Fake from Edinburgh EH9 lSL. Final date for book­ Real', would like to thank all those who ing is 18 April 1998. have provided comments and additional inputs after reading the draft. Bonnington Map Fairs No comment was considered invalid, Held at the Bonningon Hotel, South­ but not all could be incorporated, either as ampton Hotel, London: a consequence of the limited space in the Mar 9, Apr 13, May 11, June 13 & 14 Journal or because of overlaps with pre­ 9.30-6.00 pm vious or future bulletins.

54 Hans adds: A complete coverage of IMCoS the issue is simply not possible in this 16th Annual Symposium context. An admitted discrepancy lies in at the absence of guidance on steel-plate en­ OXFORD gravings and lithographic and xylo­ in the graphic maps, such as those produced in Bodleian Library the 19th century. and The Bulletin has been published in this The School of Geography issue of the Journal, and will be sent to on Saturday 13th June 1998 members as a separate leaflet with the Sum­ mer issue of the Journal. Copies of Bulletins Nick Millea: Maps in the Bodleian 1 and 3 are available from the Editor. Library. Subsequent Bulletins will cover: Photographing your maps David Fletcher: The emergence of estate Framing and hanging maps and prints maps and the Oxford colleges. Small repairs to antique maps Cataloguing map collections Laszlo Gr6f: Richard Davis of Lewknor: Insurance for map collections Land surveyor, estate agent and enclosure Libraries and museums with maps commissiOner. Map Societies worldwide ANNUAL DINNER If you would like to assist Hans Kok at Royal Over-Seas League, London on the preparation of I suggestions for on inclusion in I future bulletins, please con­ Friday, 12 June 1998 tact him (address inside back cover). 7.15 for 8.00 pm

NOTICE OF ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING

Wednesday 13 May 1998 at 6.30 pm The Farmers' Club, Forty Room, 3 Whitehall Court, London (Near Embankment/Chafing Cross Tube Stations)

AGENDA 1. President's Welcome 7. Election of Officers 2. Apologies for Absence 8. Any other business 3. Minutes of AGM on 14.5.97 4. Chairman's Report Note: Members wishing_to propose 5. Executive Officers' Reports names for election to office should send them to the Secretary to arrive at 6. Approval of Accounts least two weeks in advance.

55 Informal Evening at the Farmers' Club

When Rodney Shirley opened proceedings maps of the Crimean War, and said she yesterday evening, he observed that this and her husband actually found their way popular event has now been running for ten around the region with the IMCoS Journal years, that he saw more map enthusiasts in hand. Eventually they decided to buy a than ever before gathered around the long more modern tourist map, but to their table, and so it was particularly fortunate surprise, there on the back was a Russian that we had with us a member from Brussels version of the same map as the detail in who is planning to initiate a similar event in the Journal, originally drawn by General Belgium. This was Wulf Bodenstein, over Mukhin, now dated 1847. [Editor's !Wte: specially to see how we do it, and we all send the original was actually 1817, not 1847, as him our best wishes for a very successful some suggested]. start to such meetings for members in his David Webb as usual had a fistful of own and neighbouring countries. interesting items: three maps on post­ Rosemary V racas was the first to be cards, two being of Japan since we will invited to talk about the map she had brought soon be there, an Esso Map of the Great along. She began, however, by reminding us North Road, and a series of maps publish­ of the paper presented by Major Colin Robins ed by Dunlop showing various roads of at the 1996 IMCoS June symposium about England likely to appeal to travellers. 56 Rodney Shirley, Ian Harvey, Wulf Bodenstein and Bob Bartlet 57 Some of them were printed in poster size, The map was by John & Thomas Bowles but smaller versions can also be found on in an edition by John Bayly, Geographer leaflets, with more information about the to the King, of 1765. Ian wondered if it towns along the way. They were 'to be was a pirated version, or reproduced under obtained free' in the late 1940s, but I licence. He asked assistance in conserving doubt if Dunlop can be held to book if they it, and what he should do about small don't hand them out now. An interesting worm holes. caption on the Esso map was a quotation A book was easier to bring along than about the joys of travelling along Eng­ a large map - Caroline Batchelor must land's roads, signed by 'RLS'. As some­ remember how she struggled in with a one commented, nowadays it is possible large portfolio some years ago when our that the author of Treasure Island might meeting coincided with London's worst not be recognised merely by his initials. storm of the decade. Now she had a copy Coventry, on the Dunlop map of the Sha­ of Camp's Higher Geography (1864) kespeare Country, was described as that which she had bought at the Washington 'proud devastated' town, already so long Map Fair. Several maps were included in rebuilt that residents today might well be the book, to be coloured by school child­ mystified by the allusion to the wartime ren, as well as detailed question and bombing. Pratts later bought the Esso answer exercises. Rodney commented plates, and sometimes the maps can be how rare it was to find school books of that found with their imprint. age that were not defaced with scribbles, WulfBodenstein said he was 'here to or even tom pages. They are an underva­ learn', not only about the event itself, but lued commodity, though some contain in­ about two maps of Africa he was hoping teresting maps. Caroline also showed us a someone could identify. One was of An­ copy of the Town and Country Magazine, gola between the Coanza and Bengo published in London in 1778, containing rivers, obviously from a book, and con­ several maps, a source little known to taining many navigational instructions. researchers. The political tone of the pub­ What drew our attention, however, was lication caused comment, since it at­ the mermaid- claws, hairy chest, fishes' tempted to give an 'unbiased' opinion of head, not at all the stereotype of gla­ the American War of Independence. morous long-haired maiden we expect to On the same theme, Doreen Green see illustrated nowadays. The second was also brought along some school books, an Italian map of the whole continent and emphasised how rare many of them drawn 'following the new system of Ner­ are today. There was A New Pocket Atlas alco'. Who was Neralco? He is not in­ of England and Wales by John Luffman cluded in any dictionary of geographers or ( 1806), Reuben Rambles: Travels through mapmakers, nor could anyone present the English Counties (no date), and Mary provide any information. Martha Rodwell's Geography and His­ Ian Harvey held up a silk handker­ tory of the British Isles in two volumes chief decorated with a map of London (not ( 1834 ). Here the outline maps had no to be used as it passed around the table!) place names, only numbers as an exercise

58 David Bravery, Sam Pearce and Ray Eddy. 59 for children to locate them. An even rarer 1940 by the National Geographic Society book, seen by Doreen for the first time in of USA. It was interesting from several her thirty years of collecting, was the aspects: Norway was still a separate anonymous Visible Geography of 1838. country, not annexed by Germany, but Here the four maps of the counties in the Czechoslovakia was already dismem­ north, south and east and west of Britain bered. Those of us who were in Hungary were so heavily obscured by the activities last autumn saw the single remaining pier going on in the area they depicted - of the bridge over the Danube at Eszter­ agricultural, commercial, industrial, etc. gom, and heard the guide state that the -that the maps themselves were scarcely land on the other side had belonged at the visible on the page. time to Hungary (we heard many such Rodney Shirley showed a 1734 map claims on our visit there). This map illustrating the conflict between France and showed otherwise. It was reproduced by Britain as to whether the earth was flat at the the War Office in 1943, when it was al­ poles and bulged around the middle, or the ready long out of date. other way round. Two expeditions were sent David Bravery remarked that his in­ out to take measurements, to Quito in South terest was in cartographic ephemera of all America and to the Gulf of Bothnia in Fin­ types, and he showed us a toffee tin with land under Malpertuis. It was almost an an embossed map of eastern England on international confrontation, till the French the lid (he found it while looking for old admitted their error. We laughed when he bicycle parts at a junk fair). He wondered also showed us three title pages from if Mackintosh, whose toffees were inside Thomas Moule's English Counties, direc­ around the year 1910, had made similar ting our eyes to versions of the then queen. tins for other parts of the country. Ray­ In the first is an insipid young Victoria, eyes mond Frostick recalled that they were a downcast. Then she became very regal, Norwich company, so perhaps limited head held high. But perhaps she was dis­ their interests to that part of the country. pleased with the artist's licence, because in David Webb told us of a supermarket the third version her decollete is concealed biscuit tin he once saw with a road map with a lace ribbon. Rodney also told us how from Land's End to John o' Groats around he had written to the author of What is a the side. Unfortunately the owner refused Cross Road? (see Book Reviews) pointing to sell it to him! out her error in assuming a portrait repro­ Samantha Pearce is a new collector, duced in the book to be that of John though her first purchase, John Bill's map Ogilby. of Cambridgeshire of 1626, aroused envy Referring back to Rodney's remarks among many seasoned hands. She had about the measurement of the earth, Chris noticed a spelling mistake on it, and won­ Terrell commented that it required more dered if those around the table would also than the swing of a pendulum, and that spot it (SIHRE instead of SHIRE). Rod­ measuring the length of a single mile often ney said that Bill's map of Cornwall was took months. He had hung on the wall a particularly interesting, as he was the only 'Political Map of Europe', published in one for many years to get the orientation

60 correct. Most cartographers copied Sax­ ton with a flattened shape, and he won­ dered how Bill had been so accurate. Doreen Green pointed out that Bill was also the first to show lines of latitude and longitude over the face of the map, rather than in the margin only. Samantha also showed us a miniature Speed of Cam­ bridgeshire, based on van den Keere, and a beautifully bound bible of 184 7 in which she was delighted to find a map engraved by W. Hughes; she had not thought bibles contained such delights. Back to Norfolk again, but not for toffees this time. Raymond Frostick re­ counted his trail of research to track down the origins of a map by the Birmingham publisher George Richmond of the country around Norwich (so the map claimed, but it actually took in large swathes of Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, and Suffolk). He had found a reference to Richmond under Cary's map of Essex, but was perplexed by its attribution of being a Reduced Ordnance Survey map, before the time the Survey was making such maps. He was able to track down the plates from Cary to G .F. Crutchley, and on to Gall & Inglis of London and Edin­ burgh- a good piece of detective work. Bob Bartlett had also been doing some detection, but for a map of Stafford­ shire, engraved by David Smith of 23 Church Street, Birmingham, which had been in a Directory for Wolverhampton, Bilston and surrounding areas by Melville & Co. Since Melville was not a known name, he asked for any information, but none of us could help him. Another of Bob's interests was books by Samuel Johnson, and in a volume about Jarvis Rosemary Vracas, Alan Bartlet and Potter and other allied families he had Doreen Green. 61 come across a map which reminded him of those of Pinnock, being printed in reverse. Before passing the book around he reminded us of what was written on the pocket which held the map: 'The map contained in this pocket . . . should be treated with great care and always treated in a proper way.' This is a lesson we should all pay heed to. Freddie Liebreich had brought along several large-scale maps of Israel from different periods. One showed a small vil­ lage called Ar-Suf, taken by aerial photo­ graphy in 1917, with fields around the mosque built to record the caliph who died Chris Terrell there in the 12th century. A map of the same area in 1991 showed no fields, only must ever remain unsullied. Several houses of the rich along the beach (though stamps included maps on them; one cel­ the mosque had survived) and even the ebrating the 190th anniversary of the Sri name of the village had been changed to Lanka Survey Department showed a map Herzlia Pituah. Another example showed by John Davies of 1821, though the centre one of the first Jewish settlements, at of the island had not been surveyed at the K wasabha, and Freddie had managed to time. An interchange of map-postcard­ contact the pilot who had photographed it map occurred on a postcard issued by the in 1917, and was hoping to meet him. Ordnance Survey showing Kent in 1816, A large map rarely seen in one piece and he recalled Latvian stamps printed on was brought by Ray Eddy (or rather the the back of German Army Staff maps at photocopy of it). This was Saxton's wall the end of the First World War, when map of England, and Ray had managed to paper was in short supply. There were 228 obtain photocopies of the 22 sheets, and on each sheet, making the stamps rather then pasted them together to see it in all its smaller than usual, and not all were per­ glory. There were two early editions of the forated. In 1984 a stamp was issued by map, and two more by Philip Lea In Birm­ Cyprus recording the IMCoS symposium ingham Public Library is another, even bet­ there, and he hoped that the idea might be ter, with coats of arms all around the edge. taken up by other countries hosting our To round up the evening Alan Bartlett international meetings. had a variety of interesting items. The On this happy note, Jenny Harvey well-known postcard commemorating the thanked Rodney for once more chairing opening of the Panama Canal, with two this very enjoyable and informal occa­ ladies kissing from either side of the is­ sion, and felt we had all learnt a great deal thmus might raise eyebrows today, by sharing our interests with others. whereas the wind cherubs of early times STJSANGOLE 62 Book Reviews

( 1) La Cartografia dels Paisos de Parla 1700 (mostly regional) mapping; the Alemanya. ISBN 84-393-4257-X and (2) emergence of Nuremburg and Augsburg La Cartografia Anglesa ISBN 84-393- as centres of atlas production in the 18th 4288-8; both paperbacks, size 240 x170 century; larger-scale territorial surveys mm, and both published in 1997 by the from the 1780s onwards, and the import­ Institut Cartografic de Catalunya, Bar­ ant contribution made by Germanic celona. (1) 278 pp; 67 monochrome and scholarship to thematic mapping and the­ 14 colour illustrations; (2) 308 pp; 66 matic atlases in the 19th century. The Aus­ monochrome illustrations. trian and Swiss contributions give greater emphasis to the 19th and early 20th cen­ Two further volumes of national his­ turies, although Ptolemaic, medieval and tories of cartography have been published early Renaissance mapping are not ne­ by the Institut Cartografic de Catalunya. glected. They arise out of lectures given by invited The English volume, La Canografia representatives from German-speaking Anglesa, whilst larger- 308 pages com­ countries and from England in 1995 and pared to 278 in the German-Austrian­ 1996 respectively. Earlier volumes have Swiss volume - falls short of being a included the General Introduction to the completely satisfactory compilation. This Series (1990); the Iberian Peninsula and may not entirely be the fault of the con­ America (1991); Italy (1993); the Nether­ tributors. As explained in the Preface, the lands (1995), and France (1996). term 'English' is taken very literally to The two volumes now under review, exclude mention of maps and mapmakers in spite of their Catalan titles, are both in from Scotland, Wales and Ireland, and of English throughout. They are extremely course from Europe. Thus, for instance, useful summaries of national cartographic Gerard Mercator's great wall map of the developments, with full indexes and British Isles of 1564 receives only half a ample bibliographies. The work on the line of mention and a footnote. Also German-speaking countries reflects the omitted (regrettably for a major maritime contributions of Wolfgang Scharfe (for nation) are sea charts of every kind. And Germany), Ingrid Kretschmer (for Aus­ there is no mention of the wealth of im­ tria) and Hans-Uli Feldmann (for Switzer­ portant English [British] mapping oflands land). There is no credit given to a overseas - the Americas, India, and else­ translator, but in all cases the English is where. exemplary. A concluding chapter in each The fourteen chapters are specifi­ section reviews the map collections in cally labelled 'lecture 1' , 'lecture 2' and each country and the current state of map correspond closely to the lectures given librarianship. by the two contributors Catherine Delano Wolfgang Scharfe's survey of Ger­ Smith and Roger Kain. The authors cast man cartography nicely balances pre- their net widely in defining what is a map-

63 -this even may include 'diagrams for cessive chapters. Presumably because it liturgical ceremonies'. Their concerns are was considered outside of the authors' equally wide-based: the history of maps; remit there is no mention of the English history in maps; the purpose and end­ contribution to celestial mapping (e.g. users of maps; and maps in their cultural Flamsteed), to mapping overseas terri­ context. Compared to the German-Aus­ tories and to educational geography, and trian-Swiss volume, much greater em­ - although there is a whole chapter on phasis is given to English maps pre-1500 thematic maps - to the work of Alexan­ because substantially more such maps - der Keith Johnston in developing and dis­ some 165 in total - have survived com­ seminating a huge amount of thematic pared to central Europe. This is almost map material through his massive Physi­ five times as many items as listed by pre­ cal Atlas of Natural Phenomena (1848). vious researchers such as Skelton and There are, however, three full chapters by Harvey. Catherine Delano Smith argues, Roger Kain on mapping landed proper­ based on this wider corpus, that in Eng­ ties, ranging from medieval estate maps land medieval maps were used and under­ through 18th century enclosure mapping stood more comprehensively than to 19th century tithe maps. Study of this acknowledged hitherto. By extrapolation hitherto neglected area has developed from surviving manuscript maps up to over the past 30 years and is presented in 1500, the same can be concluded for the some detail - even to the extent of in­ first half of the 16th century. It is therefore cluding graphs of the price of wheat on the very valuable to have the authors' ana­ Toulouse market between 1490 and 1670, lyses of this earlier period, including and the price of salt at Castelnaudary. Full many references to other researchers such acknowledgement is given to parallel re­ as Paul Harvey, Peter Barber and Evelyn search by Sarah Bendall, Richard Oliver Edson. and David Fletcher. Nevertheless, some Some interesting statistics emerge might think that, on balance, this sector is for the second half of the 16th century, given over-extensive treatment compared when printed maps became predominant. to what has had to be omitted from a In England there were nearly 50 separ­ broader scenario of English cartography. ately printed maps, together with another One great advantage of La Cartogra­ 36 in Saxton's atlas, and some 300 book fia Anglesa is that, unlike the German­ maps. Unfortunately no details are given Austrian-Swiss volume, it does have of the 300 book maps, a surprisingly large extensive footnotes for each chapter. On total. Even so, English output was periph­ the other hand it lacks colour illustrations eral compared to, for instance, Italy, compared to 14 in the other volume. Both where we know of over 800 printed maps volumes fail to give dimensions of maps (excluding book maps) for the same illustrated so that, for instance, the large period. Gough map of Britain of c.1360 appears English county map making and the to be the same size as much smaller maps map trade in the 17th, 18th and early 19th or extracts. century is fairly rapidly covered in sue- The authors' preface claims that La 64 CartografiaAnglesa is the" ... first book­ into their hands. Work started on the task length review of the history of English of cataloguing the contents and making cartography". In one sense this is true, them accessible to a wider public, and the certainly since Edward Lynam's excellent frrst phase has now been completed with short work 'British Maps and Map­ the publication of the first volume in a Makers' published over 50 years ago. But three-part series. This is a catalogue of the I am sure that the authors would acknow­ Atlas Major, for which the selection of ledge that at least a dozen further chapters items which was influenced by a study of are needed to give an adequately compre­ the 'Musaeum Geographicum' (Leipzig, hensive account of the development of 1712) by Johannes Hubner (1688-1731), national cartography. the universal scholar and later principal of I understand that a restructured ver­ the Hamburg Johanneum. The catalogue sion of the lecture-chapters, but not contains 171 maps from the late 17th and greatly expanded, will be published in the early 18th centuries, most of them of UK in late 1998. This is welcome news, Dutch origin. As well as maps in the strict and will allow greater accessibility by a sense of the word, those which provide wider audience. Meanwhile, congratula­ information about contemporary ideas re­ tions to the authors for their well-re­ garding coastal and land forms, the collec­ searched contributions, written in clear tion includes not only sea charts, city and fluent style; also to Montserrat Galera views and fortification plans, but also lav­ i Monegal and her team for organising this ishly coloured depictions of battles and whole series and arranging such speedy sieges. In thematic terms the maps are publication. mostly concerned with the great Nordic RODNEY SHIRLEY wars at the beginning of the 18th century, and the Turkish wars at the end of the 17th Karten und Atlanten in der Landeszen­ century. tralbibliothek Schleswig-Holstein. Vol­ In nearly 40 illustrations, 24 of them ume 1: Der Flensburger 'Atlas Major', in colour, the volume now published pres­ by Detlev Kraack. Produced by Husum ents the particularly precious and rare Druck. Available from Landeszentralbib­ maps and drawings, including what re­ liothek. Tel: +49-461-8606- 200; Fax: search to date shows to be a number of +49-461-8606-220. DM 59.00. unique items and many rarities. They in­ clude maps by Pieter Mortier, Andreas For decades a collection numbering a Burnaeus, Hugo and Carel Allard, Peter thousand maps had slumbered unnoticed Schenk nad Gerhard Valek, Adrian in the library of the Old High School in Schoonebeck, Nicolaus Visscher, Jan van Flensburg. In 1989 the collection was Lugtenburg, Romeyn de Hooghe, and handed over to the Schleswig-Holstein Fredereick de Wit. State Central Library (Landesbibliothek) The author of the catalogue is Detlev in this North German city near the Baltic Kraack, a thirty-year-old Flensburg-born Sea, and it began to dawn on the experts historian at the Technical University of what a cartographic treasure had fallen Berlin. Since the beginning of the 65 nineties, when he was still studying at Naval War College at Newport, Rhode the University of Kiel, Kraack has been Island. working with his father Gerhard Kraak The book under review is composed on the sensational cartographic find of seventeen of the lectures delivered by from the Old High School. For Kraack participants during the course, selected by junior the volume is more than just an the Director who wrote the Introduction annotated collection of maps; it is an and divided these chapters into four parts. insight into the cultural history of the 'This volume', writes Hattendorf, 'is an times, and at the same time the exiting attempt to capture the work of that sum­ story of the unfolding of this unusual mer institute and to create from it an intro­ collection of maps. ductory survey of this period in maritime The seven-part collection compiled history that could serve as a basic text at by the contemporary Flensburg shi­ the high school or undergraduate level, powner Hans Jordt is to appear as the leading new students into a deeper ap­ second volume in 1998, and the remain­ preciation of a topic that has been widely ing maps as a third volume a year later. neglected'. The book's educational pur­ OSWALD DREYER-EIMBCKE pose is emphasised when, in addition to Notes, at the end of many of the chapters Maritime History Vol. 1: The Age of are to be found extensive and useful lists Discovery, edited by John B. Hattendorf. of 'Suggestions for Further Reading'. Malabar, Florida: Krieger, 1996. ISBN With eight different writers inevit­ 0-89464-834-9. xv + 331 pp. 27 mono­ ably some repetition occurs; nevertheless chrome illustrations. the book is extremely readable and en­ lightening. A wide scene emerges of the During August 1992 a 'Summer In­ Spanish seeking gold in central America, stitute in Early Modern History' was the Portuguese reaching the Spice Islands staged at the John Carter Brown Library and the British searching for aNorth West in Providence, Rhode Island covering late passage to China. Italians, French and 14th to early 16th century navigational Dutch seamen and navigators piloted exploration. The Library contains a many of the exploring vessels. unique collection of early published and Professor Unger sees Renaissance original material concerned with explora­ States as something new in Europe, their tion, discovery, shipbuilding and Euro­ exalted monarchs able to raise money for pean development of the New World, exploration and thus shape fifteenth and together with navigational and seaman­ sixteenth century European history; ship manuals providing a wealth of re­ whilst the emergence of the full-rigged search material. ship made ocean voyaging possible. The course comprised about twenty Professor Verlinden perceived Por­ university and college lecturers from the tuguese history-gathering impetus at the United States, Canada and Europe. The end of the 13th century, which led to the Director of Studies was John Hattendorf, occupancy of the Canary Islands in 1370. Professor of Maritime History at the These islands were lost to Castille in the

66 time of Henry the Navigator who turned What is a Cross Road?, by Susan Taylor. his attention to colonising the Madeiras South Penine Packhorse Trails Trust, and the Azores, and to promoting the 'her­ 1997. ISBN 0 9530573 0 5. 48 pp includ­ oic voyages' southwards along the Afri­ ing illustrations and appendices. Avail­ can coast, although he himself never able from South Penine Packhorse Trails sailed beyond North Africa. The Canary Trust, The Barn, Mankinholes, Todmor­ Islands under Spain provided Columbus den OL14 6HR. £7.00, which includes with his vital advance base for his Atlantic packing and postage. crossmgs. This is a book written by a specialist King J oao was the real power behind with a political purpose. Susan taylor is a the Portuguese voyages to India. In 1487 horse-rider with the political aim of re­ he sent Corilhao overland to Sinai, opening roads that have become closed as whence he sailed to India and the East rights of way. Her book's title with its Coast of Africa in Arab vessels in the final question mark refers back to John course of a major reconnaissance; Coril­ Ogilby and his map book Britannia De­ hao was able to send his valuable findings picta of 1675. back to King J oao from Cairo about ten A cross road she defines as any road years before Vasca da Gama sailed for the which crosses or links the main roads Indian Ocean. which run from London to various ports A.N. Ryan, a naval historian and for­ or provincial centres. over the years many mer Reader at Liverpool University, of these have become main roads in their writes four chapters in Part IV. He sees own right but inevitably some have Bristol in the fifteenth century as the out­ become underused. post of English Atlantic endeavour and he Taylor takes the reader through the describes the many voyages in search of a history of various maps of roads and North West passage from Cabot's first in concludes with a quotation from a recent 1497 until Captain Button sailed up Daris court case in which the judge gave a Strait to 78~ without finding an icefree ruling that ross roads should be open to outlet to the west in 1630. all traffic free of charge. Given current Ryan deals with Jacques Cartier's thinking on road traffic pricing this is voyages to the St Lawrence river in the likely to become toll-motorways at the 1530s, and follows Magellan's discovery top end of the road system and with only of a South West passage and on that ter­ limited success in opening up closed rible crossing of the Pacific to Victoria's ancient cross roads to horse riders and return to Spain in 1522. 'The World En­ (hopefully because I am not a rider) also compassed' is a fitting title for Part IV of to pedestrians. this 'Age of Discovery'. This is an refreshing book as a starter It must be regretted that the two maps but as soon as one gets involved in spe­ on pages 240 and 298 respectively, drawn cifics one would need much more detailed by Ryan for another purpose, have been information. But as a starter it is interes­ greatly over-reduced. ting. STEVE RITCHIE ROGER BROWN 67 Mapping an Empire : The geographical The 18th century style of local topo­ construction of British India, 1765- graphical mapmaking used by Rennell 1843, by Matthew H. Edney. University was the route survey, taken by measuring of Chicago Press, 1997. ISBN 0-226- distances and directions along the roads 18487-0. 458 pp, 33 illustrations. $35 or and fitting them together with the aid of £27.95. measurements oflatitude and longitude of key locations, control points. It was a la­ Matthew Edney's book is a learned borious procedure, carried out by sur­ treatise dealing with the surveying and veyors of varying skills, with the help of mapping of India by the East India Com­ native Indians, and with instruments of pany from the first extensive survey of varying quality, and therefore far from Bengal (1765-71) by James Rennell, the systematic. Gradually there was improve­ first Surveyor-General of Bengal, to the ment with better training of surveyors - retirement in 1843 of George Everest, mostly army engineers - and better in­ Surveyor-General of India and Superin­ struments. tendent of the Great Trigonometrical Sur­ These were the formative years of the vey of India. Ordnance Survey in Britain and naturally Early European maps showed the its methods were taught to young sur­ subcontinent which eventually became veyors and known to persons in authority. India in three ways. General maps showed A demand grew for more accurate surve­ it within the The Indies and what is now ying. Triangulation superseded route sur­ Indonesia, the land from the Indus to Indo­ veys, but not without opposition and China and the Philippines. Secondly, delay. As early as 1804 Lord William there were maps which showed only the Bentinck, Governor in Madras, called for peninsula south of the river Krishna, the a complete topographical survey of south­ area of the Europeans' principal involve­ ern India, to be co-ordinated along the ment. Thirdly, there were those which lines of modern European surveys. In focused on the Mughal Empire in the 1817 Lord Hastings, Governor-General, north, omitting the peninsula. 'A new con­ appointed William Lambton Superintend­ ception of the subcontinent as an actual ent of the Great Trigonometrical Survey region in and of itself was most apparent of India (the same title as that used in in James Rennell' s maps of India' begin­ Britain by the Ordnance Survey) taking ning with his Hindoostan of 1782, pub­ over from his pioneering work in south lished in London by Aaron Arrowsmith India since the early 1800s. Under George with the approval of the Company. During Everest, Lambton's successor from 1823, the next thirty years Arrowsmith and the Great Meridional Arc from Cape Co­ others published numerous maps of India, morin to Debra Dun, started by Lambton, the subcontinent, using the single word as was completed; and a system of triangu­ a title. By 1843 the official British view of lation established which eventually India was taking shape in the Atlas of covered the whole continent. However India at 4 miles to the inch, issued in concentration on these grand schemes re­ sections year by year from 1827. sulted in less progress and less accuracy

68 in local topographical surveying - as cultures remained beyond British experi­ happened in Britain also in the develop­ ence and . . . that Indians resisted and ment of the Ordnance Survey. negotiated with the British, India could The organisation of surveying and never be entirely and perfectly known ... mapmaking in India is described by Wrapped in a scientific ideology each sur­ Edney as chaotic. This seems unsurpris­ vey and geographical investigation was ing, in view of the institutions and condi­ thoroughly implicated in the ideology of tions of the time: the fact that the British the British Empire in South Asia . .. The territories were governed from London by surveys of India were political statements a commercial company with Parliamen­ of British control of the territory .. . The tary supervision; that the presidencies of British created a geographic myth of an Madras, Calcutta and Bombay were empire comprising known and knowable largely separate; that responsibilities were territory ... The British maps of India unclearly divided between civilians and constituted an inherently flawed cognitive soldiers; that money was always short, panopticon'. especially to cope with the expansion of Mapping an Empire is a carefully re­ territories; and there were frequent wars. sourced and densely informative book. Although the term 'survey department' The footnotes run to 60 pages, the bibli­ was sometimes used, there was never, in ography to 28. For reading through, it is a this period, a single unified department. book for the professional. For this non­ Early in the book the author states that geographer and amateur in history it was the main impulse for the study is 'to ex­ a very hard read. There appeared to be a plore the linkages between the ideologies good deal of geographers' jargon; there of mapmaking and British India' . The fol­ were too many four-syllable and longer lowing quotations give an impression of abstract words; the structure of the book his conclusions: 'Imperialism and map­ was puzzling. The non-specialist would making intersect in the most basic man­ have been helped - and the author in his ner. Both are fundamentally concerned preface writes that he is trying to address with territory and knowledge ... To gov­ as broad an audience as possible - by a ern territories one must know them .. . ' solid chapter on the course of political and This is 'a study of how the British repre­ military events, the context in which the sented their India. I say "their India" be­ surveying and mapmaking took place; and cause they did not map the "real" India. by a fuller account of the character and They mapped the India that they per­ working of the governing bodies - the ceived and they governed. To the extent Court of Directors, the Board of Control, that many aspects of India's societies and the Presidencies- but without lengthen­ ing the book. By the way, some of the readers of this review who think they have If you would like to review books for no acquaintance with surveying in India the Journal, please contact the Editor. my wish to be reminded that Kim was a chain man! STUART JACKSON 69 Advertisers in this issue RATES Richard B. Arkway 20 For four issues per year Roderick M. Barron 28 Full page £300 Antiquariat Berg Rheinhold 6 Half page £175 N. &M.Borg 48 Quarter page £90 The Carson Clark Gallery 22 For the Map Fair issue Frame 26 (Summer) J.A.L. Franks 24 Full page £180 Intercol 72 Half page £105 KitS. Kapp 48 Quarter page £54 Warwick Leadlay Gallery 70 G. B. Manasek 44 For a single issue Map Collector Publications 6 Full page £100 The Map House 2 Half page £60 Mappae Japoniae 34 Quarter page £30 Martayan Lan 22 Cover pages Johannes Miiller 34 Rates on request Kenneth Nebenzahl 26 Apply to the Advertising Manager The Philadelphia Print Shop 47 Address on page 3. Jonathan Potter 20 Reiss & Sohn 48 Robert Ross 6 WARWICK LEADLAY Paul us Swaen 22 . GALLERY .. Friedrich Weissert 47 ANTIQUE MAPS · CHARTS · ATLASES GLOBES· TOPOGRAPHICAL· MARITilvfE ADVERTISE DECORATIVE ENGRAVINGS · RELATED in the LITERATURE · FINE ARTS · CURIOS IMCoS JOURNAL GREETING CARDS · LIA11-TED EDITIONS and COLOURING · RESTORATION reach CONSERVATION · VALUATION Map Lovers ALL OVER THE WORLD

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