Appendix 1 Views of Vienna: Selected Panoramas, Plans

APPENDIX 1

VIEWS OF VIENNA: SELECTED PANORAMAS, PLANS, AND PICTORIAL REPORTS

Part A: Images from before 1529 A-1) The Albertinian Plan, colored pen-and-ink drawing, late fifteenth century, based on an original from ca. 1421/1422, Vienna, Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien. A color photo is available online at http://www.oeaw.ac.at/ kmf/projekte/mhu/mhu_g.html . The image is reproduced as plate 19 in Eugen Oberhummer, Der Stadtplan, seine Entwickelung und geographische Bedeutung, offprint of Verhandlungen des XVI. Deutschen Geographentages zu N ü rnberg (Berlin: Reimer, 1907 ), p. 89 [66–101]. A schematic reproduction showing building position is included in the present volume as figure 2.1 . A-2) The Meeting of St. Joachim and St. Anne (Joachim und Anna begegnen einander an der goldenen Pforte), from the Albrecht Altar, by the Master of the Albrecht Altar. The altar was commissioned by Oswald Oberndorffer for the former Carmelite Church in Vienna in 1439, and is now housed at the Stiftsmuseum, Klosterneuburg. Black-and-white reproduction available in Alfred May, Wien in alten Ansichten: Das Werden der Wiener Vedute , Ö sterreich in alten Ansichten, 2 (Vienna: Verlag fü r Jugend und Volk, 1965 ), plate 1; a color reproduction is available at http://english.habsburger.net/module-en/ zeichen-der-praesenz-wiener-kirchenstiftungen-der-habsburger/wiener-k irchenstiftungen-der-habsburger/MB-ST_R16-MOD2–01.jpg/ . A-3) Flight into Egypt (Flucht aus Ä gypten) of the Schottenaltar, by the Master of the Vienna Schottenstift, from the 1470s, housed at the Vienna Schottenstift. Color reproduction available in May, Wien in alten Ansichten, plate 2. A-4) St. Florian Crucifixion Triptych, by the Master of the Crucifixion Triptych, Stiftssammlungen St Florian, excerpt reproduced in Ferdinand Opll, “Das Antlitz der Stadt Wien am Ende des Mittelalters: Bekanntes und 164 APPENDIX 1

Neues zu den “Wien-Ansichten” auf Tafelbildern des 15. Jahrhunderts,” Jahrbuch des Vereines f ü r Geschichte der Stadt Wien 55 ( 1999 ): 136 [101–145]. A-5) Crucifixion, from the Mediasch Retable from Transylvania, from the 1480s, located at the Lutheran Church in Medias, Romania. Color reproduction in Otto Folberth, Gotik in Siebenbü rgen: Der Meister des Mediascher Altars und seine Zeit (Vienna and Munich: Anton Schroll, 1973 ), plate VII. A-6) Death of Friederich II “the Quarrelsome,” from the Babenberger Stammbaum, 1489–92, now housed at Stift Klosterneuburg. Color reproduction in Floridus Rö hrig, Der Babenberger-Stammbaum im Stift Klosterneuburg (Vienna: Tusch, 1975 ), p. 95; and in May, Wien in alten Ansichten , plate 4. A-7) “Vienna Pannonie,” in Hartmann Schedel, Weltchronik [also published in Latin as Liber Cronicarum] (Nuremberg, 1493), fols 98v–99r. Reproduced in Hartmann Schedel, Weltchronik: kolorierte Gesamtausgabe von 1493, facsimile edition from the exemplar in Weimar, Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek (Sign. Inc. 119), ed. Stephan F ü ssel (Cologne: Taschen, 2001). Facsimile of “Vienna Pannonie” after Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, 2º Inc. C. A. 2920, reproduced in Elisabeth R ü cker, Die Schedelsche Weltchronik: Das gr ö sste Buchunternehmen der D ü rer-Zeit, Mit einem Katalog der St ä dteansichten (Munich: Prestel, 1973, rev. 1988), plate 31, pp. 208–9; black-and-white reproduction in May, Wien in alten Ansichten , plate 5, where the image is attributed to Michel Wolgemut.

A-7a) “Vienna Pannonie,” in the pirated edition of Hartmann Schedel, Weltchronik (Augsburg: Johann Schö nsperger, 1497), sold at auction by Paulus Swaen, http://www.swaen.com/antique-map-of.php?id=12116 .

A-8) “Aller heyligen Thuemkirchen Sand Steffan Mit dem Turn und ander schigkligkait . . . ,” woodcut from Matthä us Heuperger, Weiner Heilthumbuch (Vienna: Johann Winterburger, 1502). Copy from the Vienna Dom- und Di ö zesanmuseum Prot.-Nr. L-83 consulted from the copy posted by Oliver de Minnebach on http://www.burgenseite.com/forum/viewthread . php?tid=1049. Facsimile: Das Wiener Heiligthumbuch: Nach der Ausgabe vom Jahre 1502 sammt den Nachtr ä gen von 1514 mit Unterst ü tzung des K . K . Handelsministeriums, [facsimile edition], introduction by Franz Ritter, Ö sterreichisches Museum f ü r Kunst und Industrie (Vienna: Gerold, 1882).

Part B: Images from 1529 to the late sixteenth century B-1) [Hans Sebald Beham] / Niclas Meldemann, The Siege of Vienna, 1529 , Nuremberg: Niclas Meldemann, 1530, woodcut, handcolored. Vienna, Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien. [Referenced hereafter as Beham/ VIEWS OF VIENNA 165

Meldemann.] Reproduced in Historischer Atlas von Wien ; reproduced in poster format as “Rundansicht der Stadt Wien zur Zeit der Tü rkenbelagerung, 1529,” Niklas Meldemann, N ü rnberg 1530, HM Inv. Nr. 48068, Facsimile c. 1994, Museen der Stadt Wien, Druckerei Gert Herzig, Wien. B-2) Erhard Sch ö n / Hans Guldenmund, “Belagerung Wiens durch die Turken 1529,” woodcut. Vienna, Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien. Original consulted at Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien. [Referenced hereafter as Schö n/Guldenmund.] Reproduced in Max Geisberg, The German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1500–1550 [originally published as Der deutsche Einblatt Holzschnitt], rev. ed. Walter L. Strauss (New York: Hacker Art Books, 1974), vol. 4, pp. 1196–97; also available at www.zeno.org/ nid/20004285840 . [Referenced hereafter as Schö n/Guldenmund.] This image is item 241 in Heinrich Rö ttinger, Erhard Sch ö n und Niklas St ö r, der pseudo-Schö n: zwei Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des alten Nü rnberger Holzschnittes , Studien zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte, 229 (Strassburg: J.H.E. Heitz, 1925 ), pp. 172–74. As Rö ttinger establishes, the woodcut of four leaves parallels the descriptions in Hans Sachs “Historia der tü rkischen belegerung der stat Wien . . . Anno 1529.” Albert R. v. Camesina prepared a lithographic reproduction in 1869; the Dresden Sä chsische Landesbibliothek provides a digital copy, Deutsche Fotothek df_dk_0011133: http://www.deutschefotothek.de/obj90008884. html . (See also http://digital.slub-dresden.de/ppn318881039 .) B-3) Tomb of Count Niklas Salm, attributed to sculptor Loy Hering after designs by J ö rg Breu, 1530–35, commissioned by Archduke Ferdinand I, originally in St. Dorothea Church; now located in the Votivkirche, Vienna. On Breu’s contributions to the tomb, see Gert von der Osten and Horst Vey, Painting and Sculpture in Germany and the Netherlands: 1500 –1600 , translated by Mary Hottinger, The Pelican History of Art (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1969), p. 117. Details of the tomb’s reliefs and the various portrait medal- lions are indexed in Peter Reindl, Loy Hering: Zur Rezeption der Renaissance in Sü ddeutschland (Basel: H. Leidenfrost, 1977), pp. 437–41; further information can be found in Wien 1529: Die erste Tü rkenbelagerung [exhibition catalog], Sonderausstellung des Historischen Museums der Stadt Wien, Karlsplatz, 62 (Vienna: Hermann B ö hlaus, 1979), pp. 38–40. The images of the two reliefs that represent the Siege of Vienna are reproduced as plates 2 and 12 of Johann Newald, “Niclas Graf zu Salm: Eine historische Studie,” Berichte und Mittheilungen des Alterthums-Vereines zu Wien , 18 (1879): 1–122; see also Newald’s identification of city landmarks on p. 95. B-4) Bonifaz Wolmuet, ground-plan of Vienna, 1547. Studied through the color lithographic reproduction by Albert Camesina of 1857/1858, available http://www.wien.gv.at/kultur/kulturgut/karten/wolmuet/index.html. 166 APPENDIX 1

B-5) Augustin Hirschvogel, ground plan of Vienna, 1547 (B&W print, 1552), available http://www.wien.gv.at/kultur/kulturgut/karten/hirschvogel/index.html

B-5a) Augustin Hirschvogel, ground plan of Vienna, colored wood engraving on round table, 1549, examined at the Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien.

B-6a) Augustin Hirschvogel, etched view of Vienna from the South, “Conterfetung der Stat Wien durch Augus[tin] Hirschfo[gel],” 1547, Commissioned by the Vienna City Council. Examined in a facsimile copy from Albertina, Inv. Nr. DG 1930/2164 in the Historischer Atlas von Wien . Also available as May, Wien in alten Ansichten , plate 7.

B-6a1) [Sebastian Mü nster] (adapted from Hirschvogel,Vienna from the South), “Vienna Austriae: Metropolis, Urbs Toto Orbe Notissima Celearatissimaq. Unicum Hodie in Oriente Contra Saevissimum Turcam Invictum Propugnaculum.” Published in Civitates Orbis Terrarum, vol. I (Cologne: 1572). Notably adds horse-drawn carriage preceded by lance-bearing rider in foreground and two pedestrians headed toward the city. The image from the 1572 edition is available at the “Historic Cities” website, ed. Ronnie Ellenblum, Historic Cities Research Center, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/mapmakers/braun_ hogenberg.html. It was reprinted in Georg Braun, Civitates orbis terrarum (Coloni æ Agrippinæ : Apud Bertramum Bochholtz sumptibus auctorum, 1599), available in electronic facsimile (Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2005), vol. 1, image 104 [text] and 105 [etching]. An undated copy also from Civitates orbis terrarum is provided as “Vienna, another view: from Braun and Hogenberg’s ‘Civitates Orbis Terrarum,’” Shakespeare Quarterly , 13 (1962): 286, http://www.jstor.org/stable/2866817.

B-6b) Augustin Hirschvogel, etched view of Vienna from the North, “Ware Conterfetung der Stat Wien durch Augus[tin] Hirs[chvogel],” 1547, Commissioned by the Vienna City Council. Examined in a facsimile copy from Albertina, Inv. Nr. DG 1930/2165 in the Historischer Atlas von Wien . Also available as May, Wien in alten Ansichten , plate 7.

B-6b1) Lazius, etched view of Vienna from the North (after Hirschvogel Vienna from the North), “Anno Domini 1548, Viena Austrae Hunc Habuit Situm,” 1548, published in Sebastian Mü nster, Cosmographey, 1550, reprint Basel: Sebastianum Henricpetri, 1588; Facsimile reprint Munich: Konrad Kö lbl, 1977. Includes the grasses in the foreground.

B-7) Hanns Lautensack,View of the city of Vienna, Etching of 1559 (downfall of Assyrian king Sennacherib before Jerusalem as allegory of Turkish Siege of 1529), Vienna, Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien [copy missing upper VIEWS OF VIENNA 167 folio]; central portion of image (including angel) reproduced in Annegrit Schmitt, Hanns Lautensack , N ürnberger Forschungen: Einzelarbeiten zur N ürnberger Geschichte, 4 (Nuremberg: Vereins fü r Geschichte der Stadt N ü rnberg, 1957 ), plate 29.

Part C: A Sampling of Images of Vienna after 1600 C-1) Jacob Hoefnagel, “Vienna Austriae: Wienn in Osterreich,” 1609. Original in Hotel Sacher, Vienna; reproduction in the Historischer Atlas von Wien . Includes numerical cues for buildings described in German. A black-and-white reproduction is available in May, Wien in alten Ansichten , plate 9.

C-1a1) “Vienna Austriae,” engraving after Hoefnagel. Adapted by Georg Braun and Franz Hogenberg, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, VI-21 (Cologne: 1617). Includes numerical key to buildings. The image of Vienna is reproduced from an exemplar owned by Ozgur Tufekci: http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/austria/wien/maps/braun_hogenberg_VI_21.html . I am grateful to Dr. Mitia Frumin for assistance in identifying the provenance of this image. Another copy of can be found as “Vienna, the Scene of ‘Measure for Measure,’” Shakespeare Quarterly , 13 (1962): 272; http://www.jstor.org/stable/2866815 . C-1a2) “Vienna Austriae, Wien in Oostenreyk,” anonymous colored engraving after Hoefnagel, Johannes Janssonius, Urbium Totius Germaniae Superioris Illustriorum Clariorumque Tabulae Antiquae & Novae accuratissim è elabo- ratae (Amsterdam: Joannem Janssonium, 1657). Reproduction in Historischer Atlas von Wien . Adds two banners with a numerical key to the buildings. C-1b) Hoefnagel, Third modified edition of 1683, Vienna, Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien. C-1c) Matth ä us Merian the Elder, View of Vienna (after Hoefnagel, somewhat simplified), “Vienna Austriae,” undated but likely from the 1640s. Reproduction in Isabella Ackerl, Die ChronikWiens (Dortmund: Chronik-Verlag in der Marenberg Kommunikation Verlags- und Mediengesellschaft, 1988), 82–83; also consulted in the auction listing of Auktionshaus Dannenberg, 23.03.2007—24.03.2007, Kat.Nr. 1786, http://www.auction-dannenberg. com/ufItemInfo.aspx?a_id=296162&i_id=399779&s_id=12808 .

C-2) Georg Matthaeus Vischer, “Prospectus Orientalis Vienna Metropolis Austria,” in Topographia Archiducatus Austriae Inferioris Modernae , 1672, facsimile edition by Anton Leopold Schuller (Graz: Akademische Druck- u.Verlagsanstalt, 1976). Also reproduced in May, Wien in alten Ansichten , plates 11 and 12 (Four images: Orientalis, Meridionalis, Occidentalis, Septentrionalis). C-3) Folbert van Alten-Allen [Ouden-Allen], View of Vienna and its suburbs before the siege of 1683 [Vogelschau der Stadt Wien und Umgebung von Nordwesten, vor 1683 (1686)], available http://www.wien.gv.at/ 168 APPENDIX 1 kultur/kulturgut/karten/allen/index.html. Excerpt reproduced in Historischer Atlas von Wien; also reproduced in May, Wien in alten Ansichten, plate 14. C-4) Franz Geffels, The relief of Vienna on September 12, 1683, oil painting, Vienna, Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien, reproduced in “The World of the Habsburgs,” http://english.habsburger.net/module-en/ der-tuercke-vor-wien-episode-2/der-tuercke-vor-wien-episode-2/ MB-ST_D14-MOD6–01.jpg/. C-5) “A True and Exact Description of the City of Vienna, Together with the Encampment of the Turks, and the Relation of the most Memorable Passages during the late Siege” [Anonymous Broadsheet], printed at Cullen, rpt London: Walter Davis, 1683. Reproduced from a copy in the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, EEBO Wing / 1296:50. C-6) Daniel Suttinger, “Grundrissplan der Stadt Wien. 1683 (1684),” a reproduction of the plan of Daniel Suttinger in the version of Albert Camesina of 1876 after the original in Stifte Heiligenkreuz, untinted copy, http://www. wien.gv.at/kultur/kulturgut/karten/suttinger/ . Also reproduced in a tinted copy as Daniel Suttinger, “Wien 1684,” in Historischer Atlas von Wien . C-7) Johann Jacob Marinoni and Leander Anguissola “Accuratissima Vienna Austria Ichnographica Delineatio,” 1704 (1706), http://www.wien.gv.at/ kultur/kulturgut/karten/marinoni/index.html . C-8) Werner Arnold Steinhausen, “Grundrissplan der Stadt Wien mit dem Glacis und angrenzenden Teilen der Vorstä dte” (1710), http://www.wien. gv.at/kultur/kulturgut/karten/steinhausen/index.html . C-9) Salomon Kleiner, Vera et accurata delineatio omnium templorum et coenobiorum quae tam in Caesarea Urbe ac Sede Vienna, Austriae, quam in circumjacentibus Suburbijs ejus reperiuntur . = Wahrhaffte und genaue Abbildung aller Kirchen und Cl ö ster, welche sowohl in der Keyserl. Residenz-Statt Wien, als auch in denen umliegenden Vorstä tten sich befinden. Teil 1 und 2, Augsburg: Johann Andreas Pfeffel, 1724–37; facsimile reproduction, ed. Anton Mackau, Alfred May, and Hans Aurenhammer, Wiennerisches Welttheater: Das Barocke Wien in Stichen von Salomon Kleiner, Bd III/1 and 2 (Graz: Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, 1971). C-10) Matthias Fuhrmann, Marianisches Wien = Historische Beschreibung Und kurz gefaste Nachricht von der R ö misch . Kaiserl . und K ö niglichen Residenz-Stadt Wien Und ihren Vorstä dten (Vienna, bei der Krau ß ischen Buchhandlung, 1765–1770), reproduced as part of the exhibit catalog, Clemens Anton Lashofer, Gregor Martin Lechner, and Michael Grü nwald, eds., “Unter deinen Schutz . . . ”: das Marienbild in G ö ttweig, Ausstellung der Graphischen Sammlung & Kunstsammlungen, des Stifts- und Musikarchivs und der Stiftsbibliothek G ö ttweig, in zwei Teilen. I: 21. M ä rz – 15 . November 2005; II: 21. M ä rz – 15 November 2006 (Furth: Stift Gö ttweig, 2005), pp. 108–14.

APPENDIX 2

VIENNA IN PROSE: SELECTED HISTORIES, TOPOGRAPHIES, AND TRAVELOGUES

[Anonymous]. Austriae Archiducatus compendiosa Descriptio: Oestereichs, Das Ertzhertzogthumbs, vnd Weltberü hmten Lands, dessen Alters, Monumenten, bekehrung zum Christlichen Glauben . . . kurtze beschreibung. Augsburg: Johann Schultes, 1660; GoogleBooks. [Anonymous]. Kurtz Lesens-wü rdige Erinnerung von Herr ü hrung, Erbau- und Benambsung, auch Vilfä ltig-anderen, alt- und neuen Seltenheiten, Bemerck- und Andenckungen, sowohl in- als auch um die Kayserliche Haubt- und Residentz-Stadt Wien In Oesterreich: Allen, Wissens-Begierigen, Einheimisch- als Frembden zum besten; sambt einer klaren Beschreibung von deroselben letzt-T ü rckischen Bel ä ger- und frohen Ents ä tzung, wie auch der Kayserlichen Schatz- und Kunst-Kammer . Vienna: Sischorwitz, 1702; GoogleBooks. [Anonymous]. Marianische Novena, oder Neuntä gige Andacht, sammt Officium, Litaney und anderen Gebettern, zu der gö ttlichen Genazzanischen Gnaden-Mutter Maria von guten Rath, zu Ehren der neun Monathen, durch welche die G ö ttliche Mutter den vermenschten Gott, in dem Jungfr ä ulichen Leib unter ihrem Hertzen getragen hat. Augsburg: Maximilian Simon Pingtzier, Catholischen Buchdrucker, 1760; GoogleBooks. [Anonymous]. A New and Complete Collection of Voyages and Travels; Comprising Whatever Is Valuable of This Kind in the Most Celebrated English, Dutch, French, Spanish, Italian, German, Swedish, and Danish Writers; Great Part of Which Has Never Appeared in the English Language . The Whole being a General Survey of Europe; Exhibiting The Commerce, Produce, Manufactures, &c . together with the Method of Living, Customs, Manners, Arts and Sciences of the Inhabitants. Illustrated with Fifty-Two Elegant Copper-Plates. By the King’s Authority. London: printed for J. Coote, at the King’s-Arms, in Pater-Noster-Row, 1760; ECCO, Range 855. [Anonymous]. Das alte und neue Wien: Eine kleine Fastenpredigt fü r meine lieben Landsleute Vienna: G.S. Wucherers, 1788. Reviewed by N. W. in 170 APPENDIX 2

Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek, 90 (1789), pp. 610–12; reviewed by T. T. in Oberdeutsche allgemeine Litteraturzeitung , 94 (April 1788), col. 749–752. [Anonymous Topography]. Edited in Fritz Eheim, “Die ä lteste Topographie von Ö sterreich.” Festschrift zum 60 . Geburtstag von Karl Lechner = Jahrbuch f ü r Landeskunde von Nieder ö sterreich, NF 33 (1957): 7–25. [Anonymous]. “Wien, wie es vor hundert Jahren war,” from Itinerarium Germaniae politicum, modernum praecipuarum aularum Imperii faciem repraesentans (Cosmopoli: n.p., 1680), excerpted in Patriotisches Archiv fü r Deutschland , 3 (1785): 249–70. Arndt, Ernst Moritz. Reisen durch einen Theil Theutschlands, Italiens und Frankreichs in den Jahren 1798 und 1799, vol 2: Zweyther Theil: Bruchst ü cke aus einer Reise von Baireuth bis Wien im Sommer 1798. Leipzig: Heinrich Gr ä ff, 1801; GoogleBooks. ———. Sehnsucht nach der Ferne: Die Reise nach Wien und Venedig, 1798 [= Reisen durch einen Teil Deutschlands, Ungarns, Italiens und Frankreichs in den Jahren 1798 und 1799, Band 1, Selections]. Ed. Eva Ptak-Wiesauer. Alte abenteuerliche Reiseberichte. Stuttgart: Erdmann, 1988. Austria Sacra . SEE [Fidler, Andreas]. Bormastino, Antonio. Historische Beschreibung Von der Kayserlichen Residentz-Stadt Wienn Und Ihren Vor-Stä dten; ou: Description Historique De La Ville Et Residence Imperiale de Vienne, Et De Ses Fauxbourgs . Vienna: Christophori, 1719; GoogleBooks. Brown, Edward. An Account of Several Travels through a Great Part of Germany: In Four Journeys . . . Wherein the Mines, Baths, and Other Curiosities . . . Are Treated of: Illustrated with Sculptures . . . London: Printed for Benj. Tooke, 1677; EEBO, Wing / B5109; and GoogleBooks. Burbury, John. A Relation of a Journey of the Right Honourable My Lord Henry Howard from London to Vienna, and Thence to Constantinople, in the Company of His Excellency Count Lesley, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Councellour of state to His Imperial Majesty, &c. and Extraordinary Ambassadour from Leopoldus Emperour of Germany to the Grand Signior, Sultan Mahomet. London: T. Collins and I. Ford, 1671; EEOB, Wing / 910:04. Burney, Charles. The Present State of Music in France and Italy, or the Journal of a Tour through those Countries, undertaken to collect Materials for a General History of Music, 2nd ed. London: T. Becket, J. Robson, and G. Robinson, 1773; GoogleBooks. ———. The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, and United Provinces . Or, the Journal of a Tour through those Countries, undertaken to collect Materials for a General History of Music, 2 vols., 2nd ed. London: printed for T. Becket, J. Robson, and G. Robinson, 1775; ECCO, Range 7731. B ü sching, Anton Friedrich. Neue Erdbeschreibung: Dritter Theil, welcher das deutsche Reich nach seiner gegenwä rtigen Staatsverfassung enthä lt, erster Band, VIENNA IN PROSE 171

worinnen das Kö nigreich Bö hmen, der ö streichische, burgundische, westphä lische, churrheinische und oberrheinische Kreis beschrieben werden. 3rd ed. Hamburg: Johann Carl Bohn, 1761; GoogleBooks. Craven, Elizabeth. A Journey through the Crimea to Constantinople: In a Series of Letters From the Right Honourable Elizabeth Lady Craven, to His Serene Highness the Margrave of Brandebourg, Anspach, and Bereith, Written in the Year MDCCLXXXVI . London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1789; GoogleBooks. ———. A Journey through the Crimea to Constantinople: In a Series of Letters From the Right Honourable Elizabeth Lady Craven, to His Serene Highness the Margrave of Brandebourg, Anspach, and Bereith, Written in the Year MDCCLXXXVI . London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson, 1789; rpt New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970. Czerwenka, Wenceslaus Adalbert. Annales et Acta Pietatis Augustissimae ac Serenissimae Domus Habspurgo-Austriacae. . . . 1, Usque ad Annum M . CCC . LVIII . Vetero-Pragae: Joannem Michaë lem Stö ritz, 1691; GoogleBooks. de Luca, Ignaz. Beschreibung der kaiserlichen kö niglichen Residenzstadt Wien. 1785. Not seen. ———. Topographie von Wien: Erster Band . Vienna: Thad. Edlen v. Schmidbauer, 1794; GoogleBooks. ———. Topographie von Wien: Erster (einziger) Band, Wien 1794 [facsimile edition]. Ed. Isabella Wasner-Peter. Viennensia. Vienna: Promedia, 2003. ———. Wiens gegenwä rtiger Zustand unter Josephs Regierung. Vienna: Georg Philipp Wucherers, 1787; GoogleBooks. Erskine, John. Sketches and Hints of Church History and Theological Controversy Chiefly Translated or Abridged from Modern Foreign Writers, vol. 2. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable, 1797; GoogleBooks. Fenning, Daniel. A New System of Geography: or, a General Description of the World . Containing A Particular and Circumstantial Account of all the Countries . . . London: printed for S. Crowder, at the Looking-Glass, in Pater-Noster-Row, 1766; ECCO, Range 4358. [Fidler, Andreas]. Marian. From the posthumous collection of Josephs Wendt von Wendenthal. Geschichte der ganzen ö sterreichischen, kl ö sterlichen und weltlichen Klerisey beyderley Geschlechtes, 4th part, vol. 9: Die k . k . Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien. [Austria sacra: Oesterreichische Hierarchie und Monasteriologie.] Vienna: Ghelenschen Schriften, 1788; GoogleBooks. [Fischer, Leopold]. Brevis notitia urbis veteris Vindobonae ex variis documentis collecta . Vienna: Ioannis Thomae Trattner, 1764; GoogleBooks. Fischer, Leopold. Brevis notitia urbis Vindobonae potissimum veteris ex variis documentis collecta. 2nd ed., 4 vols.Vienna: Jahniano, 1767–70; private copy. (Three supplemental volumes of 1770–75 were not available for consultation.) 172 APPENDIX 2

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[Letters 61–97]. Translated from the Hanover Edition of the German. London: J. Scott, 1758; GoogleBooks. [Keyssler, Johann Georg]. Key ß ler, Johann George———. Neueste Reise durch Deutschland, Bö hmen, Ungarn, die Schweiz, Italien und Lothringen, worinn der Zustand und das merkw ü rdigste dieser Lä nder beschrieben wird, Vol. 2 [Letters 51–99]. Hannover: Nicolai Fö rsters und Sohns, 1741; GoogleBooks. Kü chelbecker, Johann Basilius. Johann Basilii Kü chelbeckers . . . Allerneueste Nachricht vom Rö misch-K ä yserl . Hofe: Nebst einer ausf ü hrlichen historischen Beschreibung der kayserlichen Residentz-Stadt Wien, und der umliegenden Oerter: Theils aus den Geschichten, Theils aus eigener Erfahrung zusammen getragen und mit saubern Kupffern aus Licht gegeben . Hanover: Nicolaus Fö rster und Sohn, 1730. My thanks to Stanford University Rare Book Division for access to this volume and to Mario Champagne for transcribing several passages for me. ———. Johann Basilii Kü chelbeckers . . . Allerneueste Nachricht [Microfilm reproduction]. German Baroque Literature: Harold Jantz Collection, Reel 310, item 1549. Hanover: Nicolaus F ö rster und Sohn, 1730; rpt. New Haven: Research Publications, 1973. Kurzb ö ck, Joseph Edlen von. Neueste Beschreibung aller Merkw ü rdigkeiten Wiens: Ein Handbuch f ü r Fremde und Inl ä nder [facsimile edition]. Vienna: Im Verlage bei Joseph Edlen von Kurzb ö ck, 1779; rpt. Vienna: Wolfhart, 1988. Lairitz, Johann Georg. Neu-Angelegter Historisch-Genealogischer Palm-Wald. Nuremberg: Johann Hoffman, 1686; GoogleBooks. [Lazius, Wolfgang] Lazio, VVolfgango. Vienna Austriae: Rerum Viennensium Commentarii in Quatuor Libros distincti, in quib. celeberrimae illius Austriae civitatis exordia, vetustas, nobilitas, magistratus, familiaeque, ad plenum (quod aiunt) explicantur . Basil: [Oporinus, 1546]; GoogleBooks. Lazius, Wolfgang, and Heinrich Abermann. Historische Beschreibung der weitber ü mbten, Kayserlichen Hauptstatt Wienn in Ö sterreich, darin derselben vrsprung Adel, Obrigkait vnd geschl ä chter auß f ü hrlich erklä rt werden. Vienna: n.p. 1619, http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/drwlazius1619 . L ö per, Christian. Der kaiser-k ö niglichen Residenzstadt Wien Kommerzialschema: Nebst Beschreibung aller Merkw ü digkeiten derselben, insbesondere ihrer Schulen, Fabriken, Manufakturen Kommerzialprofessionisten, dem Handelsstande, der akademischen Bü rger, K ü nstler, u . s . w . Vienna: Joseph Gerold, 1780; GoogleBooks. Marian. Austria Sacra . SEE [Fidler, Andreas.] Marshall, Joseph. Travels through Holland, Flanders, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Russia, The Ukraine, and Poland, in the Years 1768, 1769, and 1770, vol. 3. London: printed for J. Almon, 1772; GoogleBooks. 174 APPENDIX 2

Maurer, Caspar. Wiennerische Chronica, Oder Kurtze Summarische Beschreibung von Ursprung und Erbauung der Haupt-und Residentz-Stadt Wienn . . . In aller K ü rtze aufs neue bebeschriben. Vienna: Michel Turmeyer, 1671; GoogleBooks. This edition also served as the basis for the facsimile edition, with afterword by Walter Sturminger. Vienna: Wiener Bibliophilen-Gesellschaft, 1973. Earlier editions of Maurer’s work with variant titles were published in 1662 (Chronica Wiennensis) and 1664 (Neuvermehrte Winerische Chronica ). Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley. The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 3 vols. Ed. Robert Halsband. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965–67. The letters from Vienna are found in Vol. 1. [Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley]. Letters of the Right Honourable Lady M – -y W – -y M – – e: written, during her travels in Europe, Asia and Africa, to persons of distinction, Men of Letters, &c. in different Parts of Europe . which contain, Among other curious Relations, Accounts of the Policy and Manners of the Turks; Drawn from Sources that have been inaccessible to other Travellers. 2nd ed. Dublin: Printed for P. Wilson, J. Hoey, Junior, and J. Potts, Booksellers, 1763; ECCO, Range 2728. Used as source for quotations unless otherwise noted. Moore, John. A View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland and Germany with Anecdotes Relating to Some Eminent Characters, Vol. 2. Dublin: Wm Wilson, 1780; GoogleBooks. Nicolai, Friedrich. Beschreibung einer Reise durch Deutschland und die Schweiz im Jahr 1781: Nebst Bemerkungen ü ber Gelehrsamkeit, Industrie, Religion, und Sitten , vol. 2. Berlin und Stettin: n.p., 1783; GoogleBooks. Nugent, Thomas. The Grand Tour, Containing an Exact Description of Most of the Cities, Towns, and Remarkable Places of Europe , Vol. 2. London: S. Birt, D. Browne, A. Millar, and G. Hawkins, 1749; GoogleBooks. N. W. Review of “Das alte und neue Wien: Eine kleine Fastenpredigt fü r meine lieben Landsleute (Vienna: G.S. Wucherers, 1788).” Allgemeine deutsche Bibliothek, 90 (1789): 610–12. Ogesser, Joseph. Beschreibung der Metropolitankirche zu St Stephan in Wien. Vienna: Edeln von Ghelenschen Erben, 1779; GoogleBooks. Payne, John. Universal Geography Formed into a New and Entire System; Describing Asia, Africa, Europe, and America; with their Subdivisions of Empires, . . . , vol. 2 of 2. London: printed for the author, 1791; ECCO, Range 1150. Pez, Bernhard, and Philibert Hueber. Codex diplomatico-historico-epistolaris: quo Diplomata, Chartae, Epistolae, Fragmenta Opusculorum, Epitaphia, & ali- aid genus vetera monumenta Pontificum Rom. Archiepiscoporum, Episcoporum, Abbatum, Imperatorum, Regum, Marchionum, Ducum, Comitum, aliorumque Illustrium Virorum a Seculo Christi Quinto usque ad Decimum ferè Sextum VIENNA IN PROSE 175

continentur, totiusque pene Europae historia illustratur [Pars I–III]. Thesaurus Anecdotorum Novissimus, Seu Veterum Monumentorum, praecipue Ecclesiasticorum, ex Germanicis potissimum Bibliothecis adornata Collectio recentissima, 6. Augustae Vindelicorum et Graecii: Veith, 1729; digitized by Bayerische Staatsbibliothek,http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving. de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10798938–9. Pezzl, Johann. Neueste Beschreibung von Wien . 6th ed. Vienna: Carl Armbruster’s Verlage, n.d. [Digital facsimile], digitized by the Internet Archive; http:// www.archive.org/details/neuestebeschreib00pezz . ———. Skizze von Wien: ein Kultur und Sittenbild aus der josefinischen Zeit . Ed. Gustav Gugitz and Anton Schlossar. Graz: Leykam, 1923. ———. “Sketch of Vienna.” In Mozart and Vienna, including Selections from Johann Pezzl’s “Sketch of Vienna” (1786–90). Abridged and trans. H. C. Robbins Landon. London: Thames and Hudson, 1991, pp. 52–191. Reiffenstuell, Ignaz. Vienna gloriosa, id est, Peraccurata & ordinata descriptio toto orbe celeberrimae caesareae nec non archiducalis residentiae Viennae . Vienna: Joannis Georgii Schlegel; Prostat apud Adamum Damer, 1703; GoogleBooks. R[otenstein], G[ottfried] E[dler] v[on]. “Reisen nach Wien und in der umliegenden Gegend, in den Jahren 1781–83.” In Johann Bernoulli, Sammlung Kurzer Reisebeschreibungen 13 (1784): 3–94; 14 (1795): 1–96; GoogleBooks. Salmon, Thomas. Modern History or the Present State of All Nations , 3rd ed., vol. 2. London: Longman, Osborne, et al., 1745; GoogleBooks. ———. A New Geographical and Historical Grammar: Wherein the Geographical Part is Truly Modern; and the Present State of the Several Kingdoms of the World is So Interspersed, As to Render the Study of Geography both Entertaining and Instructive . . . London: printed for William Johnston, at the Golden-Ball in St. Paul’s-Church-Yard, 1749; ECCO, Range 1382. Salmon, [Thomas]. The New Universal Geographical Grammar: Wherein the Situation and Extent of the Several Countries Are Laid Down according to the Most Exact Geographical Observations and the History of All the Different Kingdoms of the World, Is interspersed in Such a Manner, As to Render the Study of Geography both Useful and Entertaining. 2nd ed., updated by J[ames] Tytler. Edinburgh: J. Spottiswood, 1782; GoogleBooks. Schier, Xystus. Die Bisch ö fe und Erzbisch ö fe von Wien . Gratz: Morizlechnerischen Universit ä tsbuchhandlung, 1777; GoogleBooks. Schmeltzl, Wolfgang. Ein Lobspruch der Hochl ö blichen weitber ü mbten Kh ü nigklichen Stat Wien in Osterreich. 3rd ed. Vienna, 1548; rpt. Vienna: Mattheum Ruppitsch, 1849; GoogleBooks. Sherlock, Martin. Lettres d’un voyageur anglois . London [i.e. Paris?]: n.p., [1779]; ECCO, Range 10182; his Viennese letters are pp. 44–61. 176 APPENDIX 2

[Thonhauser, Gottlieb = Barbolan, Johann = Thonhauser, Theophilo.] Thonhauser, Theophilo. Ortus et Progressus Aedium Religiosarum Viennensium . Vienna: Wolffgang Schwendimann, 1727; Gö ttinger Digitalisierungszentrum, http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl? PPN657500550 . [Three English Gentlemen]. “A Journey from Gratz, the Metropolis of Stiria, to Vienna in Austria. Ms. Never Before Published.” [= Section IV of “The Travels of Three English Gentlemen, from Venice to Hamburgh, Being the Grand Tour of Germany, in the Year 1734.”] In Harleian Miscellany: Or, A Collection of Scarce, Curious, and Entertaining Pamphlets and Tracts, As well in Manuscript as in Print, Found in the late Earl of Oxford’s Library, Interspersed With Historical, Political, and Critical Notes , 4 (1745): 428–52; GoogleBooks. The whole collection was published in six parts and subsequently reprinted in Harleian Miscellany 11 (1810): 218–54. I cite the 1745 edition. Townson, Robert. Travels in Hungary: with a Short Account of Vienna in the Year 1793 . London: printed for G. G. and J. Robinson, 1797; GoogleBooks. T. T.’s review of “[Richter, Joseph]. Das alte und neue Wien: Eine kleine Fastenpredigt f ü r meine lieben Landsleute (Vienna: Georg Phil. Wucherers, 1788)” Oberdeutsche allgemeine Litteraturzeitung, 94 (April 1788), col. 749–752. Weiskern, Friedrich Wilhelm. Topographie von Nieder ö sterreich: in welcher alle St ä dte, M ä rkte, D ö rfer, Kl ö ster, Schl öß er, Herrschaften, Landg ü ter, Edelsi ß e, Freyhö fe, namhafte Oerter u . d . g . angezeiget werden . . . Vols. 1, 2. Vienna: Joseph Kurzb ö cken, 1769, 1770. Vol. 3 published as Beschreibung der k. k . Haupt- und Residenzstade Wien, als der dritte Theil zur ö sterreichischen Topographie . Vienna: Joseph Kurzb ö cken, 1770; GoogleBooks. Weiskopf, Hieronimus. Kritische Bemerkung ü ber den bei den Jakoberinnen zu Wien ö ffentlich zur Schau ausgestellten unverwesten Kö rper der Nonne Magdalena, Baronin von Walterskirchen . Augsburg: n.p., 1786; GoogleBooks. [Weissegger von Weisseneck, Johann Maria]. Beytr ä ge zur Schilderung Wiens . Vienna: [ J. von Kurzbeck], 1781; GoogleBooks.

NOTES

1 Setting the Stage 1 . The women of various convents took refuge together during the crisis as churches were taken over as hospitals and as staging ground for military endeavors. The clearest summary of the impact of the siege on Vienna’s convents can be found in the visitation records afterward. Excerpts of these records are available in Theodor Wiedemann, Geschichte der Reformation und Gegenreformation im Lande unter der Enns (Prague: F. Tempsky, 1879, 1880 ), vol. 2. 2 . We shall encounter the women’s houses individually in the chapters which follows, for they did, of course, experience important differences of order, liturgical practice, and spiritual agenda. Figure 2.2 provides a summary time- line of Viennese women’s convents. Here and now, however, we will treat these convents as a group in recognition of the observation that in the literature to be examined in this study, one rarely encounters a mention of one convent without an evocation of at least a second or third. Treated authori- ally as a set of related institutions, we can indeed view them monolithically, for that is often how they were portrayed in the generations that followed. 3 . Denis Wood and John Fels, “Designs on Signs: Myth and Meaning in Maps,” Cartographica 23 ( 1986 ): 54–103. 4 . For collections of images, I have relied particularly on the resources of the Wien Museum and on the published collections by Alfred May, Wien in alten Ansichten: Das Werden der Wiener Vedute , Ö sterreich in alten Ansichten, 2 (Vienna: Verlag f ü r Jugend und Volk, 1965 ); Ferdinand Opll, Wien im Bild historischer Karten: die Entwicklung der Stadt bis in die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts (Vienna: B ö hlau, 1983 ); and the portfolio of maps published as Historischer Atlas von Wien, ed. Felix Czeike, Renate Banik-Schweitzer, Gerhard Meissl, Ferdinand Opll et al., Wiener Stadt- und Landesarchiv, Verein fü r Geschichte der Stadt Wien, and Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institut fü r Stadtgeschichtsforschung (Vienna: Holzhausen Druck & Medien, n.d.), but have added other images of the city as I have encountered them. 5 . Klaus Laermann, “Raumerfahrung und Erfahrungsraum: Einige Ü berlegungen zu Reiseberichten aus Deutschland vom Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts,” in Reise und Utopie: Zur Literatur der Spä taufkl ä rung , ed. Hans Joachim Piechotta (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1976 ), pp. 57–97. See also Franz Posselt’s 1795 assessment of travel in the Apodemik oder die 178 NOTES

Kunst zu reisen, in which he asserts “Das Reisen ist also die Schule der Menschen-Kenntnis . . . In der Geschichte lernen wir nur die Todten ken- nen, auf Reisen hingegen die Lebenden.” [Travel is the school of human knowledge . . . In history we learn only to know the dead, when traveling, however, [to know] the survivors.] Quoted in Uli Kutter, “Der Reisende ist dem Philosophen, was der Arzt dem Apotheker—Über Apodemiken und Reisehandb ü cher,” in Reisekultur: Von der Pilgerfahrt zum modernen Tourismus , ed. Hermann Bausinger, Klaus Beyrer, and Gottfried Korff (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1991 ), p. 47 [38–47]. On the shifting nature of the readership for this literature, see William E. Stewart, Die Reisebeschreibung und ihre Theorie im Deutschland des 18. Jahrhunderts , Literatur und Wirklichkeit, 20 (Bonn: Bouvier Verlag Herbert Grundmann, 1978 ). 6 . A chronological list of histories, travelogues, and topographies consulted is provided in Appendix 2 of this book. 7 . Stewart, Die Reisebeschreibung und ihre Theorie ; Fran ç oise Knopper, Le regard du voyageur en Allemagne du Sud et en Autriche dans les relations de voyageurs allemands, Collection “Germaniques” (Nancy: Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 1992 ); Grete Klingenstein, “The Meanings of ‘Austria’ and ‘Austrian’ in the Eighteenth Century,” in Royal and Republican Sovereignty in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Memory of Ragnhild Hatton , ed. Robert Oresko, G. C. Gibbs, and H. M. Scott (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 1997 ), pp. 423–78; and Kai Kauffmann, “Es ist nur ein Wien!” Stadtbeschreibungen von Wien 1700 bis 1873: Geschichte eines literarischen Genres der Wiener Publizistik, Literatur in der Geschichte, Geschichte in der Literatur, 29 (Vienna: Bö hlau, 1994 ). If we are to uncover the “experience of the townscape interpreted in its ideological context,” however, as Richard Dennis and Hugh Prince advocate, we should attend to the category of gender in reading this literature. See Richard Dennis and Hugh Prince, “Research in British Urban Historical Geography,” in Urban Historical Geography: Recent Progress in Britain and Germany , ed. Dietrich Denecke and Gareth Shaw, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography, 10 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988 ), pp. 9–23. 8 . Many of Vienna’s foundation stories, like those of convent of St. Jacob, are encountered for the first time in the sixteenth century. Whether this reflects the archival losses due to fire and siege or a postmedieval origin for such stories is unclear. I am not directly interested in the truth of these events, but rather in their interpretation (and reinterpretation) by generations of storytellers. 9 . Maria Tatar, The Classic Fairy Tales: Texts, Criticism, A Norton Critical Edition (New York: Norton, 1999); Hans-Jö rg Uther, The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson (Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 2004 ); Adolfo Mussafia, Studien zu den mittelalterlichen Marienlegenden (Vienna: F. Tempsky; continued by Carl Gerold’s Sohn, 1887 – 1898); and Heinrich Watenphul, Die Geschichte der Marienlegende von Beatrix der K ü sterin, Inaugural Dissertation, Georg-August-Universit ä t, G ö ttingen (Neuwied: Heuser, 1904 ). NOTES 179

10 . Karl Teply, T ü rkische Sagen und Legenden um die Kaiserstadt Wien (Vienna: Hermann B ö hlau, 1980 ). 11 . Hans Robert Jauss, Toward an Aesthetic of Reception , trans. Timothy Bahti, Theory and History of Literature, 2 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982 ). 12 . I have honed my own thinking about medievalist endeavors through innu- merable conversations with colleagues, particularly Elizabeth Upton, Alice Clark, and Jimmy Maiello. 13 . Troy Lovata, Inauthentic Archaeologies: Public Uses and Abuses of the Past (Walnut Creek: Left Coast Press, 2007 ). 14 . Richard Perger and Walther Brauneis, Die mittelalterlichen Kirchen und Kl ö ster Wiens , Wiener Geschichtsbü cher, 19/20 (Vienna: P. Zsolnay, 1977 ), cited as Perger/Brauneis; Felix Czeike, Historisches Lexikon Wien, 5 vols. (Vienna: Kremayr und Scheriau, 1994 ), cited hereafter as HLW. 15 . J. E. Schlager, Wiener Skizzen aus dem Mittelalter, 5 vols. (Vienna: Gerold, 1835–46); Theodor Wiedemann, Geschichte der Frauenklö ster St. Laurenz und Maria Magdalena in Wien (Salzburg: Mittermü ller, 1883); Wiedemann, “Zur Geschichte des Frauenklosters St. Jakob in Wien,” Berichte und Mittheilungen des Alterthumsvereins zu Wien 32 (1896 ): 53–86; Alfons Žá k, “Das Frauenkloster Himmelpforte in Wien (zirka 1131–1586),” Jahrbuch fü r Landeskunde von Niederö sterreich, N.F. 4 and 5 (1905 and 1906): 137–224; N.F. 6 (1907 ): 93–188; Z ák, “Zur Geschichte des Frauenklosters Sankt Klara in Wien,” Monatsblatt des Vereins f ü r Landeskunde von Niederö sterreich, 4 (1908/9): 353–58. 16 . Quellen zur Geschichte der Stadt Wien, ed. Anton Mayer andVerein fü r Geschichte der Stadt Wien (Vienna: Verlag und Eigenthum des Alterthums-Vereines zu Wien, 1895–1927), cited hereafter as QGStW; and the MOM collab- orative archive of monasterium.net (http://www.monasterium.net ). The MOM archive can also be accessed from http://www.mom-ca.uni-koeln.de /MOM-CA/. 17 . Necrologia Germaniae 5: Dioecesis Pataviensis, pars altera (Austria Inferior), ed. Adalbert Fuchs, Monumenta Germaniae historica (Munich: Wiedmann, 1913); volumes of the Monumenta Germaniae historica series can be consulted through Munich, Bayerischer Staatsbibliothek, http://www.dmgh.de /de/fs1/object/display.html. 18 . Geschichte der Stadt Wien , 6 vols., ed. Heinrich Zimmermann, Albert Starzer, and Anton Mayer (Vienna: Adolf Holzhausen, 1897–1918). A more recent history of the city is Peter Csendes, Ferdinand Opll, Karl Vocelka, and Anita Traninger, ed., Wien: Geschichte einer Stadt, Bd. 1: Von den Anfä ngen bis zur Ersten Wiener T ü rkenbelagerung, 1529; Bd. 2: Die fr ü hneuzeitliche Residenz (16. bis. 18. Jahrhundert); Bd. 3: Von 1790 bis zur Gegenwart (Vienna: Bö hlau, 2001 –2006). 19 . Hildegard Hollnsteiner, “Beiträ ge zur Geschichte des Augsustiner-Chorfrauenstiftes Himmelpforten in Wien,” Phil. Diss., Universit ä t Wien, 1948 ; Gabriella [Sr. M. Irmgardis] Strausz, “Das Nonnenkloster St. Laurenz in Wien,” Phil. Diss., Universitä t Wien, 1949 ; Eva-Maria Hantschel, “Das Augustiner-Chorfrauenkloster St. Jakob auf der 180 NOTES

H ü lben in Wien (1301–1783),” Phil. Diss., Universit ä t Wien, 1969 ; Gertraut Razesberger, “Die Aufhebung der Wiener Frauenkl ö ster unter Joseph II. in den. Jahren 1782 und 1783,” Phil. Diss., Universitä t Wien, 1964; Sophie Liebenstein, “Das ä lteste Wiener Frauenkloster. Die Zisterzienserinnenabtei St. Niklas vor dem Stubentor,” Santa Crux 16/3 (1954): 5ff; 16/4 (1954): 13–18; 17/1 (1955): 14ff; 17/2 (1955): 16ff; 17/3–4 (1955): 16ff; 18/1–2 ( 1955 ): 12–15. 20 . Gerhard Winner, Die Klosteraufhebungen in Niederö sterreich und Wien , Forschungen zur Kirchengeschichte Ö sterreichs, 3 (Vienna: Herold, 1967 ). For more complete details on the closing of the women’s houses and the disposition of their material goods, see P. P., “Verzeichnisse der in Lä ndern der westlichen H ä lfte der ö sterreichischen Monarchie von Kaiser Joseph II. 1782–1790 aufgehobenen Klö ster,” Archivalische Zeitschrift, 64, N.F. 6 (1896): 229–79 and 65, N.F. 7 (1897 ): 46–172; for the Viennese women’s houses in particular see N.F. 7, pp. 82–87. See also Razesberger, “Die Aufhebung der Wiener Frauenkl ö ster.” 21 . Anneliese Stoklaska, Zur Entstehung der ä ltesten Wiener Frauenkl ö ster , Dissertationen der Universit ä t Wien, 175 (Vienna: VWG Ö , 1986). 22 . Janet K. Page, “‘A Lovely and Perfect Music’: Maria Anna von Raschenau and Music at the Viennese Convent of St Jakob auf der Hü lben,” Early Music 38 ( 2010 ): 403–22; Page, “A Mid-18th-Century Devotional Book from the Viennese Convent of St. Jacob,” in Music in Eighteenth-Century Life: Cities, Courts, Churches , ed. Mara Parker (Ann Arbor, MI: Steglein Pub., 2006 ), pp. 3–25; Page, “Music and the Royal Procession in Maria Theresia’s Vienna,” Early Music , 27 ( 1999 ): 96–118. 23 . Barbara Schedl, Klosterleben und Stadtkultur im mittelalterlichen Wien: Architektur der religiö sen Frauenkommunitä ten, Forschungen und Beiträ ge zur Wiener Stadtgeschichte, Bd. 51 (Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2009 ). 24 . The intellectual trends of late twentieth-century medievalist scholarship, particularly the emphasis on “the gothic” and its architectural and artistic reso- nance, can be seen in the categories applied in Edward Kaufman, Medievalism: An Annotated Bibliography of Recent Research in the Architecture and Art of Britain and North America, Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, 791 (New York: Garland Pub., 1988 ). For a helpful survey of medievalist perspec- tives, see Michael Alexander, Medievalism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007 ). A rich bibliography is also available online; see Richard Utz and Aneta Dygon, “Medievalism and Literature: An Annotated Bibliography of Critical Studies,” Perspicuitas ( 2002 ): 1–107, http://scholarworks.wmich .edu/english_pubs/6/. 25 . Kathleen Biddick, The Shock of Medievalism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998 ). 26 . Boydell and Brewer produce the series Studies in Medievalism; the journal The Year’s Work in Medievalism offers a forum for scholarly articles; and Richard Utz’s blog “Medievally Speaking” ( http://medievallyspeaking. blogspot.com/) aims to keep current on medievalist issues, providing a bibliography, definitions, reviews, and the like. NOTES 181

27 . Alessandra Comini, The Changing Image of Beethoven: A Study in Mythmaking (New York: Rizzoli, 1987 ); Scott G. Burnham, Beethoven Hero (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995 ). 28 . Richard Utz, “Medievalism, Mittelalter-Rezeption, Mé dié valisme: An Introduction,” in Perspicuitas: Internet-Periodicum f ü r medi ä vistische Sprach-, Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft, http://www.uni-due.de/perspicuitas/editorial .shtml, accessed on 10/10/11. 29 . The widespread tale of the Himmelspfö rtnerin is recounted, for example, in Gustav Gugitz, ed., Die Sagen und Legenden der Stadt Wien nach den Quellen gesammelt und mit kritischen Erl ä uterungen herausgegeben , Ö sterreichische Heimat, 17 (Vienna: Brü der Hollinek, 1952 ), story Nr. 92, pp. 107–9. See also John Davidson, “The Ballad of a Nun,” The Yellow Book, 3 (1894 ): 273–79; reprint as John Davidson, The Ballad of a Nun, illustrated by Paul Henry (London and New York: John Lane, 1905); and the parody by Owen Seaman, “A Ballad of a Bun,” in The Battle of the Bays (London and New York: John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1896 ), 22–26. For further bibliography, see the discussion of this legend in chapter 5 . 30 . [Johann Maria Weissegger von Weisseneck], Beytr ä ge zur Schilderung Wiens (Vienna: [J. von Kurzbeck], 1781); Johann Pezzl, Skizze von Wien: ein Kultur- und Sittenbild aus der josefinischen Zeit, ed. Gustav Gugitz and Anton Schlossar (Graz: Leykam, 1923); trans. from Johann Pezzl, “Sketch of Vienna,” in Mozart and Vienna, including Selections from Johann Pezzl’s “Sketch of Vienna” (1786–90), abridged and trans. H. C. Robbins Landon (London: Thames and Hudson, 1991), 52–191. Note that such discomfort with women monastics’ callings as signaled through distancing vocabulary is often present whether that outsider be sympathetic co-practitioner or hostile witness with a reforming agenda. 31 . Dietrich Denecke and Gareth Shaw, ed., Urban Historical Geography: Recent Progress in Britain and Germany, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography, 10 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988 ), pp. 18 and 20, citing in particular the work of Denis Cosgrove. 32 . Wood and Fels, “Designs on Signs”; Matthew H. Edney, “Theory and History of Cartography,” Imago Mundi 48 (1996 ): 185–91; Juergen Schulz, “Jacopo de’ Barbari’s View of Venice: Map Making, City Views, and Moralized Geography before the Year 1500,” The Art Bulletin, 60 (1978 ): 425–74; and Geoffrey Broadbent, “A Plan Man’s Guide to the Theory of Signs in Architecture,” Architectural Design 47 ( 1978 ): 474–82. 33 . Diane Favro, “Meaning and Experience: Urban History from Antiquity to the Early Modern Period,” The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians , 58/3 ( 1999 /2000): 364–73; Albrecht Classen, “Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age: Historical, Mental, Cultural, and Social-Economic Investigations,” in Urban Space in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age , ed. Albrecht Classen, Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture, 4 (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009 ), 1–145. 34 . Victoria E. Thompson, “Telling ‘Spatial Stories’: Urban Space and Bourgeois Identity in Early Nineteenth-Century Paris,” The Journal of Modern History , 75 ( 2003 ): 523–56. 182 NOTES

35 . Ulrike Strasser, State of Virginity: Gender, Religion, and Politics in an Early Modern Catholic State (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004 ); Diane Yvonne Ghirardo, “The Topography of Prostitution in Renaissance Ferrara,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians , 60 (2001 ): 402–31; Joë lle Rollo-Koster, “The Politics of Body Parts: Contested Topographies in Late-Medieval Avignon,” Speculum 78 ( 2003 ): 66–98.

2 Mine’s Taller: On Steeple Distortions in City Depictions 1 . Denis Wood and John Fels, “Designs on Signs: Myth and Meaning in Maps,” Cartographica 23 (1986 ): 65 [54–103]. 2 . Full citations for artwork and maps cited in this chapter can be found in Appendix 1. Alten-Allen’s career has been covered most recently in Veronika Kaiser, “Hofkü nstler versus Hofmusiker: Zur sozialen Situation der bildenden K ü nstler und Musiker am Hof in Wien zur Zeit Karls VI,” Diplomarbeit, Universit ä t Wien, 2009 , http://othes.univie.ac.at/8296/1/ 2009–12–08 _0107410.pdf, pp. 86, 90–91, 97, 98, 171. 3 . St. Michael’s bears the number “6” in Alten-Allen’s scheme, but the two households are unnumbered and unnamed. Compare Alten-Allen’s plan with that of Daniel Suttinger, “Grundrissplan der Stadt Wien. 1683 (1684)”; in Suttinger’s plan, the buildings in question (St. Michael’s and the palaces of Kaunitz and Leichtenstein) can be found on line 2, column 2. 4 . Jiř í Pe š ek, “Prague, Wrocł aw, and Vienna: Center and Periphery in Transformations of Baroque Culture?” in Embodiments of Power: Building Baroque Cities in Europe, ed. Gary B. Cohen and Franz A. J. Szabo, Austrian and Habsburg Studies, 10 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2008 ), p. 87 [80–96]. 5 . Viennese historians appear to take special delight in tracing the antecedent of city place-names; see for example the nineteenth-century study, Wilhelm Kisch, Die alten Strassen und Plaetze Wien’s und ihre historisch interessanten Haeuser: Ein Beitrag zur Culturgeschichte Wien’s mit R ü cksicht auf vaterlaendis- che Kunst, Architektur, Musik und Literatur (Vienna: M. Gottlieb, 1883, rpt. Cosenza: Brenner, 1967 ). 6 . Juergen Schulz, “Jacopo de’ Barbari’s View of Venice: Map Making, City Views, and Moralized Geography before the Year 1500,” The Art Bulletin 60 ( 1978 ): 446 [425–74]. 7 . On the St. Niklas chapel, see Richard Perger and Walther Brauneis, Die mittelalterlichen Kirchen und Kl ö ster Wiens , Wiener Geschichtsbü cher, 19/20 (Vienna: P. Zsolnay, 1977 ), pp. 93–94; on St. Niklas vor dem Stubentor, see Perger/Brauneis, pp. 179–83. 8 . Perger/Brauneis, pp. 89–91. 9 . A history and images of the famous street are provided in Felix Czeike, Der Graben , Wiener Geschichtsb ü cher, 10 (Vienna: Paul Zsolnay, 1972 ). 10 . The story of St. Lorenz’s transition from the Dominican fold to that of the Augustinians is told eloquently in Gabriella (Sr. M. Irmgardis) Strausz, “Das NOTES 183

Nonnenkloster St. Laurenz in Wien,” Phil. Diss., Universitä t Wien, 1949 , pp. 50–58. 11 . Agnes Blannbekin (a Beguine, ca. 1291) went to St. Jacob as part of her regular church visitations a minimum of three times, since the church served as the occasion for visions in chapter 135 and again in chapters 140 and 141. Thus, the monastery’s church became part of the public worship spaces “claimed” by this mystic who, in her own account, was prone to approach- ing the altars and otherwise intruding herself into “reserved” religious spaces. Her treatise is edited in Peter Dinzelbacher and Renate Vogeler, eds., Leben und Offenbarungen der Wiener Begine Agnes Blannbekin (d. 1315) , Gö ppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik, 419 (Gö ppingen: Kü mmerle Verlag, 1994 ); see also the translation of Ulrike Wiethaus, Agnes Blannbekin, Viennese Beguine: Life and Revelations, Library of Medieval Women (Woodbridge, Suffolk: D. S. Brewer, 2002 ). 12 . The removal of human figures from a cityscape is common. Wood and Fels, “Designs on Signs,” p. 82, articulate a view of maps, for instance, “as akin to a three-hour exposure of Grand Central Station, in which actions, events, and processes disappear and all that register are objects of permanence .” 13 . On the St. Florian Crucifixion, see Ferdinand Opll, “Das Antlitz der Stadt Wien am Ende des Mittelalters: Bekanntes und Neues zu den ‘Wien-Ansichten’ auf Tafelbildern des 15. Jahrhunderts,” Jahrbuch des Vereines f ü r Geschichte der Stadt Wien 55 ( 1999 ): 135–37 [101–45]. As he reminds us, the details of the buildings—the zigzag of the roof of St. Stephan’s, the individual towers, and so on, are true, but the image is inverted, with the towers on the wrong side of the building. 14 . Two centuries later, churches still had pride of place, for in Salomon Kleiner’s images of the city, published between 1724 and 1737, he puts the 33 images of the churches and convents first, before the section devoted to prospects, houses, and palaces. In the dedication portrait to the first volume, Kleiner seats the emperor with his hand loosely brushing the etching of St. Stephan’s held unrolled by an angel and two putti; the etching labels the emperor as “Protector Ecclesiarum.” Protection was, evidently, a two-way street: the emperor protected the church, and the church protected the realm. 15 . J. B. Harley, “Maps, Knowledge, and Power,” in The Iconography of Landscape: Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments, ed. Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography, 9 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988 ), p. 278 [277–312]. 16 . Nicholas T. Parsons, Vienna: A Cultural and Literary History, Cities of the Imagination (Oxford: Signal Books, 2008 ), p. 139. 17 . On Edler and religion in court circles, see Elaine Fulton, Catholic Belief and Survival in Late Sixteenth-Century Vienna: The Case of Georg Eder (1523– 87), St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007 ); see also Howard Louthan, The Quest for Compromise: Peacemakers in Counter-Reformation Vienna , Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997 ). On the Minoritenkirche, 184 NOTES

see Maria Parucki, Die Wiener Minoritenkirche (Vienna: B ö hlau, 1995 ), especially pp. 71–72, which discuss the damage to church and cloister during the siege and the church’s use by Protestants; and the older study by Giovanni Giuliani, Die Wiener Minoritenkirche: Hinweise ü ber Geschichte und Kunstschä tze der Kirche (Padua: Edizioni Messaggero, 1967 ), p. 15. 18 . On Nuremberg political context for images of Turks and of Vienna itself, see Keith Moxey, Peasants, Warriors, and Wives: Popular Imagery in the Reformation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989 ), pp. 67–100, especially p. 78 and pp. 99–100; John W. Bohnstedt, The Infidel Scourge of God: The Turkish Menace as Seen by German Pamphleteers of the Reformation Era , Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N.S. vol. 58, part 9 (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1968 ); and J. R. Hale, Artists and Warfare in the Renaissance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990 ), pp. 17–19 and 61–63. 19 . The besiegers are not cast as specifically Muslim; we see no prayer mats, no calls to worship, no active distinction in religious practice. Rather, they appear as the Other, demonized as ruthless, ready to spear civilian on pike or butcher the corpses, desecrating the dead. The cultural diversity of Vienna likewise goes unacknowledged in these sixteenth-century representations; we have the label of the Judenplatz, but see little direct topographical attention to the Jewish and immigrant populations that become a focus of attention in seventeenth-century travel accounts. 20 . In reality, Puchsbaum’s contributions were involved primarily in the design and construction of the nave, and Johann Josef Bö ker has recently demonstrated that most of the surviving architectural drawings for the uncompleted tower stem not from Puchsbaum but from his successor Laurenz Spenning. Nevertheless, the legends surrounding the tower clearly fix on Puchsbaum as instigator and tragic figure. The “master” who preceded Puchsbaum was likely Hans von Prachatitz, who had completed the spire of the South Tower in 1433, though it is possible that the story-teller intended a reference to Wenczla Parler who had enlarged the design for the South Tower around 1400. An account of Puchsbaum’s contributions can be found in Paul Frankl, Gothic Architecture, ed. Paul Crossley (Baltimore: Penguin Books, 1962; rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000 ), pp. 206–8. On the construction of the North Tower itself, see Marlene Zykan, Der Stephansdom , Wiener Geschichtsb ücher, 26/27 (Vienna, Hamburg: Zsolnay, 1981 ), pp. 102–8; see also Johann Josef Bö ker, Der Wiener Stephansdom: Architektur als Sinnbild f ü r das Haus Ö sterreich (Salzburg: Anton Pustet, 2007 ), pp. 255–319, particularly 255–57 and 319. 21 . Eighteenth-century historian Joseph Ogesser reports—and contests the truthfulness of—a version of the story that claims that responsibility of the North Tower was given to Puchsbaum while he was a journeyman, thereby setting up his rivalry with his master. This version of the story even mis- identifies Buchsbaum’s predecessor as the venerable Anton Pilgram, though Pilgram in fact made his architectural contributions a full generation after Puchsbaum’s death. See Joseph Ogesser, Beschreibung der Metropolitankirche zu St Stephan in Wien (Vienna: Edeln von Ghelenschen Erben, 1779), pp. 56–67, NOTES 185

especially p. 63. An excerpt from Ogesser’s version is quoted in Bö ker, Der Wiener Stephansdom, p. 255. B ö ker explains the confusion over architects’ names, and untangles the construction history of the uncompleted North Tower, particularly the doubled laying of the ground-stone, once in 1444 and again in 1450. 22 . This rendition is paraphrased from the rendition in Gustav Gugitz, ed., Die Sagen und Legenden der Stadt Wien nach den Quellen gesammelt und mit kritischen Erlä uterungen herausgegeben, Ö sterreichische Heimat, 17 (Vienna: Br ü der Hollinek, 1952 ), story Nr. 33, pp. 56–57. Gugitz uses the spelling “Buxbaum” for the more familiar “Puchbaum.” This story is reported by [Friedrich Wilhelm Weiskern], Beschreibung der k.k. Haupt und Residenzstadt Wien, als der dritte Theil zur ö sterreichischen Topographie (Vienna: Joseph Kurzb ö cken, 1770), p. 80, among others. Other stories feature the completed South Tower, including one in which Kapellmeister Arnold de Bruck falls, and his sword rings the bell to complete a prophecy; see Gugitz, “Der dreizehnte Glockenschlag,” Sagen und Legenden , Nr 64, p. 81. 23 . “Aller heyligen Thuemkirchen Sand Steffan Mit dem Turn und ander schigkligkait . . . ” Woodcut from Matth ä us Heuperger, Weiner Heilthumbuch (1502). 24 . The discussion that follows draws on four painted images, each with the late medieval city of Vienna depicted in the background: (1) the Meeting of St. Joachim and St. Anne from the Albrecht Altar; (2) Flight into Egypt from the Schottenaltar; (3) Crucifixion, from the Mediasch Retable; and (4) Death of Friederich II “the Quarrelsome,” from the Babenberger Stammbaum. Details regarding these images are provided in Appendix 1, Part A. 25 . The most extensive study to provide building identification for such Viennese panoramas is Opll, “Das Antlitz der Stadt Wien.” 26 . On the Mediasch Retable, see Emese Sarkadi, “Produced for Transylvania— Local Workshops and Foreign Connections: Studies of Late Medieval Altarpieces in Transylvania,” PhDdiss., Central European University, 2008, http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2008/mphnae01.pdf, especially pp. 184–193; see also Otto Folberth, Gotik in Siebenbü rgen: Der Meister des Mediascher Altars und seine Zeit (Vienna and Munich: Anton Schroll, 1973 ), especially the appendix, pp. 95–125, where he summarizes the literature on the Altar up to that time. 27 . Sarkadi, “Produced for Transylvania,” pp. 48–51. 28 . Sarkadi, “Produced for Transylvania,” p. 77, n 259. For identification of individual buildings, see Franz Juraschek, “Das mittelalterliche Wien in einer unbekannten Ansicht,” Kirchenkunst: Ö sterreichische Zeitschrift f ü ur Pflege religi ö ser Kunst, 2.2 (1930 ): 45–46; see also the more cautionary identifications by Theobald Bruno Streitfeld, “Etwas ü ber die Kreuzigung des Mediascher Altars,” Korrespondenzblatt des Vereins f ü r siebenb ü rgische Landeskunde 53 ( 1930 ): 52–55, who summarizes this depiction as a “free product of fantasy” [freie Phantasieprodukte]. On “authentic,” “concrete,” and “realistic” depictions of towns, see Michael Imhof, “Die Bamberg Ansichten des fü nfzehnten Jahrhunderts aus dem Berliner Kupferstichkabinett und ihre Kunsthistorische Einordnung,” Berichte des Vereins Bamberg 128 (1992 ): 7–73, especially pp. 24–27. 186 NOTES

29 . Floridus Rö hrig, ed., Der Albrechtsalter und sein Meister (Vienna: Edition Tusch, 1981 ), especially pp. 21–28 and 36–37; and Barbara Bonard, Der Albrechtsaltar in Klosterneuburg bei Wien: irdisches Leben und himmlische Hierarchie—ikonographische Studie , tuduv-Studien: Reihe Kunstgeschichte, 2 (Munich: tuduv-Verlagsgesellschaft, 1980 ), especially pp. 160–61. 30 . Just how generously the Viennese supported the church as evidenced by church property-holdings within the city is clear from the investigations of Elisabeth Lichtenberger, Die Wiener Altstadt: Von der mittelalterlichen B ü rgerstadt zur City , 2 vols. (Vienna: Deuticke, 1977 ); see also the clear demarcations of church-owned property (given purple tint) in Daniel Suttinger, “Wien 1684.” 31 . Hartmann Schedel, First English Edition of the Nuremberg Chronicle: Being the Liber Chronicarum of Dr. Hartmann Schedel , trans. Walter W. Schmauch (Madison: University of Wisconsin Digital Collections Center, 2010 , http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/nur.001.0004), hosted at Morse Library, Beloit College: Nuremberg Chronicle website, http://www.beloit. edu/nuremberg/, Folio XCVIII verso. The buildings of Schedel’s Ansicht are identified in Moritz Bermann, Alt- und Neu-Wien, oder, Geschichte der Kaiserstadt und ihrer Umgebungen (Vienna: Hartleben, 1880 ), pp. 721 (image with numbers) and 741 (explication). He identifies the two gates as the Rothethurm (to the left) and Werderthor. Of the two large church towers, the left-hand is St. Stephan’s, though it is without its church (!); the Burg is to the back of the picture adjacent to the tree to the right of this tower. St. Michael’s and the Carmelites (Weissenbrü der) frame the white defensive tower in the center of the picture, and to the right of the picture is Maria Steigen, though, as Bermann notes, its two towers are strangely unequal. To the left of St. Stephan’s, Bermann identifies the Biberthurm, St. Lorenz, and the Prediger-Kloster, though, he acknowledges, “the houses, churches, walls, and towers are certainly not drawn accurately from nature” [die Hä user, Kirchen, Mauern und Thü rme gewi ß nicht genau nach der Natur gezeich- net sind] (Bermann, p. 741). 32 . We find a mix of upper- and lower-case letters in the version of “Vienna Pannonie” from the pirated edition of the Schedel Weltchronik issued by Johann Schö nsperger in 1497, but in that version, the label does not partake in the image proper, and is instead attached to the section label (“Sexta etas mundi, Folium Cix, Vienna Pannonie”) rather than to the image alone. While the font is relatively consistent from image to image, Vienna is unusual in its regional designation, perhaps included to distinguish it from Vienne near Lyon. 33 . These propagandistic images join those of woodcuts of the atrocities of Turkish warriors with texts by Hans Sachs that were marketed to the Nuremberg audience by Guldenmund; see the discussion in Moxey, Peasants, Warriors, and Wives , pp. 76–80. He points out that the person who facilitated the publication of the Beham/Meldemann view of the siege was “Lazarus Spengler, secretary to the [Nuremberg] council and the man who had been instrumental in shaping Nuremberg’s policy of nonresistance to the emperor” (Moxey, p. 78). NOTES 187

34 . Heinrich Rö ttinger claims that the Schö n/Guldenmund image derives from Schedel’s Weltchronik; see Rö ttinger, Erhard Sch ö n und Niklas St ö r, der pseudo-Sch ö n: zwei Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des alten Nü rnberger Holzschnittes , Studien zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte, 229 (Strassburg: J. H. E. Heitz, 1925 ), p. 174. While there are similarities in details of individual buildings, Schö n/Guldenmund condense layout into a discrete cir- cle, adjust relationships between buildings, and select their own emphases and foci. For the purposes of the current study, then, Schedel and Sch ön/ Guldenmund represent independent topographical witnesses to the city’s development. 35 . Robert Waissenberger reads the Guldenmund image differently, claiming that in this portrayal, Guldenmund “recognizes the weak defenses of the city, surrounded by a massive army of the Turks. It consists of many tents and extends to the edge of the Wienerwald” [Auf der Stadtansicht Guldemunds erkennt man die schwachen Verteidigungsanlagen der Stadt, die von einem gewaltigen Heerlager der T ü rken umgeben sind. Es besteht aus vielen Zelten und reicht bis an den Rand des Wienerwaldes]. Robert Waissenberger, ed., Bewahrte Geschichte: Die stä dtischen Museen Wiens ( Historisches Museum der Stadt Wien; Uhrenmuseum, R ö mische Ruinen, Musikergedenkstä tten, Modesammlungen, Pratermuseum) (Vienna: Jugend und Volk, 1979 ), pp. 44–45. Where Waissenberger reads unalloyed strength (he refers to the “tremendous superiority” of the assailants), I find the ultimate victory of Viennese forces to be presaged in the way the artist portrays the besieging army. 36 . Bermann notes that none of the churches except St. Stephan and Maria Steigen are identifiable in Guldenmund; Bermann, Alt- und Neu-Wien, p. 743. Evidently, to the artist, the individual identity of church or monastery did not matter so much as the presence of a host of such Christian institutions. This is Vienna portrayed imagistically as a “bulwark of Christianity,” rather than as a faithful rendition of the city itself. 37 . Moxey, Peasants, Warriors, and Wives, pp. 74–79 and 99–100. On the broader propaganda campaign in response to the siege, see Karl Schottenloher, Flugblatt und Zeitung: ein Wegweiser durch das gedruckte Tagesschrifttum , Bibliothek f ü r Kunst- und Antiquit ä tensammler, 21 (Berlin: Richard Carl Schmidt, 1922 ), pp. 168–72. The most detailed account of Guldenmund’s career remains Walter Fries, “Der Nü rnberger Briefmaler Hans Guldenmund,” Zeitschrift f ü r Buchkunde 1 ( 1924 ): 39–48, which includes a chronological list of Guldenmund’s publications; see also the biographical review provided in David Landau and Peter Parshall, The Renaissance Print, 1470–1550 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 223–31. 38 . Schulz, “Jacopo de’ Barbari’s View of Venice,” p. 471. 39 . During the Turkish siege of 1529, the sick were brought to Himmelpforte, for instance; see Karl Lind, “Plan der Stadt Wien aus der ersten Hä lfte des XV. Jahrhunderts,” Berichte und Mittheilungen des Alterthums-Vereines zu Wien, 10 ( 1869 ): 231 [223–47]. St. Clara, on the other hand, served as the base for gun emplacements; see Perger/Brauneis, p. 227. No acknowledgment of such shifts of function appears in these visual accounts. 188 NOTES

40 . John Hale, Artists and Warfare in the Renaissance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990 ), pp. 17–19, identifies the action but not the occasion for this aspect of the Beham/Meldemann image. 41 . Hirschvogel’s claims to innovation and his new approach to surveying through triangulation have been elucidated by John A. Pinto, “Origins and Development of the Ichnographic City Plan,” Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians , 35 ( 1976 ): 47–49 [35–50]. A basic description of Hirschvogel’s three images of the city is provided in Karl Schwarz, Augustin Hirschvogel: Ein deutscher Meister der Renaissance (Berlin: Julius Bard, 1917, rpt New York: Collectors Editions, 1971 ), text vol., pp. 185–86; Schwarz discusses the context for the creation of these images on pp. 43–47. 42 . Jeffrey Chipps Smith, “Nuremberg and the Topographies of Expectation,” in The Idea of North, ed. Patrick Hart and Sebastiaan Verweij, special issue, Journal of the Northern Renaissance 1.1 (Spring 2009 ): 38–41 [35–63]. Describing Hanns Lautensack’s portrayal of the city of Nuremberg a few years later, Smith observes that Lautensack “is sketching outdoors or nach dem Leben to prove his scrutiny of the actual walls and buildings.” Lautensack, who also contributed the allegorical view of Sennacherib before Jerusalem/Vienna, may well have borrowed this convention from the Hirschvogel Views of Vienna. 43 . For several years after the siege, the St. Jacob nuns found themselves shar- ing space with refugees from the city’s Vorstä dten . Their income was dras- tically curtailed by the property damage of the 1529 campaign, and the nuns had to resort to handwork to supplement their income in order to repair the building when part of the roof collapsed in 1535. See Eva-Maria Hantschel, “Das Augustiner-Chorfrauenkloster St. Jakob auf der Hü lben in Wien (1301–1783),” Phil. Diss., Universit ä t Wien, 1969 , pp. 23–30. 44 . “Das Gotteshaus ist 1525 ausgebrunnen, zum Theil wieder gebaut, das Kloster ist aber noch im schlechten Bau” [The church has been burned out since 1525, and partly rebuilt; the monastery, however, is still in poor repair]. Further excerpts from the Hieronymus visitation record of 1544 are found in Theodor Wiedemann, Geschichte der Reformation und Gegenreformation im Lande unter der Enns, 2 vols. (Prague: F. Tempsky, 1879, 1880 ), 2:36. 45 . The destruction of the Predigerkloster in 1529 is mentioned in passing in Martina Pippal, A Short History of Art in Vienna (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2001 ), p. 58. 46 . Pinto, “Origins and Development of the Ichnographic City Plan,” pp. 47–49, where he discusses Hirschvogel’s methods at length. Early historical geographer Eugen Oberhummer also provided a creditable review of several of the early plans of Vienna; his discussion of Hirschvogel can be found in “Der Stadtplan, seine Entwickelung und geographische Bedeutung,” in Verhandlungen des XVI. Deutschen Geographentages zu Nü rnberg (Berlin: Reimer, 1907 ), pp. 90–91 [66–101]. 47 . Hirschvogel adopts the same “front-on” approach to the elements of his circular plan. There, he renders the bastions “in bird’s-eye perspective . . . but without regard for overall illusionism; each individual bastion is strongly NOTES 189

lit on its right and shaded on its left, so that it seems natural only to the bird’s eye nearest to it. As in the siege woodcut, the reality-effect only works locally.” Martha Pollack, Cities at War in Early Modern Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010 ), p. 116. 48 . Joseph Feil, “Über die erste Publication des Alterthumsvereins in Wien,” Berichte des Alterthums-Vereines zu Wien 1 ( 1854 ): 5 [1–6]. See also Albert Camesina, “Über Lautensack’s Ansicht Wien’s vom Jahre 1558 mit dem von Wolfgang Laz hierzu gelieferten Texte und Beträ gen zur Lebensgeschichte des Letzteren,” Berichte des Alterthums-Vereines zu Wien 1 (1854 ): 7–23. Lautensack’s allegory is indexed and its central panel reproduced in Annegrit Schmitt, Hanns Lautensack, Nü rnberger Forschungen: Einzelarbeiten zur N ü rnberger Geschichte, 4 (Nuremberg: Vereins fü r Geschichte der Stadt N ü rnberg, 1957 ), pp. 78–79 and plate 29. 49 . Schmitt, Hanns Lautensack , p. 78. 50 . In her study of the architecture of the Viennese women’s convents, Barbara Schedl does not consider the information from Lautensack’s image, since her methodological focus is on the flat plans. She does give close consideration to Wolmuet’s flat plan from a few years earlier, however, and provides excerpts and summaries from the documentary record regarding building programs of the period. See Barbara Schedl, Klosterleben und Stadtkultur im mittelalterlichen Wien: Architektur der religi ö sen Frauenkommunit ä ten, Forschungen und Beiträ ge zur Wiener Stadtgeschichte, Bd. 51 (Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2009 ). 51 . Hirschvogel leaves St. Lorenz unlabeled in the View from the South but labels it in the View from the North; Lautensack provides a label for St. Jacob as well as for St. Lorenz. Compared with Lazius’s copy of the View from the South (a copy Lazius also derived from Hirschvogel), Lautensack’s inventory of five women’s convents is nearly complete, for Lazius labels only a single women’s convent. 52 . Jacob Hoefnagel, “Vienna Austriae: Wienn in Osterreich,” 1609; Hoefnagel places the dedication on a shield in the lower right-hand corner of his image. 53 . In the Civitates Orbis Terrarum of 1617, the roofs of the churches are tinted blue to further separate them visually from the red-colored roofs of regular buildings. Color reproduction: http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/austria/wien/maps /braun_hogenberg_VI_21.html . 54 . For a more detailed analysis of Hoefnagel’s production, and in particular for the relationship between the text and the pictures, see Lucia Nuti, “The Mapped Views by Georg Hoefnagel: The Merchant’s Eye, the Humanist’s Eye,” Word and Image 4 ( 1988 ): 545–70. 55 . Franç oise Knopper, Le regard du voyageur en Allemagne du Sud et en Autriche dans les relations de voyageurs allemands, Collection “Germaniques” (Nancy: Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 1992 ), p. 17; as she points out, the bourgeois have need of travel literature because they are eager to acquire information. 56 . Later images were also to emphasize the churches as separable from the other features of the city. Daniel Suttinger, for instance, uses color to dif- ferentiate them in “Wien 1684,” and Johann Jacob Marinoni and Leander 190 NOTES

Anguissola make the churches dark in their “Accuratissima Vienna Austria Ichnographica Delineatio” of 1704 (1706). 57 . Wood and Fels, “Designs on Signs,” p. 69. 58 . On Friedrich’s relationship with Vienna, see A. W. A. Leeper, A History of Medieval Austria, ed. R. W. Seton-Watson and C. A. Macartney (London: Oxford University Press, 1941 ), pp. 316–28 and 340–42. On the view of Vienna in Freidrich II’s portrait in the Stammbaum , see Floridus Rö hrig, Der Babenberger-Stammbaum im Stift Klosterneuburg (Vienna: Tusch, 1975 ), pp. 23–24, where he identifies many of the buildings and courtyards, and pp. 94–95 that includes discussion and reproduction of the famous image. 59 . R ö hrig, Babenberger-Stammbaum , pp. 9–10 explains the origins of the Stammbaum in the Habsburg-sponsored preparation of the case for Leopold III’s sainthood, though the large-scale image was created for Klosterneuburg, as the account books make clear. Note that although the location of the Battle of Leitha River is not known for certain, a “true” portrait of Friedrich’s death would have taken place without a city backdrop. The city symbolizes his power rather than forming part of the narrative of his death. 60 . The only exception is the crane that denotes the unfinished North Tower of St. Stephan’s in the Heilthumsbuch and its derivative portrayal in Beham/ Meldemann. 61 . No winter images of the city have come to my attention prior to the landscape images of the eighteenth century. 62 . Parsons, Vienna: A Cultural and Literary History , p. 110. 63 . A political reading of font choices is provided in several of the essays in Peter Bain and Paul Shaw, eds, Blackletter: Type and National Identity (New York: Princeton Architectural Press; Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, 1998 ). See particularly the essays by Luidl and Bertheau, Philipp Luidl, “A Comparison of Fraktur and Roman Type: A German Study,” pp. 16–21, which argues for the greater legibility of fraktur over roman type for written German, and that of Philipp Th. Bertheau, “The German Language and the Two Faces of Its Script: A Genuine Expression of European Culture?” pp. 22–31, which continues the discussion of roman and fraktur type, reminding us of the close connection between roman type and Church Latin (p. 26). 64 . Curiously, in these plans and side views, the city does not retain its identity as “Vindobona,” perhaps because that too explicitly signaled the original Roman settlement with its smaller geographical scope. 65 . The full text of Lazius’s title is “ANNO DOMINI 1548. VIE[N]NA AVSTRIAE HVNC HABVIT SITUM,” and the elaborate tails of the scroll weave around to fill the space above the city, occupying between a third and a half of the available vertical space. (Lazius models his work on Hirschvogel’s Views of Vienna from a year earlier, though his banderole is much more ornate.) Whereas Lazius’s image is well-known, I have yet to identify any scholarly discussion of the independent seventeenth-century image of Vienna from “A True and Exact Description of the City of Vienna Together with the Encampment of the Turks, and the Relation of the NOTES 191

most Memorable Passages during the late Siege” [Anonymous Broadsheet] (Printed at Cullen, reprinted at London: Walter Davis, 1683; EEBO Wing / 1296:50). 66 . Wolmuet (1547) introduces his plan with the phrase “here follows a true work” [hie volgt ain Gemainer Werch]. 67 . Pollack, Cities at War , p. 116. 68 . The Hirschvogel self-portrait, one of several, is reproduced in Schwarz, Augustin Hirschvogel , plates volume, p. 64 (=item 39).

3 Mental Topography and the Viennese Medieval Past 1 . An extensive review of the sociological literature on place, including the research on paths, nodes, and edges as mental framework for descriptions of place, can be found in Thomas F. Gieryn, “A Space for Place in Sociology,” Annual Review of Sociology 26 ( 2000 ): 472 [463–96]. 2 . Kevin Lynch, The Image of the City, Publications of the Joint Center for Urban Studies (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1960 ), pp. 46–48. Later in his discussion, Lynch points out that “social connotations are quite significant in building regions” (p. 68), and links up class and ethnicity with the character of individual regions within a given city. He also points out that landmarks or “local points were remembered as clusters, in which they reinforced each other by repetition, and were recognizable partly by context” (p. 83). This feature of content-clustering appears to guide many of the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century city narratives considered here. 3 . A similar sentiment is found in Edward S. Casey, who links place with the necessary rituals through which community is “enacted”; The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History ( Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997 ), p. xiv. 4 . Victoria E. Thompson, “Telling ‘Spatial Stories’: Urban Space and Bourgeois Identity in Early Nineteenth-Century Paris,” The Journal of Modern History 75 ( 2003 ): 525 [523–56]. 5 . Doreen B. Massey, Space, Place, and Gender (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), pp. 119–20 and 167–69. 6 . Richard Dennis and Hugh Prince, “Research in British Urban Historical Geography,” in Urban Historical Geography: Recent Progress in Britain and Germany , ed. Dietrich Denecke and Gareth Shaw, Cambridge Studies in Historical Geography, 10 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988 ), p. 18 [9–23]. 7 . Inventories and historical review of the Viennese or the more broadly Austrian travel literature can be found in Kai Kauffmann, “Es ist nur ein Wien!”: Stadtbeschreibungen von Wien 1700 bis 1873: Geschichte eines literarischen Genres der Wiener Publizistik, Literatur in der Geschichte, Geschichte in der Literatur, 29 (Vienna: B ö hlau, 1994 ); and in Fran ç oise Knopper, Le regard du voyageur en Allemagne du Sud et en Autriche dans les relations de voyageurs allemands, Collection “Germaniques” (Nancy: Presses Universitaires de Nancy, 1992 ). 192 NOTES

8 . Knopper, Le regard du voyageur , p. 10. 9 . Hans-Erich B ö deker, “Reisebeschreibungen im historischen Diskurs der Aufkl ä rung,” in Aufkl ä rung und Geschichte: Studien zur deutschen Geschichtswissenschaft im 18. Jahrhundert, ed. Hans-Erich B ö deker, Georg Iggers, Jonathan B. Knudsen, and Peter H. Reill, Ver ö ffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts fü r Geschichte, 81 (Gö ttingen; Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1986 ), p. 277 [276–98]. Relatively little systematic attention has been given to the extent to which the travel literature is intertextual, though the presence of borrowed material with or without attribution is normative in these accounts. 10 . Roughly a third of the hundred Viennese travelogues and topographies from the period 1650 to 1800 contain no reference at all to the women’s convents of the city, and those have been excluded from further consideration here. 11 . William E. Stewart, Die Reisebeschreibung und ihre Theorie im Deutschland des 18. Jahrhunderts , Literatur und Wirklichkeit, 20 (Bonn: Bouvier Verlag Herbert Grundmann, 1978 ). The genre’s social shift from cavalier to bourgeois is also traced in Hans Erich B ö deker, “Reisen: Bedeutung und Funktion f ü r die deutsche Aufkl ä rungsgesellschaft,” in Reisen im 18. Jahrhundert: Neue Untersuchungen , ed. Wolfgang Griep and Hans-Wolf Jä ger, Neue Bremer Beitr äge, 3 (Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universit ä tsverlag, 1986), pp. 91–110. 12 . Wolfgang Neuber, “Zur Gattungspoetik des Reiseberichts: Skizze einer historischen Grundlegung im Horizont von Rhetorik und Topik,” in Der Reisebericht: die Entwicklung einer Gattung in der deutschen Literatur, ed. Peter J. Brenner, Suhrkamp Taschenbuch, 2097 (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1989), p. 55 [50–67]. 13 . I use the term “imagined community” in a sense different than Benedict Anderson; his focus is on emergent national identity crafted through a conceptualized (but not actualized) horizontal bond of person to person, whereas I seek the local manifestation of a city read through imagination of the viewer, while still acknowledging the centrality of human connectedness to the viewer’s understanding of this particular place. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London and New York: Verso, 1983; rev. ed. New York: Verso, 2006 ). 14 . Robert L. Kendrick, Celestial Sirens: Nuns and Their Music in Early Modern Milan (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996 ); as he shows on p. 95, he derives the phrase from Grancini’s Musica ecclesiastica da capella (Milan: Rolla, 1645); see also his discussion of the angelic topos in traveler’s reports of Milan, pp. 160–63. 15 . Charles Burney, The Present State of Music in France and Italy, 2nd ed. (London: T. Becket, J. Robson, and G. Robinson, 1773), pp. 107–11 on the Milan nuns; pp. 371–75 for Rome; and pp. 253–54 on the Florentine consecration, though the musical performances mentioned for the later ceremony were all by men. Burney qualifies his praise of women performers, however, saying elsewhere in the volume: “ . . . some of the girls of the Venetian Conservatories, as well as the nuns in different parts of Italy, play with rapid- ity and neatness in their several churches; but there is almost always a want NOTES 193

of force, of learning, and courage in female performances, occasioned, perhaps, by that feminine softness, with which, in other situations, we are so enchanted” (p. 300). 16 . On Bologna, see Craig A. Monson, Disembodied Voices: Music and Culture in an Early Modern Italian Convent (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995 ); on nuns and their secular counterparts in Florence, see Kelley Harness, Echoes of Women’s Voices: Music, Art, and Female Patronage in Early Modern Florence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006 ); on Milan, see Kendrick, Celestial Sirens ; on Rome, see Kimberlyn Montford, “Music in the Convents of Counter-Reformation Rome,” PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1999 ; on Siena, see Colleen Reardon, Holy Concord within Sacred Walls: Nuns and Music in Siena, 1575–1700 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002 ). 17 . Notable exceptions include the account of Benedictine traveler Reginbald M ö hner in the mid-seventeenth century, discussed in Janet K. Page, “A Mid-18th-Century Devotional Book from the Viennese Convent of St. Jacob,” in Music in Eighteenth-Century Life: Cities, Courts, Churches, ed. Mara Parker (Ann Arbor: Steglein Pub., 2006 ), p. 4; and the discussion in Friedrich Nicolai, Beschreibung einer Reise durch Deutschland und die Schweiz im Jahr 1781 (Berlin und Stettin: n.p., 1783), 4:545–46. 18 . Charles Burney, The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, and United Provinces, 2 vols., 2nd ed. (London: printed for T. Becket; J. Robson; and G. Robinson, 1775; ECCO, Range 7731); for his account of Vienna, see 1:206–372; on St. Stephan’s cluttered appearance, see 1:244. His only comments on the convents of Vienna mention their “Gothic architecture” (1:209) and the quality of music at the churches and convents of the city (1:226–27), but even in those cases it is not clear whether he intended to include the women’s convents as well as the men’s in his description. Elsewhere, Burney complains of the performances at St. Michael’s and St. Croix (1:276, 277), describes church processions (1:308–9, 361–62), and evokes the “hateful” and “sour” out-of-tune organs (1:325, 326 and 335), but his focus is largely on the secular music of the city. 19 . Page, “A Mid-18th-Century Devotional Book,” pp. 3–25; Janet K. Page, “‘A Lovely and Perfect Music’: Maria Anna von Raschenau and Music at the Viennese Convent of St Jakob auf der Hü lben,” Early Music 38 (2010 ): 403–22. 20 . Page, “A Lovely and Perfect Music,” pp. 403–22; see also Suzanne G. Cusick, “Raschenau, Maria Anna de,” in Grove Music Online , Oxford Music Online, http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/article/grove/music/2021298 (New Jun 22, 06). 21 . Burney’s summary of Vienna’s many musical talents concludes his account; see Present State of Music in Germany , 1:368–72. 22 . Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Letter VII, To the Countess of—, Sept 8, 1716, in [Lady Mary Wortley Montagu], Letters of the Right Honourable Lady M – -y W – -y M – – e: written, during her travels in Europe, Asia and Africa, 2nd ed. (Dublin: Printed for P. Wilson, J. Hoey, Junior, and J. Potts, Booksellers, 1763; ECCO, Range 2728), pp. 19–20. The Dublin edition is used as the primary 194 NOTES

source for quotations of MWM’s letters unless otherwise noted. Her letters have also been issued in modern edition as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, The Complete Letters of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, 3 vols., ed. Robert Halsband (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965–67); the letters from Vienna are found in Volume 1. 23 . Montagu, Letter VII, Sept 8, 1716, Letters , Dublin edition, p. 20. 24 . [Johann Georg Keyssler], John George Keysler, Travels through Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, Switzerland, Italy and Lorrain, vol. 4 [Letters 61–97], trans. from the Hanover Edition of the German, (London: J. Scott, 1758), 4:221 and 222. The Hanover edition from which the translation derives is [Johann Georg Keyssler], Johann George Keyß ler, Neueste Reise durch Deutschland, B ö hmen, Ungarn, die Schweiz, Italien und Lothringen, vol. 2 [Letters 51–99] (Hannover, Nicolai Fö rsters und Sohns, 1741), 2:921 and 922. For an assessment of Keyssler’s work, see Winfried Siebers, Johann Georg Keyß ler und die Reisebeschreibung der Fr ü haufklä rung, Epistemata, Reihe Literaturwissenschaft, 494 (Wü rzburg: Kö nigshausen & Neumann, 2009). Siebers’s work (pp. 128–31) suggests that Keyssler, like Burney, spoke much of music in Italian churches and convents, but Keyssler says nothing of music in the Viennese convents. 25 . Keyssler, Travels through Germany, 4:222; Keyssler, Neueste Reise , 2:922. 26 . Rotenstein introduces the city as if he had freshly arrived there: “From Schlo ß hof, I came to Vienna in 1782, the royal seat of the Roman Emperor, one of the finest and most populous cities in Europe.” [Von Schloß hof kam ich 1782 nach Wien, der Residenzstadt des R ö mischen Kaisers; eine der herrlichsten und volkreichsten Stä dte in Europa.] G[ottfried] E[dler] v[on] R[otenstein], “Reisen nach Wien und in der umliegenden Gegend, in den Jahren 1781–83,” in Johann Bernoulli, Sammlung Kurzer Reisebeschreibungen 13 (1784): 8–9 [13 (1784): 3–94; and 14 (1795): 1–96]. “Gottfried von Rotenstein” is thought to be a pseudonym. É va Bal á zs suggests he was a representative of the family Pá llfy, perhaps the guard captain Johann P á lffy; see É va H. Bal á zs, “Wer war Rotenstein?” Mitteilungen des Ö sterreichischen Staatsarchivs , 41 (1990 ): 43–52. As Andrea Seidler has shown, however, a letter from the period demonstrates that “Rotenstein was likely a pharmacist from Pressburg / Bratislava, one Georg Stegmü ller, who had purchased the title of nobility and enjoyed the access to court that this title provided.” [Aus den vorliegenden Briefen geht eindeutig hervor, dass Rotenstein ein Apotheker aus Pressburg—Georg Stegm ü ller—war, der sich den Adelstitel erkauft hatte und den Zugang zu den Hö fen des Adels genoss . . . ]. For the letter and its context, see Andrea Seidler, “Vom Nutzen des Quellenstudiums: Der Brief als literaturhistorischer Informationstr ä ger” (Habilitationsvortrag, 2. Oktober 2003), WEB-FU: Wiener elektronische Beiträ ge des Instituts fü r Finno-Ugristik ( 2003 ): 4 [1–9], http://webfu.univie.ac.at/texte/windisch.pdf . 27 . Rotenstein, “Reisen nach Wien,” 13:8–9. 28 . “The library building: This is 3 floors high, has a series of 13 windows and three balconies, and generally a nice facade . . . ” [Das Bibliothek-Gebä ude. Dies ist 3 Stock hoch, hat in einer Reihe 13 Fenster und 3 Balkons; und ü berhaupt eine sch ö ne Faç ade . . . ]. Rotenstein, “Reisen nach Wien,” 13:41. NOTES 195

29 . Keyssler’s German editor draws attention to the two-city comparison with a marginal subheader; see Neueste Reise, p. 922. On Montagu’s assessment of the Austrian comedic performance, see Montagu, Letter VIII, To Mr P—, 14 Sept [n.d.], Letters, Dublin edition, pp. 24–25. 30 . Take, for example, Rotenstein’s many descriptions of “Tapeten” (wallpaper or hangings) in the first installment of “Reisen nach Wien,” 13 (1784): 4, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 77, and 78. 31 . The idea of the armchair voyager holds strong sway over our reception of both topographical and travelogue literatures. See for example the discussion of Muenster’s Cosmography , characterized as “richly illustrated and voraciously encyclopedic in its incorporation of cartographic, ethnographic, historical, and contemporary sources” in The Renaissance Print, 1470–1550, ed. David Landau and Peter Parshall (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), pp. 243–44. 32 . Martin Sherlock, Lettres d’un voyageur anglois (London [i.e. Paris?]: n.p., [1779]; ECCO, Range 10182), p. 47; his Viennese letters are pp. 44–61. 33 . Elizabeth Craven, A Journey through the Crimea to Constantinople (London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1789), letter 29, pp. 108–12; see also the reprint edition (New York: Arno Press and New York Times, 1970), pp. 146–52. 34 . John Moore, A View of Society and Manners in France, Switzerland and Germany with Anecdotes Relating to Some Eminent Characters (Dublin: Wm Wilson, 1780), 2:214. 35 . Thomas Nugent, The Grand Tour, Containing an Exact Description of Most of the Cities, Towns, and Remarkable Places of Europe (London: S. Birt, D. Browne, A. Millar, and G. Hawkins, 1749), 2:203. Nugent’s list appears to derives from Thomas Salmon, quoted here from Thomas Salmon, Modern History or the Present State of All Nations, 3rd ed. (London: Longman, Osborne, et al., 1745), 2:57. Salmon’s account in particular ties this cultural diversity to his own geographical agenda, following the listing with the observation that “surely to reside in a city which is in a manner the rendezvous of all people, must be no inconsiderable advantage to an inquisitive traveller, who desires to be acquainted with the state of the world” (p. 57). Salmon also incorporates the list of this “greatest Variety of Inhabitants” in his A New Geographical and Historical Grammar (London: printed for William Johnston, at the Golden-Ball in St. Paul’s-Church-Yard, 1749; ECCO, Range 1382), p. 125 as demonstra- tion that “Vienna itself is a Curiosity” (p. 125), but this is merely an excerpted version of his longer report on Vienna from the Modern History . 36 . Larry Wolff, Inventing Eastern Europe: The Map of Civilization on the Mind of the Enlightenment (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994 ), especially pp. 5–8 and 38–40. 37 . John Burbury, A Relation of a Journey of the Right Honourable My Lord Henry Howard from London to Vienna, and Thence to Constantinople, in the Company of His Excellency Count Lesley, Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, Councellour of state to His Imperial Majesty, &c. and Extraordinary Ambassadour from Leopoldus Emperour of Germany to the Grand Signior, Sultan Mahomet (London: T. Collins and I. Ford, 1671; EEOB, Wing / 910:04), p. 40. 196 NOTES

38 . Schmelztl lists most of the women’s convents as a group, but later in the poem makes reference to the destruction of St. Nikolas as a demonstra- tion of the need for German cities to come to the aid of Vienna. Wolfgang Schmeltzl, Ein Lobspruch der Hochl ö blichen weitberü mbten Khü nigklichen Stat Wien in Osterreich, 3rd edition (Vienna, 1548; rpt Vienna: Mattheum Ruppitsch, 1849). 39 . Fritz Eheim, “Die ä lteste Topographie von Ö sterreich,” Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Karl Lechner = Jahrbuch f ü r Landeskunde von Nieder ö sterreich NF 33 ( 1957 ): 24 [7–25]. 40 . “A Journey from Gratz, the Metropolis of Stiria, to Vienna in Austria. Ms. Never Before Published.” [= Section IV of “The Travels of Three English Gentlemen, from Venice to Hamburgh, Being the Grand Tour of Germany, in the Year 1734.”] In Harleian Miscellany 4 (1745): 436 [428–52]. The whole collection was published in six parts and subsequently reprinted in Harleian Miscellany 11(1810): 218–254. I cite the 1745 edition. 41 . Christian L ö per, Der kaiser-k ö niglichen Residenzstadt Wien Kommerzialschema (Vienna: Joseph Gerold, 1780), pp. 19–22; the women’s convents are found mid-list on p. 20. Later in the volume L ö per gives a list of the teachers and administrators for the Viennese women’s convents that provided schools; see pp. 80–81. 42 . Austriae Archiducatus compendiosa Descriptio (Augsburg: Johann Schultes, 1660), pp. 45–46. The author’s reference to the “Fischmarckt” is a mistake for “Fleischmarkt,” the old meat market. 43 . “von dem Guldnen A.B.C.,” perhaps nicknamed after the “golden alphabet” of Psalm 119, is found across the alley from the Himmelpforte courtyard. See Werner Arnold Steinhausen, “Grundrissplan der Stadt Wien mit dem Glacis und angrenzenden Teilen der Vorstä dte” (1710), http://www.wien. gv.at/kultur/kulturgut/karten/steinhausen/index.html , row 2 column 2. A discussion of the house can be found in Realis [= Gerhard Robert Walter von Coeckelberghe-D ü tzele], Curiosit ä ten- und Memorabilien-Lexicon von Wien , ed. Anton K ö hler (Vienna: n.p., 1846), 1:4. 44 . Comparing the order of occurrence in Austriae Archiducatus with the city plan of engineer Daniel Suttinger, “Wien 1684,” we can see a process of “overshooting” and circling back. The account moves from St. Jacob to Himmelpforte, then back to St. Nikolas and St. Hieronymus, for instance. Likewise, after mentioning St. Anna’s, the account moves across the entire inner city to discuss the Schottencloster before moving back toward the city center to pick up St. Michael’s and the Minoritenkloster. 45 . Austriae Archiducatus , p. 48; the mention of the Carmelite monastery (not given its nickname in the published account) is separated from the rest of the women’s monasteries by half-a-dozen other churches, though one of those is St. Anna’s, which the author acknowledges was formerly a women’s convent. 46 . A little later in his discussion, he mentions the former women’s monastery of St. Anna, now the Bürgerspital, and the “newly built” Carmelite monastery; Austriae Archiducatus , pp. 46, 47. NOTES 197

47 . Friedrich Wilhelm Weiskern, Topographie von Niederö sterreich: in welcher alle Stä dte, Mä rkte, Dö rfer, Klö ster, Schlöß er, Herrschaften, Landg ü ter, Edelsiß e, Freyh ö fe, namhafte Oerter u. d. g. angezeiget werden. . . . , Vol. 1, 2 (Vienna: Joseph Kurzb ö cken, 1769, 1770); vol. 3 published as Beschreibung der k. k. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Wien als der dritte Theil zur ö sterreichischen Topographie (Vienna: Joseph Kurzb ö cken, 1770). 48 . Weiskern, Beschreibung , 3:25 and 119. 49 . Weiskern, Beschreibung , 3:117; compare the Nonnenklö ster entry for “Wien bey St Jakob,” Weiskern, Beschreibung , 2:33 50 . Quoted here from A New and Complete Collection of Voyages and Travels (London: printed for J. Coote, at the King’s-Arms, in Pater-Noster-Row, 1760; ECCO, Range 855), p. 579. This passage is a close paraphrase of Keyssler, Travels through Germany, p. 225, although it adds a number of details about the empress’s life at the monastery. 51 . Curiously, the editor of A New and Complete Collection references “Kuchelbecker” several times in the body of the text, but K ü chelbecker’s name does not appear as part of the running title for the chapter on Vienna. The volume referenced is Johann Basilius Kü chelbecker, Johann Basilii Küchelbeckers . . . Allerneueste Nachricht vom R ö misch-K ä yserl. Hofe (Hanover: Nicolaus F ö rster und Sohn, 1730); see also K ü chelbecker, Allerneueste Nachricht [Microfilm reproduction], German Baroque Literature: Harold Jantz Collection, Reel 310, item 1549 (New Haven: Research Publications, 1973). “Montfaucon” was Bernard de Montfaucon, father of paleography, but while his name was used by the editor in the running title of the book, his travel writings focused solely on Italy. 52 . The editor mentions the court church, the chapel of St. Apollonia and its relics, the Capuchin church with its “new burying vault for the archdu- cal family,” the Jesuit’s church, and the Dominican church; see A New and Complete Collection, p. 579. 53 . Daniel Fenning, A New System of Geography (London: printed for S. Crowder, at the Looking-Glass, in Pater-Noster-Row, 1766; ECCO, Range 4358), 2:150; Fenning’s account of Vienna served as the primary basis for John Payne, Universal Geography Formed into a New and Entire System , vol. 2 of 2 (London: printed for the author, 1791; ECCO, Range 1150), pp. 149–50, though Payne adds a bit on animal fighting and updates the account with details from Moore’s View of Society (cited by Payne in the main body of his text as Moore’s Travels ). 54 . Rotenstein, “Reisen nach Wien,” 13:83. 55 . Ibid., 13:79. 56 . On the rise of statistics and scientific approaches to topographies, see Knopper, Le regard du voyageur , pp. 53–58 and 109–13; see also Kauffmann, “Es ist nur ein Wien! ,” pp. 91–96. 57 . Anton Friedrich Bü sching, Neue Erdbeschreibung: Dritter Theil, welcher das deutsche Reich nach seiner gegenwä rtigen Staatsverfassung enth ä lt, erster Band, worinnen das Kö nigreich B ö hmen, der ö streichische, burgundische, westphä lische, churrheinische und oberrheinische Kreis beschrieben werden, 3rd ed. (Hamburg: Johann Carl Bohn, 1761), p. 275. 198 NOTES

58 . This leads to a paragraph-long discussion of the medical practices of the Elisabethinen. See Ernst Moritz Arndt, Reisen durch einen Theil Theutschlands, Italiens und Frankreichs in den Jahren 1798 und 1799, vol 2: Zweyther Theil: Bruchst ü cke aus einer Reise von Baireuth bis Wien im Sommer 1798 (Leipzig: Heinrich Grä ff, 1801), pp. 264–65; a passing reference to the Elisabethinen is in Arndt’s first volume, Sehnsucht nach der Ferne: Die Reise nach Wien und Venedig, 1798 [= Reisen durch einen Teil Deutschlands, Ungarns, Italiens und Frankreichs in den Jahren 1798 und 1799, Band 1, Selections], ed. Eva Ptak-Wiesauer, Alte abenteuerliche Reiseberichte (Stuttgart: Erdmann, 1988), p. 163. Arndt’s travel writings were less anti-Semitic than his later writings, though these early accounts were already colored by an open disdain toward the French. 59 . Knopper, Le regard du voyageur, p. 338. 60 . Alexis Celeste Bunten, “The Paradox of Gaze and Resistance in Native American Cultural Tourism: An Alaskan Case Study,” in Great Expectations: Imagination and Anticipation in Tourism, ed. Jonathan Skinner and Dimitrios Theodossopoulos, New Directions in Anthropology, 34 (New York: Berghahn Books, 2011), p. 74 [61–81]. 61 . Caspar Maurer, Wiennerische Chronica, Oder Kurtze Summarische Beschreibung von Ursprung und Erbauung der Haupt-und Residentz-Stadt Wienn (Vienna: Michel Turmeyer, 1671), p. 86. This book went through several editions; to judge from the copies indexed in WorldCat, the editions of 1662 and the consulted edition of 1671 appear to have been the most widely circulated. 62 . Kü chelbecker, Allerneueste Nachricht , p. 601. 63 . Ignaz Reiffenstuell, Vienna gloriosa, id est, Peraccurata & ordinata descriptio toto orbe celeberrimae caesareae nec non archiducalis residentiae Viennae (Vienna: Joannis Georgii Schlegel; Prostat apud Adamum Damer, 1703), Chapter 3 . (Although the book is unpaginated, the gathering marks are provided at the bottom of some folios; the women’s convents are listed beginning on sheet B3 verso). Reiffenstuell’s contributions are assessed in Kauffmann, “Es ist nur ein Wien!” pp. 49–56, though Kauffmann does not examine women’s place within the city as described by Reiffenstuell. 64 . Kü chelbecker, Allerneueste Nachricht, esp. pp. 596–606. 65 . Joseph Edlen von Kurzb ö ck, Neueste Beschreibung aller Merkw ü rdigkeiten Wiens (Vienna: Im Verlage bei Joseph Edlen von Kurzbö ck, 1779; facsimile rpt, Vienna: Wolfhart, 1988); pp. 154–79 provides a “list of the rarest paintings which can be seen in the churches and convents at Vienna and in various palaces, private houses, and collections.” 66 . Xystus Schier, Die Bischö fe und Erzbischö fe vonWien (Gratz: Morizlechnerischen Universit ä tsbuchhandlung, 1777), pp. 72–75. 67 . John Erskine, Sketches and Hints of Church History and Theological Controversy Chiefly Translated or Abridged from Modern Foreign Writers (Edinburgh: Archibald Constable, 1797), 2:15. 68 . Nicolai, Beschreibung, 2:645. Nicolai draws on Matthias Fuhrmann, Alt- und neues Wien, oder, Dieser Kayserlich- und Ertz-Lands-F ü rstlichen Residentz-Stadt chronologisch- und historische Beschreibung (Vienna: Johann Baptist Prasser, 1739 [1738]; facsimile rpt, Vienna: Promedia Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003). NOTES 199

69 . Erskine, Sketches and Hints, 2:13, quoting Nicolai, Beschreibung , 2:612. 70 . Ibid ., 2:iv. 71 . Reiffenstuell, Vienna gloriosa , unnumbered page [gathering mark B4 verso], “Monasterium S. Josephi ad 7. libros.” 72 . Antonio Bormastino, Historische Beschreibung Von der Kayserlichen Residentz-Stadt Wienn Und Ihren Vor-St ä dten; ou: Description Historique De La Ville Et Residence Imperiale de Vienne, Et De Ses Fauxbourgs (Vienna: Christophori, 1719), pp. 61–62. 73 . Fuhrmann, Alt- und neues Wien. Tabular comparisons of old and new Vienna are found in Das alte und neue Wien: Eine kleine Fastenpredigt f ü r meine lieben Landsleute (Vienna: G.S. Wucherers, 1788) and several of its reviews. Vienna’s “old and new rarities” [alt- und neuen Seltenheiten] are detailed in a 60-page pamphlet: Kurtz Lesens-w ü rdige Erinnerung von Herrü hrung, Erbau- und Benambsung, auch Vilfä ltig-anderen, alt- und neuen Seltenheiten, Bemerck- und Andenckungen, sowohl in- als auch um die Kayserliche Haubt- und Residentz-Stadt Wien In Oesterreich (Vienna: Sischorwitz, 1702). The association of “alte Wien” with “old paintings, coins, books and gems” [Alte Gemä hlde, Mü nzen, Bü cher und Gemmen] is drawn here from “Wien, wie es vor hundert Jahren war,” from Itinerarium Germaniae politicum, modernum praecipuarum aularum Imperii faciem repraesentans (Cosmopoli: n.p., 1680), excerpted in Patriotisches Archiv f ü r Deutschland , 3 (1785): 253 [249–70]. This version of “old Vienna” portrayed in the early eighteenth-century literature focuses on times earlier than those emphasized in Wolfgang Kos and Christian Rapp, eds., Alt-Wien: Die Stadt die niemals war [Exhibition catalog, Wien Museum] (Vienna: Czernin Verlag, 2004 ); see the discussion below, p. 158. 74 . Leon Botstein reviews the “compelling nostalgic myth of a lost ‘old’ Vienna” that postdates the large-scale reconstruction of the city center and the forma- tion of the Ringstraß e starting in 1857; Botstein, “Gustav Mahler’s Vienna,” in The Mahler Companion, ed. Donald Mitchell and Andrew Nicholson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 9–10 [6–38]. Scott Messing points toward an association with Schubert in particular, especially by the poet Hofmannsthal; Messing, “Schubert and Jung-Wien: Arthur Schnitzler and Hugo von Hofmannsthal” in Schubert in the European Imagination, vol. 2: Fin-de-si è cle Vienna, Eastman Studies in Music, 42 (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2007), p. 115 [95–117]. 75 . For a review of architectural projects during the seventeenth century, see Martina Pippal, A Short History of Art in Vienna (Munich: C. H. Beck, 2001 ), pp. 67–70. 76 . In his introduction to the Historical Dictionary of Vienna , Peter Csendes explains the way the city’s architectural look shifted during the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: “The medieval houses disappeared, very often two or more were united and given new faç ades; others were torn down to make way for new and impressive buildings. Even churches were demolished and rebuilt. . . . ” Peter Csendes, “Introduction,” Historical Dictionary of Vienna , Historical Dictionaries of Cities of the World, 8 (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 1999 ), p. xxvii. 200 NOTES

77 . [Thomas] Salmon, The New Universal Geographical Grammar, 2nd ed., updated by J[ames] Tytler (Edinburgh: J. Spottiswood, 1782), p. 224. 78 . Pezzl, “Sketch of Vienna,” p. 59. 79 . Joseph Marshall, Travels through Holland, Flanders, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Lapland, Russia, The Ukraine, and Poland, in the Years 1768, 1769, and 1770, (London: printed for J. Almon, 1772), 3:325. 80 . “they shew a Hole of Strangers, through which, as they affirm, the Devil once carried away a sacrilegious Person, and it never could be clos’d up again.” Burbury, A Relation of a Journey of the Right Honourable My Lord Henry Howard , pp. 48–49. 81 . Beat Holzhalb, Wiener Reise 1677, ed. Dietrich W. H. Schwarz, Mitteilungen der Antiquarischen Gesellschaft in Zü rich, Bd. 48, Heft 2 (Zurich: [Schweizerisches Landesmuseum], 1977), p. 16. 82 . Kü chelbecker, Allerneueste Nachricht , p. 601. 83 . Ibid., p. 603. 84 . Ibid.; he cites his authorities on the eleventh page of the unpaginated forward. 85 . Ibid., p. 606. 86 . Montagu, Letter XII, To the Lady X—, 1 Oct 1716, Letters , Dublin edition, p. 45; Complete Letters , 1:276. 87 . Montagu, Letter XXI, To Lady—, 1 Jan 1717, quoted from the Complete Letters, 1:292–93. In a similar cultural comparison, Montagu remarks that “Galantry and good breeding are as different Climates as Morality and Religion.” Montagu, To Lady R[ich], Sept 20 [1716], Complete Letters , 1:270. 88 . Montagu, Letter XII, 1 Oct 1716, Letters , Dublin edition, p. 47; Complete Letters, 1:277. 89 . Ibid., the term “pagod” is a reference to eastern idols, often carved in wood and painted. 90 . David Lowenthal, The Past Is a Foreign Country (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985 ). 91 . [Johann Maria Weissegger von Weisseneck], Beyträ ge zur Schilderung Wiens (Vienna: [J. von Kurzbeck], 1781), pp. 20, 24, 82. Johann Friedel likewise mocks both the attributes and the actions of Catholicism. He puts the tan- gible signs of Catholicism up for ridicule: he references the wooden heads, he makes light of the scattering of holy books through purchase, and turns his commentary yet another shade darker with reference to their implicitly inappropriate acquisition by Jews during the process of selling off monastery assets as the monasteries were closed. Likewise, he tells with great relish (but little sympathy) the story of the pilgrimage practices within the convent of St. Lorenz. See [Johann Friedel], Galanterien Wiens, auf einer Reise gesammelt, und in Briefen geschildert von einem Berliner, 2 vols. (n.p.: n.p., 1784) [Microfiche reprint], Bibliothek der deutschen Literatur: Mikrofiche-Gesamtausgabe nach den Angaben des Taschengoedeke (Munich: K.G. Saur, n.d.). The letter on St. Lorenz is Pt 2, letter 17, pp. 41–52; see especially pp. 50–52. 92 . Arndt, Sehnsucht nach der Ferne , p. 186. 93 . Ibid. NOTES 201

94 . Bormastino, Historische Beschreibung / Description Historique , p. 87. 95 . Ibid., p. 90. 96 . On the visit of Pope Pius V to Vienna, see Elisabeth Ková cs, Der Pabst in Teutschland: Die Reise Pius VI. im Jahre 1782 (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1983); on the closures at large, see Gerhard Winner, Die Klosteraufhebungen in Nieder ö sterreich und Wien, Forschungen zur Kirchengeschichte Ö sterreichs, Bd 3 (Vienna: Herold, 1967 ). 97 . [Anton Ferdinand von Geissau], Ferdinand v. Geusau, Ü ber die Aufhebung der Nonnenkl ö ster (Vienna: Sebastian Hartl, 1772). Geissau was one of a number of antimonastic pamphleteers. See the overview in Harm Klueting, “The Catholic Enlightenment in Austria or the Habsburg Lands,” in A Companion to the Catholic Enlightenment in Europe , ed. Ulrich L. Lehner and Michael Printy, Brill’s Companions to the Christian Tradition, v. 20 (Leiden: Brill, 2010 ), pp. 127–64, esp. pp. 155–56. 98 . Ignaz de Luca published three volumes on Vienna. The first was Beschreibung der kaiserlichen k ö niglichen Residenzstadt Wien (1785); I have been unable to consult this first volume directly. The second volume, Wiens gegenw ä rtiger Zustand unter Josephs Regierung (Vienna: Georg Philipp Wucherers, 1787), came two years later in 1787. The third volume was, however, substan- tially delayed: Topographie von Wien: Erster Band (Vienna: Thad. Edlen v. Schmidbauer, 1794), also published in facsimile as Ignaz de Luca, Topographie von Wien: Erster (einziger) Band, Wien 1794, Viennensia, (Vienna: Promedia, 2003). Note that in spite of the title page’s claim, the Topographie exists only in this single volume. On de Luca, see Kauffmann, “Es ist nur ein Wien! ” pp. 89–92, and Isabella Wasner-Peter, “Nachwort,” de Luca, Topographie von Wien [facsimile], pp. 569–73. 99 . De Luca, “Vorrede,” in Wiens gegenw ä rtiger Zustand , unnumbered first page. 100 . De Luca, “Stadt,” in Wiens gegenw ä rtiger Zustand , pp. 339–40. 101 . De Luca, Wiens gegenw ä rtiger Zustand ; for the entry on “Kl ö ster,” see pp. 141– 42; for that on the “Himmelportengasse,” see p. 106. 102 . De Luca, “Vorrede,” Wiens gegenw ä rtiger Zustand, unnumbered second page. 103 . Perhaps it was this new knowledge about the city and its repurposed buildings that led de Luca to claim that his work had been reissued without license under a new title, a claim he makes in the preface to the Topographie , for the title de Luca claims was used, Neueste Beschreibung von Wien, is asso- ciated in WorldCat and in all other bibliographic indices I have consulted only with Pezzl’s widely distributed volume, which is available in digital facsimile as Johann Pezzl, Neueste Beschreibung von Wien , 6th ed. (Vienna: Carl Armbruster’s Verlage, n.d.; [Digital facsimile] digitized by the Internet Archive; http://www.archive.org/details/neuestebeschreib00pezz) . De Luca’s claim might be one of unattributed intellectual property, rather than of unauthorized reprint, as earlier scholars have assumed. 104 . De Luca, Topographie , pp. 425–46. 105 . On the growth of the church and convent properties for St. Nikolas in der Singerstrasse, see Barbara Schedl, Klosterleben und Stadtkultur im mittelalterlichen Wien: Architektur der religi ö sen Frauenkommunitä ten, Forschungen 202 NOTES

und Beiträ ge zur Wiener Stadtgeschichte, Bd. 51 (Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2009 ), pp. 95–143, esp. 107–111. 106 . De Luca, Topographie , p. 524. For further discussion of de Luca’s entries on the women’s houses and their foundation stories, see chapter 4 , p. 95. 107 . Ibid., pp. 525–26 and 528–30. In this concluding section on the closures, de Luca continues to segregate his data by gender. 108 . Suburban Pennsylvania is particularly prone to such direction-providing strategies, as our family’s experience attempting to navigate our way to the Buck Hotel demonstrated. 109 . Lowenthal, The Past Is A Foreign Country , p. xx. 110 . Rotenstein, “Reisen nach Wien,” 14:54.

4 Foundation Stories: The Heroes of Viennese Monasticism 1 . Gertrud Jaron Lewis, By Women, For Women, About Women: The Sister-Books of Fourteenth-Century Germany , Studies and Texts 125 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1996 ), p. 52. For a more focused study of the production and function of high medieval foundation stories, see J ö rg Kastner, Historiae fundationum monasteriorum: Fr ü hforme monastischer Institutionsgeschichtsschreibung im Mittelalter, Mü nchener Beiträ ge zur Medi ävistik und Renaissance-Forschung, 18 (Munich: Arbeo-Gesellschaft, 1974 ); on specifically Austrian foundation stories, see Zeichenstein und Wunderbaum: Ö sterreichs Kirchen und Klö ster in ihren Ursprungslegenden, with contributions by Susanne Fritsch, Wolfgang Christian Huber, Elisabeth Ollinger, Floridus R ö hrig, and Karl Vocelka (Klosterneuburg: Mayer & Comp., 2000 ), cited hereafter as Zeichenstein und Wunderbaum; and Ursula Peters, Dynastengeschichte und Verwandtschaftsbilder: die Adelsfamilie in der volkssprachigen Literatur des Mittelalters, Hermaea: germanistische Forschungen, n.F., Bd. 85 (T ü bingen: Niemeyer, 1999 ), esp. pp. 129–48. None of these studies takes into account the Viennese convents under scrutiny here. 2 . The early stories have been treated in a variety of sources, including Perger/ Brauneis; the extensive analysis and comparative work in Anneliese Stoklaska, Zur Entstehung der ä ltesten Wiener Frauenklö ster , Dissertationen der Universitä t Wien, 175 (Vienna: VWGÖ , 1986 ); and the many studies of individual convents cited in chapter 1 n15 and n19. In consequence, I focus the discussion that follows around the more recent iterations of the foundation legends, particularly the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century versions. 3 . Felix Czeike, Historisches Lexikon Wien, 5 vols. (Vienna: Kremayr & Scheriau, 1992), cited hereafter as HLW. 4 . Perger/Brauneis; Stoklaska, Zur Entstehung. 5 . As Carr put it, “When we attempt to answer the question, What is history?, our answer, consciously or unconsciously, reflects our own position in time.” Edward Hallet Carr, What Is History? (New York: Random House, 1961 ), p. 5. This rather postmodern view has become widespread. As William David NOTES 203

Shaw put it, “Every history is about the historian, every act of detection about the detective himself”; William David Shaw, Victorians and Mystery: Crises of Representation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990 ), p. 298. The same sentiment can be found in a review of Jim Cullen’s The Civil War in Popular Culture from 1996; according to reviewer Ethan Rafuse, this book “reminds us that history often reveals as much about the people telling the story as it does about the story itself.” The Historian: A Journal of History 58 ( 1996 ): 636. 6 . On the St. Jacob fire of 1627, see Theodor Wiedemann, “Zur Geschichte des Frauenklosters St. Jakob in Wien,” Berichte und Mittheilungen des Alterthumsvereins zu Wien 32 ( 1896 ): 73 [53–86]. 7 . According to Ernst Karl Winter and Klemens Kramert, the oldest version of the legend of the swimming statue comes from Wolfgang Lazius, Rerum Viennensium Commentarii (1546), II/2 p. 48; III/6 p. 130; Commentarii Republicae Romanae (1551), 1158. If Lazius did serve as a model for Maurer, the intellectual debt was unacknowledged. Ernst Karl Winter and Klemens Kramert, St Severin: Der Heilige zwischen Ost und West, vol. 2: Studien zum Severinsproblem (Klosterneuburg: Bernina, 1959), p. 298. 8 . Gustav Gugitz, ed., Die Sagen und Legenden der Stadt Wien (Vienna: Br ü der Hollinek, 1952 ), Nr. 89, pp. 104–5. 9 . The cathedral at Compostela had been constructed in the late eleventh century, and the twelfth century marked the highpoint of pilgrimage there. “Santiago de Compostela (La Coruñ a, Spain),” in Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia, ed. Linda Kay Davidson and David Martin Gitlitz (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2002), 2:573–77. See also Maryjane Dunn and Linda Kay Davidson, “Bibliography of the Pilgrimage: The State of the Art,” in The Pilgrimage to Compostela in the Middle Ages, ed. Maryjane Dunn and Linda Kay Davidson, Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, 1829 (New York: Routledge, 1996, rpt 2000), pp. xxiii–xlviii, esp. xxiv–xxv. On German pilgrims, see R. Plö tz, “Deutsche Pilger nach Santiago de Compostela bis zur Neuzeit,” Jakobus-Studien, 1 ( 1988 ): 1–27. 10 . Oberin Susanne’s version stipulated that the duke already had the intention of building a chapel, but was pondering the question of which saint should be its dedicatee when he spotted the statue; she then gave credit to the duke for recognizing its identity. Wiedemann, “Zur Geschichte des Frauenklosters St. Jakob in Wien,” p. 53. 11 . Nicholas Parsons, Vienna: A Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 104. 12. HLW, 502–3; Peter Dinzelbacher, “Die Wiener Minoriten im ausgehenden 13. Jahrhundert nach dem Urteil der zeitgenö ssischen Begine Agnes Blannbekin,” in Bettelorden und Stadt: Bettelorden und stä dtisches Leben im Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit , ed. Dieter Berg, Saxonia Franciscana, 1 (Werl: Dietrich Coelde, 1992), pp. 181–82 [181–91]. Note that Thonhauser, Ortus et Progressus , 61 assigned the statue’s discovery to “Leopold V” [really, Leopold IV], son of St. Leopold, and gave the date of foundation at 1113. Thonhauser placed the consecration of the church in 1130. Geissau, Nachricht , p. 27, on 204 NOTES

the other hand, credited the start of the convent to Leopold V, but added that Leopold VI’s actions helped the convent come more quickly to fruition. 13 . Ulrike Seeger, Zisterzienser und Gotikrezeption: Die Bautä tigkeit des Babenbergers Leopold VI, in Lilienfeld und Klosterneuburg, Kunstwissenschaftliche Studien, 69 (Munich and Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag, 1997 ); Mario Schwarz, Studien zur Klosterbaukunst in Ö sterreich unter den letzten Babenbergern, Dissertationen der Universitä t Wien, 147 (Vienna: VWGÖ , 1981 ), esp. pp. 118–25. Although Leopold VI’s patronage of these sites is undisputed, the extent to which he might have been directly involved in the architectural design of these foundations has been questioned by a number of scholars; see for example Norbert Nussbaum, German Gothic Church Architecture , trans. Scott Kleager (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000 ), p. 38. 14 . David Boyle, Troubadour’s Song: The Capture, Imprisonment and Ransom of Richard the Lionheart (New York: Walker & Co, 2005 ), p. 155. 15 . On the continuities and discontinuities of the modern state of Austria with its medieval antecedents, see for example Grete Klingenstein, “The Meaning of ‘Austria’ and ‘Austrian’ in the Eighteenth Century,” in Royal and Republican Sovereignty in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Memory of Ragnhild Hatton, ed. Robert Oresco, G. C. Gibbs, and H. M. Scott, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997 ), pp. 423–78; and Gerhart B. Ladner, “The Middle Ages in Austrian Tradition: Problems of an Imperial and Paternalistic Ideology,” Viator 3 (1972 ): 433–68, esp. 442–43. For a review of post-1700 approaches to Austrian national identity, see William D. Bowman, “Regional History and the Austrian Nation,” The Journal of Modern History 67 ( 1995 ): 873–97. 16 . An account of the F ü rstenbuch detailing some of its historical inaccuracies can be found in Estelle Morgan, “Two Notes on the ‘Fü rstenbuch,’” The Modern Language Review 60 ( 1965 ): 395–99. Ursula Liebertz-Grü n’s assessment of Enikel in Das andere Mittelalter: Erz ä hlte Geschichte und Geschichtserkenntnis um 1300. Studien zu Ottakar von Steiermark, Jans Enikel, Seifried Helbling, Forschungen zur Geschichte der ä lteren deutschen Literatur, 5 (Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1984), on the other hand, focuses on class roles in the F ü rstenbuch and in Enikel’s Weltchronik , particularly the importance of the patrician class in the context of Babenberg history. 17 . Leopold III, who was the subject of biographical puffery by his son Otto I, Bishop of Freising, had been canonized in 1485. Maximilian’s interest in Leopold and in other saints from his lineage have been documented in Amelia Carr, “‘Because He Was a Prince’: St. Leopold, Habsburg Ritual Strategies, and the Practice of Sincere Religion at Klosterneuburg,” in Ceremony and Text in the Renaissance, ed. Douglas F. Rutledge (Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1996 ), pp. 36–37 [35–54]; see also the earlier study of Simon Laschitzer, “Die Genealogie des Kaiser Maximilian I,” Jahrbuch der kunsthistorischen Sammlungen des allerh ö chsten Kaiserhauses, 7 ( 1888 ): 1–200; and the recent in-depth exploration of Maximilian’s propagandistic impulses in Larry A. Silver, Marketing Maximilian: The Visual Ideology of a Holy Roman Emperor (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008 ), esp. pp. 44, 58, 74, and 139. NOTES 205

18 . Peters, Dynastengeschichte und Verwandtschaftsbilder , esp. pp. 118–21, 185–93. 19 . Gabrielle M. Spiegel, “Genealogy: Form and Function in Medieval Historical Narrative,” History and Theory 22 ( 1983 ): 47 [43–53]. Spiegel also observes, “As a formal structure, genealogy deploys history as a series of biographies linked by the principle of hereditary succession, which succession stands as much for the passing of time as for a legal notion of transference” (p. 49) and evokes the idea of “dynastic fictions,” both elements of which are important for the genealogies that detail Austrian ducal succession, which is under consideration here. 20 . Peters points out that the chronicles present the protagonists both as “als Landesherren von Ö sterreich und der Steiermark bzw. als Stadtherren von Wien” [as sovereigns of Austria and of Styria respectively [and] as lords of Vienna]; Peters, Dynastengeschichte und Verwandtschaftsbilder, p. 188. On the city’s centrality within the Babenberg narrative, see also Karl Lechner, “Wien—Das Werden einer Fü rstenresidenz,” in Die Babenberger: Markgrafen und Herzoge von Ö sterreich, 976 –1246 , Verö ffentlichungen des Instituts f ü r Ö sterreichische Geschichtsforschung, 23 (Vienna: Bö hlau, 1976 ), pp. 241–51. 21 . On the Gnadenbilder in general, see Hans Aurenhammer, Die Mariengnadenbilder Wiens und Niederö sterreichs in der Barockzeit (Vienna: Verlag des Ö sterreichischen Museums f ü r Volkskunde, 1956 ); Larry Silver, “Full of Grace: ‘Mariolatry’ in Post-Reformation Germany,” in The Idol in the Age of Art: Objects, Devotions and the Early Modern World , ed. Michael W. Cole and Rebecca Zorach, St. Andrews Studies in Reformation History (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2009 ), pp. 289–316; on the intersection of foundation legends and objects of pilgrimage within Austria, see Karl Vocelka, “Zu den Gr ü ndungslegenden der ö sterreichischen Wallfahrtsorte,” in Zeichenstein und Wunderbaum, pp. 9–23, esp. 13–15; and, on Gnadenbilder in Vienna, Hugo Pfundstein, Marianisches Wien: eine Geschichte der Marienverehrung in Wien , Ö sterreich-Reihe, 218/220 (Vienna: Bergland Verlag, 1963 ). 22 . Though her article focuses on later reproductions of these icons, her assessment of the images’ reputed origins is laid out in detail in her second footnote; see Joanna Tokarska-Bakir, “Why Is the Holy Image ‘True’? The Ontological Concept of Truth as a Principle of Self-Authentication of Folk Devotional Effigies in the 18th and 19th Century,” Numen 49 ( 2002 ): 255–56. 23 . Jeffrey Hamburger has discussed the late medieval use of such Andachtsbilder in women’s convents in Germany, particular in his Jeffrey F. Hamburger, Nuns as Artists: The Visual Culture of a Medieval Convent (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997 ); Hamburger, The Visual and the Visionary: Art and Female Spirituality in Late Medieval Germany (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998 ). On the intersection of Andachtsbilder and foundation legends, see Wolfgang Christian Huber, “Das kleine Andachtsbild im Dienste der Ursprungslegenden,” Zeichenstein und Wunderbaum , pp. 25–29. 24 . Vocelka, “Zu den Gr ü ndungslegenden,” p. 14. 25 . On Mariazell, see Zeichenstein und Wunderbaum, pp. 69–84; Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland , 1:369–70. 206 NOTES

26 . On the Babenberg pilgrims, see Maryjane Dunn and Linda Kay Davidson, eds., The Pilgrimage to Compostela in the Middle Ages (New York: Routledge, 1996), pp. xxix–xli; on Jamesian foundations, see Bernhard Graf, Oberdeutsche Jakobsliteratur: Eine Studie ü ber den Jakobuskult in Bayern, Ö sterreich und Sü dtirol , Kulturgeschichtliche Forschungen, 14 (Munich: tuduv, 1990). 27 . For the dating of the statue of St. Jakob, see Peter Csendes and Ferdinand Opll, eds., Wien: Geschichte einer Stadt, Bd. 1: Von den Anfä ngen bis zur Ersten Wiener T ü rkenbelagerung, 1529 (Vienna: B ö hlau, 2001 ), p. 463, plate 99. 28 . Bormastino, Historische Beschreibung / Description Historique, p. 88; de Luca, Topographie von Wien , p. 425. For information regarding the display of the statue, De Luca quotes the first volume of Sebastian Insprugger, Austria mappis geographicis distincta (Vienna: Typis Mariae Theresiae Voigtin, 1727), 1:67. 29 . On the public display of the Marian statue at St. Jacob, see Pfundstein, Marianisches Wien , 23. The print series Mariansiches Wien was incorporated into Matthias Fuhrmann, Historische Beschreibung; details are found in Appendix 1, p. 166. 30 . Friedrich Nicolai, Beschreibung einer Reise durch Deutschland und die Schweiz im Jahre 1781: Nebst Bemerkungen ü ber Gelehrsamkeit, Industrie, Religion, und Sitten (Berlin and Stettin: n.p., 1783), 2:672. He observes, with heavy irony, that this statue of St. James, “like several other icons of long-ago, swam up the Danube,” and references similar miracles of the water-borne statue of the Virgin from Pogen (2:436) and the crucifix from the Viennese cloister of the Friars Minor (2:610). 31 . Gugitz, Sagen und Legenden , Nr 89, pp. 104–5. 32 . Janet K. Page, “A Mid-18th-Century Devotional Book from the Viennese Convent of St. Jacob,” in Music in Eighteenth-Century Life: Cities, Courts, Churches , ed. Mara Parker (Ann Arbor: Steglein Pub., 2006 ), pp. 3–25. 33 . At the closing of the convent, the last Meisterin , a Viennese citizen’s daughter, took the early Gothic statue in private custody. The statue later came to the Ursulinenkloster in Vienna as a gift from their confessor Klemens Maria Hofbauer. Winter and Kramert, St. Severin, 2: 298–301, esp. 300. See also Wiedemann, “Zur Geschichte des Frauenklosters St. Jakob in Wien,” p. 83; Page, “A Mid-18th-Century Devotional Book,” p. 3. 34 . In Eichstä tt in 1307, for instance, Bishop Philip confirmed tax exempt status on “the Beguines in the suburbs, that one calls ‘petschwestern’” [Die Beguinen vor der Stadt, die man petschwestern heisst]; the document is quoted in G. Lammert, Zur Geschichte des b ü rgerlichen Lebens und der ö ffentlichen Gesundheitspflege, sowie insbesondere der Sanit ä tsanstalten in Sü ddeutschland (Regensburg: W. Wunderling, 1880 ), p. 153. 35 . Meisterin Susanne Sembler, Visitation of 1544, as quoted in Perner/Brauneis, p. 195. 36 . Reiffenstuell, Vienna gloriosa , Chapter 3 , B4. 37 . “Wien bey St. Jakob hat ums Jahr 1190. von dery adelichen Witwen, aus den H ä usern Kulm, Rappach und Paar den Ursprung genommen. Diese kamen aus Kä rnten nacher Wien, in der Absicht ein Kloster zu bauen.” Weiskern, Topographie von Nieder ö sterreich , 2:33. NOTES 207

38 . Austria Sacra, p. 61. Both the Carinthian nobles and the mysterious figure of Kh ü lberin appear as early as the 1546 account in Wolfgang Lazius, Vienna Austriae (Basil: [Oporinus, 1546]), p. 130. See also the accounts in Thonhauser, Ortus et Progressus, pp. 61–62, and Geissau, Nachricht , p. 27; the latter explicitly cites Lazius as his authority on this point. 39 . The foundational study on the Beguines by Herbert Grundmann, Religious Movements in the Middle Ages: The Historical Links between Heresy, the Mendicant Orders, and the Women’s Religious Movement in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Century, with the Historical Foundations of German Mysticism , trans. Steven Rowan with an introduction by Robert E. Lerner (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1995 ), pp. 139–52, has been supplemented by a number of recent scholars, including Ernest McDonnell, Walter Simons, and Martina Spies. Little direct attention has been focused on Viennese Beguines except in the context of studies of their best-known exemplar, thirteenth-century Viennese mystic Agnes Blannbekin (d. 1315), who lived a full century after the founding of St. Jacob. In an interesting coincidence of spiritual spaces, the only women’s convent mentioned explicitly in Blannbekin’s narrative is in fact St. Jacob’s, which she mentions visiting on three separate occasions, though whether Blannbekin herself lived singly or as a member of a nearby tertiary community is unknown. 40 . Barbara Newman, “The Visionary Texts and Visual Worlds of Religious Women,” in Crown and Veil: Female Monasticism from the Fifth to the Fifteenth Centuries , ed. Jeffrey F. Hamburger and Susan Marti (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008 ), p. 166 [151–71]. 41 . Austria Sacra , pp. 95–96. 42 . Csendes and Opll, Wien: Geschichte einer Stadt, Bd. 1: Von den Anfä ngen , pp. 235–36; Perger/Brauneis, pp. 189–90. 43 . Austria Sacra , p. 95; Weiskern, Topographie , 2:34; Perger/Brauneis, p. 190. 44 . A brief but cogent analysis of the Council of Vienne’s decrees is provided in Walter Simons, Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200–1565 , The Middle Ages Series (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001), p. 133. 45 . Patricia Zimmerman Beckman, “Beguines,” in Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia , ed. John M. Jeep (New York: Garland Pub., 2001), p. 45. 46 . Simons, Cities of Ladies , p. 111. Simons also points out that “Beguines . . . often fled marriage and actively helped others to avoid it.” This may be a possible explanation for the migration of the three “matrons” of St. Jacob’s founding: Might they have moved to Vienna to avoid pressure to take up an unwanted marriage? 47 . Frederick Marc Stein, “The Religious Women of Cologne, 1120–1320,” PhD diss., Yale University, 1977 , 181, as quoted in Elizabeth A. Andersen, The Voices of Mechthild of Magdeburg (New York: Peter Lang, 2000), p. 78. Andersen points out that Mechthild herself shifted status from Beguine to nun. 48 . Leonard P. Hindsley, The Mystics of Engelthal: Writings from a Medieval Monastery (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1998 ), pp. xviii–xix. In a similar vein, Ernest McDonnell traces continuity between a number of Beguine households 208 NOTES

and the Dominican nunneries that followed, and cites a number of exam- ples of the phenomenon; see The Beguines and Beghards in Medieval Culture: With Special Emphasis on the Belgian Scene (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1954 ), pp. 203–4. 49 . Barbara Schedl, Klosterleben und Stadtkultur im mittelalterlichen Wien: Architektur der religiö sen Frauenkommunitä ten , Forschungen und Beitr ä ge zur Wiener Stadtgeschichte, Bd. 51 (Innsbruck: StudienVerlag, 2009 ). 50 . Bormastino, Historische Beschreibung / Description Historique, pp. 88–89. 51 . “ex Carinthia veniunt piae Matronae, quae zelo pietatis & religionis per- motae, Ecclesiam auxerunt, & Monasteriu[m], in quo & ipsae Deo viverent, adjecerunt.” Reiffenstuell, Vienna gloriosa , Chapter 3 , folio B4. 52 . The account of the matrons’ role in St. Jacob’s founding is given in Kü chelbecker, Allerneueste Nachricht , pp. 632–33, where he also discusses the miracle of the statue; the author recognizes the conflict of stories, but merely tells the reader that we do not know which story of their beginnings is true. I am grateful to Mario Champagne for transcribing this passage for me. 53 . Insprugger, Austria mappis geographicis distincta (1727), 1:67, which was later quoted at length by de Luca (1794), mentioned the three pious matrons of “Culm, Rappach & Paar,” but most other discussions of the trio appear to have derived from [Fischer], Brevis Notitia (1764), p. 124. Fischer’s discussion of St. Jacob in Chapter 15 came in the context of an enumeration of the “temples” of the city, each of which received a similar short description. 54 . Rudolf Habsburg installed Meinhard of Tyrol (also known as Meinhard IV) in 1286, establishing the duchy as a hereditary fief within the Habsburg orbit. The connection of Carinthia with the Habsburgs extends back to 1173, however, when Duke Hermann of Carinthia had intermarried with the Habsburgs, marrying Henry Jasomirgott’s daughter Agnes; upon Hermann’s death, their son Ulrich II lived under Leopold of Habsburg’s protection at Erfurt during his minority. A. W. A. Leeper, A History of Medieval Austria , ed. R. W. Seton-Watson and C. A. Macartney (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1941 ), pp. 353–57. 55 . Ladner, “The Middle Ages in Austrian Tradition,” p. 433. 56 . Perger/Brauenis (p. 195) note that the adoption of the rule is confirmed in Bishop Wernhard’s document to the provost of Klosterneuburg in 1301. 57 . Maurer, Wiennerische Chronica . See also the study by K. Spalding, “‘Chronica VViennensis,’” The Modern Language Review 44 ( 1949 ): 514–20. 58 . Maurer, Wiennerische Chronica , pp. 8–9. 59 . On the arrival of the Deutsche Orden in Vienna, see Perger/Brauneis, p. 239. On Leopold VI’s patronage of the knightly orders, see Friedrich Meytsky, “Der Politische Horizont des Babenbergers Leopold VI,” Diss., Universitä t Wien, 2009 , http://othes.univie.ac.at/6282/1/2009–05–18_9203611.pdf , pp. 118–19. 60 . According to the archivally based study by William F. Stadelman, the Hospitaller’s church of the Holy Ghost was founded in Vienna in 1209, and a tax paid to Pope Innocent III in that year: William F. Stadelman, “The Hospitallers of the Holy Ghost,” The American Catholic Quarterly Review 41 NOTES 209

( 1916 ): 549. Friedrich Meytsky (“Der Politische Horizont,” p. 119), places the arrival of the Johanniter in Vienna somewhat later, in 1217, but this dis- crepancy in dating likely stems from the absence of the order in Babenberg documentation, the focus of Meytsky’s study. Both scholars agree that the order benefitted from Duke Leopold VI’s support. 61 . A brief account of Lazius’s work can be found in Beatrice R. Reynolds, “Latin Historiography: A Survey, 1400–1600,” Studies in the Renaissance 2 ( 1955 ): 7–66, especially 36–37. On St. Severin’s reputed involvement in Vienna, see Lazius, Vienna Austriae , book 2, pp. 44–45; see also Bormastino, Historische Beschreibung / Description Historique , p. 61. 62 . Maurer, Wiennerische Chronica , p. 9. 63 . Kü chelbecker, Allerneueste Nachricht , foreword, unnumbered pp. 11–12. 64 . Ibid., unnumbered p. 12. 65 . Three English Gentlemen, “Travels of Three English Gentlemen [Section IV],” in Harleian Miscellany (1745), p. 436. 66 . The document from Duke Otto of May 5, 1328 characterizes the St. Lorenz nuns as Dominicans “observant in monastic discipline and in the life of the rule” [in disciplina monastica ac in vite regularis observan- cia]; AT-WStLA-HAUrk Charter 110bis (1328 V 05), line 6, consulted via Monasterium.net; indexed as QGStW Bd. II/3, Nachtr ä ge zu Band 1, p. 445, No. 110bis. 67 . Theodor Wiedemann, Geschichte der Frauenkl ö ster St. Laurenz und Maria Magdalena in Wien (Salzburg: Mittermü ller, 1883 ), p. 1. On the foundation of St. Lorenz, see also Stoklaska, Zur Entstehung, pp. 53–56; and Perger/ Brauneis, pp. 201–2. 68 . Bormastino, Historische Beschreibung / Description Historique , p. 90. 69 . Maurer, Wiennerische Chronica , pp. 89–90. Maurer (pp. 165–66) again pairs the Augustinian foundation with that of St. Lorenz when he enumerates the various churches of the city. 70 . Bormastino, Historische Beschreibung / Description Historique , p. 90. 71 . Weiskern, like Fischer in the Brevis Notitia, cites Bernhard Pez by name; Fischer adds a notation to show that the citations come from the Codex Diplomatico. Pez and his brother Hieronymus were practically a two-man scholarly industry, for together they published literally thousands upon thousands of pages of transcriptions. The Codex diplomatico-historico-epistolaris is in fact the sixth volume of the Thesaurus Anecdotorum Novissimus (1729), and is available in digital facsimile from the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek. The will of Elisabeth is transcribed in Part III, p. 12, and the reference to the donation to St. Lorenz is at the bottom of the right-hand column. Note that several years after Weiskern, Geissau (Nachricht , 33) cites both wills as evidence, but gives no credit to his scholarly sources. 72 . “Czerwencka” is Wenceslaus Adalbert Czerwenka, Annales et Acta Pietatis Augustissimae ac Serenissimae Domus Habspurgo-Austriacae. . . . 1, Usque ad Annum M. CCC. LVIII (Vetero-Pragae: Joannem Micha ë lem Stö ritz, 1691), pp. 349–53; Friedrich’s donation to the nuns of “St Laurentium” is p. 350 near the bottom of the page. On the evolution of citation procedures, see 210 NOTES

Anthony Grafton, The Footnote: A Curious History , rev. ed. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997 ). 73 . Reiffenstuell, Vienna gloriosa , Chapter 3, B4v refers to “assigning some of the nuns” [monialibus quibusdam assign â runt]. 74 . Kü chelbecker, Allerneueste Nachricht , #20. K ü chelbecker’s account takes us close to the time of his writing in 1730; he discusses the physical expansion of the number of apartments in the 1630s, and discusses the chapels, paintings, altar, and modern-day preaching by one of the Jesuits. 75 . Fischer claims to follows Insprugger in the dating of the arrival of the Augustinian canonesses, but Insprugger notes the shift from Dominican to Augustinian affiliation without giving the fifteenth-century date; Insprugger, Austria mappis geographicis distincta , 1:67. 76 . The St. Lorenz community was enjoined to take up the rule in 1301; see Wiedemann, Geschichte der Frauenklö ster St. Laurenz und Maria Magdalena, p. 1; Stoklaska, Zur Entstehung, pp. 113–14; see also McDonnell, Beguines and Beghards , p. 203n. 77 . Margaret di Praeuzzline, AT-WStLA-HAUrk Charter 46 (1306 XI 16); Herrn Gerlach, Pfarrer zu Draiskirchen, AT-HHStA Charter AUR 1316 X 21. Both charters consulted via Monasterium.net. Frau Seitz die Schillerin’s document is summarized in Stoklaska, Zur Entstehung , p. 55. 78 . The documents are summarized in Stoklaska, Zur Entstehung , pp. 53–56. 79 . Schedl, Klosterleben und Stadtkultur , pp. 257–73. 80 . Stoklaska, Zur Entstehung , p. 106; see also Schedl, Klosterleben und Stadtkultur , p. 264. Schneider is identified in the documents as “verweser der becherten frown” (acting head of the blameworthy women); see document of 1384 Nov 17, reproduced in Schedl, Klosterleben und Stadtkultur , p. 265. 81 . Stoklaska, Zur Entstehung , pp. 105–6, citing QGStW 3/1 Nr 1696; Schedl, Klosterleben und Stadtkultur, pp. 264–65. The full text is provided in J. E. Schlager, “Das Haus der bekehrten Frauen in Wien bei Sanct Hieronymus und sein Verfall, Mit einem Diplomatar,” in Wiener Skizzen, 4 [= NF 2] (Vienna: Carl Gerold, 1842), pp. 293–96 [277–306]. 82 . Jö rig’s “Brief” precedes the dedication of the church by roughly two months, and spells out a number of the provisions by which the Hieronymus penitents will live; the document is excerpted in Josef Schrank, Die Prostitution in Wien in historischer, administrativer und hygienischer Beziehung, Vol. 1: Die Geschichte der Prostitution in Wien; Vol. 2: Die Administration und Hygiene der Prostitution in Wien (Vienna: self-published, 1886 ), 1:82–84. J ö rig oversaw St. Hieronymus from 1387 through 1405. 83 . On February 24, 1384, the duke gave this house and foundation for the poor free women (“freyen frawen,” the common designation for prostitutes) who want to emerge from the open sinful life (he calls it “unleben”) to repent for their sins. He grants them eternal and complete freedom from all taxes, road charges [Mauth], customs, and feudal obligations. The document was reprinted in Joseph Ogesser, Beschreibung der Metropolitankirche zu St Stephan in Wien (Vienna: Edeln von Ghelenschen Erben, 1779), Anhang, p. 86, and reproduced from his edition in Schedl, Klosterleben und Stadtkultur, 264; and in Schrank, Die NOTES 211

Prostitution in Wien, 1:80. Schrank 1:78–79 reviews confusion over both donor and date. 84 . Schedl, Klosterleben und Stadtkultur , 145 and document 10, p. 151. 85 . In parallel with these ducal donations, Christa Derndarsky has identified seven monetary legacies (“Legate mit Gelddonationen”) to St. Hieronymus from the late fourteenth century (Derndarsky, p. 70); she places these legacies into the broader context of legacies to pious causes, comparing, for example, causes mentioned in men’s and women’s testaments, pp. 74–75. Christa Derndarsky, “Analyse von Testamenten aus den Jahren 1395–1397 aus den Wiener Stadtbü chern unter besonderer Berü cksichtigung der vermachten Sachgü ter: Ein Beitrag zur Alltagsgeschichte des ausgehenden 14. Jahrhunderts,” Magisterarbeit, Universitä t Wien, 2007. My own sample of more than one hundred documents is chronologically broader and includes property as well as monetary legacies, but is limited to those records pertain- ing to Hieronymus itself. 86 . On Albrecht III’s involvement with Maria am Gestade, see Eva Bruckner, “Formen der herrschaftsreprä sentation und Selbstdarstellung habsburgischer F ü rsten im Sp ä tmittelalter,” PhD diss., Universitä t Wien, 2009 , pp. 17–18; Albrecht’s donation of property to the Carmelites is detailed in Perger/ Braueneis, pp. 126–27. 87 . “In 1415 this last brothel was sold for a considerable sum of money and in 1426 was bought by the city.” Boris Velimirovic and Helga Velimirovic, “Plague in Vienna,” Reviews of Infectious Diseases 11 ( 1989 ): 815. 88 . Felix Czeike, Wien und seine B ü rgermeister: Sieben Jahrhunderte Wiener Stadtgeschichte (Vienna: Jugend und Volk, 1974 ), p. 108. 89 . In Holzler’s legal transactions, he deeded income from building and from bathhouse to the convent women. See for example QGStW 1/1, Nr 819 (1455); QGStW 2/3, Nr 4442 (1472); Nr 4629 (1477); Nr 4631, which also includes details of his brother’s anniversary (1477); and Nr 4655 (1477). A more extensive discussion of Holzler’s involvement with the St. Hieronymous penitents forms part of Cynthia J. Cyrus, When Prostitutes Become Nuns (work in progress). 90 . The summary of the document of 1455 is provided in QGStW 1/1, Nr 819. Holzler reinforces his liturgical expectations in conjunction with Maistrin Kunigunden Zachledrin in 1472, confirming both his provisions of property and liturgical expectations; see QGStW 2/3, Nr 4442. 91 . As Melitta Ebenbauer has shown, in 1460, the City Council of Vienna adopted a “rule and order” for the St. Stephan’s Cantorei (the group which oversaw the Hieronymus liturgy), and with this regulated in detail who, when, and which piece were to be sung; Melitta Ebenbauer, “850 Jahre Musik am Stephansdom im Ü berblick,” in 850 Jahre St Stephan: Symbol und Mitte in Wien, 1147–1997, Sonderausstellung des Historischen Museums der Stadt Wien, 226 (Vienna: Eigenverlag der Museen der Stadt Wien, 1997 ), pp. 408–22; see also Reinhard Strohm, The Rise of European Music, 1380–1500 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 506–7; and Reinhard Strohm, “Music and Urban Culture in Austria: Comparing Profiles,” in 212 NOTES

Music and Musicians in Renaissance Cities and Towns , ed. Fiona Kisby (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001 ), p. 18 [14–27]. 92 . Lazius, Vienna Austriae , Book 3, chapter 6, p. 130; compare Lazius/Abermann, Historische Beschreibung , Book 3, chapter 6 , p. 99. 93 . Reiffenstuell, Vienna gloriosa, Chapter 3 , B3; Three English Gentlemen, “Travels of Three English Gentlemen [Section IV],” p. 435; [Fischer], Brevis Notitia (1764), p. 120. 94 . Amy G. Remensnyder, Remembering Kings Past: Monastic Foundation Legends in Medieval Southern France (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995 ), p. 3. 95 . Theodor Wiedemann, Geschichte der Reformation und Gegenreformation im Lande unter der Enns (Prague: F. Tempsky, 1879, 1880 ), 2:127–32. 96 . Linda Kulzer, “Erentrude: Nonnberg, Eichstä tt, America,” in Medieval Women Monastics: Wisdom’s Wellsprings, ed. Miriam Schmitt and Linda Kulzer (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1996 ), pp. 49–61. 97 . Anna, daughter of Friedrich des Schö nen, Katharina, daughter of Albrecht II des Weisen, and Katharina, daughter of Leopold des Frommen. Anna’s role as abbess is identified in Moritz Bermann, Oesterreiches biographisches Lexikon (Vienna: Sigmund Bermann, 1851 ), 2:180 and confirmed by Geschichte der Stadt Wien, 2/2:887. Katharina, daughter of Albrecht is identified in Jacob Wichner, “Zur Genealogie des Hauses Habsburg [edited from Stift Admont, Handschrift 19],” Studien und Mittheilungen aus dem Benedictiner-Orden 2/1 ( 1881 ): 340 [334–44]. The second Katharina’s role is listed in Johann Georg Lairitz, Neu-Angelegter Historisch-Genealogischer Palm-Wald (Nuremberg: Johann Hoffman, 1686), p. 29. 98 . Marcus Graham Bull, The Miracles of Our Lady of Rocamadour: Analysis and Translation (Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 1999 ), p. 24. 99 . Ibid., p. 25.

5 Virgin Intercessor and Other Monastic Miracles 1 . Viennese legends have been collected in Gustav Gugitz, ed., Die Sagen und Legenden der Stadt Wien nach den Quellen gesammelt und mit kritischen Erl ä uterungen herausgegeben, Ö sterreichische Heimat, 17 (Vienna: Brü der Hollinek, 1952 ); and in Leander Petzoldt, Sagen aus Wien (Munich: Diederichs, 1993 ); Petzoldt has published broadly on the genre. See also the exemplary analysis of Turkish-focused legends in Karl Teply, T ü rkische Sagen und Legenden um die Kaiserstadt Wien (Vienna: Hermann B ö hlau, 1980 ). 2 . Heinrich Watenphul, Die Geschichte der Marienlegende von Beatrix der K ü sterin, Inaugural Diss., Georg-August-Universitä t, G öttingen (Neuwied: Heuser, 1904), offers a comparative review of Latin, Old French, and other medieval vernacular renditions, but he ignores the circulation of the gatekeeper legend in nineteenth-century Vienna. Adolfo Mussafia, Studien zu den mittelalterlichen Marienlegenden (Vienna: F. Tempsky; continued by Carl Gerolds Sohn, 1887 – 98), likewise focuses his concerns on the comparative (and predominantly medieval) tradition rather than taking a reception-history approach. NOTES 213

3 . Maria Tatar, The Classic Fairy Tales: Texts, Criticism, A Norton Critical Edition (New York: Norton, 1999 ). 4 . Timothy R. Tangherlini,“‘It Happened Not Too Far from Here . . . ’: A Survey of Legend Theory and Characterization,” Western Folklore 49 ( 1990 ): 372 [371–90]. 5 . See discussion of Gnadenbilder, pp. 94–5 and 203 nn.21–3. 6 . Hugo Pfundstein, Marianisches Wien: eine Geschichte der Marienverehrung in Wien, Ö sterreich-Reihe, 218/220 (Vienna: Bergland Verlag, 1963 ); Hans Aurenhammer, Die Mariengnadenbilder Wiens und Niederö sterreichs in der Barockzeit (Vienna: Verlag des Ö sterreichischen Museums f ür Volkskunde, 1956 ). 7 . A review of several trends in legend research can be found in Donald Ward, “On the Genre Morphology of Legendry: Belief Story versus Belief Legend,” Western Folklore 50 (1991 ): 296–303. Bennett emphasizes the community construction of legend in her review of what she calls “belief stories”: Gillian Bennett, “‘Belief Stories’: The Forgotten Genre,” Western Folklore 48 (1989 ): 289–311. Most scholars accept her emphasis on the context of storytelling, though more recent scholarship has tended to collapse the various subcategories back into a single and inclusive category of “legend”; see for example Linda Dé gh, “What Is a Belief Legend?” Folklore 107 ( 1996 ): 33–46. 8 . The Hausmutter, a blackened image of the Virgin, was discovered in a corner of the Himmelpforte convent but could not be cleaned; it later served to save the nuns during plague of 1679. The story circulated as early as 1727 in Thonhauser’s Ortus et Progressus, p. 28. Alfons Žá k traces the story’s broad circulation; see Alfons Žá k, “Das Frauenkloster Himmelpforte in Wien (zirka 1131–1586),” Jahrbuch fü r Landeskunde von Nieder ö sterreich , N.F. 4 and 5 (1905 and 1906): 139n2 [137–224]; see also Gugitz, ed., Sagen und Legenden #74, pp. 91–92 and 189. 9. D é gh critiques this practice in D é gh, “What Is a Belief Legend?” pp. 33–46, esp. p. 41. Similarly, Ward, “On the Genre Morphology of Legendry,” p. 296, reminds us that “the task of identifying and classifying narrative categories necessarily represents an imposition of analytical constructs upon reality.” 10 . Friedrich von Schlegel, Romantische Sagen und Dichtungen des Mittelalters , S ä mmtliche Werke, 7 (Vienna: J. Mayer, 1823 ). 11 . Johann Nepomuk Vogl published numerous volumes of legends, including Dom-Sagen (Vienna: Carl Haas, 1845 ); Balladen, Romanzen, Sagen und Legenden (Vienna: J. B. Wallishausser, 1846 ); and Aus dem alten Wien (Vienna: Prandel & Ewald, 1865 ). Other Viennese collections of the time included those by Gerhard Robert Walther von Coeckelberghe-Dü tzele, who published under the pseudonym Realis: Geschichten, Sagen und Merkwü rdigkeiten aus Wien’s Vorzeit und Gegenwart (Vienna: F. Hagenauer’s sel. Uitwe, 1841 ); and Curiosit ä ten- und Memorabilien-Lexicon von Wien, 2 vols. (Vienna: n.p., 1846; also available as facsimile reprint Vienna: Promedia, 2003, with an afterword by Walter Obermaier). See also Johann W. Holczabek and A[dalbert] Winter, Sagen und geschichtliche Erzä hlungen der Stadt Wien, 2 vols. (Vienna: C. Graeser, 1886, 1901 ). 214 NOTES

12 . J. E. Schlager, Wiener Skizzen aus dem Mittelalter , 5 vols. (Vienna: Gerold, 1835–46); Gustav Adolph Schimmer, Das alte Wien: Darstellung der alten Plä tze und merkwü rdigsten jetzt grö sstentheils verschwundenen Gebä ude Wien’s nach den seltensten gleichzeitigen Originalen, 2 vols. (Vienna: J. P. Sossinger’s Witwe and L. C. Zamarski, 1854, 1856 ); Alfons Žá k, “Das Frauenkloster Himmelpforte in Wien (zirka 1131–1586),” Jahrbuch f ü r Landeskunde von Nieder ö sterreich , N.F. 4 and 5 (1905 and 1906): 137–224; N.F. 6 ( 1907 ): 93–188; Alfons Žá k, “Zur Geschichte des Frauenklosters St. Klara in Wien,” Monatsblatt des Vereins fü r Landeskunde von Niederö sterreich 8 (1908 /09): 353–58; Joseph von Hormayr, Wien, seine Geschicke und Denkwü rdigkeiten , Jahrgang 2, Bd 1, Heft 3 ( 1824 ): 36–79, with its various entries on the women’s convents; Albert A. Wenedikt [= Moritz Bermann], Geschichte der Wiener Stadt u. Vorst ä dte (Vienna: R. v. Waldheim, 1871); Moritz Bermann, Alt- und Neu-Wien, oder, Geschichte der Kaiserstadt und ihrer Umgebungen (Vienna: Hartleben, 1880 ). 13 . John J. Scullion, “Mä rchen, Sage, Legende: Towards a Clarification of Some Literary Terms Used by Old Testament Scholars,” Vetus Testamentum 34 ( 1984 ): 326 [321–36]. Note that Scullion prefers to translate Sage as “story,” saving “legend” as a parallel for “Legende,” which he defines as “stories about holy persons for the edification of the community” (p. 333). I have followed the standard convention, however, and translate both Sage and Legende as legend. 14 . Bennett, “Belief Stories,” p. 303. 15 . Johann Nepomuk Vogl, “Mittheilungen einer alten Pfrü ndnerin,” in Aus dem alten Wien (Vienna: Prandel & Ewald, 1865), pp. 205–14. 16 . At the closure, not only were ceremonies of individual monastic communities disrupted, but the emperor promulgated a broader ban on religious processions of all sorts. Gugitz traces the story’s parameters and lineage #76 pp. 93–95 and 190. As he and Vogl articulate, the St. Lorenz statue was believed to be a protection against fire. 17 . The old woman is a liminal figure in the story. While Vogl identifies her as a prebendary in the title chapter, he suggests through the details of the story itself that she was a charity case who started by selling rosaries and holy pictures [Rosenkrä nze und Heiligenbilder] outside the convent gate and was eventually accorded a small room on the ground floor in the back of what had become an “abandoned convent” [verlassenen Kloster]. 18 . Vogl’s reference is to [Johann Friedel], Galanterien Wiens, auf einer Reise gesammelt, und in Briefen geschildert von einem Berliner , 2 vols. [Microfiche reprint], Bibliothek der deutschen Literatur: Mikrofiche-Gesamtausgabe nach den Angaben des Taschengoedeke (N.p.: n.p., 1784; rpt Munich: K.G. Saur, n.d.); the letter on St. Lorenz is Pt 2, letter 17, pp. 41–52. 19 . “Himmelspf örtnerin (Die),” in Realis, Curiosit ä ten- und Memorabilien-Lexicon , 2:40–41. 20 . “Lorenzerkloster,” in Realis, Curiosit ä ten- und Memorabilien-Lexicon, 2:156–58. 21 . J. P. [Johann Paul] Kaltenbaeck, Die Mariensagen in Oesterreich (Vienna: Ignaz Klang, 1845 ). 22 . Preface to Kaltenbaeck, Mariensagen , p. iii. 23 . Kaltenbaeck, Mariensagen , p. vii. NOTES 215

24 . Kaltenbaeck provides his brief chronological survey of Marian legends in the forward, Mariensagen , pp. xi–xiii, and then follows a chronological organization based on his best estimate of when individual stories first entered circulation. He acknowledges that he cannot always find an original version of each the story and often relies on data internal to the story itself to provide his dating. 25 . On Maria Brunn, see Kaltenbaeck, Mariensagen , pp. 109–13; on Maria Heizing, see pp. 126–28. 26 . The Viennese “Katholikenvereins” is discussed in Thomas W. Simons, “Vienna’s First Catholic Political Movement: The Gü ntherians, 1848–1857,” The Catholic Historical Review 55 (1969 /1970): 173–94, 377–93, 619–26. See also Otto Weiss, “Katholiken in der Auseinandersetzung mit der kirchlichen Autoritä t: Zur Situation der Wiener Katholiken und des Wiener Katholikenvereins 1848–1850,” Rottenburger Jahrbuch fü r Kirchengeschichte 10 (1991): 23–54. 27 . The arrival of Maria vom guten Rathe on April 25, 1467 was greeted with several wonders: the bells rang on their own, and the picture remained hang- ing without being fastened to a wall. Kaltenbaeck, Mariensagen , 108. 28 . Although Kaltenbaeck, Mariensagen, p. 389 cites the Vienna 1760 copy of Marianische Novenna, I have worked from the Augsburg copy of the same year: Marianische Novena, oder Neunt ä gige Andacht, sammt Officium, Litaney und anderen Gebettern, zu der g ö ttlichen Genazzanischen Gnaden-Mutter Maria von guten Rath, zu Ehren der neun Monathen, durch welche die G ö ttliche Mutter den vermenschten Gott, in dem Jungfr ä ulichen Leib unter ihrem Hertzen getragen hat (Augsburg: Maximilian Simon Pingtzier, Catholischen Buchdrucker, 1760.) The miracles that marked the image’s safe arrival inform the liturgy; the hymn for Nones, for example, makes reference to the bells that rang of their own accord; see Marianische Novena, p. 33. 29 . Hanns Maria Truxa, “Maurer, Josef,” in: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 52 ( 1906 ): 248–49 [Online edition]; http://www.deutsche-biographie.de /pnd129247715.html. Truxa also provided a full-length biography of Maurer: Hanns Maria Truxa, Der ö sterreichische Geschichtsforscher, Schriftsteller und Dichter Pfarrer Josef Maurer: Ein Vorbild: literarischen Wirkens und echt priesterlichen Lebens , 3rd ed. (Vienna: Truxa, 1900 ). 30 . Maurer’s published sources were Mathias Fuhrmann, Marianisches Wien = Historische Beschreibung und kurz gefaste Nachricht von der R ö misch. Kaiserl. und Kö niglichen Residenz-Stadt Wien und ihren Vorst ä dten (Vienna, bei der Krau ß ischen Buchhandlung, 1765–1770); and Kurtze Geschichtserz ä hlung von dem wü rdigen Gotteshause und Stift der regulirten Chorfrauen des hl. Augustinus in Wienn bei St. Lorenz und der daselbst sonderlich verehrten wundervollen Bildnus Mari ä (Vienna: 1749; reprint Vienna: 1766). I have been unable to consult the second volume directly. Note that it was also cited by Kaltenbaeck, Mariensagen . 31 . Maurer, Marianisches Nieder ö sterreich , 65–66; compare also the version in J. Gebhart, Die heilige Sage in Ö sterreich (Vienna: J. F. Gre ß , 1854 ). 32 . Maurer assumes that the statue of the Himmelspf ö rtnerin legend and the Hausmutter statue were one and the same. Kaltenbaeck, on the other hand, 216 NOTES

appears to believe that they were two separate images, noting only that upon its discovery the Hausmutter was demonstrably old and fire-blackened. 33 . Wilhelm Kisch, Die alten Strassen und Plaetze Wien’s und ihre historisch interessanten Haeuser: Ein Beitrag zur Culturgeschichte Wien’s mit Rü cksicht auf vaterl ä ndische Kunst, Architektur, Musik und Literatur (Vienna: M. Gottlieb, 1883, rpt. Cosenza: Brenner, 1967 ); Friedrich Umlauft, Namenbuch der Stadt Wien: die Namen der Straß en und Gassen, Plä tze und Hö fe, Vorst ä dte und Vororte im alten und neuen Wien (Vienna: A. Hartleben, 1895 ). Both authors relish retelling various legends as they move the reader mentally through the city’s various neighborhoods. 34 . Bennett, “Belief Stories,” p. 301. 35 . S. Elizabeth Bird, “It Makes Sense to Us—Cultural Identity in Local Legends of Place,” Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 31 ( 2002 ): 525 [519–47]. 36 . Troy Lovata, Inauthentic Archaeologies: Public Uses and Abuses of the Past (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2007 ). 37 . This version of the “Himmelspfö rtnerin” distills its narrative from numerous Viennese nineteenth-century renditions. 38 . Maeterlinck’s play became a film in 1923, “La Lé gende de soeur Bé atrix,” dir. by Jacques de Baroncelli, starring Sandra Milovanoff. The Miracle (Das Mirakel / Das Wunder) was staged by Max Reinhardt at the Olympia theater in London in 1911, with book by Karl Vollmoeller and score by Engelbert Humperdinck. The 1909 Chapi opera, which ties the miracle of the gatekeep- ing nun to the Spanish Don Juan tradition, was recorded in 1999 in a production that included Placido Domingo; see Ruperto Chapi: Margarita la tornera [CD set], Placido Domingo, Elisabete Matos, Angeles Blancas et al., Orquesta Sinfonica de Madrid conducted by Garcia Navarro, Recorded live at the Teatro Real de Madrid on December 16 and 19, 1999, RTVE Classics 65169. 39 . Alfons Žá k, “Das Frauenkloster Himmelpforte in Wien (zirka 1131– 1586),”pp. 140 [137–224]. Žá k’s version derives from that of Maurer, Marianisches Nieder ö sterreich , p. 10. 40 . “Himmelspforte (Kloster zur),” in Realis, Curiosit ä ten- und Memorabilien- Lexicon , 2:38 [38–39].The document is edited in Urkunden der Benedictiner-Abtei unserer lieben Frau zu den Schotten in Wien vom Jahre 1158 bis 1418 , ed. Ernest Hauswirth, Fontes rerum Austriacarum , Zweite Abtheilung, Diplomataria et Acta, XVIII Bd. (Vienna: Kais. Kö n. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1859), p. 63, document XLV, of December 6, 1272. 41 . The ambiguity of Pf ö rtnerin/Himmelspf örtnerin also invites elements of cross-pollination from other traditions in the retelling. Thus, some of the nominally Viennese versions call the protagonist Beatrice, or allude to seduc- tion in the style of Don Juan even if the seducer is not named. Significantly, some of the most popular versions of the story, including Helwig’s “Rü ckkehr der Pfö rtnerin,” appear in sources in the Viennese orbit but omit the specifically Viennese details of place and person discussed here. 42 . Amalie von Helwig, “Die R ü ckkehr der Pfö rtnerin” (1812); rpt in Braga: Vollst ä ndige Sammlung klassischer und volkthü mlicher deutscher Gedichte aus dem 18. und 19. Jahrhundert, Sechstes Bä ndchen , ed. Anton Dietrich (Dresden: Wagner, 1828 ), pp. 38–44. NOTES 217

43 . Some, but not all, of the literary debates are reviewed in John Colin Dunlop and Henry Wilson, History of Prose Fiction, 2nd ed., vol. 2 (London: George Bell, 1906 ). 44 . John Davidson, “The Ballad of a Nun,” The Yellow Book, 3 (1894 ): 273–79; reprint as John Davidson, The Ballad of a Nun, illustrated by Paul Henry (London and New York: John Lane, 1905). 45 . Owen Seaman, “A Ballad of a Bun,” in The Battle of the Bays (London and New York: John Lane, The Bodley Head, 1896 ), pp. 22–26. 46 . Hormayr, Wien, seine Geschicke und Denkw ü rdigkeiten , Jahrgang 2, Bd 1, Heft 3 ( 1824): p. 53 [36–79]. 47 . Bermann, Alt- und Neu-Wien , 1:274. 48 . Tangherlini, “‘It Happened Not Too Far from Here . . . ,’” pp. 372–73. 49 . Umlauft, Namenbuch der Stadt Wien, p. 109; compare the very different version in Wenedikt [=Bermann], Geschichte der Wiener Stadt und Vorst ä dte , 1:83 50 . Kaltenbaeck, Mariensagen, pp. 137–39. 51 . Bennett, “Belief Stories,” p. 301. 52 . Bird, “It Makes Sense to Us,” p. 521. 53 . Francis G. Gentry and Ulrich M ü ller, “The Reception of the Middle Ages in Germany: An Overview,” Studies in Medievalism 3 ( 1991 ): 401 [399–422]. 54 . Wenedikt [= Moritz Bermann], Geschichte der Wiener Stadt und Vorstä dte , unnumbered preface. 55 . Friedrich Nicolai, Beschreibung einer Reise durch Deutschland und die Schweiz im Jahr 1781 (Berlin und Stettin: n.p., 1783), 2:612; quoted and discussed in chapter 3, pp. 69–70. 56 . Kaltenbaeck, Mariensagen in Oesterreich , p. 386. 57 . Bird, “It Makes Sense to Us,” pp. 542–43. 58 . Tangherlini, “‘It Happened Not Too Far from Here . . . ,’” pp. 375–76. 59 . Bennett, “Belief Stories,” pp. 299–300.

6 Conclusion: The Persistence of the Medieval 1 . Citations for images of the city are provided in Appendix 1. 2 . Histories incorporating historical maps included Matthias Fuhrmann, Alt- und neues Wien (1739), Leopold Fischer, Brevis notitia , 2nd ed. (1767–75), and Friedrich Wilhelm Weiskern, Beschreibung der k. k. Haupt- und Residenzstade Wien (1770). 3 . Keith Moxey, Peasants, Warriors, and Wives (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); John W. Bohnstedt, The Infidel Scourge of God, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N.S. vol. 58, part 9 (Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1968). 4 . On Counter-Reformation Vienna, see Howard Louthan, The Quest for Compromise: Peacemakers in Counter-Reformation Vienna , Cambridge Studies in Early Modern History (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Elaine Fulton, Catholic Belief and Survival in Late Sixteenth-Century Vienna: The Case of Georg Eder (1523–87), St. Andrews Studies in Reformation 218 NOTES

History (Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2007); Elaine Fulton, “Mutual Aid: The Jesuits and the Courtier in Sixteenth-Century Vienna,” in Communities of Devotion: Religious Orders and Society in East Central Europe, 1450–1800 , ed. Maria Cră ciun and Elaine Fulton, Catholic Christendom, 1300–1700 (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011), pp. 171–96; and, for an older perspective, Paul P. Bernard, Jesuits and Jacobins: Enlightenment and Enlightened Despotism in Austria (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, [1971]). 5 . [Anton Ferdinand von Geissau], Ferdinand v. Geusau, Ü ber die Aufhebung der Nonnenkl ö ster (Vienna: Sebastian Hartl, 1772); Johann Friedel, Briefe aus Wien verschiedenen Inhalts an einen Freund in Berlin (Leipzig and Berlin: n.p., 1785). 6 . Wolfgang Kos and Christian Rapp, eds., Alt-Wien: Die Stadt die niemals war [Exhibition catalog, Wien Museum] (Vienna: Czernin Verlag, 2004). 7 . Reinhard Pohanka, “Zu Finster . . . !? Das Bild des Mittelalters und seine geringe Bedeutung fü r die Wiener Stadterinnerung,” in Kos and Rapp, Alt-Wien , pp. 93–97. Pohanka sees interest in medieval literature as part of the Romantic idealistic reenvisioning of the past along the lines of Novalis, and points toward the heavy emphasis in nineteenth-century scholarly literature on Viennese Roman remains at the expense of medieval sources or equipment as signaling an intellectualized downgrade of the “hardly glori- ous” medieval era.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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INDEX

Agnes, widow of Andreas III, 100 through observation, 37–8, 78, 81, Agnes von Ebersdorf, donor, 114 83, 108, 109 altars, 25, 28, 30, 31–2, 46 Albrecht altar, 30–1, 49, 163 Babenberg dukes, 2–3, 49, 92, 95–6, 98, Mediasch retable, 30, 164 104, 154, 205 n.20 St. Florian crucifixion triptych, 27, Friedrich I, 94, 97 163–4, 183 n.13 Friedrich II the Quarrelsome, 46, Schottenaltar, 30, 31, 163 190 n.59 Alten-Allen, Folbert van, 18, 167–8, Heinrich Jasomirgott, 94 182 n.3 Leopold III “the Pious,” 95, alterity, 8, 9, 76, 78, 83, 181 n.30 190 n.59, 204 n.17 anti-Catholic sentiments, 14, 71–2, Leopold IV, 203–4 n.12 74–7, 79–80, 145, 159, Leopold V “the Virtuous,” 78, 89, 181 n.30, 200 n.91, 201 n.97 93–5, 103, 106, 203–4 n.12 see also confessional divide Leopold VI, 66, 89, 93–5, 97, Anzegruber, Ludwig, 144–5 106–7, 203–4 nn.12–13, archaism, 32, 40, 49–50, 153 208–9 nn.59–60 see also medievalism; Vienna as myth: Babenberger Stammbaum, 46, 49, Alt Wien 190 nn.58–9 armchair traveler, 4, 15, 45, 59–60, 61, “Ballad of a Bun,” 14, 145 108, 156, 177–8 n.5, 189 n.55, beguines, 26, 99–102, 113, 183 n.11, 195 n.31 206 n.34, 207 n.39, Arndt, Ernst Moritz, 68, 198 n.58 205–8 nn.46–48 auf der Hülben, 138 incorporated into monastic order, see also churches and monasteries: 101–2, 207–8 nn.46–48 St. Jacob Bermann, Moritz, 128, 146, 149–50, Austria as territory, 94–6, 127–8, 204 n.15 154, 158, 186 n.31, 187 n.36, Austriae Archiducatus, 63–4, 196 n.44 212 n.97 Austria Sacra, 90, 91, 99, 100, 112, 159, Bernhard, Bishop of Passau, 113 207 n.38 Blanka, Queen, 114 authority Blannbekin, Agnes, 26, 183 n.11, through citation, 5, 71, 75, 81, 82, 207 n.39 108, 111–12, 128, 137, 149–50, Bormastino, Antonio, 73, 77–8, 90, 91, 158, 206 n.28, 207 n.38, 97, 100, 102, 106, 110, 111, 209 n.71 112, 155 236 INDEX

Bratislava, see Pressburg St. Merten, 24, 117 Burbury, John, 61–2, 75, 200 n.80 St. Michael, 18, 20, 26, 38, 43, Burney, Charles, 56–7 44, 94, 136, 182 n.3, 186 n.31, Büsching, Anton, 68 193 n.18, 196 n.44 St. Othheim, 27 calipers, 39 St. Otto and Haimo, 24 see also scale; verisimilitude St. Pancraz, 24 Carinthia, 102–4, 208 n.54 St. Peter, 20, 26, 40, 43, 44, 49, 66, Carinthian matrons, 66, 99–100, 102–4, 67–8, 73 107, 108, 207 n.38, 208 nn.51–2 St. Ruprecht, 24, 26, 30, 39 of Kulm, Rappach and Paar, 66, 103, St. Stephan, 18, 19, 20, 27, 29, 206 n.37, 208 n.53 31, 32, 33, 34, 36–7, 38, 42, center and periphery, 18–19, 24, 32, 39, 43, 49, 57, 60, 61, 62, 67, 44, 59, 61, 64, 66, 68, 84, 102–3, 75, 105, 108, 118, 135, 136, 112 146, 148, 183 n.13, 181 n.14, churches and monasteries: 184–5 nn.20–2, 186 n.34, men’s 190 n.60, 193 n.18, 211 n.91 Augustinian monastery, 20, 26, 32, women’s, 22–3 42, 45, 111 Elisabethinen, 22–3, 65, 68, 80, Jesuits, 28, 66, 159, 197 n.52, 138, 198 n.58 210 n.74 Himmelpforte (St. Agnes), 20, Minoritenkirche, 28, 30, 40, 43, 22–3, 25, 26, 30, 38, 42, 43, 45, 94, 183–4 n.17, 196 n.44, 44, 62, 65, 69–70, 75, 80, 82, 206 n.30 89, 100–1, 102, 126, 127, 135, Prediger (Dominican) (Maria 136, 141–6, 147, 148, 149, 151, Rotunda), 20, 25, 30, 39, 43, 94, 187 n.39, 196 n.44, 213 n.8 106, 114, 186 n.31, 188 n.45 Königinkloster (Maria, Queen St. Dorothea, 25, 27, 40, 43, 49, of Angels), 22–3, 44, 63–4, 65, 66, 165 82, 151 St. Johannes, 20, 24, 26, 106 St. Anna, 19, 22–3, 24, 62, 66, Schottenkloster, 24, 25, 40, 43, 196 nn.44–6 196 n.44 St. Clara, 20, 22–3, 25, 41, 43, 44, Teutonic order 65, 69, 121, 187 n.39 (Deutschordenskirche), 20, 26, St. Francis of Sales, 22–3, 65, 66–8, 43, 94, 106, 208 n.59 80, 138 Weissen Brudern, 21, 25, 40, 43, St. Hieronymus, 22–3, 30, 32, 33, 117, 186 n.31 38, 39, 43, 62, 63–4, 89, 115–19, parish, cathedral, suburban, other 161, 188 n.44, 210–11 nn.82–5, Karlskirche (Charles Borromeo), 209–12 nn.89–91 66, 67–8 St. Jacob, 20, 22–3, 26, 27, 30, 38, Maria am Gestade (Maria 39, 41, 43, 44, 57, 62, 63–4, Steigen), 24, 26, 31, 40, 43, 65, 66, 70, 74, 78, 89, 92–4, 49, 117, 186 n.31, 187 n.36, 97–100, 102–4, 105–9, 119–20, 211 n.86 126, 147, 150, 156, 159–60, St. Coloman, 24 178 n.8, 183 n.11, 188 n.43, St. George (St. Jörg), 20, 49, 63 189 n.51, 196 n.44, 203 n.6, INDEX 237

206 n.29, 207 n.39, 205 n.45, color, see maps, color palette in 208 nn.52–3 concatenation of stories, see Sagen und St. Joseph, 63 Legenden: legend structure St. Lorenz, 12, 20, 22–3, 26, 30, confessional divide, 2, 28, 62, 71–2, 74, 39, 41, 43, 44, 63–4, 65, 70, 71, 88, 91, 120, 159, 183–4 n.17 78, 82, 89, 109–15, 124, 126, Constance, Queen, widow of Ottakar 129–30, 132, 134, 136, 146, 151, II of Bohemia, 100 182–3 n.10, 186 n.31, 189 n.51, convent pre-history, 7, 109, 112–15, 200 n.91, 209 nn.66–7, 121 207 n.69, 207 n.71, 210 n.76, Council of Vienne, 101 214 nn.16–17 Counter-Reformation, 73, 91, 120, 159 St. Maria Magdalena, 18–19, 24, court life, 60, 108 22–3, 30, 43, 65, 82, 117 Craven, Elizabeth, 60 St. Nikolas in der Singerstrasse, cult of St. James, 93, 97–8, 203 n.9 19, 20, 22–3, 30, 44, 63, 65, curiosities, 73–4, 91, 108–9, 125, 127, 196 n.44, 201–2 n.105 131, 140, 149, 158, 195 n.35 St. Nikolas vor dem Stubenthor, Czerwencka, Wenceslaus Adalbert, 111, 22–3, 30, 196 n.38 209 n.72 St. Theobald, 22–3, 24 St. Ursula, 22–3, 65, 138, 206 n.33 Davidson, John, 14, 145 Siebenbüchernhaus, 22–3, 64, de Luca, Ignaz, 80–2, 90, 91, 97, 108, 196 nn.45–6 201 n.98, 199 n.103, 202 n.7, see also monastic order 206 n.28, 208 n.53 civic and court buildings, 18, 20, 25, 26, displaced nuns, 1, 39, 42–3, 82, 177 n.1, 27, 28, 39–40, 44, 47–8, 59, 105, 188 n.43 186 n.31 dynastic connections, 46, 94–6, brothels, 16, 117, 211 n.87 103–4, 121, 154, 190 nn.58–9, Burg, 18, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 42, 44, 204 n.17, 205 n.19 49, 64, 105, 186 n.31 Spitals, 24, 30, 36, 43, 44, 62, 65, 66, East vs. West, 60–1 100, 108, 117, 196 n.46 Edler, Georg, 28 University of Vienna, 20, 25, 40, Elisabeth of Austria, 63–4 41–2, 44, 62, 105, 108 Elizabeth of Luxembourg, 24 “von dem Guldnen A.B.C.,” 63–4, Endres, Victoria, 129 196 n.43 Engelthal, 101–2 clausura (enclosure), 1, 26, 38, 84, 97, Enikel, Jans, 95, 204 n.16 100, 101, 143, 156, 161 envoy, 123, 147, 152 closure of the monasteries, 2, 12, 74, Erskine, John, 71–2, 74 78–80, 82, 84, 87–8, 98, 125, 129, 138–9, 144, 154, 159, Fenning, Daniel, 67, 197 n.53 180 n.20, 200 n.91, 201 n.96, fire, 36, 38, 39, 62, 71, 75, 88, 92, 206 n.33, 214 n.16 100, 105, 130, 132, 134–5, coats of arms, 42, 49, 189 n.52 140, 147 Coeckelberghe-Dützele, Gerhard, painting/statue preserved during, 71, see Realis 75, 130, 132, 134–5, 140, 147, cognitive geography, 3–4, 16 214 n.16, 215–16 n.32 238 INDEX

Fischer, Leopold, 5, 90, 91, 100, 103, Habsburgs, 2–3, 14, 28, 46, 60, 94, 111–12, 119, 158, 208 n.53, 95–6, 103–4, 112, 121, 154, 161, 209 n.71, 210 n.75, 217 n.2 190 n.59, 212 n.97 font choice, 32–3, 46, 50, 186 n.32, Albrecht I, 114 190 n.63 Albrecht III “mit dem Zopf,” 116–17, foundation stories, 6–7, 64, 69–70, 78, 211 n.86 87–92, 94, 102, 109, 110–11, Anna, daughter of Friedrich des 114–15, 121, 132, 154–5, 161, Schönen, 121, 212 n.97 178 n.8 Friedrich der Schöne (Frederick the Himmelpforte, 100–1, 102 Fair), 89, 110–11, 113, 114 St. Hieronymus, 115–19 Katharina, daughter of Albrecht II St. Jacob auf der Hülben, 92–4, 96–9, des Weisen, 121, 212 n.97 102–4, 105–7, 108–9 Katharina, daughter of Leopold des St. Lorenz, 102, 109–15 Frommen, 121, 212 n.97 Friedel, Johann, 159, 200 n.91 Maximilian I, 62, 95, 204 n.17 Fuhrmann, Matthias, 5, 71, 73, 74, 82, Otto the Merry, 89, 110–11, 112–13, 90, 91, 108, 112, 149, 156, 168, 114, 209 n.66 217 n.2 Rudolf I, 69, 103, 117, 208 n.54 Rudolf IV, 24, 29 Geissau, Anton Ferdinand, 80, 82, 159, Halm, Friedrich, 151 201 n.97, 203–4 n.12, 207 n.38, Harleian Miscellany, see Three English 209 n.71 Gentlemen gender categories, 4, 6, 8, 16, 26, 45, Heilthumsbuch, 30, 36, 164, 190 n.60 62–3, 136, 155–6, 162, Helwig, Amalie von, 144, 216 n.41 196 n.38 hero stories, 2, 6–7, 10, 89, 91, 95, 96, genealogy, see dynastic connections 98, 106–7, 109–10, 114, 115, geographical markers, 15, 17, 36, 54, 117–19, 120, 154–5 63–6, 82–3, 84, 130, 137 Holczabek, Johann and Adalbert Georg (Jörig), Chaplain of St. Winter, 128, 130–1 Hieronymus, 116, 210 n.82 Holzhalb, Beat, 75 Gerhard of Transylvania, 70, 100 Holzler, Conrad, 115, 117–19, 155, glacis, 43 211 nn.89–90 Gnadenbilder, 7, 69, 71, 74–5, 82, Hormayr, Joseph von, 128, 146, 158 96–8, 124, 125, 135–6, 145–6, 205 nn.21–2 icons, 8, 71, 74–6, 93, 96–8, 124, 125, discovery of, 96, 135, 140, 147, 126, 132, 134–6, 145–6, 150, 213 n.8, 215–16 n.32 152, 155, 157, 160, 205 n.22, reproductions of, 74, 76, 80, 96, 97, 206 n.30 157, 205 nn.22–3 imagined community, 56 see also Sagen und Legenden Insprugger, Sebastian, 90, 91, 103, 111, Gothic aesthetic, 9, 31, 32, 38, 40, 158, 206 n.28, 208 n.53, 210 n.75 42, 43, 49, 57, 74, 78, 83, 94, Italian nuns, 56–7, 64, 85, 161, 194 n.24 180 n.24, 193 n.18 Graben, 20, 25, 40, 94, 117, 182 n.9 Kaltenbaeck, Johann Paul, 132–5, 136, Grimm brothers, 123–4, 128 147, 150, 215 n.24, 213 n.28, groupings, see organization: clusters 213–16 n.32 INDEX 239

Kaunitz, Prince, 18, 60, 182 n.3 color palette in, 18, 31, 32, 40, 45, key, interpretive, 26, 32, 44, 45, 46, 167 189 n.53, 187–90 n.56 see also labels and names as cultural artifact, 1, 17, 18, 27 Keyssler, Johann Georg, 58–9, 66, 67, as static representation, 48, 50, 108, 194 n.24 183 n.12 Khlesl, Cardinal, 70 see also plans and panoramas Khülberinn (Kulberinn), 99, 207 n.38 Marian (Andreas Fidler), 90, 91, 99, Kisch, Wilhelm, 137, 182 n.5, 216 n.33 100, 112, 159, 207 n.38 Kleiner, Salomon, 156, 168, 183 n.14 Marianisches Wien (Fuhrmann), 157, 168 Klosterneuburg, 65, 94, 190 n.59 Mariazell, 96, 130 Küchelbecker, Johann, 69, 70, 75, 90, Marinoni, Johann Jacob and Leander 91, 103, 107–9, 112, 197 n.51, Anguissola, 189–90 n.56 208 n.52, 210 n.74 Marshall, Joseph, 74 Kurzböck, Joseph, 5, 71, 149, 158, material culture, 8, 9, 71, 72, 83, 93, 198 n.65 97–8, 104, 123–5, 126, 129–30, 134, 136, 138, 140, 145–6, 148, labels and names, 18, 20, 25–6, 31, 149, 152, 153, 155–7, 159–60 32, 38, 39–40, 41–5, 46–7, 50, see also Gnadenbilder; icons; relics; 186 n.32, 189 n.51 statue Lazius, Wolfgang, 50, 106, 118, 159, Mathias II, King, 44 166, 189 n.51, 190 n.65, Maurer, Caspar, 6, 69, 88, 90, 91, 92–3, 203 n.7, 207 n.38 96, 105–7, 110–11, 198 n.61, legends, see Sagen und Legenden 203 n.7, 209 n.69 Leopold von Wien, 103 Maurer, Josef, 132, 134–6, 215 n.30, Lilienfeld, 94, 204 n.13 213–16 n.32 liturgy, 13, 14–15, 24, 32, 50, 74, 82, medical care, 68, 198 n.58 99–100, 113, 116, 117–18, 129, medievalism, 3, 6, 8–10, 13–15, 18, 46, 144, 157–8, 211–12 nn.90–1, 72, 91, 104–5, 110, 120–1, 126, 215 n.28 139–40, 148–9, 153–5, 158–9, anniversaries, 113, 114, 117–18, 157, 162, 180 n.24, 178 n.26 211 n.89 Meinhard of Tyrol, 208 n.54 processions, 74, 76, 193 n.18, mementos, see remembrances; also 214 n.16 Gnadenbilder, reproductions of singing, 14–15, 56–7, 64, 74, 118, mental mapping, 54–5 143, 144, 161, 194 n.24 mental topography, 53–5, 84 compare omission of see also place and social meaning contemporaneous presence/ monastic order, 14, 26, 27, 33, 45, 64, liturgical details 65, 70, 82, 88, 112–13, 115, localizing details, 127, 140, 142, 150–2 136, 138 Löper, Christoph, 63 Augustinian, 12, 25, 26, 32, 43, 63–4, 70, 92, 99, 100, 102, 104, 110, Magdalena, Baroness of Walterskirchen, 111, 112, 136, 162, 182–3 n.10, body of, 159–60 210 n.75 maps Carmelites, 24, 23, 25, 40, 64, 117, building selection in, 18–19, 26–8, 131, 163, 186 n.31, 196 nn.45–6, 40; see also omission 211 n.86 240 INDEX monastic order—Continued Nuremberg as audience, 1, 28, 33, 36, Cistercian, 24, 65, 81, 101 38, 49, 159, 184 nn.18–19 Clarissan, 44, 63–4, 65, 81 see also propaganda Dominican, 12, 25, 26, 30, 39, 94, 102, 106, 110, 111, 113, 114, Ogesser, Joseph, 149, 184–5 n.21, 209 n.66, 210 n.75 210 n.83 Elisabethinen, 65, 68, 138, 198 n.58 omission, 56 Franciscan, 20–4, 25, 40, 43, 45, 63–4, of churches and convents, 6, 19, 24, 75, 81, 94, 119, 183–4 n.17 26, 30, 39, 43, 67–8, 71 Franciscan tertiaries, 62 of civic buildings, markets, etc., 19, knightly orders (Hospitallers, 25, 26–7, 36, 40, 49, 105 Teutonic), 20, 24, 26, 43, 94, 106, of contemporaneous presence/ 208 nn.59–62 liturgical details, 6, 9, 36, 44, 57, Magdalenes, 18–19, 22–3, 24, 30, 43, 64, 69–70, 71, 78, 87, 89–90, 65, 82, 117 110, 120, 156, 157–8 Penitents, 24, 32, 115–19, 210 n.82, organization 211 n.89 alphabetical ordering, 65, 80, 82, Premonastratensian, 82, 100–1 131, 133 Salesianerinen, 65, 66–8, 80, 138 chronological ordering, 55–6, 133–4, shift of, 12, 26, 65, 70, 79, 81, 215 n.24 101–2, 104, 110, 111–13, clusters, 16, 20–4, 36, 37, 44, 62, 119, 182–3 n.10, 181–4 n.17, 63–4, 65, 66, 70, 81, 84, 191 n.2 207–8 n.48, 210 n.75 Österreichische Chronik, 103 Ursulines, 65, 138, 206 n.33 Ottoman empire, 1, 2, 10, 28, 33–6, 41, Weissen brudern, see monastic order: 60–1, 62, 91, 123, 155 Carmelites see also siege compare nuns as monolithic category Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, 58–9, 61, Payne, John, 67, 197 n.53 75–6, 200 n.87 Pez, Bernhard, 111, 158, 209 n.71 Pezzl, Johann, 14–15, 74, 79–80, names, see labels and names 82, 108, 157, 158, 159, New and Complete Collection, 66–7, 201 n.103 197 nn.50–2 Piccolomini, Aeneas Sylvius, 115 Nicolai, Friedrich, 71–2, 74, 97, 108, pilgrimage, 93, 96, 130, 131, 133, 146, 132, 150, 193 n.17, 206 n.30 200 n.91, 203 n.9, 205 n.21, Nonnberg Abbey, 120 206 n.26 nostalgia, 9, 13, 54, 73, 131, 139–40, pious prince, 69, 77–8, 91, 102, 111 154, 160, 199 n.74 place and social meaning, 5, 7–8, Nugent, Thomas, 60, 195 n.35 15–16, 18–19, 53–5, 60, 84, 89, nuns as monolithic category, 16, 24, 137, 139, 148, 149–52, 153, 156, 25–6, 43, 50, 76, 151, 158, 191 n.3 177 n.2 plague, 70, 75, 114, 131, 135, 136, 140, nun-stories, 125, 126–9, 138, 140, 147, 147, 213 n.8 149–50, 151 plans and panoramas, 4, 17 see also Sagen und Legenden: legend Albertinian, 19–24, 25, 26–7, 29, 31, structure 36, 48, 105, 163 INDEX 241

Beham/Meldemann, 27, 33, 36–7, remembrances, 8, 50, 98, 120, 126, 130, 38, 39, 164–5, 186 n.33, 131, 157 188 n.40, 190 n.60 representational substitutions, 2, 33–4, Civitates Orbis Terrarum, 44, 45, 166, 36, 39–43, 47–8, 138 167, 189 n.53 see also synecdoche Hirschvogel, Augustin, 27, 29, 34, Richard the Lionhearted, 93–4 38–40, 42, 43, 44, 47, 48, 50, 166, Rotenstein, Gottfried “Edler” von, 188 nn.41–2, 186–9 nn.46–7, 59–60, 67–8, 84, 194 nn.26–8, 187 n.51, 190 n.65, 191 n.68 195 n.30 Hoefnagel, Jacob, 44, 50, 167, 189 n.52 Sagen und Legenden, 7, 71–2, 124–5, Janssonius, Johannes (Urbium Totius 128–9, 130–1, 149, 151–2, Germaniae Superioris), 44, 45, 212 n.1, 213 n.7 50, 167 dumpling Mother of God, 130, 146, Lautensack, Hanns, 29, 33, 40–3, 151 47, 48, 49, 166–7, 188 n.42, fire, image protected from, 71, 75, 189 nn.50–1 130, 132, 134–5, 140, 146, 147, Lazius, Wolfgang, 50, 106, 118, 214 n.16, 215–16 n.32 159, 166, 189 n.51, 190 n.65, Hausmutter, 76–7, 133, 134–5 203 n.7, 207 n.38 of Himmelpforte, 82, 135, Merian, Matthäus, 44, 45, 167 136, 147, 213 n.8, 211 n.11, Schön/Guldenmund, 33–6, 165, 215–16 n.32 186–7 nn.33–7 of St. Lorenz, 134–5, 136 “True and Exact Description of Himmelspförtnerin, 14, 123, 131–2, the City of Vienna,” 50, 168, 135, 141–2, 150, 215–16 n.32, 190–1 n.65 214 n.38, 214 n.41 Wolmuet, Bonifaz, 29, 34, 40, 42, 49, hole made by devil, 75, 200 n.80 50, 165, 189 n.50, 191 n.66 interactive images (frown, speak, see also altars weep), 75, 131, 135–6 Prachatitz, Hans von, 29, 184 n.20 immune to rotting, 97, 140 Pressburg (Bratislava), 19, 20, 24, 81, Katzensteig, 146–7 194 n.26 legend structure, 8, 123, 146–8, 152 propaganda, 10, 33–6, 91, 184 n.19, Lieber Augustin, 131 186 n.33, 187 n.37, 204 n.17 Marian legends, 136, 142, 214 n.13 Protestants, see confessional divide Maria Pötsch, 124, 136 Puchsbaum, Hans, 29, 184 nn.20–1 Maria von guten Rathe, 134, 215 nn.27–8 quarters, 5, 63–6, 71, 81 miracle stories, 74–5 Pfründerin (prebendary), 129–30, Raschenau, Maria Anna von, 57 214 n.17 Realis, 128, 131–2, 142, 196 n.43 plague protection, 75, 135, 136, 140, Reichard, Heinrich, 5 147 Reiffenstuhl, Ignaz, 70–1, 72, 77 St. Stephan’s missing tower, 29, 130, Reinhardt, Max, 14, 142, 216 n.3 184–5 nn.20–2 relics, 36, 70, 71, 75–6, 96, 108, 132–3, Schutz-mutter of St. Jacob, 150 161, 197 n.52 servant’s Madonna, 135 242 INDEX

Sagen und Legenden—Continued Suttinger, Daniel, 18, 168, 182 n.3, swimming statue, 93, 96, 126, 203 n.7 186 n.30, 189 n.56, 196 n.44 Turkish stories, 7, 123, 127, 130, synecdoche, 2, 18, 27–8, 32, 72, 156 212 n.1 uncleanable pictures, 126, 147, Thonhauser, Theophilo, 90, 91, 97, 99, 213 n.8, 215–16 n.32 112, 203 n.12, 213 n.8 Salm, Niklas, 33, 38, 165 Three English Gentlemen, 62–3, 70, 90, Salmon, Thomas, 60, 73–4, 195 n.35 91, 109–10, 112, 118–19 salvage anthropology, 6, 9–10, 139–40 Thune, Countess, 60 Santiago de Compostela, 93, 97, 203 n.9 tourist gaze, 68–9 scale (on maps), 19–20, 46, 48 travel literature and topographies, 4–6, Schedel, Hartmann, 27, 32, 164, 53–85 186 nn.31–2, 187 n.34 genre, 55–6 Schlager, J.E., 128, 154 intertextuality in, 5, 60, 67, 71, 77, Schmeltzl, Wolfgang, 62, 196 n.38 192 n.9, 197 n.53 Sembler, Susanne (Meisterin of St. Jacob), treaty of Mautern, 48 93, 99, 119, 120, 159, 203 n.10, 206 n.35 Umlauft, Friedrich, 137–8, 146, 216 n.33 Sennacherib, allegory, 40–3, 47, 188 n.42 urban monastic stories, 124–5, 146, Sherlock, Martin, 60 149–50, 151–2 Siege of Vienna damage from, 39, 48, 65, 88, 120, ventriloquized text, 129–30, 149 156, 188 n.43, 186 n.45, verisimilitude, 5, 38, 48, 55–6, 124, 131, 190 n.60, 196 n.38 143, 147, 149, 150–1, 185 n.28, of 1529, 1, 2, 8, 19, 27–8, 33–8, 40–1, 188 n.42, 191 n.66 47, 88, 159, 164–7, 177 n.1, Vienna, histories of, 10–13, 128 183–4 n.17, 182 n.19, 186 n.33, Vienna as myth 187 n.39, 188 n.43, 186 n.45 Alt Wien, 3, 7, 73, 126, 140, 149, 155, of 1683, 2, 8, 18, 19, 75–6, 123, 167–8 160–1, 199 n.73, 218 n.7 skyline, 1–2, 4, 32, 39, 40, 48, 61 Catholic Vienna, 1, 2, 8, 10, 28, 29, social interminglings, 60–1 30, 41, 46, 51, 62, 79, 88, 91, statistics, 59, 62, 68, 82, 197 n.56 120, 126, 136, 138–9, 154, 157, statue, 74, 75–6, 83, 92, 93, 96–8, 108, 187 n.36 121, 123, 124, 130, 131, 132, cosmopolitan, 60–1, 195 n.35 134–5, 140, 141, 143, 146, 147–8, gateway to Europe, 33, 60–1, 62, 91, 156–7, 160, 203 n.7, 201 n.10, 155, 159 206 n.30, 204 n.33, 208 n.52, “gay Vienna,” 2, 73, 199 n.74 214 n.16, 215–16 n.32 Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt, 2, 4, 46, street names, 19, 59, 64, 65, 66, 80–1, 49, 73, 87, 91, 94, 95–6, 107, 156 124–5, 131, 137–8, 139, 146, visitation, 39, 88, 93, 120, 159, 177 n.1, 151, 155 188 n.44 histories of, 137–8, 146, 182 n.5, Vogl, Johann Nepomuk, 128, 129–30, 216 n.33 146, 149, 150, 151, 213 n.11, Susanne, Meisterin of St. Jacob, 214 nn.16–18 see Sembler, Susanne Vorstadt(en), see center and periphery INDEX 243 waypoint, see geographical markers Weiskopf, Hieronimus, 160 Weiskern, Friedrich Wilhelm, 5, 64–6, Weissegger von Weisseneck, Johann 69, 70, 81, 82, 91, 99, 108, 111, Maria, 14, 76–7, 79 185 n.22, 209 n.71, 217 n.2 Wilhelmina Amelia, 67