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Regional & Federal Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713636416 Appendix A: Profiles of Regional Reform in 42 Countries (1950-2006) Liesbet Hooghe ab; Arjan H. Schakel b; Gary Marks ab a University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA b Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Online Publication Date: 01 April 2008 To cite this Article: Hooghe, Liesbet, Schakel, Arjan H. and Marks, Gary (2008) 'Appendix A: Profiles of Regional Reform in 42 Countries (1950-2006) ', Regional & Federal Studies, 18:2, 183 — 258 To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/13597560801994323 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13597560801994323

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Australian . La ¨ nder La tal et ¨ cr dph n soe o 1955–2006. for (scope) 3 and (depth) 3 score dr La nder. provinces states . provincies ¨ utainCptlTerritory Capital Australian nder cr dph n soe o 9020.The 1950–2006. for (scope) 4 and (depth) 3 score h lower. the / xriersda oesadhv xesv executive extensive have and powers residual exercise provinces Land La ¨ nder diitain,btteraeaepplto is population average their but administrations, n15 oadcnrlzdfdrlstate federal decentralized a to 1950 in ) r lorsosbefrteronadminis- own their for responsible also are La ¨ nder Provinces otenTerritory Northern aeeeuiecmeec for competence executive have Cner)i 99 Territories 1989. in (Canberra) La ¨ Regions diitrscnayedu- secondary administer nder La ¨ nder Ninety-nine . parliaments. and andquasi- gained communities Bezirke terri- Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 n eae nryplc ecp o ainlifatutr n ula energy), nuclear and infrastructure national resources for water (except renewal, policy urban energy and sewage, planning and land-use and housing, conservation development), nature environment, rural the restructuring, 2005. industrial in policy, government employment local and natural 2000, and in planning policy rural employment 1993, 1994, in absorbed policy in community anti-poverty protection German and The aid region. commu- social Walloon for German the responsibility the by of initially competencies exercised regional were The nity competence. their treaties international within make issues to authority on have resol- own regions conflict and its communities and to addition, co-ordination In respect ution. intergovernmental with for level constituent machinery each and the for administration; autonomy with constitutional residing federalism; competencies fiscal senate a units; residual assemblies; interests; elected place directly in territorial federations: put representing modern 1995, of in typical force are compe- into that regional came institutions which and revisions, community constitutional the combines 1993 latter legally: The (the tencies). recognized community Flemish commu- are Francophone the the units and community, nity German constituent the region, five Brussels the However, region, Walloon regions. three council. and regional elected nities directly a including institutions, Brussels, own in except its elected obtained indirectly now still taxation which were limited councils and community transport, and policy, utilities, Regional economic public powers. and regional policy, include health community to education, communities of government, and local regions institutions both the for deepened devolu- side, was 1989, In tion side. Flemish Francophone the on the separate remained they On but merged, were region education. voca- and policy, welfare include training to expanded tional established were communities the previously of responsibility competencies policy, infrastructural the the had while and policy, Regions for water tutelage. policy, environmental (except development, national regional under for councils remained elected Brussels council). directly German no culture, but of 1974. aspects from communities, elected defined directly narrowly is council on cultural ‘decrees’ German The pass language. to and education, authority parlia- cultural had two national gov- and national up the the ernment within set of cells executive law small members monitored special councils French-speaking The a respectively. and ment, when Flemish- 1971, of in consisting effect councils into put was autonomy cultural boundaries. contested, though these identifiable, clearly communities, regions—have the Brussels to contrast principle socio-economic In the for demands wrote autonomy. accommodate to also commu- constitution makers the into the Law autonomy regional boundaries. So of territorial cantons. fluid eastern somewhat have the nities encompasses Brussels. in community Dutch-speakers German-speaking and Dutch- region The The Flemish Brussels. the in encompasses French-speakers community and speaking region Walloon the encompasses munity three defined constitution nities the instituted. autonomy, were cultural government for demands devolved accommodate of To models Two demands. autonomist to response ein xriecmeece vrrgoa cnmcdvlpet(including development economic regional over competencies exercise Regions commu- three of federation a Belgium declared 1993 of reform constitutional The as well as regions for administrations and executives separate created reform 1980 The of form limited a but letter, dead remained autonomy regional proposed the Initially, in tier intermediate higher-level new, a created 1970 of reform constitutional The Facpoe uc-paig n emnsekn) h rnohn com- Francophone The German-speaking). and Dutch-speaking, (Francophone, pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix regions teFeih alo and Walloon Flemish, —the commu- 185 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 mcplc,teplc cr sajse onad.Hne h nlsoei (depth) 2 is score final the Hence, downwards. 2 adjusted living econ- and is (those in score Francophones not policy of and the 19% matters policy, cultural-educational 0 about omic in and since only (depth) self-government but have 2, 1 Brussels) scores 2, in therefore as aggregated and is control This national (scope). under Brus- The falls policy. economic however, in authority region, significant has sels it and that (scope), fact 1 the reflects and (scope) area— (depth) 1 policy 2 its major scores also one region in Walloon authority significant The exercises policy. cultural-educational it because (scope), 1 (depth), and 2 veto, government scores central to community subject administration general-purpose decentralized French a the is it 1988, because to 1980 the From scoring in community. the combined Francophone are region encompasses Brussels Fran- the the and community by region exercised Walloon community, competencies Francophone cophone The Brussels. in The Francophones and example: region Walloon An over- by jurisdictions. exercised is authority lapping regional where double-counting and avoid to region provinces, or munity nine of state. instead federal communities. the Coding ten of the are instead and there regions the 1993, regions with in lies the Brabant oversight are administrative of government partition the of With units intermediate security,principal national and immigration. justice and citizenship, defence, policy, short: monetary fiscal is security, competencies social federal The education. exclusive tertiary and of secondary and not list culture for (but framework legislative hospitals the set commu- including The nities areas. welfare, special these in competencies and a international far-reaching with with policy security), authorities social health local education, in (except regime), policy language language tourism), policy, youth (including culture arts, individuals: to related federal. matters mostly for responsibility remains have communities legislation The Framework gov- trade. local external 2001, since and agriculture, and, transport ernment, local public and airports regional waterways, roads, 98 ,2fr18–94 n ,3fr19–06 h rsesrgo crs1 0 1, scores 1995–2006. region for Brussels 3 1980– 3, The for and 2 1995–2006. 1 3, 1989–1992; for 2, for 3 scores 1970–1988; 2 3, region for 3, and Walloon 1970–1988 1 1980–1988; The 1989–1994; for 2, for for 2000–2006. 1 scores 2 for 2, community 3, 3 1980– scores German 1988, 3, for community The and 2 French 2, 1989–2006. 1989–1999; The for for 1970–1979; 2 1989–2006. for 3, for (scope) and 3 1 3, and and (depth) 1988; 2 scores community Flemish 2000–2006. The 1989–2006. community for 3 German 3, and 1980–1988; for nity (1.97) 2 2, 1970–1979; onaadHreoiacnan w pe ee nt ‘niis) the (‘entities’), units level upper two contains Srpska Herzegovina and Bosnia Herzegovina and Bosnia 186 hl h omlcmeece ftepoicshv o enwaee,the weakened, been not have provinces the of competencies formal the While grgtdsoe:The scores: Aggregated The follows. as are units subnational upper-tier five the for scores The scores: Raw crs2 o 9017;2 . o 9018;ad3 o 9920.The 1989–2006. for 3 3, and 1980–1988; for 1.8 2, 1970–1979; for 1 2, scores .Hooghe L. onr crsuetehgetsoeo ahdmninfrterlvn com- relevant the for dimension each on score highest the use scores Country . n the and 0.814 Provinces þ 1 eeaiaBseiHercegovine i Bosne Federacija tal et crs2 o 9018;3 o 9919;ad3 for 3 3, and 1989–1999; for 2 3, 1970–1988; for 1 2, scores .8 soe,wiheul dph n . (scope). 1.8 and (depth) 2 equals which (scope), 0.186 . cr ,2fr1950–2006. for 2 2, score lms community Flemish crs2(et)ad1(cp)for (scope) 1 and (depth) 2 scores hr r locnosi the in cantons also are There . rnhcommu- French Republika Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 ossigo e atn ( cantons ten of consisting tier. intermediate citizen- obtained has citizen a competencies, Once competence. confederal in entity are ship taxation, an policy primarily justice, is asylum citizenship reconstruction, and but refugee, refugees, Immigration, agriculture, customs. policy, and social policy, mental nemdaete.Tetrioisaetetda pca uooosregions. autonomous special as treated are territories The tier. intermediate have the and govern- of confederal forces case air the the military with in and own (concurrently or, their responsible transportation, ment have are inter- inter-entity They entities and budgets. constituent of independent international two are regulation The policy, competencies enforcement, control. monetary Confederal traffic law customs, post-Yugoslavia. in trade, criminal war policy, entity civil foreign of to years limited several to The end Nations. United the of Representative entities, High the of the that by in Brc protection or the confederation the on of depends constitution and the in recognized not is status mixed culturally the of entity constitutive aaahsten has Canada Canada govern- local Coding over control bodies. legal and state and preserve deconcentrated administrative territorially bodies, and exert state ments and of property, activities state co-ordinate protect They authority. autonomous cise ofdrlctznhp ihnthe Within citizenship. confederal ugrasfis eortccnttto otne odcnetaecnrladminis- ( Although 1987. central 1991, before regions deconcentrate existed In nine administration. to in deconcentrated continued regionally constitution tration a democratic with first state Bulgaria’s unitary a is Bulgaria Bulgaria 1995–2006. for (scope) 3 and (depth) 3 score international and level. states cantonal Coding the with at agreements lie and conclude competencies citizenship, other to all cantons), cantons Virtually the authorize organizations. and defence, to taxation, confederation in right the powers the with has level (concurrent federal affairs the foreign which in their federation, (constitutions), the laws loose Hence basic relatively ministries. a own as of their well size have as population cantons governments average These own The 000. Croat. 230 and about Bosniac is mixed canton are two and majority Croat h ofdrto a h rdc fteDyo gemn f19,wihptan put which 1995, of Agreement Dayton the of product the was confederation The h niishv trl ifrn tutrso government. of structures different starkly have entities The ˇ ko ititi o oe here. coded not is district eulk Srpska Republika . The . Oblasti entities provinces eeaiaBseiHercegovine i Bosne Federacija Brc cr dph n soe o 1991–2006. for (scope) 0 and (depth) 1 score ˇ ko cr dph n soe,adthe and (scope), 4 and (depth) 3 score or itithshdaseilsauesne20.Isautonomy Its 2000. since statute special a had has district oblasti z ˇ Federacija upanije Federacija n three and eeaiaBseiHercegovine i Bosne Federacija oblasti .Arfr n19 enttdte2 ein that regions 28 the reinstated 1999 in reform A ). .Fv atn aeaBsicmjrt,trehv a have three majority, Bosniac a have cantons Five ). Federacija ne h upcso h ntdNtosthe Nations United the of auspices the Under . aeabssi h osiuin hyd o exer- not do they constitution, the in basis a have territories lowt h atn)frteplc,environ- police, the for cantons) the with also , pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix iiesi safdrlcompetence. federal a is citizenship , oepoicshv lower-level a have provinces Some . a natoiaieitreit tier intermediate authoritative an has eeaiaBseiHercegovine i Bosne Federacija h uoaial acquires automatically she cantons eulk Srpska Republika nthe in Federacija a no has 187 sa is Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 188 onisi rts ouba(4 0)adcute nQee 7 0)fl h of shy fall 000) (70 Quebec they in since counties here and Second-tier criterion. included 000) governments. population (145 not local the Columbia are of British associations which in as 000, councils considered 800 appropriately above more just are of population average eeomn,ubnpann n oilsrie n r u ycucl fmayors of three councils also by economic has run in Quebec are responsibilities and councillors. extensive services municipal social have and population and governments average planning an These have urban which 000. development, south) 230 the (in about counties 8 of and regions in 22 has autonomy Ontario granted immigration was (excluding competence Territories, policy Northwest extensive 2002. citizenship). received of the and it provincial-type Act point of which formal the at part with only 1999, prosecution) a given over criminal was formerly control not Yukon took Nunavut, but But and immigration, assembly issues. (including legislative policy powers elected and the execu- budgetary to its all when responsible 1979, made in was self-governing resources, tive became auth- mineral for Yukon has (except citizenship). now provinces as Territories and policies Northwest immigration of 1967, The set Territories same in 1985. the of services essentially Northwest over Act social ority The the and with housing, extended. self-rule be education, extensive been in and to have authority fine devolved competencies provinces. some too their other obtained are as years, score distinctions the same These the over given wish, them. is so of Quebec they so deemed use if scale, provinces are made this all by that has to captured matters extended Quebec are on but only opt-outs ‘distinct arrangements agreement, Legally, though a special identity. reach its or to as to opt-outs failed central recognized far acquired so constitutionally has have Quebec be negotiations debate federal should intense Intergovernmental been the has society’. Quebec there by decades, whether three past retained the concerning Over pen- are education. immigration, and in immigration), health, competencies sions, extensive not more somewhat has (but Quebec as government. well citizenship as powers, and Residual resources. naturalization natural and government, local depth. substantive. pensions, institutional than gration, on rather 3 symbolic and score ceremonial provinces, as like role Commis- territories, Lieutenant-Governor, her the the provincial interpret a Therefore, decades, to like say, recent act to in to is instruction However, that federal Parliament”. under of been has Act sioner other any Lieutenant- the to the of “subject Acts provinces, The the the Queen. of the in representative of and counterpart a representative a her is is Commissioner, enumerates to who the Governor, contrast 1982, territories, in the in government, of difference UK Another head federal territories. law. formal the the the federal of from that those by not is repatriated (or, granted but competencies Crown was are provincial the powers and which from federal territory’s constitution, directly a powers the while receives Hence, constitution), province a the pro- that Canadian 1982, a is since between territory difference major a The and Ontario. vince in million 11.4 to Nunavut and nai,Qee n rts ouba(ic 95 aescn-irgovernments. second-tier have 1965) (since Columbia British and Quebec Ontario, but, Ottawa, from governed quasi-colonies as initially treated were territories The immi- finance, tax, agriculture, education, in competencies extensive have Provinces Yukon in 000 31 from ranging population, in greatly differ territories and Provinces Nunavut .Hooghe L. btnot (but tal et . Yukon losiuaeta h eiltrseecs hi powers their exercise legislatures the that stipulate also ) communaute otws Territories Northwest ´ urbaines s ihan with , Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 rtos u hi ouainsz stosalt lsiya einl n19,14 1997, In trans- give development, regional. of laws areas Special as the tourism. classify in and competencies port to economic limited small have they too Regions, is size ( population regions dis- their 77 had but country the trations, 2003, Until ( 1993. in tricts independent became Republic Czech The Republic Czech EU and island whole Greek-Cypriots. the as Coding well Greek- over as The Turkish- authority to recognized. apply claim internationally policies to Cyprus. and never funds Northern continues was of republic government Republic the Turkish Cypriot the Turkey, northern as the for island, 1983 as Except the in on qualify independence tensions to proclaimed Greek–Turkish part small of decades too two After are government. they 000, 105 of population average regional. an ( districts With six has policies. republic The 1960. in UK chies the from independent became Cyprus Cyprus 1993–2006. for Coding transportation and care, transport health and education, development, after of years economic two domains infrastructure. planning, 1993, the town of in and elections policy subnational zoning first implement the Cantons after up independence. set were Cantons 000. soe o 2000–2006. for (scope) and districts, Coding municipalities, between tasks of division regions. the concerning discussions n niomna protection. environmental and rai sdvddit 1cnos( cantons 21 into divided is Croatia Croatia 1950–2006. Nunavut Yukon Territories Coding n ititadprso w te itit r otoldb h Turkish-Cypriot the by controlled are districts other two of parts and district One ihdsrc fcr h r epnil o pligcnrlgovernment central applying for responsible are who officers district with ) okres crs1 o 9917;2 o 9820;ad3 o 2002–2006. for 4 3, and 1978–2001; for 3 2, 1959–1977; for 0 1, scores yrssoe o 1960–2006. for 0 scores Cyprus . rai crs0fr19–92 and 1991–1992, for 0 scores Croatia . h zc eulcsoe o 9319,and 1993–1999, for 0 scores Republic Czech The . . kraje crs3 o 1999–2006. for 3 3, scores Provinces crs1 o 9016;2 o 9718;ad3 o 1986–2006. for 3 3, and 1967–1985; for 2 2, 1950–1966; for 0 1, scores hc a enetbihdi 90a eocnrtdsaeadminis- state deconcentrated as 1990 in established been had which ) eecnevda ueodnt ee.Acrigt h c on Act the to According level. superordinate a as conceived were ) cr dph n soe o 9020.The 1950–2006. for (scope) 4 and (depth) 3 score Kraje z ˇ kraje upanije ea ucinn n20 fe eea onsof rounds several after 2000 in functioning began Counties pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix oepwr nscnayeuain health, education, secondary in powers some iha vrg ouaino bu 200 about of population average an with ) z ˇ and upanije regions cr dph n (scope) 2 and (depth) 2 score kraje nOtrosoe2 for 2 2, score Ontario in cr dph n 1 and (depth) 2 score Northwest epar- 189 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 iseces1000 emr lohstoseilatnmu ein,teFaroe the regions, autonomous special two has Faroe: also (in coun- Denmark Danish Islands of 000. population 150 average the exceeds 1970, after ties and before Both thereafter. 16 1970; ( counties has Denmark Denmark aali Nunaat Kalaallit elhplc,wietenme fmncplte eerdcdfo 7 o9.The 98. to the 270 of from most reduced over were taken municipalities have of municipalities number enlarged the while policy, health transport. regional and planning, environ- spatial powers the development, and administrative protection schools, economic acquired nature ment, secondary education, have secondary hospitals, hospitals, counties roads, provision, 1970, welfare major a in Since over was prisons. there authority and where had towns, courthouses, and and cities tier), for lower (except single government national the and cipalities h oeRl c otie netniels of list extensive an contained Act Rule Home The 190 onyfr15–99 ,2fr17–98 n ,3udrhm uefr1979–2006. for rule home under 3 3, and 1970–1978; for 2 2, 1953–1969; for county The Coding Commu- Economic European central immigration the of to for part (EEC) responsible never subject nity were remains Islands not government Faroe inter- are The Danish conduct citizenship. the decisions and to territories, Policy authority both matters. as In home-rule veto. well on as welfare, relations development, social national local taxation, health, government, culture, local education, for self- competencies authoritative deeper extensive recommending referendum a report hold will it 2008. a a announced November has 2003, in Greenland In published of Faroes. government the the for self-governance and those governance, to on similar stipulations under committee rule home gained it 1979, Denmark. a from submitted secession on parliament referendum Faroese future a the for provisions renounce of with In constitution committee or draft consent. constitutional conclude Danish the the prior to of 2006, without and government affairs December organizations Faroese The exclusive international agreement. on join mutual agreements international to by allowed devolved was border be and Faroes to immigration include passports, which and areas, policy control twelve lists agreement defence and The security foreign, policy. and policy, currency and citizen- monetary constitution, Court, Danish Supreme a the the ship, to includes constitutional limited which new competencies, was national two authority of Danish 2005, list’ while ‘negative In powers, decades. residual following Faroes the the nego- granted over agreements possible lists for both repatriated Faroese list on The shorter matters government. a Danish most the as with well remained powers as Residual choosing, tiation. its at repatriate could government n2007, In muni- rural between tier intermediate the were counties 1970, of reform the Before h ao sad rFre eea nerlpr fDnakutlhm uei 1948. in rule home until Denmark of part integral an were Faroes or Islands Faroe The ohtrioishv hi w eiltv n xctv ois n hyhave they and bodies, executive and legislative own their have territories Both in and, county Danish a became it when 1953, until colony Danish a was Greenland ao Islands Faroe .Hooghe L. . Amter / amter U reln eee ebrhpte n1985. in ties membership severed Greenland EU. nDanish: in ; cr dph n soe o 9016 n ,2fr1970–2006. for 2 2, and 1950–1969 for (scope) 1 and (depth) 2 score tal et eerpae yfiergoswihhv epniiiymil for mainly responsibility have which regions five by replaced were cr ,3fr1950–2006. for 3 3, score Føroyar; . amtskommuner Grønland nDanish: in ae renamed later , ). Færøerne Greenland ejure de n reln i Greenlandic: (in Greenland and ) amter crs2 sa riayDanish ordinary an as 1 2, scores optniswihteFaroese the which competencies amter policies. rm15:2 ro to prior 25 1950: from ) Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 soi a eocnrtditreit iro oenetbtenlcland local between government ( of counties tier fifteen of intermediate consisting deconcentrated government national a has Estonia Estonia Coding Court. Supreme o 9320;the 1993–2006; for hc eegatdatnm n12 fe es eidta eryldt war to 1991 led in again nearly The and that 2004). 1951 period in in tense reinforced force a was into Autonomy after (coming Finland. 1920 and in Sweden autonomy between granted were which ih fdmcl nteilns hc ie tcnurn oto vrcitizenship. over control concurrent it ( gives domicile which of islands, policing, The right care, the government, television. The on medical domicile and local and of radio transport, health right and monuments, internal communications, ancient affairs, promotion, postal of foreign industry preservation environment, over and immigration. culture authority and taxation, cation, customs, has system, important court most government the The law, Finnish criminal and civil The defence, assembly. elected iln a w eeso nemdaegvrac:poics( provinces governance: intermediate of levels two has Finland Finland Coding regional. as classified be to pl o h tts u h rcdr srsrcie hs h aelvdoutside may lived Swedish, have who of Those knowledge restrictive. adequate is procedure prove the can but Act, A status, 1991 the for the apply since and, the to years elections in stand or vote to right the for prerequisite a eue rmtev osx However, six. to twelve from reduced was A eeain(half Delegation a os nyi h alaethsecee t eiltv uhrt ri h bill the if the or from authority opinion legislative an obtained its having exceeded after has and parliament security the Finland’s affect if would only so do can exemptions. grant in can lived birth have at who acquired is citizens domicile Finnish of parent. Right profession. either or by trade possessed a if exercise or estate, real h antsso h ein r einlpann,eooi eeomn,and development, economic planning, regional are regions the of education. tasks main The uhrt n h 97rfr eue hi oet eocnrtdotot fstate of outposts deconcentrated to role their reduced reform ministries. 1997 the and authority ( regions ˚ ˚ land adIslands land iln’ rvne eecetdi 64adelre n19,we h number the when 1997, in enlarged and 1634 in created were provinces Finland’s h ins rsdn’ ih oveto to right president’s Finnish The oerl spatsdo h rdmnnl Swedish-speaking predominantly the on practised 000. is 279 of rule population Home average an with created, were regions nineteen 1993, In o oeta v er oeterrgto oiie The domicile. of right their lose years five than more for . soi crs0fr1992–2006. for 0 scores Estonia . maakuntien La La ¨ ¨ a ¨ a . ¨ nit nit cr dph n soe o 1950–2006; for (scope) 0 and (depth) 1 score A r eddb etal pone governor. appointed centrally a by headed are ˚ land A sing. , ˚ A ˚ adIslands land land ,hl ins-pone)ad nrr ae,teFinnish the cases, rare in and, Finnish-appointed) half -, hembygdsra optnis nmrtdi h 91At nld edu- include Act, 1991 the in enumerated competencies, maakunta cr ,4fr1950–2006. for 4 3, score ¨ A tt ˚ .I lohsaseilatnmu ein the region, autonomous special a has also It ). land / pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix kotiseutuoikeus A ˚ land la oeneti epnil oisdirectly its to responsible is government ¨ a ¨ nit asi ihycrusrbd eo she or He circumscribed. highly is laws eenvreupe ihsignificant with equipped never were maakonnad ,o einlctznhp sa is citizenship, regional or ), A ˚ land A la ˚ ¨ .Teeaetosmall too are These ). maakuntien land a ¨ oenetcontrols government nit A ˚ n,fo 1993, from and, ) land alaet own parliament, A A ˚ ˚ land adIslands land government cr ,1 2, score o five for A ˚ land 191 , Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 rnehstoteso einlgovernment, regional of tiers two has France France ahwshae yapeet pone ytecnrlsae fe h eomof reform the After state. elected of central presidents the to by transferred appointed were powers prefect, 1982, prefectural a Before most planning. by 1982, regional headed and was health, each planning, town environment, education, ic 92 pca uooosregion, autonomous special a 1982, since onis h rfc snwmil epnil o adtn h eaiyof legality the mandating for responsible mainly now is de prefect The councils. n n opsdo xet,lclpltcasadscoeooi lts regional A elites. socio-economic the and renamed politicians 1972 local in experts, ministries, reform public assisted national of various co-ordinated bodies composed the advisory who representing one officials Two and prefect state of plan. a composed economic one by prefect: national the administrative headed a purely were within were they decisions regions investment 1964, these after Initially, but, strategy. categories, economic top-down a of state. central the of divisions deconcentrated nrgoa eeomn,adrgoa oslaiecucl opsdo ainlpar- national the of from composed elected councils consultative liamentarians competencies regional limited and power, development, taxation regional autonomous in some included that budget limited a eaea became mainland as oa oenet.However, governments. local t ntttoa eu a eraie ln h ie fthe of lines the was along statute reorganized special a was its as setup 1991, recognized In institutional assembly. was its the it by when elected deepened executive an and assembly rail planning, town and regional vocational culture. transport, in and school competencies environment the regional and transport, consolidated schools year secondary same training, the in abolished, Legislation than tion. rather reduced, executive. was regional prefect two-headed regional a of creating thus post The authority. regional n rnpr.Terfrscm nln n18 fe h rtrgoa elections. regional first the after 1986 in line with on as came reforms However, environment The the planning, transport. urban development, and economic and planning training, career regional accountable with assemblies regional presidents. elected directly established which 1983 192 osn,tasotadsca oiy hs onticueatoiyfrlocal for authority include not do authority These enhanced policy. some social and and subsidies transport state when housing, other additional 2002 of Corsican in to that of further (beyond entitlement strengthened preservation was gained and self-rule it development; Corsican environment. cultural and and identity social, economic, statute: mer ´ partement Ninety-six n15,2 lnigrgos( regions planning 22 1955, In osc ( Corsica devolu- subnational of principle the established 2003 of reform constitutional The einlzto a epndcnieal ihteDfer eom f18 and 1982 of reforms Defferre the with considerably deepened was Regionalization DM.Criawsgatdetniepwr rudtetoplaso the of pillars two the around powers extensive granted was Corsica (DOM). .Hooghe L. re Corse Re ´ circonscriptions gion ´ cin.Hence, actions. gions de ´ partements tal et eaeasprt eini 95wt h aelmtdauthority limited same the with 1975 in region separate a became ) ihdrcl xrie optnis ugt ietyelected directly a budget, a competencies, exercised directly with de andatoiyoe dcto ecuigtrir education), tertiary (excluding education over authority gained ´ . re partements ´ gions circonscriptions n18,fu er ha fters fFac,Corsica France, of rest the of ahead years four 1982, In . vreuain utr,teevrnet agriculture, environment, the culture, education, over ) re aeln-tnigamnsrtv optnisin competencies administrative long-standing have de ´ re icncitosdato re d’action circonscriptions gions ´ ´ partements gion eta tt eocnrto igrdalongside lingered deconcentration state central , eandi h hdwof shadow the in remained lnsd hs representing those alongside collectivite Corsica s‘ as r ohdcnrlzdatoiisand authorities decentralized both are re ´ re gions . ´ gions ´ ertraespe territoriale and ,adgv hmlglstatus, legal them gave and ’, ´ gionale de ´ partements de de ´ atmnsd’outre partements eestu spart as up set were ) ´ partements ´ de cifique ´ partements de swl as, well as , ´ whereby , partement . and Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 hs ocre ihsca efr,hsias eodr col,wsecollection, waste schools, secondary hospitals, welfare, roads. and and social federal many with implement concerned they those promotion addition, and In education, adult tourism. libraries, of public exchange, student activities, cultural in Sta freie ba opsdo omnlrpeettvs( representatives communal of composed districts). iecmeece hc nld eiltv oesfrclue dcto,universities, education, culture, for broadcasting powers legislative include which competencies sive LwrSaxony), (Lower of consisting threshold) oes n one and powers, emn a w-irdrgoa oenetcnitn of consisting Several government regional two-tiered has Germany Germany Corsica optnis nadto,teBscLwsae that states Law Basic the addition, In competencies. 1986–2006. a uhrt oetbihtelgsaiefaeoki ihreuain h press, auth- German the new of five division education, the to constitutional higher to This extended in respect it planning. was And framework with ority spatial law. legislative economic and unity the and protection, economic law, establish environmental labour to and law, authority criminal federal legal law, has the civil preserve addition, welfare, to In social justice, residence. legislate on may competence though government concurrent citizenship, have and and exclusive also immigration has immigration It services. over public and authority currency, legislative defence, sole policy, exercises foreign government in federal authority The laws. federal most of implementation Coding or citizenship, and immigration police, powers. institutions, residual political regional government, some the aoy n eeaoihdi hnln-aaiae(99,Sxn-nat(2003) administrations ( Saxony-Anhalt deconcentrated executive as an (1999), 1945. mainly with served Rhineland-Palatinate have in They in (2004). Germany Lower-Saxony abolished and West were and of Saxony, states Baden-Wu in larger exist currently the in re-established ¨ Most nde h 99BscLwo h emnFdrlRpbi rne eleven granted Republic Federal German the of Law Basic 1949 The All rnesfu vresrgos( regions overseas four France’s h etlwrlvlo einlgvrmn osssof consists government regional of level lower next The Land La La NrhRieWspai)and Westphalia) (North-Rhine . ¨ ¨ ¨ La dte hr scnieal eaeaotteftr oeof role future the about debate considerable is There . crs2 o 1982–2006. for 2 2, scores La nder nder ¨ ¨ Re nder Kreise nder hi vrg ouaini 8 0.Te aelmtdself-government limited have They 000. 187 is population average Their . ´ / gions xetHmugadBri,aesbiie into subdivided are Berlin, and Hamburg except , De eeiin oa oenet n h police. the and government, local television, aercnl blse hslvl other level, this abolished recently have ´ aeatidte ewe hs two, these between tier third a have Land partements lohv nuprte flclgvrmn blwteregional the (below government local of tier upper an have also Amter sebisaedrcl lce vr oro v years. five or four every elected directly are assemblies Regierung cr dph n soe o 9418 n ,2for 2 2, and 1964–1985 for (scope) 0 and (depth) 1 score NrhRieWspai)stu einlcnuttv assemblies consultative regional up set Westphalia) (North-Rhine ShewgHlti n h eastern the and (Schleswig-Holstein Verbandsgemeinde ¨ tebr,Bvra esn ot-hn ethlaand Westphalia North-Rhine Hessen, Bavaria, rttemberg, , cr ,1fr15–91ad2 o 1982–2006. for 2 2, and 1950–1981 for 1 2, score Regierungspra re ´ gions Bezirke pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix Regionalra / de ¨ ´ La sidium atmnsd’outre-mer partements (Rhineland-Palatinate), ¨ (Bavaria). nder ¨ ,or Regierungsbezirke te fe nfiaini 1990. in unification after n2001. in ) La Bezirksregierung La ¨ ¨ La nder nder ¨ La nder La Regierungsbezirke La La ¨ ¨ nder ¨ nder ¨ r epnil o the for responsible are nder nder diitrinter- administer Landkreise aedvle more devolved have Regierungsbezirke oiis including policies, Regierungsbezirke n ( and ), )arenotincluded. Gesamtgemeinde xrieresidual exercise Landschaftsver- (administrative La pone by appointed ) Land ¨ nder and ) While . Kreise exten- Kreis- Land 193 . , Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 cr ,0ad( and 0 1, score Coding ugr a a w-irsse fitreir oenetsnetetasto to transition the since government intermediary of system democracy. two-tier a had has Hungary Hungary 1986–2006. for (scope) 0 and (depth) established. been has has government tier regional regional this function additional 1980s, to an the continued Since and which empowered 1967–1973. 1950, been of from junta government military of the tier under regional a had has Greece Greece unification. for adjusted are scores relevant, n 2cte ihcut tts( status county with cities 22 and Coding government. central the of subdivisions remained for in, agents state central the as oversight double planning. Central urban to health, agencies. and continue establish sanitation, education, administering to prefects funding, example, right and development elected the extensive, and directly over remains hospitals, became competencies transport, prefect and given the govern- roads and were local councils to they the addition and 1994, in commerce) In govern of representatives. chambers that ment and councils professionals, unions, prefectural trade in Representation nomoi appointee. government 000. central 185 of population 194 oss frpeettvso eta n oa ulcbde lnsd central alongside bodies public local and central of They funds. representatives EU ministries. of administration of the and national consist Commission’s policies advise development councils European The regional the funding. on structural ministries to its for response interlocutors subnational in for call councils development regional planning. as spatial advisory well and as tourism, libraries, environment, for and the responsibility museums including with policy, homes, sector, retained economic people’s social were in the old and in schools, century functions secondary broad twelfth hospitals, perform the They since 1990. government after intermediate Hungarian of oenet.I 97 aiu tt ucin eebnldin bundled were consults functions who state administrations, general various deconcentrated secretary 1997, are appointed In They centrally governments. EU. a the by by headed funded mainly programmes, ne omns,Hnaywscmoe f1 ietyeetdcute ( counties elected directly 19 of composed was Hungary communism, Under ( prefectures 54 of consists tier regional pre-existing The ic 96 reehshdate f1 eeomn ein ( regions development 13 of tier a had has Greece 1986, Since ao eomi 96stu he-irsse fcut,rgoa n national and regional county, of system three-tier a up set 1996 in reform major A nomoi .Hooghe L. a iee n18 oicuerpeettvso neetgop (farmers, groups interest of representatives include to 1982 in widened was . . La Nomoi n h eta state. central the and ¨ nder Land)kreise tal et cr ,0fr15–93ad2 o 1994–2006. for 2 2, and 1950–1993 for 0 1, score cr dph n soe o 1950–2006. for (scope) 3 and (depth) 3 score . Nomos and eyijogu megyei oeneti eddb rfc ( prefect a by headed is government rifeeSta Kreisfreie Peripheria ´ va eestu oipeetdevelopment implement to up set were ¨ ´ dte ros .Cute a entebscunits basic the been had Counties ). cr ,1fr15–06 Where 1950–2006. for 1 2, score nomoi peripheria Regierungsbezirke Peripheria iha average an with ) peripheria nomoi nomarches between ) n local and megye cr 1 score which ,a ), ´ k ) Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 einllvli 99 hnsvnpann ein ( regions planning seven when 1999, in level regional salse.Tresprrgosaesaitclcategories. statistical are super-regions Three established. megye ftecut eeomn council, development county the of 9719,adtersuccessors, each their and from 1987–1993, authorities local budgets. Coding own by their have nominated are not do assemblies representatives they The and funding. elected region, structural of EU that on governments composed authorities subnational local authorities. from the local feedback authorities. the local of with the vested creatures from remains authority primarily authority comes regional legislative budget then, them; Each its constitute are, region. and staff, the authorities permanent in from Regional and nominated authorities director but local funding. elected, a structural directly of has not EU members are of elected authorities implementation regional among the monitor of local and members co-ordinate services The authorities public Regional governance. of of provision form decentralised genuinely a upss h vrg ouaino cln’ ein saot3 0.Utl1988, ( Until 000. counties 35 about 23 is regions had Iceland’s of Iceland population average The purposes. ( at represented Coding are hand, other the on levels. interests, both Local council. development regional ouainsz f1900 hr ftergoa rtro.Cute aeprogressively bodies. have average Counties state an criterion. central have regional to They the authority councils. of short lost city 000, 5 119 and of councils size county population 29 now are There ernment. neetgop.I 94 eeomn ein became regions development and 1994, representatives local In consult to them groups. obligated outposts, rules interest government policy central cohesion primarily EU were though administrations These established. were cln a einllvlo oenet( government of level regional a has Iceland Iceland ednei 91 hr ee26 were there of 1921, establishment in the pendence until tier regional no had Ireland Ireland Coding co-operation. terveze tfis,tenwcucl akdpraetamnsrtos u hscagdfrthe for changed this but administrations, permanent lacked councils new the first, At tthe At n19,a diinllyro w einlasmle a e pt structure to up set was assemblies regional two of layer additional an 1999, In n18,i epnet Usrcua oiy ee ltr eight) (later, seven policy, structural EU to response in 1987, In ´ k ´ rln crs0fr1950–1986. for 0 scores Ireland . onis( Counties . cln crs0fr1950–2006. for 0 scores Iceland . isaizia re si-statisztikai sebis hl h rsdn fthe of president the While assemblies. megye ´ k ee,teecucl opt iharayeitn,drcl elected, directly existing, already with compete councils these level, megye ´ gio ´ ´ k k cr ,0fr1999–2006. for 0 1, score ) cr dph n soe o 9020.Regions 1990–2006. for (scope) 2 and (depth) 2 score ) sy ´ slur counties einlauthorities regional ,wihwr epnil o intermunicipal for responsible were which ), megye pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix hc osiue h pe iro oa gov- local of tier upper the constituted which , ´ k megye r o ersne ntehigher-level the in represented not are eeomn regions Development landsvæðun ´ k regions terveze sebyi an is assembly cr ,1fr1994–2006. for 1 2, score , ´ isaizia re si-statisztikai ntelt 90.A inde- At 1980s. late the in rae o statistical for created ) einlauthorities regional eeomn regions development xofficio ex cr ,0for 0 1, score ´ gio ´ member k were ) 195 , Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 tl a eeoe noahgl eetaie einlsaewt w ir fregional of tiers ( two provinces with of state tier regional lower decentralized a highly governance: a into developed has Italy Italy sne16) and 1963), (since ieol o v ein ihaseilatnmu ttt ( prac- statute into autonomous put special were a speciale with provisions regions these five but for Italy, only of tice whole the for powers enumerated with n optlassac,euainadclue omnctos niomn,and environment, communications, health culture, policing, and rural industry. and education craft urban assistance, development, hospital regional and planning, urban in petencies or ae v,seilsauergos hc r osdrdhr sspecial as here considered are which as well regions, as statute provinces, of special consisted regions. five, autonomous governance later intermediate 1970s, four, early the Until eomeddtecnrlgvrmn’ oe ossedrgoa eilto and legislation regional suspend 2001 to The power energy. government’s between and ports disputes central transport refers planning, the resources, town ended environmental protection, and reform civil cultural sport, edu- airports, food, safety, industrial and health, and research, in protection job government scientific trade, central cation, powers foreign the relations, residual with EU concurrent of and auth- competencies principle international local legislative the and to consolidated it provinces 2001 extended to in and and reform government constitutional central A to gave orities. both respect 1997 with of areas law policy A 1990s. early the government. it. local to responsible executive provided law an a and 1977, In council 1972. in regional force into elected came directly provisions These a ( with regions each ordinary-statute Fifteen Italy. government. local and registry, matters, provincial health the of and over provinces control the and Adige to police institutions policies, economic political and welfare, educational, guaranteed but defined, narrowly law. were constitutional provinces, in autonomous two the 1972, from and, ein naqaifdrlsae n20,tecnr-ih oenetldb Silvio to by signifi- education led shifted and have government health would centre-right on which the authority reform 2005, cant constitutional In another state. proposed Berlusconi quasi-federal a in regions oua eeedmi ue20 y6%t 38%. to 62% by 2006 June in referendum popular 196 od ihsailpann,teevrnet ihas dcto,lcleconomic local education, highways, environment, have the responsibilities planning, primary Their spatial government policies. with regional) local do (and co-ordinate to also central they of but implementation policies, decentralized for responsible tl’ 98cnttto adtddrcl lce einlgvrmns( governments regional elected directly mandated constitution 1948 Italy’s einlzto a osdrbydeee fe h olpeo h rtrpbi in republic first the of collapse the after deepened considerably was Regionalization throughout regionalization for way the paved revision constitutional a 1970, In of statute The h optniso riayrgosnwapoiaetoeo pca statute special of those approximate now regions ordinary of competencies The ic 98 tl a a rvne ( provinces had has Italy 1948, Since / .Hooghe L. Su ): ¨ dtirol iii,Sren,Vled’Aosta Valle Sardegna, Sicilia, Regioni eandlgsaiersosblt o cnmcdvlpet hospitals development, economic for responsibility legislative retained rnioAt Adige Trentino-Alto tal et rnioAt Adige Trentino-Alto . regioni ol loeecs oedrc diitaiecnrlover control administrative direct some exercise also could n h eta oenett h osiuinlcourt. constitutional the to government central the and / Su regioni province ¨ / dtirol province ein ttt ordinario statuto a regioni Su regioni ¨ Bolzano-Bozen dtirol / a eie n17 odvlecultural, devolve to 1972 in revised was eiulamnsrtv oesi most in powers administrative residual Valle n ihrte frgos( regions of tier higher a and ) h optniso h regions the of competencies The . ,nmeig19i 06 hyare They 2006. in 109 numbering ), u h rpslwsrjce na in rejected was proposal the but , ´ ’ot,Friuli-Venezia-Giulia d’Aoste, e and ein uooeastatuto a autonome regioni Trento regioni eecreated, were ) . Trentino-Alto ihcom- with regioni regioni ). ) Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 ihs oenette eo h tt ossso 6dsrcs( districts 26 of and consists cultural state four the recognizes below tier constitution government Latvian highest The ( tier. regions regional historical no has Latvia Latvia 2000–2006. iis( cities installed assemblies. and elected prefectures empowered directly which and (1947) governors Law Autonomy prefectural Local the and as serve which regions eight also are There categories. million. 2.7 statistical about of population average an Coding Coding government a government’s the defied she central or of ‘inherent he the if leader abolished half prefecture became order. elected (c) than popularly a and which remove more to government; ability functions subnational over of agency-delegated subnational autonomy functions’ on subnational subnational deconcentrated exerted of constraining previously increased previously of control had goal ministries (b) state the central with central governments; that basis, pressures that statutory informal explicit principle the an the requires established policy government (a) which: Act Subnational by which whole. ministry’s determined for a central relevant functions’ as the was under country government ‘agency-delegated supervision. national secondary the authority the as of for agents and described were subnational laws governors formally care, primary uniform of were specified child and competencies extent which assistance, policing, centre the the social environment, However, development, agriculture, education. economic health, for public responsibility trative aa a n ee fitreit oenet 7peetrs( prefectures 47 government: intermediate of level one has Japan Japan 2001–2006. for vince crs2 o 9017,2 o 9220 n ,2fr20–06 h provinces The 2001–2006. for 2 3, and 1972–2000 for 1 2, of 1950–1971, for 3 2, scores o 9020 sne16 for 1963 (since 1950–2000 for ,2fr17–00 n ,3fr2001–2006. for 3 3, and 1977–2000; for 2 2, Coding eeomn,adlbu aktplce.Te20 osiuinlrfr strengthened abolishing reform by constitutional autonomy 2001 The provincial policies. market labour and development, aa’ otwrjrsitoa rhtcuewsli oni h constitution the in down laid was architecture jurisdictional post-war Japan’s n19,teNtoa itaedd45lw nteOnbsDecentralization Omnibus the in laws 475 amended Diet National the 1999, In Bolzano-Bozen cr ,1fr15–00 n ,2fr2001–2006. for 2 2, and 1950–2000, for 1 2, score lielpilse avasoe o 1990–2006. for 0 scores Latvia . . . Prefectures ein ttt ordinario statuto a Regioni ¯ tas ,wt naeaepplto f7 000. 70 of population average an with ), and reg ´ ioni Trento cr dph n soe o 9019,ad2 for 2 2, and 1950–1999, for (scope) 1 and (depth) 2 score ,btte ontfnto sa diitaielvl The level. administrative an as function not do they but ), cr ,2fr15–91 ,3fr17–00ad3 3 3, and 1972–2000 for 3 2, 1950–1971, for 2 2, score Friuli-Venezia-Giulia xante ex pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix cr dph n soe o 1972–1976; for (scope) 1 and (depth) 2 score otoso rvnilacts. provincial on controls ein ttt speciale statuto a Regioni n ,3fr2001–2006. for 3 3, and ) rnioAt Adige Trentino-Alto Todofuken todofuken rajoni a adminis- had hc have which ) n seven and ) cr ,3 2, score / Su ¨ dtirol Pro- 197 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 198 h 94lwde o pcf h iiino aorbtenlclcucl and sub- councils far, local Coding Thus between regionalization. councils. labour local future the for of with possibility division rests categories. the authority the statistical national open are specify leaves regions not two which does remaining regions, the law ( but 1994 cabinet, councils The national local the elected of in island ister directly the regions, of these before of tier One 1994 subnational regions. no in had 1964, creation in Britain the from independent became which Malta, Malta than less government. of regional population for Coding average criterion the an meet with not do but were these municipalities districts, 000 2004, government 100 to local Prior municipalities. in 84 grouped single government, a has subnational Macedonia, of of Republic tier Yugoslav Former the named officially Macedonia, Macedonia not Coding does cantons 12 the threshold. of regional population the average meet rather The municipalities authorities. supervise munici- to general-purpose means and than deconcentrated cantons are districts, districts government: three The subnational palities. of tiers three has Luxembourg Luxembourg 1995–2006. for (scope) policy. national Coding of also implementation They their agriculture. and and governments development, protection, protection, regional local environmental facilities, civil planning, oversee cultural spatial hospitals, and and Advisory sports education, town parks, mayors. security, technical cultural-educational social government and and homes, local welfare welfare vocational economic, elected including of of implementation policies, council the oversee advisory councils an with deputy, Each governments. mdfidi 00t etE eurmns rae e ihrte onis( counties higher-tier reform ten government created local requirements) 1995 Apskritys too EU A are meet Index. itys). These to Authority communism. 2000 under Regional in up the (modified set on regions register city to 11 small and regions 44 has Lithuania Lithuania .Hooghe L. at crs0fr1964–2006. for 0 scores Malta . 1991–2006. for 0 scores Macedonia . 1950–2006. for 0 scores Luxembourg . and 1992–1994 for 0 scores Lithuania . ev oha upsso eta diitainada self- as and administration central of outposts as both serve tal et . apskritis sldb oenetapitdgvro and governor government-appointed a by led is Gozo a t w diitainadamin- a and administration own its has , apskritys kunsilli cr dph n 1 and (depth) 2 score rue nthree in grouped ) apskr- Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 h ehrad a n iro einlgovernance: regional of tier one has Netherlands The Netherlands The ica n uiia uooywsetece nte15 osiuinwihgrants which constitution 1851 ( the municipalities in and entrenched provinces was autonomy municipal and vincial ne eta uevso.Teeaecrety12 currently are There supervision. central under u osc eomhsbe asdit a.TeNtelnshsahigher-level a has Netherlands The law. into passed been has tier— reform intermediate such no a government. central if but the substitution’ by of mandatory ‘powers deemed has decisions affairs take to internal fails abolished for Act minister Provinces The the controls. of revision a 1994, ante In governments. local relationship. of the oversight governments in Local partners planning. senior devel- environmental the urban and are 1980s, leisure, and and 1970s culture the housing, from opment, and, planning regional policy, investment ture, revised). million. 1.3 of size population average e eln a n iro einlgovernance, regional of tier one has Zealand New Zealand New 1994–2006. Coding OnderzoeksProgramma Regionaal Commissie n fgvrmn-pone rfcs( consist- prefects administration regional government-appointed dual a of created ing which Act down Government laid Local was 1837 structure the contemporary in Their century. ninth the in ( unification counties Norwegian tier: intermediate single a has Norway Norway and 1963–1973, for (scope) and land navigation. air, Coding harbour including and inter- policy, management, are coastal environmental these and and of river defence Twelve pollution, 1992. civil marine primarily in transport, relates number 16 authority public the Regional to authorities. 1989, to adjusted unitary In and are created. four 14, governments; were to mediate regions reduced 22 was when regions 1974, of of government—the Act regional Government Local general-purpose first authority The and regional control. government of state tier direct lowest the criterion. are regional 73, the are meet not there do which of authorities, Territorial ic h 90,teehsbe eaeaotgrouping about debate a been has there 1970s, the Since rvnilcmeece r ealdi h rvne c 15,subsequently (1851, Act Provinces the in detailed are competencies Provincial ni h 90,rgoa atr eedatwt yseilproebde under bodies special-purpose by with dealt were matters regional 1970s, the Until eta otosadlmtdcnrlgvrmn uevso to supervision government central limited and controls central . e eln crs0fr1950–1962, for 0 scores Zealand New . Provincies Provincies wscetdi 93 n hsmdlwsgnrlzdwt the with generalized was model this and 1963, in created —was landsdelen hr uhrt ihlclgvrmnsoe rnpr,infrastruc- transport, over governments local with authority share cr dph n soe o 9019 n ,2for 2 2, and 1950–1993 for (scope) 1 and (depth) 2 score regions gemeenten adalwrlvlte—OO-ei ( tier—COROP-regio lower-level a —and cr dph n soe o 1974–2006. for (scope) 1 and (depth) 2 score pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix fylkesmenn eea ih ornter“w household” “own their run to right general a ) Provincies —hc r ttsia divisions. statistical are )—which fylker provincies n onycucl fmunicipal of councils county and ) Auckland r lorsosbefrfinancial for responsible also are provincies hc aeit xsec with existence into came which ) regions provincies 1 ni 96,wt an with 1986), until (11 crs2(et)ad1 and (depth) 2 scores salse n1974. in established , h rnil fpro- of principle The . nlre regions, larger in xpost ex Coo provincie Auckland ¨ rdinatie legality 199 ex Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 otglhstoteso nemdaegovernance: ( Azores intermediate the regions, of autonomous special two tiers alongside two has Portugal Portugal 1999–2006. regional for criterion population the 1999, meet in not Beginning government. do 000, 100 round of population average an Coding protection. environmental and struc- roads, regional policy, EU market education, labour and higher social funds, planning, tural care health planning, spatial policy, development 200 eiulpwr ote alsoto h aiu cr nplc scope. policy on score maximum the of short fall have they they so do power, nor organization, residual political regional or police for was not responsibility do primary authority regions have regional autonomous the Special However, over- assembly. (2005). revision be regional constitutional a could the in veto consolidated in the majority Thereafter, absolute legislation. an veto by could turned region each minister in a republic 1999, Until the government. central of the and of Immigration hands the taxation. in and firmly government, remained citizenship local sport, economic culture, resources, of natural range ning, immediately. wide plan- regional up tourism, more a transport, agriculture, and over including set policies, (Madeira), authority cultural-educational and principal 1991 were them and Madeira 1999—grants (Azores) in 1987 and substantially in Azores Only revised competencies. statute—lightly the their special for specify Their not regions did autonomous but special regions, administrative and regions ning 9dcnetae ein n oeta 40eetdlclgvrmns( made governments local and elected 2400 control of than consisted central more country and the under regions of deconcentrated map regions administrative 49 The brought advisory. post- councils 1990 first regional The elected in influence. party government Communist for communist tools as perceived were administrations criterion. lation 99 w eetaie ir fitreit oenetwr rae:1 elected 16 created: were government intermediate of ( tiers regions decentralized two 1999, ersnaie.I 95 nietyeetdcut oniswr elcdb directly by replaced were and councils assemblies, county elected elected indirectly 1975, In representatives. oadhsoergoa iro uhrt ( authority of tier regional one has Poland Poland took they 1970s, policy. Coding cultural in the tasks new From given also services. regional were and welfare transport, hospitals and and social education secondary roads and over regional health acquired for responsible public have mainly development, Scandinavia, were in policy. they cultural-educational common 1970, and Before is economic implementing as for but, responsibilities extensive authority legislative limited have h 96cnttto niindtretpso ein:atnmu ein,plan- regions, autonomous regions: of types three envisioned constitution 1976 The h n fcmuimiiilyrifre tt etaiainbcueregional because centralization state reinforced initially communism of end The .Hooghe L. . . wojewo Wojewo Fylker ´ dztwa ´ cr dph n soe o 9017 n ,2fr1975–2006. for 2 2, and 1950–1974 for (scope) 1 and (depth) 2 score tal et dztwa n 7 lce onygvrmns( governments county elected 378 and ) . cr dph n soe o 9019 n ,2for 2 2, and 1990–1998 for (scope) 0 and (depth) 1 score fylker wojewo eegnrlzdt nld ra Norway. urban include to generalized were ´ dztwa wojewo aehdeeuieatoiyfrregional for authority executive had have ´ dztwa lnigregions planning Ac htmestergoa popu- regional the meets that ) ¸ores powiaty n aer ( Madeira and ) .Telte,with latter, The ). and gminy Madeira districts Fylker .In ). ). , Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 h usa eeainhsto(nsm ra,tre ir frgoa oenne 86 governance: ( regional of ‘subjects’ tiers or three) areas, units some (in federal two has Federation Russian The Federation Russian 1998–2006. for 0 1, score Coding the of chairpersons representatives. the government of composed EU and board allocating boards development for regional national authority program- a Final structural with statistics. EU remains regional implement funds and EU-mandated prepare collect to to up and set ming were executives coun- their development Regional and council. cils development regional the by appointed executive vre oa oenet nbhl ftecnrlgvrmn.Apa ocet eight create to plan A ( government. regions’ central the ‘administrative of decentralized behalf on governments local oversee regional. vimento le,a h osiuinhdfrse,wsrjce yrfrnu n1998. in referendum by rejected was foreseen, had constitution the as blies, oai a w ir fitreit oenne onis( counties governance: intermediate of tiers two has Romania Romania Madeira Coding deconcentrated and as scored council, is advisory level municipal an This of government. assembly, government. central legality district the by elected the appointed indirectly supervising governor an a with of and consist activities They acts. cultural co-ordination and the with educational concerned of primarily authorities deconcentrated are districts The ossigo einldvlpetcuclcmoe flclgvrmn represen- government local of of presidents composed council tatives, development regional a of consisting dezvoltare de guidelines. Regiuni central within so do they but planning, regional and education, secondary acts environment, local the assistance, and social transport, regional county encompassing services of educational prefect, legality services. a the state has deconcentrated checks also oversees who county and government, Each central council. the the by by elected appointed chairman a directly services. a with by council governed public are elected They of agents. state decentralization and self-governance of institutions and as double self-government county of principles ( regions nsoefr1979–2006. for scope on 0 eocnrtdotot ftecnrlsae the state, central the of outposts deconcentrated otglhsalnsadn oe-ee nemdaete f1 itit ( districts 18 of tier intermediate lower-level longstanding a has Portugal Eight Forty-two n17,fiepann ein eestu ntemiln.Te r diitrdby administered are They mainland. the on up set were regions planning five 1979, In . . ein edezvoltare de regiuni ein edezvoltare de regiuni cr ,2fr17–98ad4 o 1999–2006. for 2 4, and 1976–1998 for 2 2, score Judete Comisso judete cr dph n soe o 1991–2006. for (scope) 1 and (depth) 2 score ˜ lnigrgosaersosbefrrgoa eeomn n they and development regional for responsible are regions Planning sd cooperac de es xse ne omns.Te19 osiuinetbihdthe established constitution 1991 The communism. under existed judet r eocnrtdlvlo oenetwt irdstructure tiered a with government of level deconcentrated a are onis and councils, uwkyfederacii subwekty eecetdi 98 ahcnit ffu osix to four of consists Each 1998. in created were ). Distritos ¸a ˜ eevliet regional desenvolvimento e o pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix cr ,0fr17–06 The 1976–2006. for 0 1, score regio judet Judete ˜ sadministrativas) es or rfcs n einldevelopment regional a and prefects, comisso rvd cnmc efr tt and state welfare economic, provide subwekty ˜ sd cooperac de es ,wih ic 00 are 2000, since which, ), judete ein edezvoltare de Regiuni cr ndphand depth on 1 score iheetdassem- elected with n development and ) ¸a ˜ desenvol- e o Azores distritos judete. Judete 201 and ). Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 202 h ein uevsslwadodr n eemnswehrrgoa a sconsistent is law regional in whether determines agencies and federal co-ordinates order, and who Each law envoy, (Central). supervises presidential million region, a 38 the by and headed East) is (Far district million federal 6.6 between ranges population Their lss o2frplc cp nteidx w diinlfaue fRsinfederal- Russian enables of constitution features the additional hand, Two one the index. On the this. on qualify scope ism policy law for federal 2 to though closest organization, government. internal local of own relations. principles economic its basic down external determines lays of subject co-ordination federal and Each and rights, judiciary minority services, environment, emergency enforcement, the research, law management, and resource education natural government, order, local protection and include taxation, law entities freedoms, federal and the transport, defence rights and state of in (including federal immigration. the policy and infrastructure between citizenship concurrent defence and Policies federal-wide standards, and accounting system, trade the legal the foreign, procurement), policy, energy, energy and monetary and communications, policy, environment, market single economy, the financial Federation, the federal-subject Russian and the structure, of of concurrent state fabric architecture socio-cultural on jurisdictional the and and legislation the over framework competencies authority federation, exclusive federal the has exclusive federation The from powers. residual as the of consent the requires change boundary Each merged, been planned. since are have affected three mergers but units, more 89 with and 1993 in began Federation Russian The oblast uooosdsrcs( districts autonomous ( republics 21 of Raions raions. esetdfdrlatoiy nldn h raino eocnrtdsprte of super-tier deconcentrated a ( of districts creation federal the seven including authority, federal reasserted (–1). presidents or governors all of presidents allowed and Yeltsin governors when the the 1996, for of until scope elections autonomy policy regional direct the constrained in president increase Russian general a was federacii. upshot The federalism. subject. another and government federal the in both by each) supervised ( representatives being Council (two Federation representation the equal house, upper and the status constitutional equal iiino oes() eouintruhbltrlareet( agreement bilateral through devolution republics (2), for powers scoring The of president. division own their elect to other and able been always had republics 51 2000, and 1993 between and, federacii Moscow with subwekty deals bilateral in devolution greater tiate fatnm ifr.Teseven The differs. autonomy of nopse nsvnfederal seven in encompassed h osiuinldvso,te,i evl isdi aoro h eteadcomes and centre the of favour in biased heavily is then, division, constitutional The h otpwru nemdaete r the are tier intermediate powerful most The n20,Vaii ui,teRsinpeiet uhdtruhsvrlrfrsthat reforms several through pushed president, Russian the Putin, Vladimir 2000, In the of competencies the specifies constitution Russian 1993 The .Hooghe L. n h w eea iis( cities federal two the and ) subwekt uwkyfederacii subwekty nteohrhn,tefc htteeeuieha a pone ythe by appointed was head executive the that fact the hand, other the On r o ml o nlso sregional. as inclusion for small too are respubliki tal et swl so h eea government. federal the of as well as okavnaeo hs usabcm h edri asymmetrical in leader the became Russia this. of advantage took . voony okruga avtonomnyye eeany okruga federalnyye ,4 rvne ( provinces 48 ), o 9319 eet hs he elements—constitutional three these reflects 1993–1999 for districts voony okruga avtonomnyye eeany goroda federalnyye n,i most in and, ; ,oeatnmu rvne( province autonomous one ), oitFederacii Soviet ,ec nopsigseveral encompassing each ), oblasti uwkyfederacii subwekty ,svntriois( territories seven ), fS eesugadMoscow. and Petersburg St of ) uwkyfederacii subwekty r nteuuulpsto of position unusual the in are uwkyfederacii. subwekty uwkyfederacii subwekty uwkyfederacii Subwekty .Hwvr hi degree their However, ). hc r composed are which , þ uwkyfederacii subwekty ) n appointed and 1), kraya avtonomnaya itit or districts , subwekty subwekty onego- to ,seven ), h 21 The have . Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 lce ititcuclwt neetdo pone he executive. chief appointed or elected an with council district elected ( epnil o oa evc eiey u hyeecs uhrt ne titcontrol strict under authority exercise they but delivery, of service local for responsible 0020.Rpbis( Republics 2000–2006. Coding no in but gemns,2 o 0020 n iaea gemns,ad2 o 2005–2006 for 1 2, and agreements), bilateral (no Remaining 2000–2004 president). (appointed for 2 2, agreements), ieteeto fgvrosadpeiet ihasse hrb presidential a regional whereby dual 1996. the system until re-creating a existed thereby had assembly, with that regional presidents the administration by and approved is governors appointee of election delegate. a direct send could they instead, chamber; of upper the governors in Finally, adjudication. court pending w needn ttsi ue20.Tefdrto n ofdrto osse ftwo of consisted confederation and federation ( The Serbia republics: 2006. became June and in 2006, states and independent 2003 a between two confederation was Yugoslavia a 2002, of Republic and Federal 1992 between the federation of successor legal the Montenegro, and Serbia Montenegro and Serbia governor). (appointed 2005–2006 for 1 2, 2000– and for agreements) 2 bilateral 2, governor), (no (elected 2004 1996–1999 for 3 3, governor), appointed agreements, sacmeec fteette,wt h rvs htctzn famme tt r auto- for (except are duties state and member rights a equal enjoy of and citizens Montenegro that and proviso Serbia the of Citizenship citizens with matically competence. entities, their the conduct within of to matters competence right a on is the treaties including into republics, enter the and of relations jurisdiction foreign All the defence. within and fell immigration social matters customs, other relations, rights, foreign property standards, waters, labour territorial and develop- transportation, security regional technology, health, and environment, science the ment, products), pharmaceutical and health agricul- on tural, setting standard (including market single the of regulation rights, civil included competencies Federal powers. residual republics constituent the granted and competencies Vojvodina. and Kosomet regions, autonomous two tains osiuinadfdrllw nteeeto iptsbtentefdrto and federation the between disputes of event the government In Duma federacii federal law. the subwekty federal The and and each autonomy, law. ordering special constitution federal by providing this agreements disobey bilateral consolidated they all if nearly revoked governments their dismiss iitysscrt ein,adams xcl ihtoeo h iityo defence. of generals. former ministry were the envoys presidential of initial interior those seven the with the with exactly of exactly almost Five correspond and district regions, each security of ministry’s boundaries The law. Russian with gorod nmost In the replaced also Putin president crisis, hostage Chechen the of wake the in 2005, In h 92cnttto ftefdrto fSri n otngolse federal listed Montenegro and Serbia of federation the of constitution 1992 The nadto,tepeietwsgvntergtt dissolve to right the given was president the addition, In subwekty .Teetpclyejysm efgvrac ntefr fapopularly a of form the in self-governance some enjoy typically These ). eea itit ( districts Federal . subwekt uwkyfederacii subwekty h vrg ouainsz of size population average The . eulk Srbija Republika steaeaehge hn10000. 150 than higher average the is h eeainpeietcnsuspend can president federation the , respubliki eeany okruga federalnyye h etlvldw stedsrc ( district the is down level next the , uwkyfederacii subwekty cr ,3fr19–99(lce rsdn,bilateral president, (elected 1993–1999 for 3 3, score ) n otngo( Montenegro and ) subwekt pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix obigislgsaini iewt the with line in legislation its bring to raions cr dph n soe for (scope) 0 and (depth) 1 score ) subwekty cr ,2fr19–95(bilateral 1993–1995 for 2 2, score eulk raGora Crna Republika and subwekt goroda eebre rmsitting from barred were subwekt aisconsiderably, varies xctv decisions executive raion alaet and parliaments .Sri con- Serbia ). rtecity the or ) Raions 203 are Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 204 omrypromdb h pcaie tt gnis ohrmie ne central under remained both agencies, state specialized control. the state by performed formerly hc alblwtergoa hehl) While threshold). regional the below fall which lvkahsoete frgoa oenet ein ( regions government, regional of tier one has Slovakia Slovakia 2002–2006. for 2 2, and 1992–2001 for 1 2, scores Serbia, The rule). UN criterion. Coding under population Montenegro the 000. (six meets 300 Kosovo that is tier in administrations internal five no deconcentrated has these and of Vojvodina population in average seven Serbia, Central of areas sport. and the tourism, agriculture, in mining, economy, self-rule employment, development, urban its and This construction expanded environment, law. the welfare, and health, omnibus media, policy, autonomy the language education, culture, Establishment financial as the known some on also Vojvodina Province’, ‘Law Autonomous gave 2002 the the not of to Competencies led of is which Vojvodina, Kosovo with negotiations began sovereignty. guardianship. nominal UN of retained duration the Serbia for coded though unchanged. administration, was constitution UN The executive. and parliament their kept provinces the naeaepplto f1150 ititofie aljs eo h einlcriterion. regional district the below the With just at fall care. offices health district agencies sub- and 500, state 141 121 prevention, of and fire specialized population average protection, offices of an environmental district establishment education, deconcentrated for the 38 The level and of abolition self-government. offices, creation the self- local with the district authority regional soviets, deepening regional and of regional to weakening local of a priority saw of years gave principles post-communist initial the makers established Law Slovakia government. of 2002. constitution in institutions new decentralized into reformed and 1996 in units trated ra n onr lnig n einleooi eeomn.Te onot do pre- They Serbian the development. 1990, In economic powers. residual Milos have regional Slobodan they protection, sident, do and nor environmental government, planning, welfare, local control country social education, and culture, and of health fields urban the information, in policy public legislate, not language, do but implement, regions these ( Vojvodina nldn oeg oiyadctznhp etdwt h republics. the with rested citizenship, competencies, and other policy All foreign people. including of movement free of and revision constitutional property, intellectual The stan-dardization, state. law, international member immigration, defence, other to the competencies confederal in restricted elected) 2003 be and vote to right the ebai iie no2 itit ( districts 29 into divided is Serbia Milos of fall the under After brought was Kosovo 1999, in and, 1995 from Kosovo in escalated Violence n19,dsrc fcswr elcdb ih ein ( regions eight by replaced were offices district 1996, In the 1993, January in effect into came which Czechoslovakia, of partition the After ebahstoseilatnmu ein:Ksmt( Kosomet regions: autonomous special two has Serbia .Hooghe L. . okruzi ebaadMontenegro and Serbia uoon orjn Vojvodina Pokrajina Autonomna cr ,0fr1992–2006; for 0 1, score tal et . ˇ evic ˇ evic ´ tipdVjoiaadKsv fms oes though powers, most of Kosovo and Vojvodina stripped , ´ nlt 00 h e eortclyeetdgovernment elected democratically new the 2000, late in cr dph n soe o 9220.In 1992–2006. for (scope) 4 and (depth) 3 score okruzi Kosovo .Acrigt h eba constitution, Serbian the to According ). lstedsrc fBlrd—8in Belgrade—18 of district the plus ) crs2 o 1992–1998; for 1 2, scores kraje kraje and kraje ,etbihda deconcen- as established ), oooiMetohija i Kosovo okres n 9dsrcs( districts 79 and ) bobdfunctions absorbed Vojvodina ,and ), okres , Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 17 rtcinadeegnis oilwlae eodr dcto,sot theatres, sport, Coding education, secondary hospitals. civil welfare, and transport, centres social health management, museums, emergencies, road and for co-responsibilities protection and alongside struc- development appointee, dual government regional a ( is a result by regions The headed competencies. details. offices self-governing the regional regional in of state-controlled filled settled list 2001 of be in constitutional ture laws to no implementation conflicts is of series (with There A legislation court). and national constitutional chairperson, the and elected by directly regional a between with equality councils legal elected directly autonomy, regional pi a w ir frgoa oenne 50 governance: regional of tiers two has Spain Spain Coding ics(suis h aercIlns atbi,Cua ard ell,Murcia, governance, regional of Mellila, level single Madrid, a is Ceuta, there cases, these Cantabria, the in and, Islands, Rioja) La Balearic and Navarre the Nine (Asturias, 1978. vinces in democracy to sition and 1996–2001 lvnascnttto eonzsrgosa ee fsl-oenet u,until but, self-government, ( categories of statistical level remained a regions twelve as the regions 2006, recognizes constitution Slovenia’s Slovenia n ein n it 3aeso optnefor competence of areas 23 lists and regions and eann ein bandnwpwr n19,nroigtegpwt h historical the with gap the narrowing 1993, the in and powers the competencies, Valencia, new additional step. obtained received first regions and the remaining taken demanded had Navarre Basque govern- all thirteen and central 1983, Islands, (the the By remaining Canary with later. 1979 The powers extended of be Andalusia). in could transfer and which limited autonomy ment, a (Galicia negotiate gained to 1981 required and in were regions or track Catalonia) fast as and a well Country granted as were currency, nationalities the defence, trade, policy, and foreign customs over immigration. law, and jurisdiction commercial citizenship and exclusive criminal has justice, government be national could competencies The national Residual by institutions. and by set political objectives culture, claimed railways regional the protection, and regional within environmental policy, development works, economic fishing, economic and public welfare, agriculture social housing, tourism, airports, health, and ports planning, roads, regional and city n20,telgsauepse osiuinlaedetsrnteiggreater strengthening amendment constitutional a passed legislature the 2001, In h osiuino 98gaate h ih osl-oenetfralnationalities all for self-government to right the guarantees 1978 of constitution The h osiuinly u w otst einlatnm.Tefu historical four The autonomy. regional to routes two out lays constitution The ouiae auto comunidades comunidad lvkasoe o 1993–1995. for 0 scores Slovakia . lvnasoe o 1991–2006. for 0 scores Slovenia . comunidades . samospra ´ nomas samospra ´ n kraje vne natnm tttssbitdt the to submitted statutes autonomy in 1 ic 95,wihcm nobigwt pi’ tran- Spain’s with being into came which 1995), since (19 ´ n kraje vne ouiae auto comunidades cr ,1fr2002–2006. for 1 2, score pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix hc aepiayrsosblt for responsibility primary have which ) Kraje provincias ouiae auto comunidades cr dph n soe for (scope) 0 and (depth) 1 score ´ nomas statistic hc aefo 83 and 1833, from date which , r ae nsnl pro- single on based are ˇ aregije na otsGenerales Cortes ´ nomas ). including , 205 . Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 uewsrtie.Teei tl etal pone oenr u h aoiyo her of majority the but struc- governor, dual appointed The centrally provision. a the health still executive, is in There role retained. their was extended ture they and activi- transport, cultural public development, regional ties, implementing for responsibility given were They 206 eilto ntefilso elh dcto,lbu,huig onpann,and planning, town housing, labour, education, state health, of of implementation affairs. and fields social supervision the government in local order, legislation and law for sibility Coding eetycetdegtlre ttsitclrgos( regions statististical larger eight created recently planning. social co-ordinating for responsibility primary ( counties 21 government: of tier intermediate one has Sweden Sweden Mellila ete,wr epnil o h rvso fhat ae n a eodr responsi- secondary training. had industrial and and care, craft health agricultural, of for provision bilities the for responsible were centres, ( authorities state stinge sep- ( clear-cut councils a county been self-governing never between has functions There of aration authority. state deconcentrated and government hc tngtae pca statute. special a negotiated it which municipalities. small Coding for planning investment and assist- councils, waste technical municipal solid services, to culture, rural ance for delivering services, responsibility municipal municipalities and co-ordinating with treatment, share of Cadiz They status fairs. of and the nages, provinces received the enclaves of both part 1995 auto as In administered respectively. 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Catalo- Navarre, and Country, Valencia the and health Basque Islands, of the Canary the exception in with Andalusia, only the Galicia, responsibilities with nia, negotiations regional above, are list which constitutional separate education, the and on requires based are most that However, system track aaa oto vrjsieadtaxation. increased and ratified justice that referendum over a control passed Catalonia Catalan 2006, labour June for in competencies and, additional policies gained market Galicia and Catalonia 1998, In communities. rm1971, From ofcltt mlmnaino Uchso oiyteSeihgovernment Swedish the policy cohesion EU of implementation facilitate To ewe 90adcut eomo 1971, of reform county and 1950 Between h rmr ucin of functions primary The ni 95 et n ell eeseilatnmu ein aigextensive having regions autonomous special were Mellila and Ceuta 1995, Until optnisamong Competencies ´ nomas .Hooghe L. aegie oeauthority. some gained have . 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The . n hc obn self- combine which ) a rmr respon- primary had la ¨ nsstyrelser n regional and ) comunidades Ceuta land- and has Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 h ntdKndm(K a w-irsse fitreit oenne regions governance: intermediate of system two-tier counties a and has (UK) Kingdom United The Kingdom United 1980– 1970, (1960–1961, rule 1997). military and of periods 1983 through extrapolated is scoring The opiemr hnoepoic’ n18,tegvrmn rpsdcetn eight Coding creating discussion. under proposed remains government proposal the the 1983, that but In areas governments, province’. ‘in regional one institutions than public of more establishment comprise the permitted explicitly culture. and constitution order, public and schools, hospitals secondary gas, and natural primary of services, provision health management, other water ports, bridges, roads, ment, n od,fiesrie,lwadodr n ra lnig ahhsadirectly a has Each planning. urban and order, transport and parks, museums, law libraries, services, services, fire social roads, education, culture, and of areas the fdcnetae rvniloffices. provincial network the powerful, deconcentrated co-ordinates A with and of council. council administrations provincial provincial the the chairs provincial governor by appointed, elected mandating centrally executives decentralization, and councils of elected principle directly the out set icn oiycmeece,a did as competencies, policy nificant eouinvre cosSoln,WlsadNrhr rln,te r rae as of treated consisted are population) they Ireland, Northern and regions. Wales autonomous Scotland, special across varies devolution ukyhsoergoa ircnitn f8 rvne ( provinces 81 of consisting ( tier districts regional deconcentrated one has Turkey Turkey Coding threshold. regional the below is governments these 2006) from (10 wteln a 6(eoe17,25) 1979, (before 26 has Switzerland Switzerland osiuinlrvso,cnoshv h ih opriiaei oeg policy. 26 foreign Zurich, 1999 in of the participate Since to cantonal. right primarily the and is areas have Immigration citizenship cantons federal-cantonal. in but revision, joint competencies competence, constitutional or federal residual federal a as exercise is constitution environment, asylum and the education, in government, in specified local competencies not and wide-ranging health have They culture, 000. 280 around ihrlvlo ee otnrgoshsbe nteaed ic 91 hnthe when 1961, since agenda the on been has regions ten to seven of level higher A ni h 90,teol nemdaelvli nln wt rud8%o the of 80% around (with England in level intermediate only the 1990s, the Until 1961, Until ite atn aealwrsbeinlte.Teeaetwelve are There tier. subregional lower a have cantons Sixteen . . Iller Cantons / districts Bezirke iller cr dph n soe o 9016 n ,1fr1961–2006. for 1 2, and 1950–1960 for (scope) 0 and (depth) 1 score districts eedcnetae tt diitain.Tecnttto f1961 of constitution The administrations. state deconcentrated were cr dph n soe o 1950–2006. for (scope) 4 and (depth) 3 score / ntecno fBre 5 Berne, of canton the in oogs rm1999, From boroughs. ilc ntecno fVu.Hwvr h vrg ouainof population average the However, Vaud. of canton the in counties ¸e iha vrg ouaino 2000. 72 of population average an with ) , districts otenIreland Northern Iller pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix cantons aecmeece o cnmcdevelop- economic for competencies have or Scotland A ¨ hc aea vrg ouainof population average an have which boroughs mter nproso oerl.Because rule. home of periods in ntecno fLcre n 19 and Lucerne, of canton the in and hi optnisaein are competencies Their . Wales iller .Teeaeas 923 also are There ). aet xriesig- exercise to came Bezirke ntecanton the in 207 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 ucin nrgoa oiswt ossetbudre.Ti e oteceto n1994 in creation the to led This various boundaries. of concentrate consistent to with bodies began regional and in course functions reversed government Conservative the 1980s, boundaries. regional central own by their ignored use were to institutions continued regional which Ireland, departments government Northern and contrast in Wales England, Scotland, In authorities. to local by nominated servants other civil the ministries, of relevant composed from one bodies, eleven consultative of two by creation assisted the were administrations spurred planning regional in interest regions new 1964, In Scotland. and into Scot- in governments and local in 1973, 1996. with in abolished in merged Ireland Wales Northern were were were and in counties cities) land abolished boroughs all were (i.e. of Counties and counties authorities. half unitary districts nearly metropolitan 1996, counties, in In of Councils 1986. 1974. boundaries in England, redrawn In council. elected 208 hc,i h eto h K eeasmdb Whitehall. by assumed were UK, responsibilities the had of state of rest Secretaries the Cabinet. in British the which, in was state Ireland of rule secretaries Northern by home run of Parliament. 2007, Scottish parliament May the and In of of year 2002. powers those next to October executive the referendum. similar in over and are a suspended along legislative again in hobbled The was rule approved reinstated. Home the it was 1999. forward until and of pushed half, it structure end Fein a after the Sinn power-sharing until and rule new date Unionists home starting a Ulster reinstating between devised disagreement for introduced. agreement However, way was Friday Westminster March the Good from In paved the parliament. rule Stormont direct 1998, the riots, In to Catholic–Protestant accountable after government 1972, elected directly a is, police, protection, culture. civil and and fire environment, transport, development, regional for a responsibility mandated a with referendum such a 1999, rejected In 2004, successful. November cancelled. in were regions first England other The of in accountable. North-East Referenda be the proposal. would in agencies held development referendum, regional which to assemblies and business, regional the organizations. authorities, community of local including regional groups, from a head public to representatives and The of ministries central composed policies. to assembly answerable and regeneration appointee, government skills, a and improving is executive development infrastructure, building economic investment, co-ordinating attracting for responsible funds. Agencies regional domestic and EU to relation in particularly level, regional the at n17,Egihrgoswr omlyrdcdt ttsia aeois ntelate the In categories. statistical to reduced formally were regions English 1979, In Ireland Northern in except 1950, in counties above government regional no was There ctad(rm19)adWls(rm16)hddcnetae administrations deconcentrated had 1964) (from Wales and 1892) (from Scotland that rule, home granted was Ireland Northern 1922, in Ireland of secession more the After region—were ninth the 2000, London—from to power regional devolve elected to directly Plans up set to whether on referenda for allowed law The into these transformed government Labour new the 1998, In oenetRgoa Offices Regional Government .Hooghe L. ih nEgad lsSoln,WlsadNrhr rln.Teeregional These Ireland. Northern and Wales Scotland, plus England, in eight : ihcnuttv einlasmle.Rgoa eeomn gnisare agencies development Regional assemblies. regional consultative with tal et . hc eedsge osrnte eta co-ordination central strengthen to designed were which rae odnDvlpetAuthority Development London Greater einlDevelopment Regional Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 h ntdSae U)hs o h otpr,torgoa tiers: regional two part, most the for has, (US) States United The America of States United crs2 o 9017 n 0020;1 o 9219 n 2003–2006 and 1972–1999 for 0 1, 1999–2006. for 3 2000–2002; 3, rule. and and 1998 home replaced 1950–1971 government deconcentrated for when account. 3 into 2, taken is scores Authority 1996 from London England from Greater of Ireland parts Northern and in Wales government English Scotland, intermediate in of and out 1973, phasing the score, country ol aea des feto h prto ftelwa tapist reserved on to 3 applies coded it Coding are Wales as and law Scotland the 2. text. Ireland of similar Northern believe a operation to and to contains applies the depth grounds Act it on reasonable Welsh as Bill] effect The has law adverse the matters”. State the of an [that of Secretary have modifications defence believe the “make[s] would of which to Bill interests and grounds the the matters if reasonable or reserved a or obligations “has submit security” international to he national any refuse or if with House may incompatible the state only Privy be to of assent the would secretary legislation to royal the such it Wales, for refer refer and could bill Scotland but state For assent, of Commons. royal secretary of for the 1998, assembly From Irish to Council. Northern closer the Wales by move legislation will Act Wales of Government 2007 statute. the revised Scottish After the a as citizenship. designated Wales, and those in immigration except encompass elections policies in which all Scotland, matters, to legislation. UK respect primary write exclusive with to powers authority and legislative the has framework Parliament to contrast, UK extend Scottish within not powers the do executive and legislature, are legislation powers elected Welsh Assembly. directly National a Welsh to accountable executive et.Utl15,teewr lototerritories, two also were there 1959, Until ments. states, older and populous xlsv uhrt vrctznhp(nldn auaiain n immigration. and near- naturalisation) has government (including federal citizenship The hospitals. over and health authority and government, exclusive law, local criminal development, regional and primary to welfare, civil include reserved social which are education, competencies states for extensive the pass have to responsibility States to forbidden Competencies X). not powers. authority (Amendment and express states government government its the federal of federal the execution to the the delegated for naturaliz- gives not proper’ and clause and commerce, ‘necessary elastic law foreign an any and addition, interstate In currency, index. ation. military, the the in taxation, included the not ing Rico, are Puerto Islands Virgin Guam, the of and territories Islands, organized Mariana United unincorporated The regions. omous Columbia rm17 o19,tesceayo tt o otenIeadcudrfs osubmit to refuse could Ireland Northern for state of secretary the 1998, to 1973 From autonomous an gained each Wales and Scotland referenda, following 1999, In h Scnttto otisals f‘xrse’fdrlcmeece,encompass- competencies, federal ‘expressed’ of list a contains constitution US The . regions Counties a pca ttsa aia itit hs r lsie sseilauton- special as classified are These district. capital as status special a has cr ,0fr19–98ad2 o 9920,ecp o the for except 1999–2006, for 1 2, and 1994–1998 for 0 1, score cr dph n soe o 9020.We acltn the calculating When 1950–2006. for (scope) 2 and (depth) 2 score counties hc crs2 o 2000–2006. for 2 2, scores which , Wales onisfl ne h uidcino tt govern- state of jurisdiction the under fall Counties . crs1 o 9419 n ,2fr1999–2006. for 2 3, and 1964–1998 for 0 1, scores pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix Alaska Scotland and Hawaii states crs1 o 1950– for 0 1, scores otenIreland Northern n ntemore the in and , The . ititof District 209 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 Coding Qarku Albania Autonomy Fiscal II. population. state to according weighted is counties for Scoring above. detailed 210 ie nfriyo ulcsrie costecutyadue odtoa rnsto grants conditional uses and country the across services public empha- government of federal The uniformity federation. a sizes for centralized unusually is system tax The Australia 2001–2006. for 3 2, and 1995–2000 for 0 1, 1973–1994; ties for 3 2, 1950–1972; ne hi ertr ttssoe2 o 1950–1958. for 3 2, score status territory their under rmfute osvni 97adrpae hmwt einlcucl.Counties competencies. councils. authoritative regional lack Coding with but criterion, them counties population replaced the its and meet reduced 1997 Island in Rhode Massachusetts to in seven over planning. authority to state regional limited fourteen from with and from health, councils infrastructure, variation justice, regional use, created education, with Connecticut land providing 1980s, development, in the regional In role state. (66) and a Pennsylvania play planning, (57), York Counties environmental, New (39). (21), Jersey Washington New Delaware 1960), criterion. and (23), intermediate until population Maryland (8 an the (66), Connecticut are meet Florida (58), counties California to (3), where counties), enough (15 states large Arizona 24 and are the These general-purpose therefore of are both and nine are government, In they local index. tier, of the unit in lowest the included are not and city. rural the are of government counties federal elected states, the A revision to back a suspended. handed after was was 2001, control In Act, rule finances. Rule district’s Home home the the 2000, of of management and and over review took 1995 to board right Between control the Congress laws. gives local which district, overrule the over Con- power mayor. ultimate and council has district Their elected gress directly a sharing. to authority power ceded and DC with states. Washington legislation of them that their provide to made not scope territories in did similar elected the and was establishing an broad veto authority Acts a had Congressional over Organic each to self-government The subject Hawaii and policies. and Washington, of Alaska by has set appointed territories, Courts, governor As a the 1959. country. legislature, of the in in help statehood residing the aliens granted of with conduct Congress, the lays regulate it regulation. to conditions state authority whatever state under of eroded country exclusive the is into ‘aliens’ down admit to power Congress’ oniscnttt oe-ee nemdaete n2 tts ntermiig26 remaining the In states. 24 in tier intermediate lower-level a constitute Counties of rule Congressional direct ended Act Rule Home Colombia of District the 1973, In were that territories former Hawaii, and Alaska include US the of states 50 The (and .Hooghe L. r eedn nitroenetlgrants. intergovernmental on dependent are lai crs0fr19–99 and 1992–1999, for 0 scores Albania . . regions States einlcouncils Regional cr dph n soe o 1950–2006. for (scope) 3 and (depth) 3 score tal et nMsahsts cr ,2fr15–06frsae n periods and states for 1950–2006 for 2 2, score Massachusetts) in . nCnetctsoe2 o h 1980s–2006. the for 1 2, score Connecticut in qarku ahntnDC Washington cr o 2000–2006. for 0 score Alaska crs1 for 0 1, scores and Hawaii Coun- Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 ao ae (customs taxes Major Austria 1989–2006. the for 2 and and 1978–2006; 1988 for 2 and 1977 n otsaigbtentefederation, transfers, the intergovernmental between sharing, sharing tax cost for framework and a out sets status, constitutional The level. federal the at determined ae sne17) rprytx oo eil a,gmln a n nuac tax, rate. insurance the Coding and and tax base gambling the tax, set vehicle can they motor which tax, for property 1971), (since of grants. taxes some unconditional scrap of share to greater which agreed a grants, states for 1999, unconditional return in In and taxes revenues. conditional own their their receive of half states over return, constitute together In consultation after states. taxes major the for rate and with and sales base control sets government when and federal to enterprises The War, rights taxes. persons, excise states’ World fiscal eliminated for Second decisions similar tax court the income Subsequent derive in non-residents. over Territories about control appropriated came legislation. government Centralization federal tax Acts. their state tax federal from over but powers tax, paramount sales and is tax, the company legislation with tax, authority income tax personal concurrent on have government states federal constitution, the to According revenues. 80% of representing centralized, are collection and administration Tax purpose. that achieve ica eeuscmsfo utxo h rprytxbten5%ad6%of 65% and 55% occupancy. tax—between property residential the pro- the through of on on grants bulk surtax government and The revenues—and a revenues. from establishments tax, provincial comes of business provincial revenues 20% general vincial fifteen on around a generates past tax tax by the provincial a replaced General Over been of collection. have consists water taxes which on provincial danger- tax tax on special tax, tax, tax a most boats, licence employee and years, and dog tax, mopeds establishments, motorcycles, a protection unsanitary on include tax water ous, to licences, surface fishing province, and tax, to hunting energy on province productive from tax, and bicycle years, the over varied Provincies Belgium oenettases eorpi rtradtrie h ieo rnsto grants of size the determined criteria Demographic transfers. government regions. the to shifted has oversight vincial the the ceiling. for a rate impose and can base government tax federal Coding the the set but can income, and tax sharing their tax of from 5% revenues remaining their of 95% than ttsadtrioishv a uhrt vrnnmjrtxs nldn payroll including taxes, non-major over authority tax have territories and States ni 99 omnte n ein eefiacdams xlsvl rmcentral from exclusively almost financed were regions and communities 1989, Until provinciefonds . . States La e aeadrt o eea einltxs h rcs ito ae has taxes of list precise The taxes. regional several for rate and base set ¨ nder cr o 9020;the 1950–2006; for 2 score cr o 1955–2006. for 2 score a nne ytecnrlgvrmn,bt ihdvlto,pro- devolution, with but, government, central the by financed was / xie oprt n esnlicm)a ela a hrn are sharing tax as well as income) personal and corporate excise, iazVrasnseez1948 Finanz-Verfassungsgesetz utainCptlTerritory Capital Australian pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix La ¨ nder provinciefonds otenTerritory Northern and eene La Gemeinde. 1 o1% ni 1990, Until 15%. to —10 crs0fr1950– for 0 scores crs0fr1950– for 0 scores ¨ eea a with law federal a , nder eev more receive 211 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 94 n o 9520.The 1995–2006. for 3 and 1994, the 1995–2006; for 3 and 1989–1994, for 2 1988, ean on yfdrllmt,sc stepicpeta h a utbe must tax it the though that broadened, principle been the also as Coding has such tax limits, authority income Regional federal personal taxes. regions. by own progressive. of the from among bound rate agreement comes the remains prior revenues to adjust regional and subject of base to made third setting were including one taxes tax. taxes, Almost few shared twelve the a implies to over though which contributions cal- authority rate, retour’, community’s longer extensive ‘juste a no acquired of to is correspond principle Regions communities should the larger receipts on two tax but the that criteria among demographic important tax on income with culated and them VAT of provides bution rebates which or limits, taxes strict built-in revenues additional a within regional levy autonomy. had tax of fiscal which can environmental income tax majority regions no personal income several the 1995, or personal on Yet From years, on transfer), regions. mechanism. arrangement ensuing property the equalization tax-sharing the a on to from transferred fees In came also registration registration). inheri- were (e.g. (e.g. vehicle only taxes limits rate (e.g. taxes), within gambling control rate (e.g. rate tax), and base tance over control ear- autonomy: remained of federal it receives but community tax, German regional The a regions). became (not grants. tax communities refunded the fund entirely was to 2001, tax marked after television and not communities; radio do 2001, the Communities and tax. to 1993 income Between base. and or tax rate in value-added set of calculated proportion area. were a surface refunds regions and ernment to tax, income Grants personal government. from central revenues by population, which set to for relation were tax, television rate and radio and the base of part also received Communities communities. a oe isecuieywt the with exclusively lies power Tax Herzegovina and Bosnia 1950–2006. for 2 score 1970–2006. ttetuis a oe nthe in power Tax units. stituent xietxs atn eev hi eeusfo esnlicm ae,frwhich for Coding taxes, income personal rate. and from the sales revenues and set duties, can their customs they receive from comes Cantons income taxes. federal of excise bulk The cantons. the and 212 1995–2006. iclarneet o ein n omnte eervsdi 01 h distri- The 2001. in revised were communities and regions for arrangements Fiscal degrees varying with taxes regional eight over authority obtained regions 1989, In gov- central the whereby arrangement sharing tax a have communities 1989, Since grgtdsoe:Tetolarge two The scores: Aggregated .Hooghe L. a scores: Raw . The . entities tal et . Communities cr o 1995–2006. for 4 score Federacija emncommunity German Federacija cr o 1970–2006; for 0 score communities scnurn ewe eea government federal between concurrent is n the and Cantons cr o 908,2fr1989– for 2 1970–88, for 0 score emncommunity German crs0throughout. 0 scores eulk Srpska Republika nthe in regions Federacija cr o 1980– for 0 score n hi con- their and crs0for 0 scores cr for 3 score Provincies Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 ugrahsadcnetae einlte of tier regional deconcentrated a has Bulgaria Bulgaria Coding and by municipalities. authority levied tax obtained of are 2002, since hands resources provinces. has, the resources. Yukon the non-renewable in non-renewable Only over remains government. as on federal land’) taxes the (‘Crown royalties to levy land accrue government, public to since federal the authority that, the through legal is self- exception indirectly same became one or the territories The the Ottawa, acquired When they from territories. governing, directly the in either executive government, government-appointed Alberta’s central of the one-quarter by around sales for also (‘retail Saskatchewan’s. may accounts of tax Provinces This one-tenth services provinces. and for extraction. and both revenue source goods resource over revenue provincial control natural important The most have tax tax. second provinces major the So is this purchases. tax’) of of base types and or rate services Quebec Ontario, goods, in certain except rate. government, this and federal corporate base in of the both part rate by set the take set which set not is Alberta, Provinces tax. does base and in income the Quebec personal this could, but rate. its tax, and of 1962, standard rate income province, uniform the and In the base standard above the within government. a rate sets government but received own federal federal its province equalization the the set each by supplementary addition, by which collected in a taxes set one of with were rate with rate along replaced was and territories, system base their Both cash in tax. via corporate payment. and levied place to income took of right revenues portion this a the 1962, received tax provinces Before provinces whereby levels. ‘rentals’, and tax these or government between transfers divided federal are the taxes both Income gives constitution The Canada Coding authority. rlydtrie iis fteihrtneadgfstx h aeadrt fother of rate and base The cen- the tax. within on rate, gifts tax the and set and inheritance to tax the free vessels of are tax, limits, Cantons events. vehicles determined sports trally motor and tax, games gifts of organization and inheritance an include Z Croatia crs4fr1999–2006. for 4 scores 1986–2006; for 4 and 1985, ˇ upanije onisadrgosi nai eyo negvrmna rnsfrom grants intergovernmental on rely Ontario in regions and Counties controlled was situation fiscal territories’ the self-governance of advent the Until for exemptions province-specific are there and tax, sales own their have Provinces . . cnos eev hi eeu rmonadsae ae.Ontaxes Own taxes. shared and own from revenue their receive (cantons) Provinces Oblasti cr o 1991–2006. for 0 score cr o 9020.The 1950–2006. for 4 score Counties Yukon crs0fr15–97 n o 1978–2006; for 4 and 1950–1977, for 0 scores and regions pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix nOtrosoe0fr1950–2006. for 0 score Ontario in otws TerritoriesNorthwest oblasti ihu needn tax independent without crs0fr1950– for 0 scores Nunavut 213 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 Coding government. central the by set Kraje Republic Czech 1960–2006. for 0 government: of tier regional No Cyprus h deconcentrated The Finland 1992–2006. for 0 government: of tier regional No Estonia 1979–2006. for 4 1950–2006. for 4 scores pca uooosrgoswt uhrt vrbs n aeo ietadindirect and direct Coding of rate and base over authority taxes. with regions set autonomous are special base and rate the which tax. 1973, for income In tax local land government. a central from the comes by income their of remainder Amter Denmark and tax income collected centrally the Administration Coding and of Self-government part of cantons. distributes Financing the to the also tax on profits law Law This the in Units. set are taxes w noesucs hydpn ncnrbtosfo ebrmncplte and municipalities member from contributions on depend they sources; income own Coding taxes. regional rte aedsrto vrterate. the over discretion have orities eta tt otiuin.Fnihtxto asapyin apply laws taxation Finnish contributions. state central noe oprt n ae ae e ytecnrlgvrmn,though government, central the by set taxes sales and corporate income, 214 crs3fr1950–2006. for 3 scores h oerl tttso h ao sad n reln rvd h two the provide Greenland and Islands Faroe the of statutes rule home The .Hooghe L. eev rprino etal olce ae,frwihtebs n aeare rate and base the which for taxes, collected centrally of proportion a receive eev vr9%o hi eeusfo hr fproa noetx The tax. income personal of share a from revenues their of 90% over receive h zc eulcsoe o 1993–1999; for 0 scores Republic Czech The . . 1991–1992; for 0 scores Croatia . . Amter La ¨ a ¨ nit cr o 9017 n o 9320.The 1973–2006. for 3 and 1950–1972 for 0 score tal et cr o 1950–2006. for 0 score la ¨ . a ¨ nit Greenland eedetrl ngvrmn funds. government on entirely depend crs0fr15–92 o 9317 and 1973–1978 for 3 1950–1972, for 0 scores amter A ˚ land Maakuntien z ˇ andteatoiyt duttert of rate the adjust to authority the gained upanije a lotergtt moeadditional impose to right the also has cr o 1993–2006. for 1 score cr o 1993–2006. for 0 score kraje A ˚ cr o 2000–2006. for 0 score land Maakuntien n h aefor base the and , ao Islands Faroe A ˚ land aeno have A ˚ auth- land / or Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 ulig,tafi uis n a eitaintxs o hc h eta government central the which for taxes, registration car and duties, traffic buildings, nomoi Peripheria Greece o 1950–2006. for Coding total of ae.Teerlsdfe by differ rules These taxes. of 10% eil a,be a,txo abig.Exclusive gambling). on tax tax, beer tax, vehicle eemn h ae o oa uiestxadpoet a.Bt a competencies tax Both tax. addition, property In Law. and Basic tax the business in local specified for are rates the determine uis iha rih a,txso aia rnatos eisipsdb h EU) the the to by imposed exclusively levies transactions, taxes capital some on taxes and tax, freight highway duties, between sharing power extensive taxation. is on There government collection. tax ister eoe1966, Before Germany Corsica Coding including tax. taxes, inheritance national government, and of tax central range a corporate the on VAT, rates tax, by lower income special from determined also benefit unilaterally residents receives Corsican are Corsica and competence. which regional grants, exclusive development an with remains tax conjunction vehicle in and 1982 from and, tax self-employed for oenetst h eea rmwr,icuigbs n ae while rate, and base including framework, general the sets government de)aoteel ewe h eea oenetand government federal the between a evenly request to about right added) the government con- and federal VAT, the excise, gave and Law of customs share Basic set The government taxes. federal sumption the while taxes, vehicle tax. vehicle motor base. the sets and taxes all collects government central The France a n,sne18,mtrvhcetx rm1972 From gambling tax. tax, vehicle electricity motor tax, 1982, planning since town dues, and, mining tax tax, self-employed for rate Kreise h ai a sin oetxsecuieyt h eea oenet(customs government federal the to exclusively taxes some assigns Law Basic The h osiuinlrfr f16 iie h ao ae icm,croae value- corporate, (income, taxes major the divided 1966 of reform constitutional The as rules same the to subject is Corsica osssmil ftersaeo etal olce au-de ae,txon tax taxes, value-added collected centrally of share their of mainly consists . . Kreise Land crs1fr1982–2006. for 1 scores La eev hr ficm eeu n au de a.Te lolv and levy also They tax. added value and revenue income of share a receive ¨ La De nder r eedn ntasesfo h eta tt n U h ugtof budget The EU. and state central the from transfers on dependent are ¨ ´ nder partements La eeu sources. revenue oenetrevenue. government ¨ nder Regierungsbezirke noeadcroaetaxes. corporate and income cr o 9016 n o 9620.( 1966–2006. for 2 and 1950–1965 for 4 score e aeadrt ficm,croae neiac,poet and property inheritance, corporate, income, of rate and base set cr o 1950–2006; for 1 score Land n h mut novdaon ols hn2% than less to amount involved amounts the and cr o 1950–2006. for 0 score pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix La ¨ nder re ´ gions Kreise poet a,ihrtnetx motor tax, inheritance tax, (property xetta etn h aeo motor of rate the setting that except , re ´ gions aesm aaiyt eyother levy to capacity some have La ¨ re nder ´ gions cr o 9220;and 1972–2006; for 1 score ae osiuels than less constitute taxes De r bet e h rate the set to able are ´ partements La Land ¨ La nder ¨ de nder ´ partements La ) h federal The . kreise ¨ nder n federal and a e the set can cr 1 score admin- the , 215 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 re ( counties grants Taxes Local on Act 1990 The Hungary n hre o rnpr n te evcs u o olv taxes. levy to not Coding but services, other and transport for 1998, charges From and rate. and base determines eemnswih(fay ftetxsi illv n estert pt centrally grants a national to up from ( rate Regions mostly the tax. income sets comes personal and government collected revenue levy tax, regional nationally will county from property the financed it base; However, tax, taxes the land ceiling. the sets of urban determined government any) tax), (if central payroll which The or determines tourism. (poll on tax tax communal and the tax, business Coding teghndcnrloe h us ngonso qiy ao vralo the of overhaul major A it equity. competencies, of devolved gave grounds state 1993 central on in the purse system that fiscal the pro- time of over share same marginal control a the to strengthened taxes at own reduced So and taxes revenue. all vincial of rate and base the of control funds non-structural and costs Coding operational authorities. while local grants, by financed EU are and primar- operations comes national budget working from Their authority. ily tax inter- no on have dependent and are transfers authorities, governmental regional successors, their and regions Development Ireland 1950–2006. for 0 government: of tier regional No Iceland 1999–2006. rvne ( Provinces Italy 1987–2006. for 0 score 216 eil a,a nulsra,aseiltxo islcr,hat ae n university a and taxes health cars, diesel including revenues. on taxes tax its own special several by a raise spent—not surtax, to annual it right an much tax, the how vehicle obtained governments by nationally regional determined 1993, is was In received rate region the a but amount consumption, electricity of use on the surcharge registration, vehicle a services, constrained. disposal and waste land on fee public supplemental a of now ´ gio ein ( Regions ´ k .Hooghe L. r eedn nitroenetltasesadhv otxauthority. tax no have and transfers intergovernmental on dependent are ) . . rln crs0fr1950–1986. for 0 scores Ireland . Nomoi Megye province regioni ´ k tal et cr o 1950–2006; for 0 score cr o 9020 and 1990–2006 for 1 score eedpneto oenettasesfo 94t 92 The 1992. to 1974 from transfers government on dependent were ) a iie sa uooyutlte17 a eomcentralized reform tax 1974 the until autonomy fiscal limited had ) . province rae eeu uooy rvniltxsconsist taxes Provincial autonomy. revenue greater nomoi peripheria eeomn regions Development andsm iie aaiyt e fees set to capacity limited some gained terveze megye ´ cr o 1986–2006. for 0 score isaizia re si-statisztikai ´ k uhrt vrfietaxes: five over authority ) / terveze einlauthorities regional ´ gio ´ ´ si-statisztikai k cr for 0 score Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 Coding Apskritys Lithuania 1990–2006. for 0 government: of tier regional No Latvia of 40% some cover taxes Coding Own tax. consumption local enterprise a an include and taxes control revenues. tax, prefectural prefectural years important inhabitant most five including an The last decentralization, tax. tax, income The fiscal of taxes. rate conditions further the prefectural the about over new tightened debate veto considerably seen regulations can adjust have tax government can new central flex- and 2000, more which taxes made in under were corporation and, restrictions 1998 Government certain taxes. in of remaining ible are the rate of and eight revenues government. on base rate central of the the the adjust types can by Both Prefectures set grants. are prefectures. central the base earmarked across and redistribute from to rate designed comes which 20% for of Around 25% tax, About allocation revenues. over local authority limited relatively todofuken have they but expenditure, rfcue ( Prefectures Japan 1993–2006. for 1 and 1974–1992 for 0 1973, o 9019,1fr19–96ad3fr1997–2006. for 3 and 1993–1996 for 1 1950–1992, for 0 hrdrl.Lk riayrgos pca ein a,utl19,lmtdtax limited 1993, 1997–2006. for until fiscal had, as Coding regions scored special is This regions, bilateral in government. ordinary negotiated central While is autonomy. Like rate jurisdictions. and rule. the their region taxes, in shared these the collected of between base taxes the of negotiations sets share government a central receive the they whereby ments neulzto udta bie h tt osbiiepoe regions. 2001 poorer The subsidize taxes. to added state value the of obliges established that ceiling share and fund determined their regions for equalization on nationally autonomy an rate a fiscal of the to principle the set up enshrined also tax reform constitutional can income they personal 2001, of since rate and, their set to regions ary fee. rfcue lohv hreno hi w ae,seie nteLclTxLaw. Tax Local the in specified taxes, own their of thirteen have also Prefectures h v pca ein (and regions special five The Regioni ihai crs0fr1992–1994; for 0 scores Lithuania . . . r eedn nitroenetltasesadhv otxauthority. tax no have and transfers intergovernmental on dependent are Todofuken ein ttt ordinario statuto a Regioni eeuscnit fsae noeadntoa au de ae,ada and taxes, added value national and income shared of consists revenues e h aewti etal eemndlmt.Te19 eomalwdordin- allowed reform 1997 The limits. determined centrally within rate the set todofuken ein ttt speciale statuto a Regioni cr o 9019 n o 2000–2006. for 2 and 1950–1999 for 1 score diitrbdesaonigt 5 fgnrlgovernment general of 35% to amounting budgets administer ) Bolzano-Bozen pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix cr o 9219,1fr19–96ad3 and 1993–1996 for 1 1972–1992, for 0 score (including apskritys and Bolzano-Bozen Trento cr o 1995–2006. for 0 score Province aepriua arrange- particular have ) cr o 1950– for 1 score and Trento score ) 217 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 218 hc h eta oenetst aeadrt.Tetasto rmdeconcentrated from transition The rate. and base sets government central the which Wojewo Poland 1975, Before limits. determined centrally within rate the lower or Coding grants. central 1975, From Norway on taxes Coding special levy also can They set limits. can determined they services. centrally which environmental for within taxes, rate property and from base primarily operations their finance Regions Zealand New Coding a pollution, surcharge government. a water central and the on fee, tax. by licence fees fixed radio vehicle collect maximum and motor They television the the authority. on tax on surcharge a own tax, their water environment. of ground the and some policy, have youth also transport, public for grants conditional the from contributions unconditional fonds either are grants Such revenues. vincial Provincies Netherlands 1964–2006. for 0 government: of tier regional No Malta 1991–2006. for 0 government: of tier regional No Macedonia 1950–2006. for 0 government: of tier regional No Luxembourg nwihtecnrlgvrmn eoisasaeo nulicm ae,o are or taxes, income annual of share a deposits government central the which in , .Hooghe L. ´ . 1950–1973; for 0 scores Zealand New . . dztwa Fylker Provincies aelmtdficlatnm.Cnrlgat con o vr9%o pro- of 90% over for account grants Central autonomy. fiscal limited have fylker eev hr fproa noetxadcroaeicm a for tax income corporate and tax income personal of share a receive tal et cr o 9017 n o 1975–2006. for 3 and 1950–1974 for 0 score aercie hr fteicm a o hc hymyincrease may they which for tax income the of share a received have cr o 1950–2006. for 1 score . Provincies a duttertsfrteetxsu oa to up taxes these for rates the adjust can regions cr o 1974–2006. for 2 score fylker Provincies provincie- received Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 n the and budget. government general the of half about Deconcentrated Portugal Coding the of autonomy fiscal the alter appreciably not wojewo did 1999 in governance decentralized to eea ujcs( subjects Federal Federation Russian dezvoltare de Regiuni authority. Coding tax no have and transfers EU or but local predictable, more made were grants central 2003 In tax. judete income national of share taxes. consumption and Coding and, corporate taxes income, regional of levy can rate They the law. have set national Madeira of 1999, and framework since the Azores within the tax of to regions right the autonomous authority. The tax administrations. autonomous no state have trated and grants EU and national h ae u o h ae fatxo nepiepot,o ae n ses nforestry, corporate on assets, and tax, and sales on government income profits, federal enterprise personal The on usage. tax taxes). including water a alcohol of on taxes, and base, and vehicle, the shared not on motor but (except of taxes rate, also taxes the government profits, rate excise federal and insurance and tax, The in and income duties. base (abolished bank customs the taxes taxes. on and major set export securities, taxes most and tax, excises, of exchange added vehicle rate currency value and and of alcohol base consisted the 1996), taxes over federal authority government Exclusively federal the gave 1979–2006. n flclfe prisec) n hycudas sals,wti h iisof limits the within establish, also could addition, they buildings) In vehicles, and taxes. (land, regional etc.), taxes new (permits property law, of fees national law, local by of specified range and a 2003, within to rate, 1994 the From finance. public on law h nnilpsto fcute ( counties of position financial The Romania 1999–2006. for 3 and 1976–1998 h 93cnttto tpltsta aaini ocretbtentefederation the between concurrent is taxation that stipulates constitution 1993 The eeomn ein ( regions Development ´ ottepwrt e a rates. tax set to power the lost . . . dztwa. uwkyfederacii subwekty Wojewo Judete Comisso Distritos Comisso ´ uwkyfederacii subwekty ˜ cr o 9119,1fr19–02ad0fr2003–2006. for 0 and 1994–2002 for 1 1991–1993, for 0 score dztwa sd Cooperac de es cr o 1998–2006. for 0 score cr o 9620.The 1976–2006. for 0 score ˜ cr o 1990–2006. for 0 score sd Cooperac de es ein edezvoltare de regiuni u h 91Lwo h ai rnilso Taxation of Principles Basic the on Law 1991 the but , judete ¸a aelmtdficlatnm,tog hyspend they though autonomy, fiscal limited have ) ˜ eevliet Regional Desenvolvimento e o pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix ¸a a neti ni h asg fte1994 the of passage the until uncertain was ) ˜ eevliet Regional Desenvolvimento e o judete judete r nieydpneto national, on dependent entirely are ) subwekty a oeficlatnm.Te set They autonomy. fiscal some had Azores eevda nulydetermined annually an received a ocretpwr on powers concurrent had and Distritos Madeira r deconcen- are Subwekty cr for 0 score cr for 2 score eedon depend 219 set Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 aua eoretxs h mlmnaino hslwwscnetdby contested was law this of implementation The taxes. resource natural Coding important most the for rate and base VAT; set and tax to income power including the taxes, and retains government federal government the federal required and sharing, subwekty revenue clarified sources, tax. sales revenue the tax, however, major cases, one all least almost at In arrangements. of tax rate bilateral resulting of Russia, series post-communist of a half-decade in first the during government federal the Coding transfers. intergovernmental on dependent are 2002, 2001, Until Slovakia About taxes. 1992–2006. provincial introduce Coding to rental transfers. right government or introduce from the sale comes revenues, the not to budget from non-fiscal Vojvodina’s but right of revenues set fees, etc., 70% savings, the are service property, bank which has or provincial provincial of of administrative its also rate from as Vojvodina and revenues such interest base government. revenues, the central own tax, share certain law the a income to omnibus personal by entitled 2002 is and annually which The income Vojvodina, transfers. corporate to autonomy government of financial central limited some on devolved dependent are republics. the provinces to powers fiscal of all revision constitutional transferred confederation, The taxes. a excise created and except which customs taxes 2003, all and over taxes authority sales full of had portion govern- Serbia federal some and Montenegro the of both republics Republic, the Federal and Yugoslav ment the of constitution 1992 the Under Montenegro and Serbia 2000–2006. sales and tax income corporate on rate. surtax the a control they levy which for and taxes, extraction, resource natural pra 220 orgoa iro oenet o 1991–2006. for 0 government: of tier regional No Slovenia ´ eilto n19 n 98casfidtxsit eea,rgoa,adlocal and regional, federal, into taxes classified 1998 and 1997 in Legislation nSri,txatoiyi ihycnrlzd and centralized, highly is authority tax Serbia, In ( districts Federal n kraje vne .Hooghe L. samospra . lvkasoe o 1993–1995. for 0 scores Slovakia . . uwkyfederacii Subwekty ebaadMontenegro and Serbia oetbiha qaiainshm o oe-ee uidcin.The jurisdictions. lower-level for scheme equalization an establish to kraje Kosovo cr o 2002–2006. for 0 score ´ n kraje vne tal et eesaeamnsrtosaddpne nsaefnig Since funding. state on depended and administrations state were eeany okruga federalnyye crs0fr19–98and 1992–1998 for 0 scores . r efgvrig u hyhv oficlatnm.They autonomy. fiscal no have they but self-governing, are cr o 1993–2006. for 3 score cr o 9220.I Serbia, In 1992–2006. for 4 score r nne ytecnrlgovernment. central the by financed are ) uwkyfederacii subwekty Kraje Vojvodina cr o 1996–2001. for 0 score eeany okruga Federalnyye okruzi a eemn h aeon rate the determine can crs0fr1992–2006. for 0 scores n h autonomous the and okruzi subwekty subwekty cr for 0 score cr for 0 score Samos- e the set and Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 hr r w a eie for regimes tax two are There Spain aar n h aqeCuty n omnrgm o h remaining the for regime common a and Country, dades Basque the and Navarre osttxrtsfricm,wat,ihrtneadgfs elett,adsaptax, stamp and gambling. 1997, estate, on real of gifts, rate regions reform and and allowing inheritance the regime, base wealth, sharing until income, the tax for revenue after a and rates into over government tax regime set control transfer central to tax little the a but transformed to which spending, remitted over is control portion a collected and are Taxes level limits. determined negotiations. regional centrally within base the are and and rate at taxes the wealth set and the inheritance to corporate, able income, collect country Basque the and revenues. own their raise to power n hr fteicm a n 5 ftbco lcrct,tasotto tax. transportation electricity, tobacco, of 35% and gave tax legislation income 2001 the government. of central third by one levied already not if taxes Coding 0 fteficlprino uiia ae eidb h w nlvs nother In enclaves. two the other by of levied that taxes to similar municipal is of regime fiscal portion their fiscal urban respects, and the facilities of and 50% buildings tax to right the have also property. They tax. vehicle motor onyicm.Tetxbs sstb eta oenetbtthe but government central by set is base tax The income. county for source income main The Sweden The Provincias 1997–2006. for 3 and 1996 h osiuingat sa uooypiaiyt the to primarily autonomy fiscal grants constitution The Switzerland Coding levy. can they rate flat the of level hrfr,pplrrfrnu.Wieteehsbe oehroiaino cantonal of and, harmonization in amendments some changes been constitutional has concurrent that agreement, there are understanding While cantonal referendum. the tax to popular subject with therefore, income are government, corporate taxation federal and federal and wealth intercantonal cantons on income, and between Personal taxes, federal barriers. exclusively system. and are tariff tax (VAT which their taxation indirect taxes), frame on consumption and taxation, double special structure on to prohibitions are free restrictions largely only are The Cantons confederation. the to h omntxrgm for regime tax common The Navarre 1978, of constitution the in established was which regime, foral the Under Provincias et n ell r nildt nadtoa hr fsaetxsada additional an and taxes state of share additional an to entitled are Mellila and Ceuta h oe of power The . . . ouiae auto Comunidades La cr o 1978–2006. for 2 score ¨ n oto rprytx ucag ntemncplbsns a,ada and tax, business municipal the on surcharge a tax, property control cr o 1950–2006. for 3 score ouiae auto comunidades ´ la nomas ¨ ouiae auto comunidades n aqeCountry Basque slclicm a,wihacut o bu 5 of 75% about for accounts which tax, income local is ouiae auto comunidades including , pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix ouiae auto Comunidades ´ nomas Ceuta ´ osedhsbe rae hntheir than greater been has spend to nomas and ´ nomas and Navarre comunidades pca oa a eiefor regime tax foral special a : cantons Mellila ´ nomas ee xesv regional extensive ceded cr o 1978–2006. for 4 score la cr rm1978– from 2 score , n nysecondarily only and ¨ a nrdc new introduce can n . a eemn the determine can comunidades comuni- 221 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 222 hra ti sal h ae a o tt oenet.Ec tt a t w tax own its has source, state revenue Each important governments. state most federal for the the tax At sales are the taxes. taxes usually sales payroll is selective it and personal whereas and income levy income, Both personal states. corporate level, and sales, government general federal the income, between concurrent are Taxes America of States United respectively. 1950–2006, and 2006 eedo eta udn.Bs n aeof rate and Base funding. central on depend ( Provinces Turkey vehicles. motor tax throughout to Coding levels right taxation exclusive varying the allow- widely have of remain cantons amounts addition, there the In so and Switzerland. rates and bases, deduction, own and their ances define still cantons regimes, taxation 9019 n o 1999–2006; for 3 and 1950–1998 Northern to and up the Wales by grants. in tax government central income administrations Coding on of reliant devolved remain rate and The basic powers, pound. tax-varying the no the vary have Ireland in to power pence the charge. three congestion has the Scotland as such autonomy. charges, regional and of fees rate introduce the can set to it discretion and some to taxes has similar Authority is Development London which Greater tax, council county a each with in tax. tax it resignation, property poor unpopular Thatcher’s because old and the precipitated the unpopular replaced rich tax successor affected deeply poll her yet the became and and regarding charge county discontent determine community Public to could equally. county The indi- Counties from per tax. services. wildly tax the community uniform varied with of a of tax was cost level property which the capped the tax, the cover government replace poll to to the central property designed as tried 1984, a known vidual Thatcher In of better Minister dwelling. charge, rate Prime community a the 1990, a of in set value and, could rate rental counties the notional gov- 1993, unconditional the and and on conditional 1950 tax and Between tax grants. property a ernment from income receive Counties Kingdom United Coding government. fteseilatnmu ein,ol h ctihPrimn a oefiscal some has Parliament Scottish the only regions, autonomous the special However, the grants. Of government central on dependent are England in Regions rae odnAuthority London Greater .Hooghe L. . . . Cantons Counties Iller iller efgnrt nyoeo w ecn fterrvne o h etthey rest the for revenue; their of percent two or one only self-generate ) cr o 1950–2006. for 0 score tal et cr o 1950–2006. for 4 score cr o 1950–2006. for 1 score . hc crs1fr2000–2006. for 1 scores which , Wales Regions and iller otenIreland Northern ae r eemndb h central the by determined are taxes cr o 9420,ecp for except 1994–2006, for 0 score Scotland cr o 1964– for 0 score crs0for 0 scores Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 Territory became Territory Territory was Capital Northern head the executive of Coding the assembly executive. 1965, elected the accountable fully from Directly 1974 a and, In with appointees. elected assembly. 1960 government entirely the in of by majority consisted assem- elected the an which had became Territory of Northern members the majority 1947, the From assembly. bly, its by appointed was tive the of recommendation a the also on is Queen government. There the parlia- federal assembly. by a Australian the appointed to, has accountable governor territory and each ceremonial) by, and (mostly appointed state Queensland, executive Each except an years, term. and four parliamentary ment every three-year once a least has at which elections hold territories and States Australia 2000–2006. for 0 1, 2006. state DC the transferred. and by then sales and collected of state, Coding is share the a tax by receive collected the they usually and states, are some which state In taxes the counties. income by to transferred determined being is before management base the control. budgetary The it, regained with revenue. government and, DC sus- elected budget the was the 2001, rule In over home projects. took city 2000, board most to of control 1995 federal From A authority. pended. ultimate retains Congress though were they when Hawaii and Alaska in taxes of rate territories. and base the fixed Congress system. Coding national the are by jurisdiction; appointed councils is communal who region’s prefect of the government. by respective chairmen exercised the is the power and Executive members. of municipalities the representatives of mayors municipal and communal ic hi raini 00 regional 2000, in creation their Since Albania Representation III. states h utainCptlTrioyhl t rtdrc lcin n18,adisexecu- its and 1989, in elections direct first its held Territory Capital Australian The onisadtereuvlnsrl npoet ae o rud7%o their of 70% around for taxes property on rely equivalents their and even Counties states, the to powers taxation similar had has DC Washington 1973, Since crs0fr15–92 o 9319,0fr19–00ad4fr2001– for 4 and 1995–2000 for 0 1973–1994, for 4 1950–1972, for 0 scores / Counties years. . . lai crs0(seby n eeuie o 1992–1999; for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 0 scores Albania . crs0 o 9015;2 o 9016 n ,2fr1965–2006. for 2 2, and 1960–1964 for 0 2, 1950–1959; for 0 0, scores States States , regions cr o 1950–2006. for 4 score cr asml)ad2(xctv)fr15–06 The 1950–2006. for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 2 score crs0 o 9018 n ,2fr18–06 The 1989–2006. for 2 2, and 1950–1988 for 0 0, scores and einlcouncils regional qark pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix Territories onishv enidrcl lce from elected indirectly been have councils cr o 9020 o applicable for 1950–2006 for 1 score cr o 1950–1958. for 0 score qarku Washington Australian xofficio ex Northern score 223 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 La Austria o 9019 n ,2fr19–06 h rsesrgo crs0 o 1980– for 0 0, scores region Brussels The 1989–2006. for 1, 1995–2006. for scores 2 for 0 region 2, Walloon 0, 2 The and scores 2, 1988 1984–2006. community and for German 2 1980–1994 The 2, for and 1995–2006. 2 1974–1983 for for 2 0 2, 2, and 1970–1973; 1980–1994; for 2 1, 1984. from council Coding the by elected executive an and 1974, parliaments. from into A councils elections. these European renamed with Regional coinciding 2005 Capital cycle in commu- Walloon five-year revision and Brussels a Council, constitutional regional on 1995, the elected Flemish Since are the followed. 1989, assemblies years, nity Council 1995, following In Community in French the increased. and elected; In Council councils directly councils. elected became elected Region popularly indirectly acquired for applied was which principle pressure same regions, the 1980, the execu- From the government. community; to national linguistic the relevant in the lodged of was house council. tive upper provincial and lower the the by of elected members is head, executive executive the govern- the national of the remainder dual: 1994, the (until con- is government and in regional executive ment), the cycle by provincial six-year appointed a is The governor, on elections. the 1830 local since with elected directly junction been have councils Provincial Belgium The 224 eta oenetapit h oenro each of governor the assembly. appoints government Central Bulgaria 1995–2006. for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 2 score Coding and Herzegovina Federacija and Bosnia of Sprska Federation the lika of parliaments the for Elections Herzegovina and 1995– Bosnia for 2 2, 1989–1994; 1984–2006. for for (French) 2 2 2, 1.4, or (Flemish) The 2 2006. 1.1, 1980–1988; for 2 Coding ¨ grgtdsoe:The scores: Aggregated council the of elections direct path: separate a followed community German The the of consisting councils elected indirectly had communities 1970–1980, From drLandta nder Landtag .Hooghe L. a crs h lms n rnhcmuiysoe1 o 1970–1979; for 0 1, score community French and Flemish The scores: Raw . The . . La emncommunity German r vr oryas l alaet lc hi w executives. own their elect parliaments All years. four every are ¨ r edeeyfu er.Eetosfrtecnoa alaet nthe in parliaments cantonal the for Elections years. four every held are nder lcsisown its elects ¨ eeaiaBseiHercegovine i Bosne Federacija ge tal et r ietyeetdeeyfieo i er eedn nthe on depending years six or five every elected directly are cr asml)ad2(xctv)fr1955–2006. for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 2 score Provinces . Flemish Landeshauptmann crs0 o 9017;2 o 9418;and 1974–1983; for 0 2, 1970–1973; for 0 0, scores cr asml)ad1(xctv)fr1950–2006. for (executive) 1 and (assembly) 2 score and rnhcommunity French the , n government. and eulk Sprska Republika oblast cr ,0fr17–99 1, 1970–1979; for 0 1, score n hr sn regional no is there and n the and , cantons Repub- Land . Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 orgoa institutions. regional No Cyprus 1993–2006. for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 2 score h ne.Cute n ein aecucl opsdo aosand mayors a of composed received councils the it have regions 1999, to and in Counties index. responsible up it. the set to fully responsible was government NWT) two became a the with by executive of council assisted elected out its directly (carved was Nunavut 1978, executive When government-appointed in council. the representatives; Council 1970, elected elected popularly from a 1909; legislature had the Yukon from within Commissioner. elected appointed Premier federally a Fully a when elected replaced Committee’. 1979, two ‘Executive in arrived first Commissioner’s government the the responsible to 1975, appointed In popu- were remained a developed. representatives to executive assembly—gradually responsible the the regional pro- executive 1966, elected while the government—an By larly elected, when Responsible increased. popularly Ottawa. 1950s, gradually were by the was appointed members in members change council to council of commis- began majority elected Ottawa-appointed This directly NWT. an of the half-century, portion back ran next slipped council NWT the and the of For the sioner rump status. 1905, the created, quasi-colonial to were into province, Alberta 1897 a and of Saskatchewan From that resembling when government executives. but elected an responsible had (NWT) with Territories Northwest parliaments elected directly provin- the to responsible and from parliaments. elected in cial are Lieutenant-Governor, governments the Provincial The representative, province. years. each government four every ceremonial elected a directly appoints is Queen which parliament unicameral a have Provinces Canada Coding ,2fr1978–2006. for 2 1979–2006. 2, for 2 2, and Territories west (regions). powers Coding executive with committees the establish as can doubles council or The (counties) councils. municipalities’ executive constituent the from and by elected Coding assembly. Z Croatia 1950–2006. for 2 1, score ˇ upanije nyOtrohsascn-iritreit ee ag nuht eicroae in incorporated be to enough large level intermediate second-tier a has Ontario Only to representation democratic without status quasi-colonial from evolved Territories . . rai crs0(seby n eeuie o 1991–1992; for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 0 scores Croatia . sebisaedrcl lce vr oryas h rfc seetdb the by elected is prefect The years. four every elected directly are assemblies Oblasti Provinces cr ,0fr15–95 ,0fr16–94 ,1fr1975–1978; for 1 2, 1966–1974; for 0 2, 1950–1965; for 0 0, score cr asml)ad0(xctv)fr1991–2006. for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 0 score cr asml)ad2(xctv)fr15–06 The 1950–2006. for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 2 score Nunavut Yukon crs2 o 9016;2 o 9017;and 1970–1977; for 1 2, 1950–1969; for 0 2, scores crs2 o 1999–2006. for 2 2, scores pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix Counties / rcouncillors or and z ˇ upanije regions North- 225 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 h eea onisof councils general The France 1950–2006. for 2 2, score cr ,2fr1993–2006. for 2 1, score Coding government. its elects parliament The years. 226 ie vrteeeuie hr sas oenetapitddprmna prefect departmental for responsible government-appointed primarily a is also pre- 1982, is and since council There who, general executive. the by the elected over been has sides president the 1982, From rotation. year or.Crety h nyrgo ihapplreeto o h oni sKainuu. is council the for election popular a with region only the Currently, board. kuntien rm15 o16,tecucl fthe of councils the 1969, to 1950 From Denmark and Coding executive. Kraje Republic Czech La Finland institutions. regional No Estonia an as The tenure rule. its for home 1970–1978 for 1 2, and o 1970–2006. for 1 held are Coding Elections executives. own their years. choose four which appointee. every government assemblies a elected remains who directly prefect, the for except council, the by elected the of head executive The councils. municipal tt fca.Ti hne n17,we h oni eaedrcl lce nafour- a on elected (and directly cycle became council electoral the year when 1970, in changed This official. state ¨ The h pca uooosrgoso h ao sad n reln aeawy had always have Greenland and Islands Faroe the of regions autonomous special The a ¨ nit kraje .Hooghe L. A sebisaedrcl lce vr oryas euiseetthe elect Deputies years. four every elected directly are assemblies r eocnrtdamnsrtos h oniso h ee eo,the below, level the of councils The administrations. deconcentrated are . h zc eulcsoe asml)ad0(xctv)fr1993–1999, for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 0 scores Republic Czech The . . oss fmncplrpeettvsi h ein h lc hi executive their elect who region, ˚ the in representatives municipal of consist , land cr ,2fr2000–2006. for 2 2, score La Amtskommuner ¨ a ¨ sad aeaprimn ( parliament a have Islands nit ao Islands Faroe tal et cr asml)ad0(xctv)fr1950–2006. for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 0 score Greenland . de amtskommuner ´ cr asml)ad0(xctv)fr15–99ad2, and 1950–1969 for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 1 score partements Kainuu crs0 o 9015 scln;1 o 1953–1969 for 0 1, colony; as 1950–1952 for 0 0, scores cr ,2fr1950–2006. for 2 2, score crs2 o 0420.The 2004–2006. for 2 2, scores r ietyeetdeeysxyaso three- a on years six every elected directly are lagting eernmdinto renamed were amtskommun amtskommuner post-hoc amtskommun hc spplryeetdeeyfour every elected popularly is which ) ea oversight. legal n ,2fr17–06under 1979–2006 for 2 2, and ; eeidrcl lce by elected indirectly were a etal appointed centrally a was amter .Teeeuieis executive The ). A ˚ adIslands land Maakuntien kraje maa- Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 94 oua lcin nafu-ercceeetacucl hc loslcsa selects also of which composed council, body consultative a elect cycle Since majority. four-year representatives. council’s the a local from and on prefect groups elections interest popular of 1994, composed council advisory weak 1994, Before Greece Regierungsbezirke oa uhrte,teeeuieha fthe of head executive the authorities, local 1994–2006. Coding national the by appointed is head executive The government. groups. interest public regional-level Coding Kreise iaiis n hs sebiseetdtereeuie ic 1994, Since executive. their elected assemblies these and of cipalities, assemblies 1993, to 1990 From Hungary assembly consultative from a politicians have elected locally they of where primarily Westphalia, composed North-Rhine in except bodies, Land Germany 95 n ,1fr1986–2006. for 1 2, and 1985; einlasmle eepplryeetdo i-ercce h einlprefect 1986, regional government-appointed The from cycle. and, a six-year president a by for own on responsible elected their remains headed popularly elected were councils was assemblies regional regional executive 1982, subnational from From poli- regional representatives prefect. elected elected nationally The indirectly all alongside of governments. region composed the councils from regional ticians elected indirectly of ment o 1982–2006. for rm18.A nohrrgos xctv oe ssae ihagovernment- a with shared is power Coding executive regions, other in prefect. appointed As 1982. from Peripheria Regierungsbezirke rm16,each 1964, From osc a a t w ieteetosada xctv lce yteassembly the by elected executive an and elections direct own its had has Corsica and xctvsaeeetdb hi assemblies. their by elected are executives . . . Nomoi La Kreis De ¨ ´ nder Peripheria partements eedcnetae diitain ni h nrdcini 96o a of 1996 in introduction the until administrations deconcentrated were nomoi Re sebisaedrcl lce vr oro v years. five or four every elected directly are assemblies ´ cr asml)ad0(xctv)fr15–93ad2 for 2 2, and 1950–1993 for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 0 score and gions cr ,0(n ,0i ot-hn ethlafo 2001). from Westphalia North-Rhine in 0 1, (and 0 0, score re ´ r pone by appointed are eedcnetae diitain,tog hr a loa also was there though administrations, deconcentrated were gion Kreise post-hoc cr ,0fr18–96ad1 o 1997–2006. for 0 1, and 1986–1996 for 0 0, score cr ,0fr16–91 ,0fr17–91 ,1fr1982– for 1 1, 1972–1981; for 0 1, 1964–1971; for 0 0, score cr asml)ad0(xctv)fr15–91ad2 1 2, and 1950–1981 for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 2 score a etal pone rfc.17 a h establish- the saw 1972 prefect. appointed centrally a had cr asml)ad2(xctv)fr1950–2006. for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 2 score Corsica nomoi ea vrih n oelmtdplc tasks. policy limited some and oversight legal megye pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix Land rfcsi h uidcin ersnaie of representatives jurisdiction, the in prefects ´ crs2 o 1982–2006. for 1 2, scores k cute)wr nietyeetdb muni- by elected indirectly were (counties) peripheria oenet.Te aen representative no have They governments. n ersnaie fvarious of representatives and , Gemeinde and megye Kreise onisare councils La ¨ nder . 227 and Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 ietyeetdasmle n xctvseetdb h sebysne15 or, 1950 since assembly the by elected executives for 1963, and since assemblies elected directly aepaeeeyfieyas h einlpeietwsdrcl lce rm1999, from statute elected Special directly otherwise. was provides president statute regional regional The a where years. except five every place take 228 h rfcua sebya ela h oenraedrcl lce vr oryears. four every elected directly are governor the as well as assembly prefectural The Japan Bozen ordinario statuto Coding lce oni opsdo h lce onilr ftepoicsof provinces the of councillors and elected the of composed council elected Coding cen- is council development regional the appointed. of executive trally The authorities. and local appointees represent government of the mainly to, posed responsible and by, elected is council the of assembly. president the and elected, directly 1950–2006, enrdfie.Hstsshv enlmtdt epniiiyfrlwadodr emer- order, and law for responsibility to has and limited office measures been prefect’s gence have the tasks reform, His constitutional redefined. 2001 been the consider- Since with authority. prefect government-appointed executive a able also had 1993, province Until the Each years. elected. of five directly president every the place elected take and council direct the are councils provincial for Elections Italy 1994–2006. regions executive. Coding local own from its representatives appoints of council composed authority council regional a Each have authorities. since authorities successors their regional but the representation, direct 1994, or indirect no had regions Development Ireland institutions. regional No Iceland oslaiecucl ttergoa ee eeetbihdi 99 hyaecom- are They 1999. in established were level regional the at councils Consultative rm17,rgoa sebiso ordinary of assemblies regional 1972, From Trento .Hooghe L. and . . rln crs0(seby n eeuie o 1950–1986. for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 0 scores Ireland . cr ,0fr1987–1993; for 0 0, score Province Megye . Trento einldvlpetcouncils development Regional rnioAt Adige Trentino-Alto ruiVnzaGui.Tetn-loAdige Trentino-Alto Friuli–Venezia–Giulia. ´ k tal et cr ,2fr1972–2006, for 2 2, score cr ,1fr15–91ad2 o 1972–2006. for 2 2, and 1950–1971 for 1 2, score cr asml)ad2(xctv)fr19–93ad2 for 2 2, and 1990–1993 for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 1 score cr asml)ad1(xctv)fr1950–2006. for (executive) 1 and (assembly) 2 score xpost ex . oto vrlcladpoica decisions. provincial and local over control / Su einlauthorities regional ¨ dtirol provincia crs1 .Tepoicsof provinces The 2. 1, scores cr ,0fr1999–2006. for 0 0, score xofficio ex ein ttt speciale statuto a regioni regioni n hratrtepeietbecame president the thereafter and , r ietyeetdadelections and elected directly are ebr,amnrt fwhom of minority a members, cr ,2fr1994–2006. for 2 1, score / Su ¨ dtirol regioni a nindirectly an has Bolzano-Bozen cr ,2for 2 2, score Development ein a Regioni aehad have Bolzano- Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 1989–2006. executive. Coding the as doubles council elected directly the taken and have elections 1989, Direct since them. place to responsible executives and councils elected had which directly Wellington, and Auckland for except councils, authority represen- territorial of from consisting tatives councils regional elected indirectly had regions 1988 to 1974 From Zealand New ilasml.Teohrmmeso h xctv r lce yteprovincial the by elected are Coding executive the of provin- the members of proposal other assembly. a The upon government assembly. Queen’s central the cial the executive, the by of appointed head The is years. commissioner, four every place take elections Provincial Netherlands institutions. regional No Malta institutions. regional No Macedonia institutions. regional No Luxembourg itys by appointed Coding is governor The county. the in government. municipalities central of mayors and governor, Apskritys Lithuania institutions. regional No Latvia Coding cr ,0fr1995–2006. for 0 1, score . . and 1992–1994, for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 0 scores Lithuania . . rae n19,hv navsr oni opsdo h oenr deputy governor, the of composed council advisory an have 1995, in created , Regions Provincies Todofuken Auckland cr asml)ad2(xctv)fr17–98ad2 for 2 2, and 1974–1988 for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 1 score cr asml)ad2(xctv)fr1950–2006. for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 2 score cr asml)ad1(xctv)fr1950–2006. for (executive) 1 and (assembly) 2 score and Wellington pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix ae2 o h hl period. whole the for 2 2, have apskr- 229 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 Coding assembly. the four to responsible by of is appointed government comprising the regional specialists the by body policy appointed advisory four and governor, an assembly civil by government. district a central assisted the the of is by hands elected he the members and in parish government, is and central assemblies power municipal Executive councils, municipal councils. of representatives of comprised or head the Coding years. government. four central every the by appointed was head 1999, executive Since the while municipalities, ontcnttt aoiyi hs councils. these representatives in local Elected majority interests. chambers— a municipal constitute consultative for not two one do and by interests advised sectoral are for one they though representation, democratic ( regions Planning Portugal 1999–2006. for rm19 o1998, to 1990 From Poland 1975–2006. Coding 1990s. the in strengthened been has authority ie.Each tives. Judete Romania ftecar fthe of chairs the of 1979–2006. for and (executive) 0 and xctvs oee,tegovernment-appointed the However, executives. ( 1975, governor the by led tive 230 ni 1974, Until Norway nteAoe n aer,asmle r ietyeetdo orya yl,and cycle, four-year a on elected directly are assemblies Madeira, and Azores the In Distritos ahdvlpetrgo ( region development Each Madeira .Hooghe L. fylke . . . onisaedrcl lce vr oryasadte lc hi w execu- own their elect they and years four every elected directly are councils Comisso Wojewo Fylker marszałek onisbcm ietyeetdo orya yl,adte eettheir select they and cycle, four-year a on elected directly became councils judet fylke wojewo aeadsrc sebywihi oiae ylclitrss tis It interests. local by dominated is which assembly district a have cr ,2fr1976–2006. for 2 2, score oniswr opsdo uiia ersnaie,adteexecu- the and representatives, municipal of composed were councils ´ tal et a loagvrmn-pone prefect. government-appointed a also has cr asml)ad0(xctv)fr15–94ad2 for 1 2, and 1950–1974 for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 1 score ˜ dztwa ´ sd cooperac de es judet comisso dztwa wojewo seetdb n epnil otecucl lcin aeplace take Elections council. the to responsible and by elected is , . councils, cr asml)ad0(xctv)fr19–98ad2 2 2, and 1990–1998 for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 1 score fylkesmann aepplryeetdcucl,adteeeuie including executive, the and councils, elected popularly have ˜ ´ sd cooperac de es dztwa ein edezvoltare de regiuno ¸a a navsr oni opsdo eeae from delegates of composed council advisory an had judet ˜ eevliet regional desenvolvimento e o Distritos a pone ytecnrlgvrmn.From government. central the by appointed was ) rfcsadeetdrpeettvsfo local from representatives elected and prefects ¸a ˜ eevliet regional desenvolvimento e o cr ,0fr17–06 The 1976–2006. for 0 1, score fylkesmann a navsr oni composed council advisory an has ) ean npae n his and place, in remains cr (assembly) 0 score aeno have ) Azores Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 Coding government. uooospoicso ovdn n ooo r ietyeetdo four-year executives. a their on the elected choose of directly assemblies assemblies are the Kosovo, All Serbia, and cycle. within Vojvodina and, of Montenegro provinces and autonomous Serbia of parliaments The Montenegro and Serbia 2005–2006. for 1 2, and 1996–2004 2000–2006. for 2 2, 1995, Samospra Slovakia 1992–2006. (or Kosovo 1992–2006. of governors presi- 1996, republics, in and (or governors 1993 by represented Between side executive dents). the on changes major federacii Subwekty Federation Russian ( regions Coding authority. executive exercises that agency the appoints ,0fr1996–2001. for 0 0, dual. Coding deconcentrated government the regional Yet Slovakia’s years. makes four which every remain, offices place state take Elections elected. directly kraje Remaining 2005–2006. for 1 2, and 2004 Coding level. this at assembly no is assembly. there regional support the needs and executive was the government because central executives executive the dual a regional both as from scored of nominated is candidates This election confirm president. all legislatures the regional direct by of which under 2005, presidents system a and From with replaced governors elected. 1996, popularly In assem- the became elected. by elected directly were presidents or where bly republics, the in except president, Russian oenet Government-appointed government. eea ititpeieta nosaeapitdb h eta oenet and government, central the by appointed are envoys presidential district Federal aedrcl lce onis n h hipro fteeeuiei also is executive the of chairperson the and councils, elected directly have . . lvkasoe asml)ad0(xctv)fr1992–1995. for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 0 scores Slovakia . 1rpbis( republics 21 . ´ ein edezvoltare de regiuni n kraje’s vne eba Montenegro Serbia, Judete cr asml)ad1(xctv)fr19–06 Development 1991–2006. for (executive) 1 and (assembly) 2 score aehdpplryeetdasmle ic 93 hr aebeen have There 1993. since assemblies elected popularly had have Samospra predecessors, respubliki Kosomet ´ cr ,2fr1998–2006. for 2 1, score ) and n kraje vne crs2 o 1992–1998. for 2 2, scores ) cr asml)ad2(xctv)fr1993– for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 2 score ) Vojvodina kraje judet pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix eesaeogn.Sne2002, Since organs. state were , cr ,1fr2002–2006. for 1 2, score rfcshv ovtn oe.Tecouncil The power. voting no have prefects uwkyfederacii Subwekty cr asml)ad2(xctv)for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 2 score Okruzi subwekty eea districts Federal nSri onthv self- have not do Serbia in eeapitdb the by appointed were cr ,0fr1993– for 0 2, score Okruzi uwkyfederacii subwekty cr ,0for 0 0, score cr ,0for 0 0, score samospra Kraje score kraje ´ 231 vne Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 n the and vr oryas h pca uooosrgoso et n ell aehda councils. Coding had the from have and all Mellila by In and elected Ceuta are 1978. executives of since regions, regions council autonomous elected special popularly The years. four every e yterasml.Tefis lcin okpaei aaoi n h Basque the and elections Direct Catalonia (1982). in Andalusia other place and all (1981) took in Galicia elections introduced by were first followed 1980, The in assembly. Country their by set council. provincial of the president by the and elected councillors, is municipal executive from the and by elected are councils Provincial Spain institutions. regional No Slovenia and 2006. ewe 90ad1970 and 1950 Between Sweden Coding parliaments The years. four every executives. place elect take parliaments cantonal for elections Popular Switzerland 2006. Coding ( appointee government a was head ing executive the and representatives, local ainleetos ttesm time, same and la municipal the with conjunction At in elections. years four national every place take Elections executive. own ni 1960, Until Turkey 232 2006. Coding governors. appoints the of cils ¨ nsstyrelser aaoi,teBsu onr,GlcaadAdlsahl ieteetoso date a on elections direct hold Andalusia and Galicia Country, Basque the Catalonia, .Fo 1971, From ). Andalusia .Hooghe L. Ceuta . . . . aqeCountry Basque Provincias Cantons La Iller iller iller ¨ and n ne h ieto fgvrmn-pone governors. government-appointed of direction the under o 9220;teother the 1982–2006; for cr asml)ad0(xctv)fr15–90ad2 o 1971– for 1 2, and 1950–1970 for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 1 score cr asml)ad0(xctv)fr15–90ad2 o 1961– for 0 2, and 1950–1960 for (executive) 0 and (assembly) 0 score aebe oual lce vr v er.Tecnrlgovernment central The years. five every elected popularly been have osiue eocnrtdgvrmn.Bgnigi 91 h coun- the 1961, in Beginning government. deconcentrated constituted Mellila tal et landsting cr asml)ad2(xctv)fr1950–2006. for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 2 score cr asml)ad2(xctv)fr1978–2006. for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 1 score . cr ,2fr1980–2006; for 2 2, score cr ,2fr1978–2006. for 2 2, score landsting sebisaedrcl lce,adteasml lcsits elects assembly the and elected, directly are assemblies ouiae auto comunidades sebiswr opsdo nietyelected indirectly of composed were assemblies landstinge ouiae auto comunidades ´ comunidades nomas hr uhrt ihdeconcentrated with authority share Galicia n18,weete aeplace take they where 1983, in ´ nomas crs2 o 1981–2006 for 2 2, scores n pca autonomous special and cr ,2fr1983– for 2 2, score landshøvd- Catalonia Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 and Coding institutions. in similar Regions have tasks. Connecticut executive and and legislative Massachusetts combines is council county This the suspended. sometimes and was by rule controlled home were that mayor government. time the dual popularly of the as a powers scored during had The has board 1973. DC Congress-appointed Washington since a years). mayor two senate and territories, (every elected council As directly house elected years. and and four governor years) government-appointed four every a (every elected had directly Hawaii are and Alaska governors and assemblies State America of States United 1998–2006. UK. for the 0 of 1, parts 1994–1997; for 0 0, 1999–2006. 2003–2006. for and 1 2, 1972–1999 suspension, under years the land for 0 0, and 2000–2002 rte,wihn ogrme h rtro fitreit government. auth- intermediate unitary Coding of with criterion England the of meet half longer and government no Wales which Scotland, orities, a in counties is replaced reforms head executive The predominate. appointee. representatives Northern government for place in the Wales also after provide is effect arrangement to state into executive revised of came dual was secretary arrangement A Ireland. Act Welsh this elections. Welsh the executive; 2007 the with with self-governing Welsh 2006, invested own these was In its share Assembly government. with to Welsh central had The government the officer. but national in liaison the the powers, in a to executive directly state being responsible of some acquired to secretary executive back Wales Scottish an 1972– scaled the and obtained of years was Scotland role also the 2007. the Scotland for while May 1999. was assembly, to in it twelve 2002 assemblies as government country’s October suspended, elected responsible the from was and and of devolution assembly when 1999 elected four except an in 1921, had assemblies since has elected Ireland Northern popularly regions. currently are There Kingdom United 2001–2006. DC years. onishv ietyeetdcucl.Smtmsteeeuiei ietyelected, directly is executive the Sometimes councils. elected directly have Counties h ih eann nls ein aecnuttv onisi hc local which in Counties councils consultative have mayor. regions and council English elected remaining popularly a eight had has The London Greater 2000, From crs0 o 9017;2 o 9319;2 o 9520;2 for 2 2, 1995–2000; for 1 2, 1973–1994; for 2 2, 1950–1972; for 0 0, scores crs0 o 9019;2 o 1999–2006. for 2 2, 1950–1998; for 0 0, scores Hawaii . . States otenIreland Northern aepplryeetdcucl,wihapittereeuie n1996, In executive. their appoint which councils, elected popularly have Counties cr ,0fr15–98ad2 o 1959–2006. for 2 2, and 1950–1958 for 0 2, score cr asml)ad2(xctv)fr1950–2006. for (executive) 2 and (assembly) 2 score rae London Greater and regions crs2(seby n eeuie o 9017 and 1950–1971 for (executive) 1 and (assembly) 2 scores cr ,2fr15–06frrlvn ttsand states relevant for 1950–2006 for 2 2, score crs2 o 0020.English 2000–2006. for 2 2, scores pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix Counties cr ,2frapial er and years applicable for 2 2, score Wales crs0 o 1950–1998; for 0 0, scores regions Washington Alaska score Scot- 233 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 234 ainltxrevenues. tax national of distribution the over consulted not are legislature the in representatives their or governments Regional uooosrgos h crn ssmaie nacutytbea h n of end the at types table other country special the a to in for applies summarized scheme ordinal is coding and profile. same scoring below—are each the making, The table adjustments, regions. law the minor autonomous in With for rule. sharing—summarized cumulative shared power of is or Scoring rule shared scored. of types Four eiltv authority. legislative extensive has regional representation on based legislature A legislature. the in have representation level majority given a at Regions legislature. the in representatives designate governments Regional legislature. national the in representation of unit the are Regions policy. national discuss to governments regional and government central between meetings routine No authority. governments regional and government central between meetings Routine authority. governments regional and government central between meetings Routine ein n smerclrgosSeilatnmu regions autonomous Special regions asymmetrical and Regions .Hooghe L. .EeuiecnrlB xctv control Executive B. control Executive B. .Fsa oto .Fsa control Fiscal C. control Fiscal C. .Lwmkn .Lwmaking Law A. making Law A. without with tal et eal binding legally eal binding legally . hrdRule Shared 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 2 1 0 authority. eeusafcigteregion. the tax affecting of revenues distribution the over not consulted is government regional The fetn h region. the legislation affecting national over power veto have legislature in regional representatives or government regional The region. the affecting legislation national on are consulted legislature the in regional representatives or government regional The legislature. the in representatives designates government regional The legislature. national the representation in of unit the is region The government regional the and government central between meetings Routine authority. government regional the and government central between meetings Routine region. the affecting policy national discuss to government regional and central government between meetings routine No with without eal binding legally eal binding legally ( Continued ) Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 h eta oenetand government central The of revenues. distribution tax the national over veto a have legislature the in representatives their veto. or a governments have Regional not do tax but national revenues, of distribution the over government central with negotiate legislature the in representatives their or governments Regional hneteconstitution. the change unilaterally can electorate national n17.Trioisaecnutdo eilto htafcsterrgo,btcannot but region, their Territory affects Northern that the legislation and on veto. a 1973 consulted exert are in Territories representation 1978. Australian Senate The in each. in gained senators represented two have Territory is territories state and Capital senators Each more chambers. or six both deadlock, by or legislative Senate the of one cases dissolve In can house. lower Governor-General the the from proposals veto can which Senate making Law Australia sharing. power regional No Albania change. constitutional veto can legislature which a in majority directly represented a are change. governments constitutional Regional veto hurdle, not decision but the raise can legislature which a in majority directly represented a are governments Regional regional representation. equal on based referendum a requires change constitutional or change; constitutional approve must regional representation on based legislature A ein n smerclrgosSeilatnmu regions autonomous Special regions asymmetrical and Regions .Cntttoa eomD osiuinlreform Constitutional D. reform Constitutional D. ttsadtrioismnplz ersnaini h ietyelected directly the in representation monopolize territories and States . / or pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix 2 1 3 2 1 0 fetn h region. revenues the tax affecting of distribution veto the a over has government regional The veto. a have not does but region, affectingthe revenues tax of distribution the government central with negotiates government regional The einsposition. region’s the affecting change constitutional reject or accept unilaterally can government regional power. The veto have both state: national the in position region’s the affecting change constitutional co-decide government central and government regional The binding. not is state, consultation national but the in position the region’s affecting change constitutional consulted on is government regional The state. national the in position region’s the affecting change constitutional on unilaterally decides electorate or government national The 235 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 fe h is ol a.Tefis Commonwealth first The War. World First the after control Executive hmeso alaetadte utps eeed namjrt fstates of majority a in referenda pass must then and parliament of chambers representa- reform and Constitutional rights. unanimity, by voting taken equal are have Decisions territories tax. the sales of general tives base new changed a which of agreement rate intergovernmental and the of of implementation oversee body to transfers. up standing the equalization on a dis- by government fiscal Commission, made federal its Grants the in decisions advises conference Commonwealth borrowing; experts, Premiers’ the independent the state was fiscal assists 1933, and Council also deliberate Since Loan It federal to cussions. binding. The co-ordinate year be finance. a can to on Council once 1927 decisions Loan least binding in at reach up meets not Con- set and does Premiers’ forum it The but senior mechanism. binding transfers, most formal the no is was ference there 1998, until but Common- nalized, 40 over control Fiscal were unanimity. there by taken 2006, usually are Decisions By forums. and Australian Councils (ALGA). Ministerial the wealth-State of Association President the Government and Prime Ministers, Local the Chief includes Territory which Premiers, (COAG) Governments State Australian the Minister, under of brought Council were the councils of ministerial umbrella 1992, In to leading legislation. decisions federal-state binding or reach federal could and regularly regional met and councils education, These immigration, development. transport, agriculture, minister- for thereafter created Soon borrowing. were and councils debt ial public manage to (1927) Council Loan the otenTrioy15–970000000 1 0 1 0 2 0.5 0 0.5 Territory 0 0 Capital 0.5 Executive Australian 0 1950–1998 making Law 0 1950–1977 Territory Years Northern States Region referendum. national a a after passing majority after amended. be absolute and months can by three chamber chamber least other one at the of of If period passes objections electorate. reflection amendment the Australian the chambers, the if of the majority overridden between a disagreement represent is must votes there yes of percentage The 236 n19,temnseilcuclfrCmowat–tt nnilrltoswsset was relations financial Commonwealth–state for council ministerial the 1999, In ertra oenet r o osle n onthv eowe hi csare Acts their when veto a have not do and consulted not are governments Territorial .Hooghe L. iclitroenetlrltoshv lasbe ihyinstitutio- highly been always have relations intergovernmental Fiscal . h rtcneecso h rmeso utainsae okplace took states Australian of premiers the of conferences first The . tal et 9920 . . 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 0 0 1 0 0.5 0 0 0 0.5 2 0.5 0 0 2 1999–2006 0.5 2 0 0.5 0 1989–1998 0 0.5 0 0 1973–1988 0.5 0 0 2 1950–1972 0.5 0.5 0 1999–2006 0.5 0.5 1978–1998 0.5 0 0.5 1999–2006 osiuinlaedet eur bouemjrte nboth in majorities absolute require amendments Constitutional . . b d abc / tt negvrmna ou was forum intergovernmental state control control Fiscal Constitutional / reform territories. Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 otoecntttoa eom n ol eur oua eeedmi hr was ( there if to revision’ referendum power popular ‘total the a also require a had could It and required. reform, constitutional was postpone consultation its though amendments, tutional to according parties political among divided the are in these representation and their population its to portional osiuinlreform Constitutional taxation. over veto no has chamber upper the However, chamber. upper the in represented control among Fiscal unanimity even consensus, override by to andEuropeanpolicymaking. decide clauses’ to ‘escape tutional is norm La the While meetings. Land hnegv the gave change otlgsain u tcnb vridnb ipemjrt ntelwrhouse. lower control the Executive in majority simple a by overridden be can it but legislation, most fettefederal– the affect making Law Austria Bundesrat La dpnigo h su)i the in issue) the on (depending ovnn ylnug ru 6Feih rnohn)adtresntr yright by senators three and Francophone) senators 4 of Flemish, categories (6 two previous group the language by by elected Francophone senators convening 10 co-opted Flemish, 10 (10 German), councils 1 community and from com- and 21 Francophone), by 15 elected and senators Flemish munity (25 communities language encom- large From districts electoral chamber. two in the senators lower elected passing popularly the 40 with of composed powers is senate equal the 1995, had senate The population. provinces’ the ( chamber making to provinces Law from shifted regions. has extent, sharing lesser power a decades, to five and, past communities the of course the Over Executive Belgium making Law Years Region ¨ ¨ dr15–93005050112 1 1 0 0.5 0.5 0 1955–1983 nder nder alaet (not parliaments osntfral idtefdrlgvrmn,wihcnueconsti- use can which government, federal the bind formally not does Senaat osiuinlaedet o eur aoiyo super-majority or majority a require now amendments Constitutional . 9420 . . 3 1 1 0 0.5 0.5 0 1984–2006 h pe hme ( chamber upper The . ni 94 rvnilasmle pone n-hr fteupper the of one-third appointed assemblies provincial 1994, Until . . / Bundesrat La eea and Federal . Se ¨ ´ nder nat Land Gesamta pt 94 the 1984, to Up . Land / Senat) a nunetebs n aeo hrdtxs ic hyare they since taxes, shared of rate and base the influence can bcd ab itiuino optniso h raiaino the of organisation the or competencies of distribution Land h uhrt ovt osiuinlcagsta directly that changes constitutional veto to authority the ¨ xctvs.Each executives). nderung hrb et eealctdruhypootoa to proportional roughly allocated were seats whereby , Bundesrat alaet The parliament. Land Bundesrat ftecnttto.A18 constitutional 1984 A constitution. the of ) pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix La oenet odrglrintergovernmental regular hold governments ¨ nder Bundesrat . scmoe frpeettvseetdby elected representatives of composed is ) Land eussfrpriiaini national in participation for requests control Bundesrat salte ubro et pro- seats of number a allotted is i o aeavt vrconsti- over veto a have not did control a ntaeadvt on vote and initiate can Fiscal Constitutional reform 237 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 ofrne ewe einlo omnt oenet n eea governments German federal on and modelled governments up, inter-ministerial community set first or were the when regional 1989, between since conferences power executive shared have communities control of fifteen Executive by requested if period’ constitutional ‘reflection and upper a invoke treaties, strong can members. international a its it of system, remains matters, freedom other including judicial it issues, On the though of change. range powers, use, a legislative language on former powers religion, legislative its equal retains of It some chamber. of as language well each Brussels and the in category resident senatorial be to each senators of region. For number Capital specific king). a the requires constitution of the group, children adult three (the 238 ol,teeoe hoeial lc osiuinlchange. constitutional block theoretically a and therefore, Dutch- super-majority: could, the double chamber. within each a majority in absolute require groups an to linguistic and French-speaking tightened chamber the each were in rules majority the two-thirds 1970, In chambers. ground fiscal reform Constitutional basic conditional specify autonomy that competition. entities made fiscal constrain the autonomy, to among Double rules fiscal 1989 agreements’ of revision the subnational ‘compulsory constitutional on upon increased The changes Regions. which on and Communities agreement 2001, Financing reach on to Act federal governing bound Majority and parameters communities, legally the Regions, are years, tightened. government the have relations over intergo- intergovernmental but of fiscal status uncertain, legal was the Initially, agreements government. vernmental federal the and regions longer communities, no can they senate, reformed the in decisions. either minority block a in community constitute German councils group The community linguistic veto. a each mandate. regions double as in the well from majority benefited as of never communities a finances a gave the required this of regulating chamber, member regions laws and to and affiliation), changes so-called communities (linguistic Since the council (residence-based). national houses, their community council to both a regional addition in of in hats member representation two mandate: wore institutional parliamentarians their National senate. mandate. of the double in virtue representation by institutional their control of virtue by regime tax the and enues system arbitration issues. formal control European Fiscal a to 1993, extended In was sharing unanimity. power is and norm introduced was the and decisions, binding ttesm ie h eaewssrpe fisrgtt oto h oenet as government, the control to right its of stripped was senate the time, same the At rm15 ni 94 rvnildlgtscnrle hr fteSnt et and seats Senate the of third a controlled delegates provincial 1994, until 1950 From among deliberations intergovernmental of topic regular a is the taxation by 1989, appointed Since senators the Since abolished. was mandate double the 1995, In fiscal on veto a had 1980) (since regions and communities 1995, and 1970 Between .Hooghe L. ni 95 rvne ol nunetentoa itiuino rev- of distribution national the influence could provinces 1995, Until . tal et rvne aenvrhdeeuiecnrl ein and Regions control. executive had never have Provinces . osiuinlcag eursatotid aoiyi both in majority two-thirds a requires change Constitutional . . Politikverflechtung hs eoitoscnreach can negotiations These . Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years Region below. table and regional whereby the majority (and for a groups constitute veto. region) language change. Brussels a large constitutional the exert two veto for or therefore the representation can hurdle consulted minimum represent decision are a to the they is elected total; there raise the senators cannot of 40 they one-third but The than change, less comprise constitutional who on Senate, the to tives regions. did so extended 1980, was mandate in double councils the when regional and, communities to change 1970, constitutional in over introduced veto was a mandate acquired double the When reform. constitutional rvnis15–94005005013 1 Re 0 Gemeinschaft 0.5 Deutsche 0 franc 0.5 0 Communaute & 1950–1994 Gemeenschap Vlaamse Provincies Gewest Hoofdstedelijk Brussel an fendlgts e rmthe the from from five ten delegates; fifteen tains making Law Herzegovina and Bosnia bruxelles-capitale he ebr fec tncgopb rsn o nuprhueqou,adthat and quorum, upper-house an for least present at be of that group working requirement ethnic The a each veto-power. including of house elements, members upper three requires consociational the amendments, has giving confederation constitutional chambers, the including both legislation, of All approval the entities. the of ments ´ ic tn on ein a oesae ueta omnte,agertdscores aggregrated communities, than rule shared more had regions point no at Since representa- sent have councils regional) not (but community three the 1995, Since 1970 the until authority constitutional formal exert not did regions and Communities inwlon 9018 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 1980–1988 wallonne gion ¸aise / Re ´ gion h pe os fBsi n ezgvn Hueo epe)con- Peoples) of (House Herzegovina and Bosnia of house upper The . ´ eulk Srpska Republika / omnlte orsodt h a crso h omnte nthe in communities the of scores raw the to correspond tier communal 9919 0 0 0 1 3 0 2 3 1 0 2 0 2 2 2 0 2 0 0 0.5 0 0.5 2 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0 1995–2006 0 2 0 0 1989–1994 0 0 1970–1988 0 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0 0 0.5 0 1995–2006 0 0 1989–1994 0 0 1970–1988 0 1995–2006 9520 1 3 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1995–2006 0 1989–1994 9520 1 3 0 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1995–2006 0 1989–1994 0 1980–1988 fieSrs.Tedlgtsaecoe yteparlia- the by chosen are delegates The Serbs). (five abcd Federacija pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix fieCot n v onas and Bosniacs) five and Croats (five control control Fiscal Constitutional reform 239 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years groups. ethnic two the of Region each in absolute majority an house: a upper and the in members majority all double of a and majority house lower the in the voting. majority thirds in and the present in approved change house. entity constitutional be upper veto each the must of in supermajority legislation representatives a the case, requires of therefore that is majority change legislation In Constitutional a proposed by interest. that house grounds vital the upper ethnic its on an procedure of of bell representatives alarm destructive the an invoke of can majority group a Moreover, amendments. constitutional reform Constitutional house. upper the in representation their aen a ttecneea ee,btte a eotxlw nthe in laws tax Cantons veto revenues. can tax they of but distribution level, confederal the the on at veto say a no units have these gives This units. stituent the control and Fiscal cantons between or governments, subnational and Federacija authority confederal the control Executive vote’. one man, ‘one follows representation Cantonal chamber. upper the to parliament nal atn 1995–2006 Cantons b a the within of power making representatives law sive the against. of voting two) four (i.e. than one-third fewer least or at entity of each assent the requires legislation 240 aiiePoicsadPic dadIln 2) h etr rvne (24), Provinces Western the the senators), (24), (24 Island Quebec basis: Edward regional Prince a and has Provinces Senate The Maritime (Senate). parliament of making Law Canada sharing. power regional No Bulgaria niis19–0605050505023 2 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1995–2006 Entities oe hrn nteconfederation the in sharing power oe hrn nthe in sharing power atn ontpriiaedrcl ncneea osiuinlpltc.Cnoscan Cantons politics. constitutional confederal in directly participate not do Cantons atn ontsaelgsaiepwrwti h ofdrto.Cnoshv exten- have Cantons confederation. the within power legislative share not do Cantons .Hooghe L. 1995–2006 . rvne n ertre ontslc ersnaie nteuprhouse upper the in representatives select not do territories and Provinces . h ofdrto eed nana otiuin rmtetocon- two the from contributions annual on depends confederation The . tal et hr r ofra eua negvrmna etnsbetween meetings intergovernmental regular formal no are There . 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Federacija hr hysn eeae rmtecanto- the from delegates send they where , osiuinlaedet eur two- a require amendments Constitutional control control Fiscal Federacija Constitutional reform through Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 ihrsett hi w ttt.Tefdrlgvrmn jitywith (jointly government federal the The or Only boundaries statute. status. territorial provincial in own of changes determines granting their 1982) the after to governments provincial respect convention. with uni- constitutional Lords. federal that established Law ruled an British Lords violated Law the but the by legal provinces, constitution several was veto the by the lateralism effective brought of home case an bring defeat reference suffered to a the In he sought after and consent, were norm 1980 provincial Quebec) in the without Quebec (including challenged in provinces Trudeau referendum Minister all separatism feder- the Prime until on When amendment insurance agreed. an unemployment when introduce 1940, to of in waited established alization King was MacKenzie precedent Minister The Prime consent. the provincial unanimous Parliament of the federal norm of the 50% by least approval legislatures. at provincial amendments, among representing some unanimity legislatures for and provincial or, the population The parlia- of Quebec. Canadian federal except the two-thirds by province and approval every require ment amendments by constitutional adopted that says and Act 1982 Canada in repatriated con- was Canadian the stitution negotiations, federal–provincial acrimonious Following Parliament. reform regular Constitutional 1992. became from Territories taxation equalization, intergovernmental on government. On meetings federal binding. intergovernmental at the rarely to with invitees are taken ministers remains first authority and decisions ultimate ministers finance However, of meetings bargaining. federal–provincial control Intergovernmental takeFiscal usually 1992. out. they opt to do, of provinces they individual when allow Accord or and, unanimity decisions intergovernmental by Charlottetown binding them in take rarely players the Canada full in with summits became Territories beginning 1980s. governments relations the provincial in starting and relations federal range Both and number 1970s. 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Governor-General province Nunavut relevant and the in (1) resident Territories be must Northwest Senators the (1), Territory Yukon (6), Newfoundland hi ekfra oes ertre i atcpt nte19 Charlottetown 1992 despite the Incidentally, in Act. participate the did of territories amendments future powers, on formal consulted weak be their to right the xetfor Except the of virtue by 1982 of Act Canada the before power constitutional shared Provinces intergovernmental in included been have territories increased, has authority their As h itiuino a eeusi ujc ointergovernmental to subject is revenues tax of distribution The . Yukon h bec flwmkn a norgdetnieintergovern- extensive encouraged has making law of absence The . ertre aen omlcnutto rdcso right decision or consultation formal no have territories , ni 92 osiuinlcag a eie yteBritish the by decided was change constitutional 1982, Until . pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix Yukon / ertr n hyaeapitdb the by appointed are they and territory oenetaqie,i 2002, in acquired, government 241 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years the and referenda, territorial negative Region and several provincial after federal, unchanged. the foundered remained between status accord powers territories’ longstanding of resolve The division to governments. the tried on which disputes negotiations, constitutional federal–provincial regions and Counties Territories 1950–1991 Northwest 1950–2006 Yukon Provinces a making Law Croatia 1999–2006 Nunavut 242 orgoa iro government. of tier regional No Executive Cyprus making Law Z Years the 2001, in abolition its block. Until Region or chamber. amend not lower could but the consulted, in was chamber representatives upper all of vote reform Constitutional control 2001. Fiscal in abolished was circum- house control could upper Executive majority The two-thirds house. a upper majority. with the absolute chamber by send of lower legislate and consultation the then legislation vent could passed proposed which that house on proposal lower opinion A the its to give back proposal could the It ( partner. counties legislative of junior Chamber the house, upper the ˇ pnj 9320 . . 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0.5 1993–2000 upanije .Hooghe L. 0120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2001–2006 ni 00 each 2000, Until . 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Danish and island both grants, reform reduced Constitutional revenue, tax liquidity. withheld frozen occasionally or access has loan and restricted action, unilateral take to ntecneto o-idn eoitosbtentecnrlgvrmn n peak and government central the between negotiations of non-binding associations of context the in reln 9017 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 1950–1978 0 0.5 1950–2006 Greenland 1950–2006 Islands Faroe Amter region. their affect might that resources of distribution the in changes on veto a have they control Fiscal parties. third Danish with the by directly authorized negotiate if to and, negotiations right party the third includes government, in This which interests them. their statutes state to the to interest ments in of basis attache issues legal of on appointment strong decisions the a in have involvement Greenland their and guarantees Islands Faroe legislation. the on ings, veto a islands control presi- the Executive its giving by of nominated short Court just the Supreme falls by of the arrangement nominated consisting of This members board judges dent. two a three Danish government, before and the the Danish put authorities, in to the home-rule is introduced by sent question nominated be be national the members can disagreement, must all two they of them before case regions, to In opinion autonomous importance parliament. their of special for statutes authorities of and home-rule statute orders administrative the bills, to According parliament. not enjoy making did however, Law chamber Greenland, upper and the Islands but sharing. 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Amter Denmark sharing. power regional no h pe hme osntrepresent not does chamber upper The Republic Czech ic h 1970s, the Since ontpa oei eta tt eiinmkn,ecp o oeipton input some for except making, decision state central in role a play not do ahatnmu einhstodrcl lce ersnaie in representatives elected directly two has region autonomous Each . h ao sad n reln aefl oto vrtxto,and taxation, over control full have Greenland and Islands Faroe The . amter 9920 . . 2 2 1 0 0.5 0 0.5 1979–2006 hl h tttsd o ealruieitroenetlmeet- intergovernmental routine detail not do statutes the While . amter mnmnst h oerl ttt utb prvdby approved be must statute home-rule the to Amendments . n uiiaiis h aihprimn rsre h right the preserves parliament Danish The municipalities. and ´ aehdsm nuneoe h itiuino a revenues tax of distribution the over influence some had have nDns oeg isos h ih fhm-uegovern- home-rule of right the missions, foreign Danish on s abcd kraje pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix u sdrcl lce yctzn.Teeis There citizens. by elected directly is but , control control Fiscal Constitutional reform 243 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 ete rvne ( provinces Neither Finland government. of tier regional No Estonia osiuinlpwr The power. constitutional 244 iie oe sharing. power limited Re France 1993–2006 A Maakuntien hme.Tecnttto tpltsthat stipulates constitution The chamber. making Law al ihnispwr ri h atrhsseilsgicnefor significance special has matter the if or matter powers the its if within negotiations to EU falls preceding right positions the Finnish makes has of that preparation also provision the government in no regional participate is The there assent. but its islands, upon conditional the legislation to this importance special of act any on ment of A sc ssipn rudteilns,aesbett idn n qa negotiation equal and binding to subject are the islands), of the representatives around between shipping as (such control Executive the from opinion chamber. an obtain upper to no required is is parliament There Finnish The 200). it. of affect total a of (out einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years Region the in and Finnish the in majority two-thirds ae ssbett idn eoito hog the through negotiation binding to subject is taxes A h sad ihavt ntedsrbto ftxrvne fetn h region. the affecting revenues reform tax Constitutional of distribution the on veto a with islands the control Fiscal control. executive binding La of Autonomy the on Act the of revision The parliament. Finnish ˚ ˚ ˚ land land ´ ¨ adIlns15–06050050122 2 1 0 0.5 0 0.5 1950–2006 Islands land A gions a ¨ ˚ i 1950–2006 nit land .Hooghe L. a ersnaiei h emnn ersnaino iln oteEU. the to Finland of representation permanent the in representative a has eeain u nms atr,tecnttto tpltsconsultation—not stipulates constitution the matters, most on But delegation. , utgv t osn oitrainltete naesudriscmeec,and competence, its under areas in treaties international to consent its give must de ´ partements h pca uooosrgo steui frpeetto ntelower the in representation of unit the is region autonomous special The . h itiuino the of distribution The . tal et iaca n aainmtes swl ssm estv issues sensitive some as well as matters, taxation and Financial . la ¨ a ¨ . . nit n h pca uooosrgo fCria( Corsica of region autonomous special the and o ein ( regions nor ) A ˚ A land ˚ land 00000 0 0 0000 00000 0 0 0000 A abcd ˚ hrscnrloe t osiuinlft ihthe with fate constitutional its over control shares land sad,hwvr no xesv oe sharing. power extensive enjoy however, Islands, oenetadteFnihgvrmn nthe in government Finnish the and government maakuntien A A ˚ ˚ land land A ˚ land a n ietyeetdrepresentative elected directly one has hr ficm,croaeadsales and corporate income, of share hr eiltv,eeuie a or tax executive, legislative, share ) control A A ˚ ˚ parliament. land land eeain hc provides which Delegation, scnutdo atr that matters on consulted is control Fiscal A ˚ land A ˚ h parliament The . land Constitutional A ˚ land Corse reform eursa requires govern- have ) Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 hl nueterpeetto ftetrioilette fteRepublic, the of entities territorial the of representation the ensure shall a making Law de olg f1000eetdofiil ( officials elected 000 150 of college osadntoa sebydpte,wocneeby convene who deputies, Assembly national and lors h aepwr stelwrhue oee,we the when However, has house. house lower upper the the constitution, senators as the for to powers term According the same six. 2004, to the In years nine populations. from their reduced to was proportion rough in seats allocated rm iitrmycnutteCria sebyo rf aso ere which decrees or control laws Executive draft on French the assembly that island. Corsican the stating the affect by consult directly consultation of may statute mandatory special minister for revised The prime requirement Corsica. concerning the matters loosens all on 1991 it by consulted be to or nue that ensures paritaire mixte commission nationale xctv control Executive affecting The making. the chamber, upper making Law Re De o nomlcnutto.Ti spurred This consultation. informal for osc 9219 . 0 0 0 0 0.5 La 0 0 Germany 1982–1990 Executive making Law Corsica Years Region government. a national intergo- the provided regular and mandate—has no executive are Corsica national There the making. a between policy meetings with national vernmental on government influence regional regional for or channel local in of mandate practice French the though non-existent, eea policy. federal ´ ¨ ´ ´ partements h 92rfrsgv h sebyo osc h ih ocnuttegovernment the consult to right the Corsica of assembly the gave reforms 1982 The hr sn sa oto n oatoiyoe osiuinlreform. constitutional over authority no and control fiscal no is There einn n15,tefdrlCaclo invited Chancellor federal the 1951, in Beginning nder in 9420 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1964–2006 gions atmns15–060000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1950–2006 partements oooiepwrsaigwt h eea government. federal the with sharing power monopolize Land antareo il h oenetcndcd,atrapoeuecalled procedure a after decide, can government the bill, a on agree cannot lhuhteFec osiuinsae htteuprcabr( chamber upper the that states constitution French the Although . adgvrmns(o alaet)aedrcl ersne nthe in represented directly are parliaments) (not governments Land . La Bundesrat ¨ r o nt frpeetto.Sntr r nietyeetdb a by elected indirectly are Senators representation. of units not are optnis n a upnievt nms te legislation. other most on veto suspensive a has and competencies, nder 9120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1991–2006 neaoaesse feeuiefdrls ( federalism executive of system elaborate An . omleeuiecnrlfor control executive Formal . r niaeyivle nteeeuinadipeetto of implementation and execution the in involved intimately are Bundesrat a iernigatoiy tcniiit n eolegislation veto and initiate can It authority. wide-ranging has orfrtefia eiint the to decision final the refer to , bcd c ab n hrb aeafimgi nfdrlpolicy federal on grip firm a have thereby and , rnse grands Ministerpra pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix uu e mandats des cumul ´ lecteurs ¨ sidenten re control Land ´ gions ,icuigmyr,ct council- city mayors, including ), de ´ rmes( premiers ome rtt rpr common prepare to first meet to atmn.De partement. and Se Assemble de ´ control cmiiga elected an —combining Fiscal nat ´ partements Ministerpra Politikverflechtung n the and ´ ´ e partements Constitutional . re ´ svirtually is Assemble reform gions ¨ sidenten) Se ´ nat 245 and are ´ e ) ) Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 oiin.Sc ofrne ucl eaerglrzd huhmeig ihteChan- ministers the Specialist with irregular. meetings more though remained regularized, cellor became quickly conferences Such positions. icmcie ois hl h rgnlie a opeep ainlecocmn on encroachment national pre-empt to was idea Land original the While topics. circumscribed hswsfraie nacntttoa eiino 99 Federal 1969. of revision constitutional etc. a agriculture, in and formalized development, was regional This education, post-secondary in financing and statute Executive making Law Years Region chambers. legislative both in majority two-thirds a requires change Constitutional La control. decisions. Fiscal binding reach and routinized now are 246 osiuinlrfr.Bundesrat reform. Constitutional ( package equalization between bution the gave special-statute Province Italy sharing. power regional No Ireland government. of tier regional No Iceland sharing. power regional No Hungary sharing. power regional No Greece La 1950–2006 bezirke Regierungs- Kreise ¨ n16,goigc-prto among co-operation growing 1964, In dr15–9305050505103 0 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1950–1963 nder competencies, .Hooghe L. regioni Bundesrat ontsaelwmkn,eeuie sa,o osiuinlpower. constitutional or fiscal, executive, making, law share not do n h w uooospoicsaecnutdo mnigterstatutes. their amending on consulted are provinces autonomous two the and 9620 . . . . 3 3 2 0 2 2 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1966–2006 0.5 1964–1965 1950–2006 regioni La ¨ ¨ nder tal et nder oe oc-eietebs n aeo ae,a ela hi distri- their as well as taxes, of rate and base the co-decide to power La ¨ . Finanzausgleich nder i o aepwrsaigutlacntttoa eiini 1966 in revision constitutional a until sharing power have not did aeaqie iie xctv n sa oto,adspecial- and control, fiscal and executive limited acquired have n h eea level. federal the and oodnto a rubyf arguably has co-ordination 00000 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0000 abcd prvli adtr o osiuinlamendments. constitutional for mandatory is approval o eitiuinamong redistribution for ) La ¨ nder La ¨ nder ae h a o on oiymaking policy joint for way the paved lobgnt etrglryo more on regularly meet to began also control lodtrieteana financial annual the determine also clttdfdrlharmonization. federal acilitated control Fiscal La / ¨ La nder ¨ nder . Constitutional negotiations Regioni reform and Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 iclcontrol Fiscal the to extended was participation of of agree- right but provinces This revision, autonomous constitutional non-binding. 2001 remain the strength- in generally legitimacy was relations. ments added system given The and state–regional commitments. 1997 in binding on ened makes rarely conference government standing central the a in government Regioni central the with o special-statute For n tlatsvndpte.Tedsrbto fsasi eemndcifl by chiefly determined and is ernment seats control of Executive represented. distribution directly not The are regions deputies. and region, seven distrib- not are receiv- population, least constituencies region each 315 population, at the their of of basis ing nine the but on regions All among elected. proportionately uted directly is and house lower making Law rvne15–060000000 0 0 0 Trento) 0 and 0 Bolzano-Bozen Executive 0 (and speciale making Law statuto 1950–2006 a Regioni ordinario Years statuto a Regioni Province both of Region consent government. the national requires the and statute national province special the autonomous the with or remained of region word revision the final a the 2001, 2001, Since from until parliament. Aside but, procedure, councils. amendment regional the five of majority fifth or gives a one electors, constitution of by Special-statute 000 the requested case 500 option, if In latter chamber, referendum voting. the a popular second to of the goes needs members in and issue the chamber months the three each two-thirds, than of in less short majority no a within of twice chamber approval each by adoption requires ttt,adtu h a itiuin eur h osn fbt h pca region special on reform the consulted both Constitutional of be consent the also the to changes require must parliament. 2001, distribution, national Since they tax the region. and the statute, the thus affecting central special distribution and by tax statute, consulted the basic be the in must in regions changes changes these Because on sharing. government tax under split revenue s hsitroenetlbd osgetgieie o Uplce.But policies. EU for guidelines suggest to body intergovernmental this use h pe os fteIainprimn a h aepwr sthe as powers same the has parliament Italian the of house upper The . regioni hr r opoiin o sa oto o ordinary-statute for control fiscal for provisions no are There . regioni h rtitroenetlcneec ewe h eta gov- central the between conference intergovernmental first The . regioni 0120 2 1 1 0 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2001–2006 0 0 0 0 1989–2000 0 0 1950–1988 0 0 0 1989–2006 1972–1988 okpaei 93 ic 1989, Since 1983. in place took mnigtecnttto n te osiuinlacts constitutional other and constitution the Amending . n h w uooospoicshv h ih oinitiate to right the have provinces autonomous two the and Bolzano-Bozen (and Bolzano-Bozen abcd pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix regioni and Trento orl naedn h constitution. the amending in role no and control . Trento regioni ,tesaue ealthe detail statutes the ), control Fiscal aemtbi-annually met have Constitutional reform regioni 247 . Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 iclcontrol Fiscal veto a control has elections Executive house the upper 1983, The Since elections. years. provincial two assemblies legislation. following every provincial all pro- years Senate the on the is four of of every provinces members members place across the take the seats of 1983, of third Before a distribution weighted elected populations. final is vote their the her to or that pro- his portional so each and candidate in population a for separately provincial vote submitted by a casts lists delegate party provincial Each national vince. from drawn assemblies provincial Kamer onvt,wihprovides which vote, down a making Law Netherlands government. of tier regional No Malta government. of tier regional No Macedonia government. of tier regional No Luxembourg sharing. power regional No Lithuania government. of tier regional No the does (nor sharing. making power Latvia law constitutional or for fiscal standards Japanese executive, no the minimum also that the is means There meet house). which Seats not lower population, lists. does party the national house to on upper proportional pre- elected strictly the senators in and allocated elected vote are representatives transferable combines single Councillors) by of fectures (House house upper The Japan 248 eeus hr r oitroenetlmeig ewe rvne n h national the and provinces between government. meetings intergovernmental no are There revenues. .Hooghe L. ersnspoics eaosi h pe os r lce ymmeso the of members by elected are house upper the in Senators provinces. represents ) h ehrad a iaea ytmi hc h pe os ( house upper the which in system bicameral a has Netherlands The . The . tal et None. . eseKamer Eerste . provincies oe nteana ainlbde iha por up an with budget national annual the on votes ihacletv eooe h itiuino tax of distribution the over veto collective a with Eerste Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years elections. new majority. by Region two-thirds separated a is voting, round second of the rounds in threshold two The requires change Constitutional osiuinlreform Constitutional bie h otgeegvrmn ocnuttegvrmn fa autonomous an constitution of the government that the is consult making to discretionary policy government declaration his day-to-day Portuguese and on for assemblies the Portugal State consequential regional obliges of or of More Council national president war. the the the of of on dissolution to sit including governments advice powers, Madeira non-binding and government. gives Azores central the which the bind to of regions presidents special enable The these of none but making, policy they control drafts, Executive these approves parliament regional region. national order, the the in and If law law become security. law, drafts criminal social legislative policy, and regional or the environmental planning, the amendments taxation, submit consult and to can to respect Madeira assembly the bound with regional affect of constitutionally each may is and assemblies that assemblies, parliament the policies Portuguese co-decide—national The However, not region. elected. six influence—though and directly can Azores, the Azores are for (five Madeira) representatives regional for The parliament. Portuguese eral making Law Azores. the the for and rule Madeira shared is of there regions but sharing, autonomous power constitutional or fiscal executive, making, Distritos Portugal 3 sharing. power regional No Poland 2 sharing. power regional No Norway 0 sharing. power 0.5 regional No 0.5 Zealand New 0.5 0 1950–2006 Provincies and h uooosrgosaentseileetrluisi h unicam- the in units electoral special not are regions autonomous The . comisso hr r eea ehnssfrrgoa nu nexecutive in input regional for mechanisms several are There . ˜ sd cooperac de es The . bcd c ab eseKamer Eerste ¸a ˜ eevliet regional desenvolvimento e o pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix a eoo osiuinlamendments. constitutional on veto a has control control Fiscal onteecs law exercise not do Constitutional reform 249 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years consultation. for assembly Region regional the agenda- to has back sent assembly is national it the regional If draft, statute. the draft the a amends submitting by assembly However, process the initiate parliament. must it since Portuguese power setting the with lies reform Madeira. Constitutional and Azores the to respect with revenues of distribution successive control in Fiscal making. extended policy been EU has encompasses obligation also This it it. and affect reforms, might constitutional that issues on region cooperac itio 9620 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1976–2006 Comisso Distritos zrs aer 9620 . 1 ( making Law 1 Only Federation Russian 1 sharing. power regional 0 No 0.5 Romania 0 0 1976–2006 Madeira Azores, ytodlgts n eetdb the by selected one delegates, two by xctv.Sne20,teeeuiehaso the of heads executive the 2000, Since executive. 250 sawoe,sc stedvlpeto oenetlisiuin,adeooi and economic and institutions, governmental of development the as such whole’, discuss a to presidents as president and Russian governors the all of of request composed the 20 is It in parliament. the federal Council the of in State seat a a have up longer set Putin dent control Executive authority. legislative wide-ranging having as classified is Council aain utm euain,cei oioigadtete,adi a pca powers special has it between and concerning change treaties, laws border and on on heard monitoring be credit must regulations, Council customs Federation The taxation, house. upper the in sit longer ata a,saeo mrec n a.I antbokfdrllw,bti a raise can it but laws, federal ( block house lower cannot the It in war. hurdle and decision the emergency of state law, martial oitFederatsii Soviet uwkyfederacii subwekty .Hooghe L. uwkyfederacii subwekty ˜ ¸a sde es ˜ o h pe os fteRsinprimn,teFdrto Council Federation the parliament, Russian the of house upper The . einlasmle fteatnmu ein r osle nthe on consulted are regions autonomous the of assemblies Regional . tal et hr r ofra rvsosfrrglreeuiecnrl Presi- control. executive regular for provisions formal no are There . ,rpeet einlitrss Each interests. regional represents ), 9920 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1979–2006 liaeatoiyfrtesaue fteatnmu regions autonomous the of statutes the for authority Ultimate . . swl ssm rsdnilapite,admesqatryat quarterly meets and appointees, presidential some as well as , aepwrsharing. power have subwekty bcd c ab n nfdrlcutapitet,impeachment, appointments, court federal on and , Duma 0t opnaergoa oenr h no who governors regional compensate to 00 subwekt sus‘ftehgetiprac otestate the to importance highest the ‘of issues oatotid aoiy h Federation The majority. two-thirds a to ) eiltr n n ythe by one and legislature control subwekty uwk federacii subwekt h oenr,cnno can governors, the , control Fiscal Constitutional srepresented is reform subwekt Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years Region okruga Federalnyye federacii Subwekty ttto,teMneernprimn ntae eeso ycligfrareferendum a an for 2006. and June calling con- republic in by the held secession each in was initiated specified of which parliament period amendments representatives Montenegrin waiting constitutional the three-year of and a stitution, majority Following Laws the authority majority. a veto. with absolute parliamentary majority: a line overall of double In had scope chamber. a republic the upper each required an confederation, and as the narrowed, name of was but representation. of authority all institutional assemblies reduced of in the much national example functioned of an chamber the adoption this one from the consider The indirectly We following Montenegro. elected years and were two Serbia first deputies the constitution, During new deputies. regulation two-thirds 35 legislation, a Montenegro, market that single development. for except regional and necessary all legislature, field, was on socio-economic federal majority, house the the simple in upper by the of voted, in jurisdiction houses majority two the the within general, matters In republic. member each Republika) Vece making Law and regions autonomous special the (con)federation. with the sharing the in power with republics some none the is there between Serbia, sharing Within power considerable was There Montenegro and Serbia rto oni o prvl fteFdrto oni oe onaproposal, a down votes com- Council Failing committee. conciliation Federation a in the the meet promise, chambers If two the approval. from representatives for Council the eration in begins legislation Budgetary Council. eration not control does Fiscal and making policy normal in involved not decisions. is binding Council reach State The reforms. social prvdb tlattreqatr ftemmeso h eeainCucland Council Federation the of members the of the three-quarters of least two-thirds at by approved reform Constitutional h 03rfr nrdcdauiaea alaeti hc ebahd9,and 91, had Serbia which in parliament unicameral a introduced reform 2003 The ne h 92cnttto,teuprhue(hme fRepublics, of (Chamber house upper the constitution, 1992 the Under . Duma . okruzi 9320 . . . . 3 1 0 0.5 0.5 2000–2006 0.5 0.5 1993–2006 uwkyfederacii Subwekty Duma fSri n otngowsmd po wnydpte from deputies twenty of up made was Montenegro and Serbia of a vrueteFdrto oni ihatotid majority. two-thirds a with Council Federation the overrule can . eea osiuinllwi osdrdaotdi tis it if adopted considered is law constitutional federal A . . 00000 0 0 0000 abcd nunefdrltxlgsaintruhteFed- the through legislation tax federal influence pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix Duma control n ssbitdt h Fed- the to submitted is and , control Fiscal Constitutional reform 251 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 b a rmtetm hta that time the from Provincias Spain government. of tier regional No Slovenia sharing. power regional No Slovakia 252 einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years Region the within not (though statute. Serbia their within alter change unilaterally constitutional cannot on but Vojvodinaconfederation), veto province. autonomous a the have of consti- Kosovo assembly the and 2003, of approval From the with federation. only legislatures. changed the republic of both republic house of consent each lower the the in required and in majorities change tutional majority secession legislative two-thirds accession, required a federal competencies, and to republic relating and chambers. those both federal in including majority the two-thirds articles, a by required Constitutional change set constitutional are 2002, and rate 1992 and base reform but Constitutional tax, income corporate and personal government. has Serbian Vojvodina in 2001, share Since parliament. a (con)federal the had the in in role their or through federation Serbia in control Fiscal power making law control have Executive not do 1999) in confederation. protectorate UN a kui19–060000000 0 0 0 0 0 0 1992–2006 Metohija and Kosovo Okruzi Montenegro and Serbia ovdn 1992–2006 Vojvodina oe hrn nteconfederation. the in sharing power oe hrn nSerbia. in sharing power h eba osiuinsae httesaue fteatnmu rvne a be can provinces autonomous the of statutes the that states constitution Serbian The became it (until Metohija and Kosovo and Vojvodina of provinces autonomous The .Hooghe L. and h eulc a eooe h itiuino eeusi h (con)- the in revenues of distribution the over veto a had republics The . comunidades 1992–2006 1992–1998 0320 . . . 3 3 2 2 0 0 0.5 0.5 1992–1998 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 2003–2006 1992–2002 tal et opwrsharing. power No . comunidad h eulc a eoo osiuinlcag.Between change. constitutional on veto a had republics The . . b a b a aelmtdpwrsaig oe hrn scounted is sharing Power sharing. power limited have 00002 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0000 0 0000 0 0 0000 0000 abcd salse t uooystatute. autonomy its established control control Fiscal Constitutional reform Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 ots swl srtfiainb einlrfrnu.Ti sntrflce nthe in reflected not is This referendum. regional by the ratification as the on well in depending as supermajority a Cortes, three-fifths requires to statute revised (two-thirds A statute. each that own fact the by balanced somewhat orietedcso hurdle. decision the raise to iclcontrol Fiscal and 1994 are in these established but sessions. was year, informational a Affairs of times form European several meet on conferences conference policy-specific A conferences. mental for 1 from ranges seats of etadthe and ment control legislation. Executive normal on house lower the in majority a by overridden two have they 1995, Since making. senators, senators. law elected provincial for directly arrangements elected two special directly and have house not lower did the they in but deputy elected directly one tives, minority. a tives oa a esbitdfrrtfiaini eeedm h ietyeetdprovincial elected directly assemblies pro- the The representing the referendum. the Senators before change. a of constitutional vote in subsequent veto therefore ratification a can in for senators senate submitted the be in in can majority majority two-thirds posal absolute agreement—a and and—failing house vote lower first the the on house lower and upper reform Constitutional negotiations. intergovernmental in inter- binding. fiscal the with rarely in dealt are matters a 1982 fiscal decisions in by to their conferences overridden attention sectoral policy—but be some first the also can fact, is senate meetings—in There the governmental house. but lower the senate, in the majority in representation institutional their current the In inhabitants. million per senator one of limit a to Catalunya da-yia oergo,oevt’ad‘n esn n oe rtra tappears it criteria, vote’ one person, former. the ‘one than and latter the vote’ to one closer region, ‘one ideal-typical rvneo h anad he o h agrilnsadtofrtesmaller the for two and islands larger the for each of three assembly mainland, The islands. the on province auto nidades hme ftrioilrpeetto nwhich in representation territorial of chamber making Law h ako collective of lack The h eaehssm eevdpwr vrcntttoa ponmns u a be can but appointments, constitutional over powers reserved some has senate The representa- three had each Mellila and Ceuta status, autonomy special their Under Provincias rvnilsntr osiueamjrt ftesnt,and senate, the of majority a constitute senators Provincial comunidades n for 8 and ´ ouiae auto comunidades h 98cnttto rnfre the transformed constitution 1978 The . nomas onthv ntttoa ersnaini h eaeadaentinvolved not are and senate the in representation institutional have not do . ouiae auto Comunidades h oiatpteno eoito ewe h ainlgovern- national the between negotiation of pattern dominant The . r o e nnme js ne 0 fthe of 20% under (just number in few too are 1mmes rvnilsntr r oual lce:fu per four elected: popularly are senators Provincial members. 51 Andalucia osiuinlrfr eursatrefitsmjrt nbt the both in majority three-fifths a requires reform Constitutional . comunidad aRioja La ´ nomas hl h grgto ueceryflsbtenthe between falls clearly rule aggregation the While . ouia auto comunidad ´ oto vrtecnttto fteSaihsaeis state Spanish the of constitution the over control nomas sbltrl huhteeaeocsoa intergovern- occasional are there though bilateral, is , pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix Cantabria comunidad a nunentoa a oiythrough policy tax national influence can provincias ´ noma comunidad , le Balears Illes a eooe mnmnst its to amendments over veto a has eet tlatoemme up member one least at selects ae28mmesand members 208 have eaod Espan de Senado n aoiyi the in majority a and ) comunidad and comunidad Senado dhoc ad Senado Navarra h number the , n aethe take and ob able be to ) representa- ˜ assembly a o7for 7 to noa into comu- 253 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years fiscal or Region executive became for cities arrangements Both 1978–1994. special 1978–94. during No during existed veto 1995. control a in had Mellila communities and autonomous Ceuta that means This it. omnte hntercucl odcd n hnthe when and decide so councils their when communities regions. autonomous special than rvnis17–06050050001 0 making Law 0 Sweden 0 0.5 Mellila 0 Ceuta, 0.5 auto 1978–2006 Comunidades Provincias crn ic Spanish since scoring h Swedish the iclcontrol Fiscal Sweden 1971, control In Executive powers. equal had chamber lower and unicameral. chamber became upper The size. la einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years Region in majority simple a required chambers. provisions both Constitutional laws. constitutional including reform Constitutional spending. and local and municipalities regional the of constrain when 1982 to organizations in measures abandoned peak was government practice central with This Swedish counties. the agreements 1970s, the non-binding From revenues. concluded tax of distribution the over 254 La ¨ ¨ n codn oteSaihCnttto,CuaadMliamybcm autonomous become may Mellila and Ceuta Constitution, Spanish the to According 9017 . . . 3 2 0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 1950–1970 n ´ onis Each councils. nomas .Hooghe L. 9120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1971–2006 ni 1971, Until . Riksdag ni twsaoihd h pe hme provided chamber upper the abolished, was it Until . 9520 . . 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 1995–2006 0.5 0.5 1978–1994 0 1978–2006 tal et hr r ofra rvsosfreeuiecontrol. executive for provisions formal no are There . la ¨ n h pe hme a qa oesrgrigallegislation, all regarding powers equal had chamber upper The . hc a opsdo ebr eetdfrsxya em by terms six-year for selected members of composed was which . comunidades a loae ubro et rprinlt t population its to proportional seats of number a allocated was bcd c ab la ¨ n a ntttoa ersnaini h pe hme of chamber upper the in representation institutional had abcd r ocie fa smerclrgosrather regions asymmetrical as of conceived are control control ainlparliament national Riksdag control Fiscal control Fiscal eotdt unilateral to resorted la ¨ Constitutional Constitutional n ihaveto a with reform reform approves Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 pe hme,teCuclo tts( States of Council the chamber, upper making Law Switzerland oeg oiy h eea xctv a e atnlpeeecsaie u must but agreements— aside, Intercantonal emerged. preferences cantonal set so. can does it executive why federal justify The policy. to advice. foreign cantons their invite follow to to required required not the not is during is consulted Council and formally Federal participate, are the cantons However, and legislation process. federal legislative for need the assess to cantonal policy. consultative implementing routine and formulating encouraged in has both This participation policy. federal of implementation parliament. to control proposals written Executive submit to right the cantons gives which initiative, directly be chal- to be can came laws members federal though house issues, referendum. upper all by on all powers lenged veto 1970s has the house upper from The but elected. house, upper the to Stati aoiyo h iiesi h onr sawoe n aoiiso iiesi a in citizens of majorities and whole, a as country the in of citizens majority: majority the double a of by majority approval referendum a requires initiative, citizen by or amendment reform government. 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European Governments, varying own and Cantonal foreign of their co-ordinate Conference to the have 1993 is Direc- in latest Education up The of 1897. set Conference in the established first, was The tors, fields. by policy particular taken in are healthco-ordination decisions policy, and economic binding policy, are religious agree- They Cantonal policy, unanimity. protection. intervention. environmental education federal off and in fend policy, to common cantons are for means ments parliaments. and as cantonal laws, serve by federal also of approved implementation now subsequently cantonal and co-ordinated originally them, agreements of Such subset a or executives, nal vrteps eae,dneitroenetlc-prto nipeetto has implementation on co-operation intergovernmental dense decades, past the Over in consulted be to cantons of right the established 1999 of revision constitutional The commissions expert in involved regularly are cantons stage, pre-parliamentary the In cantonal the through directly legislation federal affect also can cantons Individual nadto,teeaecrety1 ofrne fCnoa ietr,rsosbefor responsible Directors, Cantonal of Conferences 16 currently are there addition, In ; usg asStadis dals Cussegl cantons ahcno a w ersnaie,adec afcno n,i the in one, half-canton each and representatives, two has canton Each . atn nunefdrldcsoso h itiuino a revenues tax of distribution the on decisions federal influence Cantons . h eea xctv eed evl ncnosfrthe for cantons on heavily depends executive federal The . wteln suiu nta ohtegvrmn n citizens and government the both that in unique is Switzerland . osiuinlcag,wehritoue yparliamentary by introduced whether change, Constitutional . .Sm atnlgvrmnsslce hi representatives their selected governments cantonal Some ). concordats pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix Sta ¨ nderat aeuulyngtae mn canto- among negotiated usually —are ; osi e Etats des Conseil ; osgi degli Consiglio 255 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years by Region amendment a in to population. citizens subject cantonal by the also taken of entirely are approval is majority constitutions decision and cantonal the but Incidentally, initiative, referendum. constitutional a take can 256 h c osntdti oe hrn nti ud h rnsrcie yWales by received grants The fund. this Westminster. on in decided sharing are power grants. Ireland additional detail Northern and and not taxes does income Act of share The Scotland’s disburses of government Council central EU Scottish the control the in Fiscal addition, UK) the issues. In (and of them. Scotland subset in on represent the a to regions on with impinges Joint entitled Ministers consult up that their is to set legislation Minister governments Act State represented First on Wales regional of who of the government Secretaries Government allow UK respectively) and which appointed Act Committees 1972, centrally Scotland Ministerial and The had government. 1964, have central 1885, Ireland Northern (from and Wales laws. EU assembly control and Welsh Executive UK the relevant power that on stipulate consulted consultative Government (1998) be The Act must much executive Scotland institutions. Scottish the devolved though the and the and (1998) to devolution, Act caucuses Wales after the of from committees function The shifted cau- countries. has as to their sharing meet affecting Commons bills continued of discuss House to have the Committees in Grand members in Irish cuses Northern and Welsh Scottish, institutional there is nor representation, of of unit House the the region neither representation. the In is government. Lords central 1 the the nor by Commons appointed peers and removed) were making Law London Greater Northern the sharing. extent, and power lesser regions 1 no a Counties, have to arrangements. Authority and, sharing Wales power Scotland, have of Ireland regions autonomous special The 1 Kingdom United 0.5 sharing. power regional No 0.5 0 Turkey 0.5 1950–2006 Cantons einlrpeettvsaecnutdo einlapcso Klgsain The legislation. UK of aspects regional on consulted are representatives Regional .Hooghe L. h os fLrscnit fhrdtr er utl19 hnmost when 1999 (until peers hereditary of consists Lords of House The . oe h ctadAtst paCnoiae udi hc the which in Fund Consolidated a up sets Act Scotland The None. . tal et hr a oeeuiecnrlpirt eouin Scotland, devolution. to prior control executive no was There . . b d abc control control Fiscal Constitutional reform Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years similar a has Act before, Scotland laid Region The been also Assembly”. has the draft of, a resolution such “unless a provision. act by the approved vary and parliament. or UK revoke the to parliament to bill a submitting non-binding. before is assembly consultation This Irish Northern the consult reform Constitutional hc eiewehro o opriiae iaea gemnsseiyfnigand funding specify agreements states Bilateral to participate. submitted are to law, not into or hammered once whether and, decide induce lobbying which to state grants to propo- conditional subject Legislative priorities. of are policy sals federal form implement the to governments) took local incentives (and these states 1960s, the From reject. collaboration. federal–state the ‘marble-cake’, 0 in representation control no Executive has It House, debates. the directly 1971, in in one participates From representative and non-voting had Representatives. 0 committees Senate. a As territory of on by legislation. sits represented Each House 0 all who been the senators. has on in no DC power Washington representative had veto non-voting, Hawaii with elected, and legislature Alaska super-majoritarian 0 0 territories, a is senate making Law government. 0 federal 1 the 0 with 0.5 0 sharing power have 0 alone, States, 0 0 America of 0 States 1964–1998 United 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 1950–1999 0 0 Wales 0 0 0 Scotland 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1950–1971 0 1964–2006 Ireland Northern 0 1950–2006 Authority London Greater Regions Counties h oeneto ae c ttsta orcmedto hl emd to made be shall recommendation no that states Act Wales of Government The xctv oto ssae yfdrlfiaca netvswihsae a cetor accept may states which incentives financial federal by shaped is control Executive ahsaehstodrcl lce eaosi h pe os.The house. upper the in senators elected directly two has state Each . xlsv oiycmeece aebe ifsdb extensive, by diffused been have competencies policy Exclusive . 9920 . 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 1999–2006 0 0 0 0 0 0 1999–2006 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 2003–2006 0 0 2000–2002 0 0 1972–1999 0 0 0 2000–2006 h otenIeadAtrqie httesceayo state of secretary the that requires Act Ireland Northern The . bcd c ab pedxA rfie fRgoa Reform Regional of Profiles A: Appendix control control Fiscal Constitutional reform 257 Downloaded By: [University of North Carolina Chapel Hill] At: 14:04 1 June 2008 einYasLwmkn Executive making Law Years not do Region Territories unilaterally be amendment. can an DC Washington ratify of Congress. three- statute must The by and change. changed states constitutional Congress in of of role a legislatures Houses have the both of of Two-thirds fourths amendment. constitutional senate. over the in represented reform not Constitutional are governments State revenues. tax of distribution the from control 1990s. Fiscal came late budgets the state by 15% of around quarter to one declining grants, around federal 1970s, conditional the In details. implementation 258 ahntnD 9120 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0.5 0 0.5 Note 0 0 0 0.5 1971–2006 1950–2006 0 DC Washington 0 Hawaii 0 and Alaska 0 States 1950–2006 regions Counties, 1 omre eaeuigtetr pwr’t ee ofra uhrt.Ti ovnini common is convention and This trade authority. formal in to powers refer legislative to federal ‘powers’ term constitutions. enumerates as in the such ‘constitution using regions, a are autonomous special that we for commerce’ write criterion we this loosen When We Greenland. purposes. statistical for countries of hc olw h iiigln ewe einladlclgvrmn sdin used government 000, local 150 and of population regional a between is regional line as dividing government d’unite the subnational a follows categorize which to used criterion The .Hooghe L. ´ ertrae statistiques territoriales s h eea oeneti o eurdt osl ttsconcerning states consult to required not is government federal The . tal et 9015 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1950–1958 ril ftecnttto ie ioiyo ttsaveto a states of minority a gives constitution the of 5 Article . . ti ecd tnadfrrfrnigteamnsrtv divisions administrative the referencing for standard geocode a is It . b d abc control control Fiscal Constitutional nomenclature reform