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QUALITY and EQUITY of EDUCATION in SERBIA: EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES of the VULNERABLE PISA ASSESSMENT 2003 and 2006 Data

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QUALITY and EQUITY of EDUCATION in SERBIA: EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES of the VULNERABLE PISA ASSESSMENT 2003 and 2006 Data QUALITY AND EQUITY OF EDUCATION IN SERBIA: EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES OF THE VULNERABLE PISA ASSESSMENT 2003 and 2006 data Aleksandar BAUCAL Dragica PAVLOVIĆ-BABIĆ Belgrade 2009 QUALITY AND EQUITY OF EDUCATION IN SERBIA: EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES OF THE VULNERABLE PISA ASSESSMENT 2003 and 2006 data Referees: Slavko Gaber, PhD Tinde Kovac-Cerovic, PhD Tanja Rankovic Editor: Jelena Markovic Language editor Tatjana Jovanic and proof-reader: Print preparation: Violeta Djokic Publishers: Government of the Republic of Serbia, Deputy Prime Minister's Poverty Reduction Strategy Implementation Focal Point Ministry of Education of the Republic of Serbia Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade Government of the Republic of Serbia Deputy Prime Minister's Poverty Reduction Strategy Implementation Focal Point Ministry of Education of the Republic of Serbia Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Belgrade This analysis is made possible by funds of the UK Department for International Development (DFID) as a part of the project "Assistance to the Poverty Reduction Strategy Implementation in Serbia". This publication does not represent the official position of the Government of the Republic of Serbia. The sole responsibility for its content and information contained in this document lies with the authors. Moreover, the gender-sensitive language is not used because the official administration and legislation are not recognizing it yet. Analysis of impact of public policies implemented in the period 2003-2007 Every responsible government bases its public policies on detailed analyses and information. International best practices show that the established system and regular public impact analyses contribute to enhanced transparency of Government work, development of more efficient and effective measures and better allocation of available funds and capacities. Poverty Reduction Strategy Implementation Focal Point launched the Analysis of Impact of Public Policies implemented in the period 2003-2007 in order to establish how efficient had been certain measures implemented in that period. In this way we have sought to identify measures that led to improvement of the life of citizens in Serbia as well as those that are not cost effective and need to be made either more efficient or revoked. The analyzed measures were identified in cooperation with the colleagues from Governmental and non- governmental agencies. We analyzed the direct impact of active labor employment measures and their indirect impact on poverty reduction. We also analyzed the links between employment and education of adults i.e. employment and the implemented additional trainings and re-trainings. Since lack of education has been identified as one of the key causes of poverty in Serbia, particular attention in the analysis was paid to educational interventions taken in the period 2003-2007 and their impact on poverty reduction. We analyzed the impact of introduction of mandatory preschool education, examined the relationship between quality of education and poverty as well as impact and efficiency of affirmative measures implemented over the past four years. In the area of health, we analyzed the impact of measures targeting the most vulnerable population with a special focus on Roma. In order to complete the image on the efficiency of State measures on the most vulnerable, we conducted a detailed analysis of impact of cash benefits received by the population in Serbia (MOP and child allowances). The impact of material subsidies that small and medium size enterprises were eligible for was also subject of analysis as was the impact of Government measures for agriculture development promotion. The obtained results in the process of policy impact analyses were presented to relevant Government institutions and civil society. Future directions were agreed jointly. In this way, we enabled direct influence of results of analyses on defining measures for improvement of lives of the most vulnerable citizens of Serbia in the coming years. The process itself will influence development of capacities of Government institutions for regular analysis of impact of public policies and establishment of a continuous process highlighting commitment to development of democratic and accountable government. The final versions of the above analyses are available at www.prsp.sr.gov.yu Poverty Reduction Strategy Implementation Focal Point of the Deputy Prime Minister TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................................12 WHY IS PISA RELEVANT FOR THE SERBIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM? ........................................................................................12 MAIN GOAL AND REPORT STRUCTURE ...............................................................................................................................14 OPPORTUNITIES FOR USING PISA RESULTS FOR EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT: EXPERIENCES AND EFFECTS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES ................................................................................................................................................16 Reaction to PISA Results in Germany.......................................................................................................................16 Reactions to PISA Results in Poland ........................................................................................................................17 REACTIONS TO PISA RESULTS IN FINLAND.........................................................................................................................18 Potential Use of PISA Results for the Education Development: Conclusion................................................................19 ANALYSIS OF PISA FINDINGS: SERBIA AND REFERENCE COUNTRIES......................................................................20 STUDENT PERFORMANCE IN SERBIA AND REFERENCE COUNTRIES ........................................................................................20 Average Student Performance in Serbia and Reference Countries ............................................................................20 Student Proficiency Levels in Serbia and Reference Countries..................................................................................21 How many poor children in Serbia are functionally illiterate?......................................................................................25 What contextual indictors have the strongest link with the student performance in Serbia?........................................26 QUALITY OF EDUCATION IN SERBIA AND REFERENCE COUNTRIES..........................................................................................27 Comparison with Quality of Education in OECD and Scandinavian Countries ............................................................30 Comparison of Quality of Education in the Region.....................................................................................................30 Comparison with Former Socialist Countries in Central and Eastern Europe..............................................................32 Quality of Education in Serbia: Conclusion................................................................................................................33 EQUITY IN EDUCATION IN SERBIA AND REFERENCE COUNTRIES ............................................................................................34 How Significant is Variance in Student Performance in Serbia and Reference Countries? .........................................34 How Significant is the Impact of Socio-economic Status on Student Performance? ....................................................35 Variance in Performance of Students with Different Socio-economic Status...............................................................36 Secondary Effects of Students’ Socio-economic Status.............................................................................................37 To What Extent Quality of Education Depends on the School the Child is Attending?.................................................40 Equity in Education in Serbia: Conclusion .................................................................................................................43 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ..............................................................................................................................................45 Cost-benefit analysis: conclusion..............................................................................................................................51 SYSTEMIC SOLUTIONS IN EDUCATION SUPPORTIVE OF HIGH EDUCATIONAL PERFORMANCE: EXPERIENCES OF OTHER COUNTRIES AND MEASURES OF EDUCATION POLICY IN SERBIA................................................................53 CHARACTERISTICS OF EDUCATION SYSTEMS SUCCESSFUL IN PISA STUDY AND MEASURES OF EDUCATION POLICY IN SERBIA........53 Managing education system.....................................................................................................................................54 STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM..................................................................................................................................54 ADVANCING THE QUALITY
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