DOCSLIB.ORG

(19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub US 20040245547A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2004/0245547 A1 Stipe (43) Pub. Date: Dec. 9, 2004 (54) ULTRA LOW-COST SOLID-STATE MEMORY Publication Classi?cation (75) Inventor; Barry Cushing Stipe, San Jose, CA (51) Int. Cl.7 ................................................ .. H01L 31/109 (Us) (52) US. Cl. ............................................................ .. 257/200 Correspondence Address: (57) ABSTRACT JOSEPH P. CURTIN . A three-dimensional solid-state memory is formed from a plurality of bit lines, a plurality of layers, a plurality of tree ’ structures and a plurality of plate lines. Bit lines extend in a (73) A551 nee, Hitachi Global Stora e Technolo ies ?rst direction in a ?rst plane. Each layer includes an array of g ' B V AZ Amsterdam g memory cells, such as ferroelectric or hysteretic-resistor ' " memory cells. Each tree structure corresponds to a bit line, (21) APPL NO: 10/751 740 has a trunk portion and at least one branch portion. The trunk ’ portion of each tree structure extends from a corresponding (22) Filed; Jam 5, 2004 bit line, and each tree structure corresponds to a plurality of layers. Each branch portion corresponds to at least one layer Related US, Application Data and extends from the trunk portion of a tree structure. Plate lines correspond to at least one layer and overlap the branch (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 10/453,137, portion of each tree structure in at least one roW of tree ?led on Jun. 3, 2003, noW abandoned. structures at a plurality of intersection regions. SRIIIIII DRAM HIIIJ FLASH PROBE GUM MTJ-MRAM 3D-MHAM MATRIX ITFBRIIM GT FERAM 001 size 50F? 012 512 502 502 5F? 002 5e? 512 002 502 Minimum "1" 100m 300m 100m 30 0m 311m 100m 40 nm 400m 10 nm 100m 100m MEX. IJIIS/CEII 1 1 1 4 I 2 I 1 1 1 1 Max. layers 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 12 12 1 16 Mam/m 0000/0 0110/01? 001 10/102 110/102 04 10/102 100/102 010/102 004 10/102 0.15 10/012 12 10/012 0010/02 1010/02 0051/3186 (AU) 10 10 1 10 10 16 10 16 16 I0 16 Min. COSI/IJiI/IIII) 1G0 140 1 22 1 2 250 20 1.3 15 1 Retention withpower (11sec > 10 yrs > 10 yrs > 10 yrs > 10 yrs > 10 yrs > 10 yrs > 10 yrs > 10 yrs > 10 yrs Endurance > 1015 > 1015 >1012 >106 >105 > 1013 > 1015 > 1015 1 > 1014 > 1014 Byte access Yes Yes N0 N0 No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes N0 Min. read time 0.20s Ins 1050s 50s 1060s 511s 111s 1040s 1040s 10s 50s Min. 00100010 0.20s 1115 1050s 1060s 1060s 500s Ins 104/15 104,15 10s 1011s WIIIB energy/bi! LOW-HIGH HIGH VERYHIGH VERY HIGH VERY HIGH HIGH MED-HIGH MED-HIGH HIGH LOW LOW Revenue (2002) $481000 1178111100 $20 Billion $881000 DEY DEY DEY RES. DEV $0.1 Billion RES. Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 1 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 222222222222222222222.222222222.2222.2222.22222 222222222222222.2222222222A22 2.2“$.22in2.22N2“N22“2222.2%3.2228 2222222222222322222.22A 222222222222222.2222222 22222222222 222222222222222.2.222222222 2222222222222.2222 22222222222222222.222222.2222222222222.22 222222.222N22 222.222.2222N2 222222222.222.22.22222222222.2222222222222222222222222222222222222222.22 22222222222222 22222.22222.2222222222222222222222222.22222222.2.222222222 222.2 2222222222.22222.222Na222 Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 2 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 200 \ 201 FIG. 2 Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 3 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 GEm Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 4 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 2m2M m8 iLi.iTvin JhDlllj ?n,]1j r8” /:4(SmA - §\$2., wFE?m_\wrm \\\‘I\\(\||j \m8T#T#T4_H/§ Tag-., /|new ‘#77;3. an 2%]QQPQMOTl1§\ 02%§\ m__{asR8_ .2IE wO0 1/8.," /§, Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 5 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 E505 504 FIG.5 C...“ ‘DOW. 506 501\11mm 502\ Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 6 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 600\ 601 602 603\ RL WL————— — cc1—\606 |— J \ 002 607} 673 Pm 605 6152'“? PL21 60“ 614 " ;————— 2v/3 PLX2 60% 612\/—\___V r616b 609D 1 W3 61M 1 MT——#M0 610 0\616a L———— 604 BL(/) 0 V | 1 | BL(V) W3] 0 l— Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 7 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 700\‘ 701 702 703\ RL WL 001 —\ 706 002 70“ V 2W3 714 PL11 705 7123 2V/3 PLX2 70“ V 712C /713b 7091) 1 W3 1 MT—————61'—0—"T-'\711 0 \713a L—— 7047093 710 8L0) 0 VI 1 | BMW v/a'l 0 FIG. 7 Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 9 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 2m\+_rag ._rHU_ \§$81/3;\IB?87 __/“1T. m6E #8_|Jis.88 8? \ K N82.57. 8?. “2m1 U_.LE£3 j\,/t 8m£3a;#8$823“Na 1.18§\,, i/lsm§\\\8% \.. paw/N8sqBax1/25§\ N8 .\.2@ Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 12 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 13 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 6E2 52/ gal(92/52 \/ il/ ./ u/ [(82 I182_ IISQ (/32 Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 14 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 82k _L 1 fig:a: _ 3GE V._\u_ 292/\g: 1\I/\III/j. f8: ,,_ \\\.s: 1/ Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 15 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 1506/ i’FI my@E FIG.15 1506\ I I I I \1506 "1501—\ 1501_\f 1501-\ Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 16 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 RBL1RBLO 1601 Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 17 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 _ 55\ QE\ ems?.\ /.#5 26E /m8: 33k_/ /mmEh Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 18 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 g1 1 $51(32 1UQ_|LE __ “:2.\\1 %§\\§21/521&2: \/E\II/ 26E Patent Application Publication Dec. 9, 2004 Sheet 19 0f 19 US 2004/0245547 A1 _ #5as: -1W2:_1/ 22 MSW. ___________ I___ -/§E\\/_R\\$E F _ yl:N/\/rj Y_ . U3 2GE §E\KEE _/lm%t §t\\\ $51M?%_\v\,l\\$§,1 Q8: _ _ .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Social Change in Eleventh-Century Armenia: the Evidence from Tarōn Tim Greenwood (University of St Andrews)
    Social Change in Eleventh-Century Armenia: the evidence from Tarōn Tim Greenwood (University of St Andrews) The social history of tenth and eleventh-century Armenia has attracted little in the way of sustained research or scholarly analysis. Quite why this should be so is impossible to answer with any degree of confidence, for as shall be demonstrated below, it is not for want of contemporary sources. It may perhaps be linked to the formative phase of modern Armenian historical scholarship, in the second half of the nineteenth century, and its dominant mode of romantic nationalism. The accounts of political capitulation by Armenian kings and princes and consequent annexation of their territories by a resurgent Byzantium sat very uncomfortably with the prevailing political aspirations of the time which were validated through an imagined Armenian past centred on an independent Armenian polity and a united Armenian Church under the leadership of the Catholicos. Finding members of the Armenian elite voluntarily giving up their ancestral domains in exchange for status and territories in Byzantium did not advance the campaign for Armenian self-determination. It is also possible that the descriptions of widespread devastation suffered across many districts and regions of central and western Armenia at the hands of Seljuk forces in the eleventh century became simply too raw, too close to the lived experience and collective trauma of Armenians in these same districts at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries, to warrant
    [Show full text]
  • Personal Names and Denomination of Livonians in Early Written Sources
    ESUKA – JEFUL 2014, 5–1: 13–26 PERSONAL NAMES AND DENOMINATION OF LIVONIANS IN EARLY WRITTEN SOURCES Enn Ernits Estonian University of Life Sciences Abstract. This paper presents the timeline of ethnonyms denoting Livonians; specifies their chronology; and analyses the names used for this ethnos and possible personal names. If we consider the dating of the event, the earliest sources mentioning Livonians are Gesta Danorum and the Tale of Bygone Years (both 10th century), but both sources present rather dubious information: in the first the battle of Bråvalla itself or the date are dubious (6th, 8th or 10th century); in the latter we cannot be sure that the member of the Rus delegation was really a Livonian. If we consider the time of recording, the earliest sources are two rune inscriptions from Sweden (11th century), and the next is the list of neighbouring peoples of the Russians from the Tale of Bygone Years (12th century). The personal names Bicco and Ger referred in Gesta Danorum, and Либи Аръфастовъ in Tale of Bygone Years are very problematic. The first certain personal name of a Livonian is *Mustakka, *Mustukka or *Mustoikka (from Finnic *musta ‘black’) written in 1040–1050s on a strip of birch bark in Novgorod. Keywords: Livs, Finnic peoples, ethnonyms, anthroponyms, onomastics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2014.5.1.01 1. Introduction This paper (1) seeks to present the timeline of ethnonyms denoting Livonians; (2) to specify their chronology; (3) and to analyse the names used for this ethnos and possible personal names. It is supple- mental to the paper by Mauno Koski on words denoting Livonians (Koski 2011).
    [Show full text]
  • T2 R1.5 Femoral Nailing System
    T2 R1.5 Femoral Nailing System Operative Technique Femoral Nailing System Contributing Surgeons Prof. Dr. med. Volker Bühren Chief of Surgical Services Medical Director of Murnau Trauma Center Murnau Germany Joseph D. DiCicco III, D. O. Director Orthopaedic Trauma Service Good Samaritan Hospital Dayton, Ohio Associate Clinical Professor of Orthopeadic Surgery Ohio University and Wright State University USA Thomas G. DiPasquale, D. O. Medical Director, Orthopedic Trauma Services Director, Orthopedic Trauma Fellowship and This publication sets forth detailed Orthopedic Residency Programs recommended procedures for using York Hospital Stryker Osteosynthesis devices and York instruments. USA It offers guidance that you should heed, but, as with any such technical guide, each surgeon must consider the particular needs of each patient and make appropriate adjustments when and as required. A workshop training is required prior to first surgery. All non-sterile devices must be cleaned and sterilized before use. Follow the instructions provided in our reprocessing guide (L24002000). Multi-component instruments must be disassembled for cleaning. Please refer to the corresponding assembly/ disassembly instructions. See package insert (L22000007) for a complete list of potential adverse effects, contraindications, warnings and precautions. The surgeon must discuss all relevant risks, including the finite lifetime of the device, with the patient, when necessary. Warning: Fixation Screws: Stryker Ostreosynthesis bone screws are not approved or intended for screw attachment or fixation to the posterior elements (pedicles) of the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spine. 2 Contents Page 1. Introduction 4 Implant Features 4 Instrument Features 6 References 6 2. Indications, Precautions and Contraindications 7 Indications 7 Precautions 7 Relative Contraindications 7 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Actuators Vsi-1000 Series
    ELECTRIC ACTUATORS TM VSI-1000 SERIES DESCRIPTION VSI-1000 Series Electric Actuators are used on Kele KBV Series butterfly valves to provide two-position (with or without battery backup) or proportional control in a NEMA 4X housing. The VSI-1000 Series comes standard on 8" and larger non-spring return assemblies and on 5" and larger two- position spring return assemblies. They can be ordered on smaller valve assemblies as an option. Standard fea- tures include 2 SPDT fully adjustable auxiliary switches KBV-2-6-E2SO (two-position only), manual override crank, and an inter- assembly includes nal heater to prevent condensation in outdoor installa- VSI-BB1020 actuator tions. SPECIFICATIONS FEATURES Power 120 VAC standard •Lightweight, compact design Models 1005 to 1020 12/24 VDC optional • Two-position or modulating control Models 1005 to 1040 24 VAC optional • Two-position battery-backed models Torque range 347-17,359 in-lb • NEMA 4X watertight, corrosion-resistant housing Motor 120 VAC, 1 phase, 60 Hz; • Integral position indicator enclosed, non-ventilated, high • Space heater standard starting torque, reversible induc- • Two 1/2" conduit connections tion, Class E insulation • Detachable manual override crank Thermal overload Auto reset, embedded • Terminal strip wiring Travel limit switches Cam operated, adjustable SPDT • Worm gear drive, no electro-mechanical brake for open/close stop required • Mounting orientation in any direction Position indicator High-visibility graduated dial • 4-20 mA or 500Ω optional feedback signal Conduit connections
    [Show full text]
  • Publication 1346 October 1, 2010 Part 1 Page 263 ATTACHMENT 1
    ATTACHMENT 1 ERROR REJECT CODE (ERC) DESCRIPTIONS 0001 o Page 1 of Form 1040, 1040A, 1040EZ, or 1040-SS (PR) must be present o The Summary Record must be present. 0002 o Form 1040 - When More than Four Dependents Box (SEQ 0209), equals “X”, Dependent First Name 1 (SEQ 0170) must equal “STMbnn”. 0003 o Tax Return Record Identification – The Tax Period of Form 1040/ 1040A/1040EZ/1040-SS (PR) (SEQ 0005) Page 1, must equal "201012" and | Tax Period of Form 1040/1040A (SEQ 0765) and of Form 1040-SS (PR) (SEQ 1605) Page 2, must also equal "201012". | 0004 o Tax Form - Primary SSN (SEQ 0010) must be within the valid ranges of SSN/ITIN's and cannot equal an ATIN. It must equal all numeric characters and cannot equal all blanks, zeros, ones, twos, threes, | fours, fives, sixes, sevens, eights or nines. Refer to Attachment 9 | for valid ranges of Social Security/Taxpayer Identification Numbers. o Primary SSN (SEQ 0010) is a required field. o Primary SSN (SEQ 0010) of the Tax Form must equal Taxpayer Identification Number (SEQ 0003) of Tax Return Record Identification Page 1. o Taxpayer Identification Number (SEQ 0003) of Tax Return Record Identification Page 1 must be significant. 0005 o Statement Record - The maximum number of Statement References within a tax return is 30. (A Statement Reference is defined as "STMbnn"; the value of "nn" refers to the Statement Number.) See Section 8 for Statement Record information. 0006 o Tax Form - Only the following characters are permitted in the Primary Name Control (SEQ 0050) and Spouse's Name Control (SEQ 0055): alpha, hyphen, and space.
    [Show full text]
  • Mchaffie 2018 Pandp Lawviol
    LAW AND VIOLENCE IN ELEVENTH-CENTURY FRANCE1 Making sense of violence remains one of the central interpretative challenges in the history of eleventh-century France. Charters written by churchmen contain frequent, sometimes lengthy descriptions of violent acts committed by both laymen and fellow ecclesiastics. Two questions in particular have focused historians’ attempts to understand such violence. The first has been how to explain the relationship between violence and eleventh-century legal institutions. For an older generation of historians — though whose views still find support — the relationship was direct: the violence recorded in the sources was a consequence of the failure of contemporary institutions to contain it.2 The cause of this failure was long thought to lie in the collapse of the Carolingian political and legal structures epitomised by the mallus publicus, or public court. Public courts were, it was argued, privatised and taken over by lords acting in their private, rather than public interest, thus causing a crisis of confidence in legal institutions, and resulting in the widespread preference to settle disputes through force, rather than law.3 Debate since the work of Georges Duby in the late 1940s has concentrated 1 Versions of this argument were presented before audiences in Leeds, London, and St Andrews, and I thank the participants at those conferences for their comments and suggestions. I am particularly grateful to Kenneth Duggan, John Hudson, and Alice Taylor who all gave this paper a thorough reading, as well as to the anonymous reviewers of the journal. Errors in fact and/or interpretation remain my own. The research for this paper was made possible by a Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellowship, and I am thankful both to the Leverhulme Trust and to King’s College London, my host institution, for their support.
    [Show full text]
  • Little Caesars And/Or Its Franchisees
    SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE STATES OF MASSACHUSETTS, CALIFORNIA, ILLINOIS, IOWA, MARYLAND, MINNESOTA, NEW JERSEY, NEW YORK, NORTH CAROLINA, OREGON, PENNSYLVANIA, RHODE ISLAND, VERMONT, AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND LITTLE CAESAR ENTERPRISES, INC. PARTIES 1. The States of Massachusetts, California, Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont, and the District of Columbia (the “Settling States”), by and through their Attorneys General (collectively, “the Attorneys General”), are charged with enforcement of, among other things, their respective state’s consumer protection and antitrust laws, and other related statutes and regulations. 2. Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. (“Little Caesar”) is a Michigan corporation with its principal offices or place of business in Detroit, Michigan. Little Caesar is owned by Ilitch Holdings, Inc., a holding company headquartered in Detroit, MI. Little Caesar is a franchisor, and its corporate and franchisee-operated locations are in the business of offering pizza, among other food products, for sale to consumers. DEFINITIONS 3. For purposes of this Settlement Agreement, “No-Poach Provisions” refers to any and all language contained within franchise or license agreements or any other documents which restricts, limits or prevents any Little Caesar franchisee or Little Caesar-operated restaurant from hiring, recruiting or soliciting employees of Little Caesar and/or any other Little Caesar franchisee for employment. Such language includes, but is not limited to, any “no-solicitation,” “no­ switching,” and/or “no-hire” provisions. 4. “Little Caesar” shall mean Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. and shall include its directors, officers, managers, agents acting within the scope of their agency, and employees as well as its successors and assigns, controlled subsidiaries, and predecessor franchisor entities.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for Dinitrophenols, Draft for Public
    DINITROPHENOLS 149 CHAPTER 8. REFERENCES Alber M, Bîhm HB, Brodesser J, et al. 1989. Determination of nitrophenols in rain and snow. Fresenius Z Anal Chem 334:540-545. http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00483573. Ames BN, Kammen HO, Yamasaki E. 1975. Hair dyes are mutagenic: identification of a variety of mutagenic ingredients. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 72(6):2423-2427. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.72.6.2423. Anderson D, Styles JA. 1978. The bacterial mutation test. Six tests for carcinogenicity. Br J Cancer 37(6):924-930. http://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1978.134. Anderson HH, Reed AC, Emerson GA. 1933. Toxicity of alpha-dinitrophenol. Report of case. J Am Med Assoc 101(14):552-560. http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1933.02740390011003. Anderson BE, Zeiger E, Shelby MD, et al. 1990. Chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange test results with 42 chemicals. Environ Mol Mutagen 16 Suppl 18:55-137. http://doi.org/10.1002/em.2850160505. Arnold L, Collins C, Starmer GA. 1976. Studies on the modification of renal lesions due to aspirin and oxyphenbutazone in the rat and the effects on the kidney of 2,4-dinitrophenol. Pathology 8(3):179- 184. http://doi.org/10.3109/00313027609058995. Asman WA, Jorgensen A, Bossi R, et al. 2005. Wet deposition of pesticides and nitrophenols at two sites in Denmark: Measurements and contributions from regional sources. Chemosphere 59(7):1023-1031. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.048. Atkinson R. 1988. Estimation of gas-phase hydroxyl radical rate constants for organic chemicals.
    [Show full text]
  • Datasheet Search Engine
    WTE SD1020S – SD10100S POWER SEMICONDUCTORS 10A DPAK SURFACE MOUNT SCHOTTKY BARRIER RECTIFIER Features ! Schottky Barrier Chip A C ! Guard Ring Die Construction for B J Transient Protection D ! High Current Capability ! Low Power Loss, High Efficiency ! High Surge Current Capability E ! For Use in Low Voltage, High Frequency PIN 1 2 3 K Inverters, Free Wheeling, and Polarity G Protection Applications H L P P D PAK/TO-252AA Mechanical Data Dim Min Max ! Case: Molded Plastic A 6.4 6.8 ! Terminals: Plated Leads Solderable per B 5.0 5.4 MIL-STD-750, Method 2026 C 2.35 2.75 ! Polarity: Cathode Band PIN 3 - + Case PIN 2 D —1.60 ! Weight: 0.4 grams (approx.) Single E 5.3 5.7 ! Mounting Position: Any G 2.3 2.7 ! Marking: Type Number H 0.4 0.8 ! Standard Packaging: 16mm Tape (EIA-481) J 0.4 0.6 K 0.3 0.7 L 0.50 Typical P —2.3 All Dimensions in mm Maximum Ratings and Electrical Characteristics @TA=25°C unless otherwise specified Single Phase, half wave, 60Hz, resistive or inductive load. For capacitive load, derate current by 20%. SD SD SD SD SD SD SD Characteristic Symbol Unit 1020S 1030S 1040S 1050S 1060S 1080S 10100S Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage VRRM Working Peak Reverse Voltage VRWM 20 30 40 50 60 80 100 V DC Blocking Voltage VR RMS Reverse Voltage VR(RMS) 14 21 28 35 42 56 70 V Average Rectified Output Current @TL = 100°C IO 10 A Non-Repetitive Peak Forward Surge Current 8.3ms Single half sine-wave superimposed on rated load IFSM 100 A (JEDEC Method) Forward Voltage (Note 1) @IF = 10A VFM 0.55 0.75 0.85 V Peak Reverse Current @TA = 25°C 0.2 IRM mA At Rated DC Blocking Voltage @TA = 100°C 50 Typical Junction Capacitance (Note 2) Cj 600 pF Typical Thermal Resistance Junction to Ambient RJA 60 K/W Operating Temperature Range Tj -50 to +125 °C Storage Temperature Range TSTG -50 to +150 °C Note: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Rain-Praying in Eleventh-Century China Cong Ellen Zhang University of Virginia
    Heaven, Spirits, and Political and Social Order: Rain-Praying in Eleventh-Century China Cong Ellen Zhang University of Virginia The centrality of agriculture in Chinese life ensured an interest in recording auspicious and abnormal climatic phenomena as well as natural disasters from the beginning of Chinese civilization. These records ranged from oracle bone and bronze inscriptions in the Shang (16th- mid-11th centuries BCE) and Zhou (1040s-256 BCE) periods to official documents and literati writing in the imperial times. Especially abundant in this body of literature was accounts of unseasonal and insufficient rainfall. A serious drought meant a poor harvest and famine for the local population. This was often followed by the disruption of social order in the forms of forced migration, banditry, and rebellions. This, along with the decreases in tax revenue and the demand for relief work, remained a major concern for the imperial state. Since the earliest times, Chinese cosmological ideas and political thought maintained that occurrences of natural disasters symbolized a breakdown of the balance and harmony between Heaven and man, often caused by irresponsible rulers and their representatives. One way to restore order and balance was through well-orchestrated ritual performances, during which the emperor or official-in-charge demonstrated his sincere concern for the suffering of the people and his utmost dedication to alleviate their miseries in exchange for the end of a disaster. Heaven and gods would then respond to the appeal, manifesting their power and benevolence while validating the legitimacy of the Son of Heaven and his rule. Rain-praying (祈雨, 禱雨, 求雨, 乞雨) ranked among the most enduring ritual traditions in Chinese history.
    [Show full text]
  • 2008 RI-2210.Qxp
    RI-2210 UNDERPAYMENT OF ESTIMATED TAX BY INDIVIDUALS, ESTATES AND TRUSTS 2008 Name(s) shown on Form RI-1040, RI-1040NR, RI-1040S or RI-1041 Social Security Number/Federal IdentificationNumber PART 1 REQUIRED ANNUAL PAYMENT Enter your 2008 RI income tax from RI-1040, line 15 less lines 18D and 18E, RI-1040NR, line 15C less line 18E, RI-1040S, 1. 1. line 6 less line 10D or RI-1041, line 19C .......................................................................................................................................... 2. Enter 80% of the amount shown on line 1............................................................................................. 2. 3. RI taxes withheld for 2008 from RI-1040, line 18A, RI-1040NR, lines 18A, 18C and 18D, RI-1040S, line 10A or RI-1041, lines 3. 20A, 20C and 20D............................................................................................................................................................................. 4. Subtract line 3 from line 1 - (If the result is $250.00 or less, do not complete the rest of this form)................................................. 4. 5. Enter your 2007 RI tax from RI-1040, line 15 less lines 18D and 18E, RI-1040NR, line 15C less line 18E, RI-1040EZ, line 6 less 5. 10D or RI-1041, line19C ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6. Enter the SMALLER of line 2 or line 5..............................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • © in This Web Service Cambridge University
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02335-2 - The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950–1072 Ronnie Ellenblum Index More information Index Abu¯Ka¯l¯jaı ¯r 84 Argyros, Marianos, and Norman rebellion adaptive cycle, and resilience theory 16 in southern Italy 135 al-Andalus¯,ı Abraham b. Isaac, living Artz, Frederick B., decline of Islamic culture conditions in Jerusalem 187–188 108–109 al-Basa¯s¯rı ¯,ı and Iraq civil war 96–97, 99, Ashtor, Eliyahu, decline of Islamic golden 100, 102, 105 age 109 entry into Baghdad 104 Attaleiates political rivalry with caliph and chief attacks by Uzes 143 vizier 97 and Byzantine army 133 Albert of Aachen, Jerusalem’s reservoir desertion of western Anatolia 238 199–200 Avni, Gideon, decline of classical cities al-Ghaza¯l¯ı 110 169–170 240–241 al-H˙a¯kim, caliph, forced Islamization archaeological evidence from Jerusalem destruction of Christian churches 174 170–171 and Church of the Holy Sepulchre 47 ʿayya¯ru¯n, the, prosperity in periods of dearth restoration of churches and synagogues 92–93 48, 241 al-Maghara, synagogue, and 1033 Baghdad earthquake 183–184 Abbasid caliph’s deposition of Buyid al-Maqr¯zı ¯ı 97 reliability of historical evidence 27 marriage politics with Tughril Beg water levels of Khalij 51 99 al-Muʿizz, caliph 42 caliph’s negotiations with Tughril 95 al-Muqaddas¯ı coup d’état by Sunnis 90 description of Ramla 221–222 cultural change in 6–7, 115–116, 226 visits to Jerusalem 183 desertion by Jews and Christians 34, and Jerusalem’s aqueducts
    [Show full text]