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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02335-2 - The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950–1072 Ronnie Ellenblum Index More information

Index

Abu¯Ka¯l¯jaı ¯r 84 Argyros, Marianos, and Norman rebellion adaptive cycle, and resilience theory 16 in southern Italy 135 al-Andalus¯,ı Abraham b. Isaac, living Artz, Frederick B., decline of Islamic culture conditions in Jerusalem 187–188 108–109 al-Basa¯s¯rı ¯,ı and Iraq civil war 96–97, 99, Ashtor, Eliyahu, decline of Islamic golden 100, 102, 105 age 109 entry into Baghdad 104 Attaleiates political rivalry with caliph and chief attacks by Uzes 143 vizier 97 and Byzantine army 133 Albert of Aachen, Jerusalem’s reservoir desertion of western Anatolia 238 199–200 Avni, Gideon, decline of classical cities al-Ghaza¯l¯ı 110 169–170 240–241 al-H˙a¯kim, caliph, forced Islamization archaeological evidence from Jerusalem destruction of Christian churches 174 170–171 and Church of the Holy Sepulchre 47 ʿayya¯ru¯n, the, prosperity in periods of dearth restoration of churches and synagogues 92–93 48, 241 al-Maghara, synagogue, and 1033 Baghdad earthquake 183–184 Abbasid caliph’s deposition of Buyid al-Maqr¯zı ¯ı 97 reliability of historical evidence 27 marriage politics with Tughril Beg water levels of Khalij 51 99 al-Muʿizz, caliph 42 caliph’s negotiations with Tughril 95 al-Muqaddas¯ı coup d’état by Sunnis 90 description of Ramla 221–222 cultural change in 6–7, 115–116, 226 visits to Jerusalem 183 desertion by Jews and Christians 34, and Jerusalem’s aqueducts 197 235–236 al-Mustans.ir, caliph severe cold in 33, 49, 64 and Egyptian famine 154 in 1027 64 and rebuilding of Jerusalem’s walls 180 and famine 35, 68 Alp Arsla¯n, attacks on Anatolian cities 142 social and religious agitation during al-Ya¯zu¯r¯ı cold waves 35, 91–92 execution of 151 return to order 50 and ﬁxed price of grain 149 takeover by nomads 5 Angold, Michael, on decline of Byzantine temporary expulsion of Seljuks from Empire 123 98

261

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02335-2 - The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950–1072 Ronnie Ellenblum Index More information

262 Index

Baghdad (cont.) rebellion of unpaid mercenaries 91, and Ibra¯h¯mı Yina¯l 84 94–95 see also ʿayya¯ru¯n; Bar Hebraeus; Buyid see also al-Basa¯s¯rı ¯ı dynasty; Iraq civil war; madrasas; Byzantine Empire, the religious clashes; Tughril Beg alliance with Normans 145 Bahat, Dan, and plan of Jerusalem 184, 185 appearance of Oghuz tribes in Balkans Bar Hebraeus 125–127 conversion of immigrants to Islam 239 ascent of Norman power in southern Italy decline in numbers of Christians in 134–135 Tinnis 237 Basil II, and period of prosperity 123–124 desertion of villages following drought 214 Battle of Manzikert 124, 134, 144 famine in Baghdad 34–35 Caesarea Maritima 219–220 link between freeze, famine and nomads collapse in southern Italy 136–137 68 decline in mid eleventh century 219–220 nomads joining Tughril Beg in 1043 79 effects of climatic disasters on 89 report on 1056 famine and plague 150 devaluation of currency 130–131 Seljuk takeover of Baghdad 98 Jewish community in 220–221 and Tughril’s honoriﬁc titles 96 nomadic invasions 125–127 severe cold in Baghdad in 1027 64 attempts at appeasement by emperor and in 1038 73 128–129 Basil II, Emperor 123–124 in cold spells of 1046–early 1050s 127 battle of Manzikert (1071) 124, 134 renewed attacks of 1056–81 141–142 Bayhaq¯,ı description of Nishapur 75–76 rapid decline after late 1020s 124–125 Bedouins, attacks on Jews 54–56 reduction in size of army 131–132 Benayah b. Mu¯sa¯, famine in the R¯fı 147 and army revolt 132–133 Bethlehem, demographic change and deterioration of army 133–134 Islamization 233–234 see also Constantine IX; Great Schism biological populations 13 Boiannes, Basil, suppression of Norman Campbell, Donald E. H., and Muslim rebels in southern Italy 135 medicine 109 Bosworth, Edmund, migration of Ghuz Cedrenus, 1059 nomadic attacks 142 63 Cerullarius, Patriarch of Constantinople, Brett, Michael, departure of Bedouin tribes and Great Schism 138 for Egypt 156 ex-communication of 139–140 Banu¯ Hila¯l in Ifriqiya 157 Charanis, Peter Brown, Peter, Roman cultural on Byzantine army 131–132 innovation 258 on Constantinople 125 Bulliet, Richard Christianity, decline of in eastern and the Big Chill 63–64 Mediterranean 231 and decline of Iran 10–11 and demographic change 233–234 pace of Islamization 229–230 during crisis of eleventh century 234, Burgoyne, Michael, plan of Jerusalem 185 237–238 Buyid dynasty in Egyptian famines 243, 246 cultural achievements of Islamic link to periods of dearth 247–248 societies 114 and millenarian prophecies 246–247 establishment of libraries 111–112 links to end of famine 247 political collapse and climatic crisis reconstruction and cooperation of 90–91, 93–94 governments 234 accentuated by famine (1053–4) 94 see also Christians

Index 263

Christians watershed of 1055 88 attacks on during cold spell (1056–8) decline of urban centres in Israel and 102–103, 117–118 Jordan 89 in years of famine 173–174 and Iraq civil war 105 emigration from Jerusalem to see also Baghdad; Byzantine Empire; Byzantium 175 freeze Jerusalem institutions and Islamic collapse, psychological effect of term conquest 171–172 overshoot and collapse theory 18, 19 persecution of 7 resilience theory 18–19 by Seljuks in mid 1050s 243 Comnenus, Isaac, soldier-emperor 132–133 Seljuk attacks on Armenian territory Constantine IX, Emperor, and war with 244–245 nomads 129–130 rebuilding of Jerusalem city walls debasement of coinage 130–131 179–180, 181 financing of rebuilding of Jerusalem’s taxes on 243 walls 179–180 Church of Holy Zion, sacking of 173–174 and Great Schism 139 Church of the Holy Sepulchre search for western allies 139 closure and looting of in famine of 1056 Constantinople 242–243 Anatolian army’s march on 132–133 destruction of 47, 240 covered water cistern in 207 during cold spell in ninth century 241–242 population of 125, 163 sacking of 173–174 cotton industry, in Iran 64 cities, decline between seventh and tenth Cowgill, George, resilience theory 15 centuries currency devaluation, in Byzantine Empire 89 and climatic disaster 227 comparison between eastern and western Dandaqan, Battle of 75 Mediterranean 224–226, 227 Daniel, Abbot, Jerusalem’s water supply 197 classical heritage, dispersal of 256, 258 Danishmend, and forced conversion to Islam classical urbanism, decline of 163–164 245–246 archaeological evidence of growth and Da¯r al-ʿIlm, destruction of 111–112 decline 169–170 Dennet, Daniel, pace of Islamization 228 long-term process of 168–169 desertification, of agricultural regions 6 see also Pirenne Thesis documentation of 9–10 climatic disasters in eastern Mediterranean Diamond, Jared, and overshoot and alteration in cultures 249–250 collapse theory 12–13 in eleventh century 250 depletion of resources 13–14 explanations for decline 249 and future of planet 15 long-term process of 250 disease connections between events 9–10, 11 and famine of 1032–3 68 documentation of 7–9, 20 spreading from Nile Delta in 1040s 83 limited explanations for 9 and famine of mid 1050s 100–102 effects on other regions 251–252 domino effects, of periods of dearth geographical significance of 37–39 direct mechanisms of 36 diversity of countries 39–40 duration of 37 and Medieval Warm Period in western effect on existing dissensions 36–37 Europe 252, 253 Donation of Constantine 138 rarity of 259 drought repetitive nature of 20–21, 40 and decline of Christian communities results of return to opulence after 122 43, 47

264 Index

Donation of Constantine (cont.) Elijah ha-Kohen b. Solomon Gaon, living domino effect of conditions in Jerusalem in 1053 189 in Egypt 51 emigrations in Palestine 53–54 and demographic conversion of vulnerability to 39–40 landscape 235–236 see also Nile Valley following freeze 4 and persecution of minorities 7 earthquakes see also Christianity, decline of effect on Ramla 222 Ephrat, Daphna, on madrasas 120–121 and rebuilding of Jerusalem’swalls177–179 eastern Mediterranean, diversity of languages famine chronicling crisis 258–259 and civil disorder 33, 35, 42 ecological collapse, differing theories of 12 comparison of effects in Egypt and geographical significance of 37–39 Palestine 190–191 historical documentation of domino and data from medieval Egyptian effects 19–20 sources 22 and geographical/ethnic complexity and disease 68, 83, 100–102 of regions 20 domino effects of 36, 43 lack of data on 17–18 following climatic disaster of mid 1050s see also domino effects; overshoot and 88, 98, 100 collapse theory; resilience theory ending of 105 economic crises, following climatic disaster, and insufficient rises of Nile 41–42 and collapse of bureaucracies 4–5 preparation for 21 education, and empire-building of tribal and biblical story of Joseph 21–22 leaders 122 conditions preceding crisis 22–23 Egypt severity of and collapse of bureaucracies and behaviour of nomads 24 251 destruction by North African nomads see also Buyid dynasty; Iraq civil war; in Lower Egypt 158–159 religious clashes collapse of system after 1059 151 Fatimid regime 43 droughts and famine of 1040s and 1050s belief in efficient administration 45–46, 52 90, 101, 119, 147–149 and crises of 395–9 46–47 effect on support for al-Basa¯s¯rı ¯ı during three decades after 1023 drought 57 and expulsion of Christians from taxation in Palestine 54 Jerusalem 150 special taxes imposed on Jews 54 Fatimid administrative measures to forced conversion to Islam, and al-H˙ a¯kim combat effects of famine 149 240–241 granary of the Mediterranean 23–24 see also Islamization the ‘Great Calamity’ 29, 151–152 freeze, severe periods of 3 destruction of Fustat 154 in 1027–50s in eastern and northeastern looting of treasures in lieu of countries 64–65 payment 153 in 1045–7 82–83 mass departure of Bedouin tribes 155–158 and appearance of Pechenegs, Uzes and and recurrence of drought 29–31 Cumans in Balkans 125–127 and domino effect after 1023 51 collapse of Byzantine Empire 145–146 prosperity following 1023 drought 57 and famine of 1059 141 rioting and rebellion 51–52 connection with violence of nomads 62, request to Constantine IX for grain 150 65–67, 72–76, 127 see also Nile Valley domino effects of 4

Index 265

effects on Byzantine army 132 conversion of nomadic tribes to Islam increased intensity of 32–33 78–79, 239 records of in eastern Mediterranean 23 description of mercenaries’ rebellion in shift westward in 1050s 88 Baghdad 94–95 see also Iraqi Oghuz; Seljuks departure of Bedouins from Egypt 156 Fustat, destruction of 226 destruction of Church of the Holy Sepulchre 47 Geniza letters drought in Ifriqiya 53 on Caesarea 220 drought and plague of 1048 147 on cultural decline in Baghdad 7 and in Iraq and Egypt in 1057 151 on desertion of Ramla 222 and in Mecca in 1055/6 148 on drought of 1054–6 148 ending of drought in 1060 104 on drought of 1065 152 famine of 1048 in Iraq and and drought in Ifriqiya 53 Mesopotamia 84 on drought in North Africa in 1045 157 famine of 1057 and violent behaviour of Gibbon, Edward 168 Seljuks 100–101 on Great Schism 137 ﬁrst appearance of Seljuks after freeze 65 Gil, Moshe and Iraqi Oghuz 67, 82 desertion of Jewish villages in the Galilee sack of Rayy 71 215 Nishapur in 1040 75 and forced Islamization 240 Oghuz in Mosul 79–81 global warming repair of collapse of the Dome of the effect on societies 253 Rock 177 measurement of 252–253 Seljuk defeat of Ghazanavid 72 dependence on indirect signals 254, Ibn al-Faq¯h,ı visits to Jerusalem 183 255–256 Ibn al-Jawz¯,ı on freeze of 1027 64 need for historical evidence 254–255 Ibn al-Nad¯m,ı the Fihrist 113 Goitein, Solomon D. 195 Ibn al-Qala¯nis¯,ı drought and plague grain supply of 1057 151 ’ 23–24 ı ʿ ı 44 Egypt s importance to Ibn al-S˙ayraf¯, Al¯ Fatimid state monopoly on 46, 52 Ibn Khaldu¯n, and Hila¯l¯ı tribes in North rising costs in times of famine 53 Africa 156–157 see also Fatimid regime Ibn Saʿ¯dı al-Ant.a¯k¯,ı reconstruction of Great Schism, the (1054) 137–138 Jerusalem 177 ambitions of Pope Leo IX 138–139 Ibn Taghr¯birdı ¯,ı drought in Egypt 148, 151 connection with economic and military and plague 149 distress 140 Ifriqiya, desertiﬁcation of 6 ex-communication of Cerrularius 139–140 1022 drought in 53 Guiscard, Robert, and collapse of Byzantine Ikhshidid dynasty, collapse of 41, 43 Empire 145 inbound immigration, and Islamization 238–239 ha-Kohen, Solomon, taxation of Jews by inter-religious strife, effect of disasters on 7 Fatimid regime 55, 56 Iran hoards, hidden during famines 44–45 collapse of government 87 Hodgson, Marshall, pace of Islamization 228 consequences of severe cold spells 10–11, 49, 61 Ibn ʿAbd Rabbihi, visits to Jerusalem 183 migration of dislocated pastoralists to 62 Ibn al-Ath¯rı Iraqi Oghuz arrival in Rayy 71 changing attitude to Seljuks 116–117, 118 see also Seljuks

266 Index

Iraq, civil war in (1055–60) 96–97, 104, 105 decline of Jewish communities in 194–195 link with famines and pestilence 97, 100 dependence on rain-water 197–199, see also Baghdad 204–205 Iraqi Oghuz annual rainfall in 208 advance towards Azerbaijan 71 capacity of pools and cisterns 205 sack of Rayy 71 need for additional supply 207–208 migrations of 67 use of reservoir 199–200 and attacks against cities 78 discharge of springs 209 and Seljuks 69 effect of drought on 209–214 pillaging in northern Iraq and Jazirah 87 division into Christian city and Temple taking of Qazwin 73 Mount 184–186 Isfahan, snow in 34 documentation of daily life in 172 Islamic cities 164–165 attacks on Christians 173–174, 188–189 see also Pirenne Thesis coalition of Bedouins and Christians Islamic culture, decline of 110–111 against Jews 174 invasions of foreign and colonialist forces speciﬁc periods of dearth 172–173, 175 109–110 taxation of Jewish population 175 and invasion of Seljuks 108–109 lawlessness in late 1060s 191 see also libraries and academies reconstruction following 1020s dearth 176 Islamization reduced area of city 176 conversion of nomads 76–77, 78–79 restoration of, and alignment of walls forcing of 7, 47 56–57 of Indian subcontinent 251–252 restoration of Jewish quarter 181–182 pace of 228–229 resumption of rebuilding of walls in mid process of 231–232 1040s 179 in tenth and eleventh centuries 235 riots in 43 cultural transformation 233 situation of Jewish community in 1057 importance of demography 233–234 189 regional importance 232–233 concern over famine in Egypt 189–190 mass conversion during famine of 840s 242 tax on shops 190 see also forced conversion; madrasas see also Tyropoeon Valley Israel b. Nathan, costs of grain 190 Jewish academies, disappearance of 7, 9 desertion of Jerusalem Academy 159, 195 Jala¯l al-Dawla Jewish scholarship, disappearance from defeat of Iraqi Oghuz in 1044 81–82 Mesopotamia 114 rebellion of Turkish mercenaries 91 Jews, taxes on Jerusalem and conversion to Islam 236 acqueduct system 196–197, 200–201, 203 and outbound migration 236 archaeological evidence of decline in Joseph ha-Kohen b. Solomon Gaon, living 170–172 conditions in Jerusalem in 1053 187 construction of new Christian hospices Justinian, construction of Constantinople’s and church 192, 193, 201–202 covered cistern 207 date of rebuilding of walls 176–178, 180–181 Ka¯fu¯r, death of 42 dearth of 1050s and difﬁculties of living Kaplanis, Costas, on Byzantine coinage 186–188, 189 130–131 and decline of Jerusalem 194–195 Kennedy, Hugh, decline of classical and economic crisis of 1060s and 1070s urbanism 168–169 192 Khayya¯m, Omar 110

Index 267

Khazanov, Anatoly M. 86 metropolitan centres of eastern nomadic statehoods 106, 107 Mediterranean Kundur¯,ı plot with Kha¯tu¯n against Tughril absence of documents/monuments from 103–104 seventh to mid tenth centuries 166–167 Leo IX, Pope, and Norman conquests in decline in mid eleventh century 163–164 southern Italy 136 and ‘Islamic cities’ 164–165 Excommunication of Cerullarius 139–140 see also Pirenne Thesis plans for comprehensive alliance with Mez, Adam 114 Byzantines 138–139 Michael IV, Emperor, and rebuilding of Levi de la Vida, Georgio 114 Jerusalem’s walls 180 Levy-Rubin, Milke, forced Islamization 240 Michael the Syrian conversions during 840s famine 242 on 842 cold spell 241 libraries and academies desertion of villages following destruction of during 1027–60 111–112, drought 215 113–114 Miskawayh, and Hamadha¯n library 113 and Islamic golden age 112–113 Muqaddas¯,ı description of library intellectual shift in 115 in Shiraz 112 Llewellyn, Peter, Rome’s aqueducts 202 Muslim conquest, of eastern and southern Lopez, Roberto, and nomisma 130 Mediterranean 164–165 Muslim names, showing pace of madrasas, construction of 120 Islamization 230 changing intellectual agenda 122 purpose of 120–121 Na¯s.¯r-i-Khusrawı Mafizulla Kabir 92 Jerusalem’s gates 183 Mahmu¯d of Ghazn¯ı water situation in Jerusalem 197, 203 invasion of Indian subcontinent 251–252 Nazareth, demographic change and measures against Seljuks 65, 67 Islamization 233–234 Makdisi, George, on madrasas 121 Negev, desertification of 6 Mango, Cyril, water consumption 202 Nicephorus II Phocas, and Byzantine Maqr¯zı ¯,ı anarchy in Ramla 223 conquests during famine 42 Masʿu¯d Nile Valley and Seljuks 69, 73 challenge to Fatimid administration 46–47 threats to Tughril 77 effects of drought in 3 Matthew of Edessa increasing incidences of 4–5 attacks on Armenian Christians 244–245 food crisis in 23 desertion of villages following measurements of rise in Nile 25–26 drought 214 reliability of 26–28 famine of 950s in Jazira 35 series of insufficient rises in 41–42 famine of 1032–3 68 mid-1050s climatic disaster 154 famine of 1059 141 second period of dearth after 1065 154 famines and outbound migration of Nishapur, famine in 75–76 Christians 237–238 nomadic statehoods 5, 98 and Pechenegs 129 conditions for creation of 106 prophecy on rise and fall of Seljuks 69, effects of 10 246–247 first stages of 107 Seljuk attacks on Christians 117–118, 119 social and spatial division 107–108 McAnany, Patricia A., resilience theory 15 and takeover of Baghdad by Medieval Warm Period 3–4, 252 Seljuks 106

268 Index

nomadic tribes violent transformation after cold spells conﬂict between Bedouins and Oghuz 126–127 following 1043–4 freeze 79–81 Peleg, N., Palestinian springs 209 conversion to Islam 238–239 Perlmann, Moshe, pace of Islamization 228 dependence on seasonal migration 61 Petrarch, cultural legacy of Rome 257 effects of drought on 39, 62 Pirenne, Henri invasion of Iran and Khurasan following decline of cities 225 severe cold 62, 65–67, 71 and Rome 257 migration from Tibet after 1045–7 and development of western medieval freeze 82 cities 165–166 penetration into Palestine and Syria and Pirenne Thesis 166–168 48–49 Pliny the Elder, and measurement of Nile protection of weak by stronger tribes 79 rises 27 see also Iraqi Oghuz; Seljuks Procopius, Constantinople’s water cistern 207 nomisma, devaluation of 130–131 prophecies, linked to climatic events 69, Norman advances in southern Italy 246–247 1017 rebellion against overlords provincial centres of eastern Mediterranean, 134–135 decline of 164 suppression by Basil Boioannes 135 attacks from mid 1040s onwards Qayrawan, destruction of 226 135, 141 and capture of Bari 343 Ramla collapse of Byzantines 136–137 anarchy and collapse following drought and Guiscard 145 223–224 North Africa, invasion by Banu¯ Hila¯l and Bedouin raids on 175 Banu¯ Sulaym 155–158 decline of 170, 222–223 Jewish community in 223 Oghuz tribes prosperity of 221–222 joining of forces with Ibra¯h¯mı Yina¯l 86 water storage in 222 migration of 63 religious clashes, in Mesopotamia 49, 90–91 and one-humped camels 64 concurrence with cold spells 91–92, see also Ibra¯him Yina¯l; Iraqi Oghuz; 93–94 Seljuks and ʿayya¯ru¯n 92–93 overshoot and collapse theory 12–13 Shiʿ¯ı–Sunni clashes 93 declines of ancient civilizations and paciﬁcation of (1095) 116 future predictions 14–15 resilience theory depletion of regional resources 13–14 and biological/ecological theories 17 and ecological populations 13 and collapse 16 and multiple equilibria in ecosystems and Palestine, domino effect of drought in 53–54 cultures 16 pastoralist economies, effects of severe Roman Empire weather on 61 and division of history during Pechenegs, southern migration of 126 Renaissance 257 pressure on Byzantine Empire during process of existence 257 1050s and 1060s 127–128, 141 search for reasons for decline 257 crossing of Danube during freezes 128 Romanus Diogenes, clashes with Seljuks defeat of Uzes 143 143–144 devastation of country from Danube Rousseau, Jean Jacques, disasters as social to Adrianople 128–130 constructs 255

Index 269

Sa¯w¯ruı ¯s Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ Tiberias, collapse of 170 attacks on Christian communities in desertion of 215–216 Upper Egypt 159, 243 famine in 216 and Lawata tribes in Lower Egypt 158 Tughril Beg 62 on seven-year famine 43 arrest by Mah.mu¯d of Ghazn¯ı 65 emigration of Christians 235–236 attempts at role of peace-keeper 81 Scylitzes Continuatus, and Byzantine army battle with Ibra¯h¯mı Yina¯l 103–104 133–134 conquest of Nishapur 73, 75 Seljuks creation of nomadic statehood 98 attacks on Armenian territories 86, entry into Baghdad and ending of 244–245 drought (1060) 104, 105 attacks on Christians 102–103, 243 and Iraq civil war 97 and battle of Manzikert 143–144 looting of Balad 100 connection between cold, famine and offer of title in return for loyalty to caliph violence 62, 98 95–96 intervention in Baghdad politics 86–87 plundering of cities 77–78 and Iraqi Oghuz 69 political transformation of 76–77 leadership of weaker nomadic tribes 62 sacking of Akhmul monastery 101 Mah.mu¯d’s measures against 65–67 takeover of Baghdad 97–98 and Masʿu¯d of Ghazna 73, 75 understanding of importance movement towards Hamadhan 73 of location 107 persecution of 69 Tyropoeon Valley, desertion of 176 plot to create all-Sunni administration 90 dates of 182–183 plundering of Sinjar 103 and earthquake of 1033 183–184 political rise of 96 prophecy of their rise and fall 69, 246–247 urban culture links to end of famine 247 and decimation of cities 5–6 reversion to marauders after freeze of desertion of villages 214–215 1045–7 82–83 and supply of running water 203 taking of Maragha and Hamadhan 73 see also Caesarea Maritima; Ramla; see also Islamic culture; Tughril Beg Tiberias Sibt. Ibn al-Jawz¯ı 118 Uzes, attacks on Byzantine Empire and snow in Baghdad 49 142–143 Syrian living conditions 188 southern Italy, harsh winters and revolt in Vasilievsky, V. G. Apulia 50–51 collapse of Byzantine Empire 144 Spuler, Bertold, disintegration of and Great Schism 140 caliphate 63 and invasion of Pechenegs 127–128 Stathakopoulos, Dionysios Ch., violence 4 documentation of climatic change 28 following famine in Baghdad 33, 35, 49 in Mesopotamia and Iran 34, Tainter, Joseph A., resilience theory 15 35–36, 49 ı 1024 53–54 Tam¯n Abu¯H˙ arb, rebellion in Palestine in Palestine following famine during famine 241 desertion of Ramla 55–56 taxes on minorities, in times of dearth 236–237 mistreatment of Jews 54–56 Teleles, Ioannes, G., documentation of see also domino effects; religious clashes climatic change 28 von Falkenhausen, Vera, Byzantine collapse Temple Mount, and division of Jerusalem in southern Italy 136 184–185 Vryonis, Speros Jr. 118

270 Index

Ward-Perkins, Bryan, water supply and William of Apulia, on cold spell in Apulia prosperity of cities 202 51, 134 water supply William of Tyre and abandonment of Tiberias 215–216 and Church of the Resurrection 180 and famine 216 construction of new hospices and church decline of Caesarea Maritima 219 in Jerusalem 192, 194 desertion of villages following drought rebuilding of Jerusalem’s walls 179 215–217 water supply in Jerusalem 199, 200–201, needs of population 202 203 neglect of aqueduct system in Rome 201–202 Yaʿqu¯b ibn Killis, ascendance to power rain-water storage 204–205 43–45 need for additional supply Yah.ya¯ Ibn Saʿ¯dı 48–49 207–208 famine in Baghdad 34–35 and social customs 203, 204 Yina¯l, Ibra¯h¯mı 77, 83, 84, 86 see also Jerusalem movement towards Iraq 87 western medieval cities, development of plunder in northern Mesopotamia 165–166 following 1047–8 freeze 84 Wiet, Gaston, pace of Islamization 228 revolt against Tughril 102 wildlife protection 116 Yoffee, Norman, resilience theory 15