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© in This Web Service Cambridge University Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02335-2 - The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950–1072 Ronnie Ellenblum Index More information Index Abu¯Ka¯l¯jaı ¯r 84 Argyros, Marianos, and Norman rebellion adaptive cycle, and resilience theory 16 in southern Italy 135 al-Andalus¯,ı Abraham b. Isaac, living Artz, Frederick B., decline of Islamic culture conditions in Jerusalem 187–188 108–109 al-Basa¯s¯rı ¯,ı and Iraq civil war 96–97, 99, Ashtor, Eliyahu, decline of Islamic golden 100, 102, 105 age 109 entry into Baghdad 104 Attaleiates political rivalry with caliph and chief attacks by Uzes 143 vizier 97 and Byzantine army 133 Albert of Aachen, Jerusalem’s reservoir desertion of western Anatolia 238 199–200 Avni, Gideon, decline of classical cities al-Ghaza¯l¯ı 110 169–170 240–241 al-H˙a¯kim, caliph, forced Islamization archaeological evidence from Jerusalem destruction of Christian churches 174 170–171 and Church of the Holy Sepulchre 47 ʿayya¯ru¯n, the, prosperity in periods of dearth restoration of churches and synagogues 92–93 48, 241 al-Maghara, synagogue, and 1033 Baghdad earthquake 183–184 Abbasid caliph’s deposition of Buyid al-Maqr¯zı ¯ı 97 reliability of historical evidence 27 marriage politics with Tughril Beg water levels of Khalij 51 99 al-Muʿizz, caliph 42 caliph’s negotiations with Tughril 95 al-Muqaddas¯ı coup d’état by Sunnis 90 description of Ramla 221–222 cultural change in 6–7, 115–116, 226 visits to Jerusalem 183 desertion by Jews and Christians 34, and Jerusalem’s aqueducts 197 235–236 al-Mustans.ir, caliph severe cold in 33, 49, 64 and Egyptian famine 154 in 1027 64 and rebuilding of Jerusalem’s walls 180 and famine 35, 68 Alp Arsla¯n, attacks on Anatolian cities 142 social and religious agitation during al-Ya¯zu¯r¯ı cold waves 35, 91–92 execution of 151 return to order 50 and fixed price of grain 149 takeover by nomads 5 Angold, Michael, on decline of Byzantine temporary expulsion of Seljuks from Empire 123 98 261 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02335-2 - The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950–1072 Ronnie Ellenblum Index More information 262 Index Baghdad (cont.) rebellion of unpaid mercenaries 91, and Ibra¯h¯mı Yina¯l 84 94–95 see also ʿayya¯ru¯n; Bar Hebraeus; Buyid see also al-Basa¯s¯rı ¯ı dynasty; Iraq civil war; madrasas; Byzantine Empire, the religious clashes; Tughril Beg alliance with Normans 145 Bahat, Dan, and plan of Jerusalem 184, 185 appearance of Oghuz tribes in Balkans Bar Hebraeus 125–127 conversion of immigrants to Islam 239 ascent of Norman power in southern Italy decline in numbers of Christians in 134–135 Tinnis 237 Basil II, and period of prosperity 123–124 desertion of villages following drought 214 Battle of Manzikert 124, 134, 144 famine in Baghdad 34–35 Caesarea Maritima 219–220 link between freeze, famine and nomads collapse in southern Italy 136–137 68 decline in mid eleventh century 219–220 nomads joining Tughril Beg in 1043 79 effects of climatic disasters on 89 report on 1056 famine and plague 150 devaluation of currency 130–131 Seljuk takeover of Baghdad 98 Jewish community in 220–221 and Tughril’s honorific titles 96 nomadic invasions 125–127 severe cold in Baghdad in 1027 64 attempts at appeasement by emperor and in 1038 73 128–129 Basil II, Emperor 123–124 in cold spells of 1046–early 1050s 127 battle of Manzikert (1071) 124, 134 renewed attacks of 1056–81 141–142 Bayhaq¯,ı description of Nishapur 75–76 rapid decline after late 1020s 124–125 Bedouins, attacks on Jews 54–56 reduction in size of army 131–132 Benayah b. Mu¯sa¯, famine in the R¯fı 147 and army revolt 132–133 Bethlehem, demographic change and deterioration of army 133–134 Islamization 233–234 see also Constantine IX; Great Schism biological populations 13 Boiannes, Basil, suppression of Norman Campbell, Donald E. H., and Muslim rebels in southern Italy 135 medicine 109 Bosworth, Edmund, migration of Ghuz Cedrenus, 1059 nomadic attacks 142 63 Cerullarius, Patriarch of Constantinople, Brett, Michael, departure of Bedouin tribes and Great Schism 138 for Egypt 156 ex-communication of 139–140 Banu¯ Hila¯l in Ifriqiya 157 Charanis, Peter Brown, Peter, Roman cultural on Byzantine army 131–132 innovation 258 on Constantinople 125 Bulliet, Richard Christianity, decline of in eastern and the Big Chill 63–64 Mediterranean 231 and decline of Iran 10–11 and demographic change 233–234 pace of Islamization 229–230 during crisis of eleventh century 234, Burgoyne, Michael, plan of Jerusalem 185 237–238 Buyid dynasty in Egyptian famines 243, 246 cultural achievements of Islamic link to periods of dearth 247–248 societies 114 and millenarian prophecies 246–247 establishment of libraries 111–112 links to end of famine 247 political collapse and climatic crisis reconstruction and cooperation of 90–91, 93–94 governments 234 accentuated by famine (1053–4) 94 see also Christians © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02335-2 - The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950–1072 Ronnie Ellenblum Index More information Index 263 Christians watershed of 1055 88 attacks on during cold spell (1056–8) decline of urban centres in Israel and 102–103, 117–118 Jordan 89 in years of famine 173–174 and Iraq civil war 105 emigration from Jerusalem to see also Baghdad; Byzantine Empire; Byzantium 175 freeze Jerusalem institutions and Islamic collapse, psychological effect of term conquest 171–172 overshoot and collapse theory 18, 19 persecution of 7 resilience theory 18–19 by Seljuks in mid 1050s 243 Comnenus, Isaac, soldier-emperor 132–133 Seljuk attacks on Armenian territory Constantine IX, Emperor, and war with 244–245 nomads 129–130 rebuilding of Jerusalem city walls debasement of coinage 130–131 179–180, 181 financing of rebuilding of Jerusalem’s taxes on 243 walls 179–180 Church of Holy Zion, sacking of 173–174 and Great Schism 139 Church of the Holy Sepulchre search for western allies 139 closure and looting of in famine of 1056 Constantinople 242–243 Anatolian army’s march on 132–133 destruction of 47, 240 covered water cistern in 207 during cold spell in ninth century 241–242 population of 125, 163 sacking of 173–174 cotton industry, in Iran 64 cities, decline between seventh and tenth Cowgill, George, resilience theory 15 centuries currency devaluation, in Byzantine Empire 89 and climatic disaster 227 comparison between eastern and western Dandaqan, Battle of 75 Mediterranean 224–226, 227 Daniel, Abbot, Jerusalem’s water supply 197 classical heritage, dispersal of 256, 258 Danishmend, and forced conversion to Islam classical urbanism, decline of 163–164 245–246 archaeological evidence of growth and Da¯r al-ʿIlm, destruction of 111–112 decline 169–170 Dennet, Daniel, pace of Islamization 228 long-term process of 168–169 desertification, of agricultural regions 6 see also Pirenne Thesis documentation of 9–10 climatic disasters in eastern Mediterranean Diamond, Jared, and overshoot and alteration in cultures 249–250 collapse theory 12–13 in eleventh century 250 depletion of resources 13–14 explanations for decline 249 and future of planet 15 long-term process of 250 disease connections between events 9–10, 11 and famine of 1032–3 68 documentation of 7–9, 20 spreading from Nile Delta in 1040s 83 limited explanations for 9 and famine of mid 1050s 100–102 effects on other regions 251–252 domino effects, of periods of dearth geographical significance of 37–39 direct mechanisms of 36 diversity of countries 39–40 duration of 37 and Medieval Warm Period in western effect on existing dissensions 36–37 Europe 252, 253 Donation of Constantine 138 rarity of 259 drought repetitive nature of 20–21, 40 and decline of Christian communities results of return to opulence after 122 43, 47 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02335-2 - The Collapse of the Eastern Mediterranean: Climate Change and the Decline of the East, 950–1072 Ronnie Ellenblum Index More information 264 Index Donation of Constantine (cont.) Elijah ha-Kohen b. Solomon Gaon, living domino effect of conditions in Jerusalem in 1053 189 in Egypt 51 emigrations in Palestine 53–54 and demographic conversion of vulnerability to 39–40 landscape 235–236 see also Nile Valley following freeze 4 and persecution of minorities 7 earthquakes see also Christianity, decline of effect on Ramla 222 Ephrat, Daphna, on madrasas 120–121 and rebuilding of Jerusalem’swalls177–179 eastern Mediterranean, diversity of languages famine chronicling crisis 258–259 and civil disorder 33, 35, 42 ecological collapse, differing theories of 12 comparison of effects in Egypt and geographical significance of 37–39 Palestine 190–191 historical documentation of domino and data from medieval Egyptian effects 19–20 sources 22 and geographical/ethnic complexity and disease 68, 83, 100–102 of regions 20 domino effects of 36, 43 lack of data on 17–18 following climatic disaster of mid 1050s see also domino effects; overshoot and 88, 98, 100 collapse theory; resilience theory ending of 105 economic crises, following climatic disaster, and insufficient rises of Nile 41–42 and collapse of bureaucracies 4–5 preparation for 21 education, and empire-building of tribal and biblical story of Joseph 21–22 leaders 122 conditions preceding crisis 22–23 Egypt severity of and collapse of bureaucracies and behaviour
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