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Incidencia De Hylobius Abietis En El Sur De Galicia

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Incidencia De Hylobius Abietis En El Sur De Galicia Trabajo de Fin de Grado: Incidencia de Hylobius abietis en el sur de Galicia. Efectos de la gestión silvícola y de la abundancia y continuidad de las masas de pinar en los alrededores Grado: Enxeñería Forestal. Escola de Enxeñería Forestal. Curso 2016/17 Campus de Pontevedra. Universidade de Vigo. Codirectores: Dr. Rafael Zas, Xosé López Goldar y Estefanía Suárez Vidal. Grupo de Xenética e Ecoloxía Forestal da Misión Biolóxica de Galicia, CSIC. Tutor: Prof. Dr. Carlos Souto, Escola de Enxeñería Forestal, Universidade de Vigo. Alumno: Santiago Carreño Morales Especialmente dedicado a Nuria Vázquez Trabajo de Fin de Grado Incidencia de Hylobius abietis en el sur de Galicia. Efectos de la gestión silvícola y de la abundancia y continuidad de las masas de pinar en los alrededores En Pontevedra, octubre de 2016 Los Codirectores: Dr. Rafael Zas Xosé López Goldar Estefanía Suárez Vidal El Tutor: El alumno: Dr. Carlos Souto Otero Santiago Carreño Morales Trabajo de Fin de Grado: Incidencia de Hylobius abietis en el sur de Galicia INDICE 1. RESUMEN ............................................................................................................. 1 2. INTRODUCCION .................................................................................................... 4 2.1. Hylobius abietis: TAXONOMÍA, DISTRIBUCIÓN Y CICLO DE VIDA ............... 4 2.2. PLAGA SILVÍCOLA: DAÑOS ............................................................................. 8 2.3. MÉTODOS DE CONTROL .................................................................................. 9 2.4. EL AMBIENTE FORESTAL EN EL SUR DE GALICIA ..................................... 11 2.5. Hylobius abietis EN GALICIA .......................................................................... 16 3. JUSTIFICACION, HIPOTESIS Y OBJETIVOS .................................................... 17 4. METODOLOGIA .................................................................................................. 19 4.1. SITIOS DE ENSAYO ......................................................................................... 19 4.2. PARCELAS DE MUESTREO ............................................................................ 22 4.3. PARCELAS DE SEGUIMIENTO INTENSIVO ................................................... 25 4.4. SEGUIMIENTO, CAPTURAS Y EVALUACIONES ........................................... 26 4.5. ECOLOGÍA DEL PAISAJE ............................................................................... 27 5. ANALISIS ESTADISTICOS ................................................................................. 32 6. RESULTADOS ..................................................................................................... 33 6.1. NÚMERO DE CAPTURAS DE Hylobius abietis .............................................. 33 6.2. INCIDENCIA DE Hylobius abietis ................................................................... 36 6.3. INFLUENCIA DE FACTORES AMBIENTALES Y CLIMÁTICOS ...................... 42 6.4. INFLUENCIA DE FACTORES A ESCALA DEL PAISAJE ............................... 49 7. DISCUSION ......................................................................................................... 50 7.1. Hylobius abietis, UNA PLAGA POTENCIALMENTE PROBLEMÁTICA TAMBIÉN EN EL SUR DE EUROPA ................................................................ 50 7.2. RELACIÓN CAPTURAS-DAÑOS ..................................................................... 51 7.3. PREFERENCIA ENTRE P. pinaster Y P. radiata............................................. 52 7.4. EFECTO DE LA ABUNDANCIA Y CONTINUIDAD DE LAS MASAS DE CONÍFERAS ..................................................................................................... 53 7.5. EFECTO DE FACTORES SILVÍCOLAS Y AMBIENTALES ............................. 54 7.6. IMPLICACIONES PARA LA GESTIÓN ............................................................ 56 8. CONCLUSIONES ................................................................................................. 58 9. REFERENCIAS .................................................................................................... 59 10. AGRADECIMIENTOS .......................................................................................... 63 11. ANEXOS .............................................................................................................. 64 11.1. FICHAS DE PARCELAS ................................................................................... 64 11.2. LISTA DE MATERIAL ....................................................................................... 85 Trabajo de Fin de Grado: Incidencia de Hylobius abietis en el sur de Galicia 1. RESUMEN Hylobius abietis es una de las plagas forestales más importantes en Europa. Causa diversos y considerables daños en las repoblaciones de coníferas que, en numerosas ocasiones, desemboca en una elevada mortalidad. La Península Ibérica supone el límite sur-occidental en la distribución natural de la especie, pero en esta área de distribución no existen suficientes estudios sobre su incidencia como plaga silvícola, especialmente en Galicia dónde la superficie arbolada de coníferas es muy discontinua y la reforestación tras cortas a hecho no es inmediata. Para el experimento se seleccionaron un total de 21 parcelas en la provincia de Pontevedra (suroeste de Galicia, España). En cada una de ellas se estableció una parcela de seguimiento, en la que se plantaron juveniles de Pinus pinaster y Pinus radiata para valorar los daños causados por H. abietis. En dichas parcelas se tomaron datos sobre la masa cortada y se evaluó mediante un análisis SIG la influencia de la abundancia, continuidad y estructura de las masas de coníferas circundantes en los daños causados por el insecto. Después del establecimiento de las parcelas de seguimiento, se evaluó el daño causado por el insecto a lo largo de los meses siguientes determinando el área mordida en los tallos de las plántulas experimentales. Por otro lado, en 6 de las 21 parcelas anteriores se realizó un seguimiento intensivo donde, además del daño, se estimó la abundancia de H. abietis. A partir de estos datos se analizó el efecto de los distintos factores ambientales, silvícolas y la ecología del paisaje sobre la incidencia del insecto mediante análisis de varianza y regresión. Los resultados obtenidos indican una enorme variabilidad entre las parcelas analizadas, encontrándose parcelas con serios daños en las plántulas producidos por las mordeduras de H. abietis, frente a otras sin ningún tipo de incidencia. No se ha encontrado, sin embargo, una preferencia del insecto por alguna de las especies de coníferas empleadas (Pinus pinaster y Pinus radiata). El factor más influyente fue la fecha en la que se produjo la corta de la masa en las parcelas. En cuanto a los factores ambientales implicados en la incidencia del insecto, los resultados muestran efectos significativos de la cobertura arbórea y la altitud de las parcelas. Por último, la abundancia y continuidad de pinares o masas de coníferas en la provincia no parecen ser factores relevantes clave en la dinámica e incidencia del insecto. En conjunto, la escala del experimento podría ser una de las razones por las que aparecen resultados parcialmente concluyentes. Realizar una evaluación similar a una escala mayor (comunidad autónoma) podría revelar patrones de interés que sirviesen para conocer la dinámica del insecto y ejercer un óptimo control forestal sobre su incidencia. Palabras clave: Hylobius abietis, Pinus pinaster, Pinus radiata, gestión silvícola, incidencia, plaga forestal 1 Trabajo de Fin de Grado: Incidencia de Hylobius abietis en el sur de Galicia 1. RESUMO Hylobius abietis é unha das pragas forestais máis importantes en Europa. Causa diversos e considerables danos nas repoboacións de coníferas que, en numerosas ocasións, remata nunha elevada mortalidade. Na Península Ibérica supón o límite sur-occidental na distribución natural da especie, pero nesta área de distribución non existen suficientes estudos sobre a súa incidencia como praga silvícola, especialmente en Galicia onde a superficie arborada de coníferas é moi descontinua e a reforestación tras cortas a feito non é inmediata. Para o experimento seleccionáronse un total de 21 parcelas na provincia de Pontevedra (suroeste de Galicia, España). En cada unha delas estableceuse unha parcela de seguimento, na que se plantaron xuvenís de Pinus pinaster e Pinus radiata para valorar os danos causados por H. abietis. En ditas parcelas tomáronse datos sobre a masa cortada e avaliouse se mediante unha análise SIX a influencia da abundancia, continuidade e estrutura das masas de coníferas do arredor nos danos producidos polo insecto. Despois do establecemento das parcelas de seguimento, avaliouse se o dano causado polo insecto ó longo dos meses seguintes determinando a área mordida nos talos das plántulas experimentais. Por outra banda, en 6 das 21 parcelas anteriores realizouse un seguimento intensivo onde, ademais do dano, estimouse a abundancia de H. abietis. A partires destes datos analizouse o efecto dos distintos factores ambientais, silvícolas e a ecoloxía da paisaxe sobre a incidencia do insecto mediante análise de varianza e regresión. Os resultados obtidos indican unha enorme variabilidade entre as parcelas analizadas, atopándose parcelas con serios danos nas plántulas producidos polas mordeduras de H. abietis, fronte a outras sen ningún tipo de incidencia. Non se atopou, nembargante, unha preferencia do insecto por algunha das
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