Metallogenesis of the World's Ocean Against the Background of Oceanic Crust Evolution
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Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results Volume
9. GEOCHEMICAL EXPRESSION OF EARLY DIAGENESIS IN MIDDLE EOCENE-LOWER OLIGOCENE PELAGIC SEDIMENTS IN THE SOUTHERN LABRADOR SEA, SITE 647, ODP LEG 1051 M. A. Arthur,2 W. E. Dean,3 J. C. Zachos,2 M. Kaminski,4 S. Hagerty Rieg,2 and K. Elmstrom2 ABSTRACT Geochemical analyses of the middle Eocene through lower Oligocene lithologic Unit IIIC (260-518 meters below seafloor [mbsf]) indicate a relatively constant geochemical composition of the detrital fraction throughout this deposi tional interval at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 647 in the southern Labrador Sea. The main variability occurs in redox-sensitive elements (e.g., iron, manganese, and phosphorus), which may be related to early diagenetic mobility in anaerobic pore waters during bacterial decomposition of organic matter. Initial preservation of organic matter was me diated by high sedimentation rates (36 m/m.y.). High iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) contents are associated with car bonate concretions of siderite, manganosiderite, and rhodochrosite. These concretions probably formed in response to elevated pore-water alkalinity and total dissolved carbon dioxide (C02) concentrations resulting from bacterial sulfate reduction, as indicated by nodule stable-isotope compositions and pore-water geochemistry. These nodules differ from those found in upper Cenozoic hemipelagic sequences in that they are not associated with methanogenesis. Phosphate minerals (carbonate-fluorapatite) precipitated in some intervals, probably as the result of desorption of phosphorus from iron and manganese during reduction. The bulk chemical composition of the sediments differs little from that of North Atlantic Quaternary abyssal red clays, but may contain a minor hydrothermal component. The silicon/ aluminum (Si/Al) ratio, however, is high and variable and probably reflects original variations in biogenic opal, much of which is now altered to smectite and/or opal CT. -
Meteoric Be and Be As Process Tracers in the Environment
Chapter 5 Meteoric 7Be and 10Be as Process Tracers in the Environment James M. Kaste and Mark Baskaran 7 10 Abstract Be (T1/2 ¼ 53 days) and Be (T1/2 ¼ occurring Be isotopes of use to Earth scientists are the 7 1.4 Ma) form via natural cosmogenic reactions in the short-lived Be (T1/2 ¼ 53.1 days) and the longer- 10 atmosphere and are delivered to Earth’s surface by wet lived Be (T1/2 ¼ 1.4 Ma; Nishiizumi et al. 2007). and dry deposition. The distinct source term and near- Because cosmic rays that cause the initial cascade of constant fallout of these radionuclides onto soils, vege- neutrons and protons in the upper atmosphere respon- tation, waters, ice, and sediments makes them valuable sible for the spallation reactions are attenuated by tracers of a wide range of environmental processes the mass of the atmosphere itself, production rates of operating over timescales from weeks to millions of comsogenic Be are three orders of magnitude higher in years. Beryllium tends to form strong bonds with oxygen the stratosphere than they are at sea-level (Masarik and atoms, so 7Be and 10Be adsorb rapidly to organic and Beer 1999, 2009). Most of the production of cosmo- inorganic solid phases in the terrestrial and marine envi- genic Be therefore occurs in the upper atmosphere ronment. Thus, cosmogenic isotopes of beryllium can be (5–30 km), although there is trace, but measurable used to quantify surface age, sediment source, mixing production as oxygen atoms in minerals at the Earth’s rates, and particle residence and transit times in soils, surface are spallated (in situ produced; see Lal 2011, streams, lakes, and the oceans. -
Tin, Tungsten, and Tantalum Deposits of South Dakota
TIN, TUNGSTEN, AND TANTALUM DEPOSITS OF SOUTH DAKOTA. By FRANK L. HESS. INTRODUCTION. Many articles have been written 011 the tin deposits of the Black Hills, and an excellent paper by J. D. Irving a on the tungsten deposits at Lead was published in 1901. Nothing is known to have been pub lished on the tungsten deposits of the southern Black Hills, but several articles have been written on the deposits of tantalum. Nearly all the papers on these different deposits, however, are a num ber of years old, and later developments have given several of the deposits an aspect somewhat different from their appearance at the time they were described. It therefore seems well to give a brief account of observations made by the writer during a short reconnais sance trip in September, 1908, together with such reviews of the his tory and the literature of the region as may seem advisable. All the known deposits of tin, tungsten, and tantalum in South Dakota occur in the Black Hills, in Lawrence and Pennington coun ties, in the southwestern part of the State. Although designated as "hills," these elevations reach a height of 7,216 feet in Harney Peak, 500 feet above the highest of the Appalachians (Mount Mitchell, 6,711 feet) and almost a thousand feet above the highest of the White Mountains (Mount Washington, 6,279 feet). They are about 60 to 75 miles long by 50 miles wide, the longer axis lying nearly north and south. There is a considerable diversity of topography in the different parts of the area to be considered. -
4. a Growth Model for Polymetallic Nodules
A GEOLOGICAL MODEL OF POLYMETALLIC NODULE DEPOSITS IN THE CLARION‐CLIPPERTON FRACTURE ZONE ISA TECHNICAL STUDY SERIES Technical Study No. 1 Global Non‐Living Resources on the Extended Continental Shelf: Prospects at the year 2000 Technical Study No. 2 Polymetallic Massive Sulphides and Cobalt‐Rich Ferromanganese Crusts: Status and Prospects Technical Study No. 3 Biodiversity, Species Ranges and Gene Flow in the Abyssal Pacific Nodule Province: Predicting and Managing the Impacts of Deep Seabed Mining Technical Study No. 4 Issues associated with the Implementation of Article 82 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Technical Study No. 5 Non‐Living resources of the Continental Shelf beyond 200 nautical miles: Speculations on the Implementation of Article 82 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea PAGE | II A GEOLOGICAL MODEL OF POLYMETALLIC NODULE DEPOSITS IN THE CLARION‐ CLIPPERTON FRACTURE ZONE This report contains a summary of two documents – A Geological Model of Polymetallic Nodule Deposits in the Clarion‐Clipperton Fracture Zone and a Prospector’s Guide prepared under the project ‘Development of a Geological Model of Polymetallic Nodule Deposits in the Clarion‐Clipperton Fracture Zone, Pacific Ocean’. ISA TECHNICAL STUDY: NO. 6 International Seabed Authority Kingston, Jamaica PAGE | III The designation employed and the presentation of materials in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the International Seabed Authority concerning the legal status of any country or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or maritime boundaries. All rights reserved. -
Geology of the South Pass Area, Fremont County, Wyoming
Geology of the South Pass Area, Fremont County, Wyoming By RICHARD W. BAYLEY, PAUL DEAN PROCTOR,· and KENT C. CONDIE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 793 Describes the stratigraphy) structure) and metamorphism of the South Pass area) and the iron and gold deposits UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1973 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ROGERS C. B. MORTON, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY V. E. McKelvey, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 73-600101 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402- Price $1.10 (paper cover) Stock Number 240l-02398 CONTENTS Page Page Abstract 1 Intrusive igneous rocks-Continued Introduction ------------------------------------- 1 Louis Lake batholith ------------------------ 17 Geography -----------------------·----------- 1 Diabasic gabbro dikes ------------------------ 24 Human his,tory ------------------------------ 2 Structure --------------------------------------- 24 Previous investigations ----·------------------ 3 Metamorphism ----------------------------------- 26 Recent investigations ------------------------ 4 Geochronology ---------------------------------- 28 Acknowledgments ---------------------------- 4 Economic geology -------------------------------- 2~ Geologic setting -------------------------------- 4 Gold ----------·------------------------------ 28 Stratigraphy ------------------------------~---- 6 Quartz veins ---------------------------..:. 29 Goldman Meadows Formation ---------------- 6 -
ECONOMIC ASPECTS of NODULE MINING Although Deep-Sea
CHAPTER 11 ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF NODULE MINING J. L. MERO INTRODUCTION Although deep-sea manganese nodules were discovered over a'century ago by scientists of the HMS Challenger expedition, few analyses of the nodules for the economically significant elements such as nickel, copper, cobalt and molybdenum were made in those early days and no consideration was given to these deposits as a possible commercial source of metals until the early 1950's when the mining of the nodules was advocated as a possible source of manganese (Mero, 1952). As the result of a haul of nodules taken in relatively shallow water (900 m) about 370 km east of Tahiti on the western edge of the Tuamoto Plateau during the 1957-58 International Geophysical Year (the nodules contained about 2% of cobalt, a valuable metal at that particular time), a study was initiated by the Institute of Marine Resources of the University of California to determine if it might be economic to mine and process the nodules for their cobalt, nickel and copper contents. The results of that study were favourable' with respect to the technical and economic factors involved in mining and processing the nodules. All the research and development in this matter dates from the release of the report describing the results of that study (Mero, 1958). To the present time (1975) over $150 million* has been expended in the exploration of the nodule deposits and in the development of mining and processing systems. An additional $100 million is to be spent in the next few years in these activities. -
Study of the Structure Model of Todorokite
Title Study of the Structure Model of Todorokite Author(s) Miura, Hiroyuki Citation 北海道大学理学部紀要, 23(1), 41-51 Issue Date 1991-07 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/36772 Type bulletin (article) File Information 23-1_p41-51.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Jour. Fac. Sci., Hokkaido Univ., Ser. IV, vol. 23, no. 1, July., 1991, pp. 41 -51 STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE MODEL OF TODOROKITE by Hiroyuki Miura (with 5 text-figures and 3 tables) Abstract The X - ray diffraction study of todorokite from Japan was carried out and appropriate struc tural model was calculated by Rietveld method. The calculation of the theoretical diffraction pattern was done for a layer structural model and the calculated results show that the layer model can explain the observed diffraction data. Some of the properties of todorokite such as superstructure or shrinkage of c-axis on heating can be explained by the layer model which con tains random H 20 between the [MnOs] layers. Introduction Todorokite is a manganese oxide mineral having H 20 in its structure. It was reported first from the Todoroki gold mine, Hokkaido, Japan (Yoshimura, 1934) . This mineral occurs as aggregate of fine acicular crystals. It also contains H20, Ca, Ba and Mg. The X -ray powder diffraction data of todorokite clearly show diffraction peaks of 9.6, 4.8, 3.2, 2.45 and 1.42 A. Since 1934 there has been many reports of todorokite like minerals from all over the world (Frondel, 1953; Frondel et aI. , 1960; Ljunggren, 1960; Straczek et aI., 1960; Faulring, 1961 ; Larson, 1962; Radtke et aI., 1967; Lawrence et aI., 1968; Harada, 1982; Siegel and Turner, 1983) . -
Tungsten Minerals and Deposits
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 652 4"^ TUNGSTEN MINERALS AND DEPOSITS BY FRANK L. HESS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 25 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS. Page. Introduction.............................................................. , 7 Inquiries concerning tungsten......................................... 7 Survey publications on tungsten........................................ 7 Scope of this report.................................................... 9 Technical terms...................................................... 9 Tungsten................................................................. H Characteristics and properties........................................... n Uses................................................................. 15 Forms in which tungsten is found...................................... 18 Tungsten minerals........................................................ 19 Chemical and physical features......................................... 19 The wolframites...................................................... 21 Composition...................................................... 21 Ferberite......................................................... 22 Physical features.............................................. 22 Minerals of similar appearance................................. -
The Spirit of the Silk Road and the Nigerian M
INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY IN NIGERIAN MINERALS/ MINING SECTOR YAKUBU SILAS CONTENT Introduction Mineral Exploration/Data Acquisition Geosciences Data used by Industry Geology of Nigeria Mineral Resources Government Reforms Legislative and Regulatory Framework Investment Opportunities Conclusion. Introduction --Country Profile Landmass: :923,768 km2 Coastline: 853 km Capital: Abuja Official Language: English Major Languages: Igbo,Hausa, Yoruba. Others include: Fulani, Ijaw, Tiv, Ibibio, Kanuri,Idoma About 250 linguistic Groups Population: (2011):181,562,056 Currency: Naira Introduction (continued) A decline in the Oil Prices in Recent Years has Prompted the Government to Diversify the Economy, making the Development of the Mining Sector a Priority by carrying out Reforms in the Mining Sector. Hence, Effort are geared toward Geological, Geochemical and Geophysical Surveys, aimed at Producing needed Data/Information by Investors to make informed Decisions. EXPLORATION/ DATA AQUISITION Survey Outputs: Types of Geoscience Data used by Industry Geochemical Mapping ( 8 of 44 GRN Cells ) Geological Maps (95 of 337 nos. 1:100,000 100% Coverage on Airborne Geophysical Survey Survey Outputs: Types of Geoscience Data used by Industry Geological Maps Geochemical map (Gold – Koton Karfi Cel) Geophysical Map (Nigeria) 7 Geology of Nigeria Legend Simplified Geological Map of Nigeria Geology of Nigeria continued The geology of Nigeria is dominated by the Basement Complex Rocks which occur in the northeastern, southwestern and north-central region of the country and Sedimentary Rocks sequences that have filled up the Basins which are vast depressions between the Basement Complexes Nigerian Mineral Resources Mineral Resources Distributio n in Nigeria Nigerian Mineral Resources . Current exploratory studies revealed abundant Mineral Resources occurring in all the components of Nigerian Geology As at 2016, Over 40 known minerals were discovered in Nigeria. -
Alphabetical List
LIST L - MINERALS - ALPHABETICAL LIST Specific mineral Group name Specific mineral Group name acanthite sulfides asbolite oxides accessory minerals astrophyllite chain silicates actinolite clinoamphibole atacamite chlorides adamite arsenates augite clinopyroxene adularia alkali feldspar austinite arsenates aegirine clinopyroxene autunite phosphates aegirine-augite clinopyroxene awaruite alloys aenigmatite aenigmatite group axinite group sorosilicates aeschynite niobates azurite carbonates agate silica minerals babingtonite rhodonite group aikinite sulfides baddeleyite oxides akaganeite oxides barbosalite phosphates akermanite melilite group barite sulfates alabandite sulfides barium feldspar feldspar group alabaster barium silicates silicates albite plagioclase barylite sorosilicates alexandrite oxides bassanite sulfates allanite epidote group bastnaesite carbonates and fluorides alloclasite sulfides bavenite chain silicates allophane clay minerals bayerite oxides almandine garnet group beidellite clay minerals alpha quartz silica minerals beraunite phosphates alstonite carbonates berndtite sulfides altaite tellurides berryite sulfosalts alum sulfates berthierine serpentine group aluminum hydroxides oxides bertrandite sorosilicates aluminum oxides oxides beryl ring silicates alumohydrocalcite carbonates betafite niobates and tantalates alunite sulfates betekhtinite sulfides amazonite alkali feldspar beudantite arsenates and sulfates amber organic minerals bideauxite chlorides and fluorides amblygonite phosphates biotite mica group amethyst -
Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County
Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,