NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA December 25, Sunday, 1853: When I go to Boston, I go naturally straight through the city down to the end of Long Wharf and look off … Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, New Orleans, and many others are the names of wharves projecting into the sea. BOSTON NEW-YORK CHARLESTON NEW ORLEANS HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA 1680 July: The war party of the Issati Sioux with its 3 white captives Père Louis Hennepin, Antoine Augelle, and Michel Accault went down the St. Francis River and camped awhile. Hennepin and Augelle were then permitted to travel down the Mississippi River, under guard of course, to fetch supplies which René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle had promised to send and deposit at the mouth of the Wisconsin River. After a journey of about 160 miles downriver, however, a large band of Issati overtook them and carried them back to the great camp at Mille Lacs. This was the end of Hennepin’s exploration down the Mississippi. He definitely did not go to the river’s mouth (as he would in a later timeframe publish). Along the way Hennepin and his guards met the famous French explorer Daniel Graysolon Du Lhut, who had been roaming the region to the west and southwest of Lake Superior. HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA 1681 Fall: Père Louis Hennepin sailed for Europe, where for a year or more he would be secluded in a monastery of his order at St-Germain-en-Laye, writing away at first book, DESCRIPTION DE LA LOUISIANA, NOUVELLEMENT DÉCOUVERTE AU SUD-OEST DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE, PA R ORDRE DU ROY. AVEC LE CARTE DU PAYS: LES MOEURS ET LA MANIÈRE DE VIVRE DES SAUVAGES. DEDIÈE À SA MAJESTÉ PA R LE R. P. LOUIS HENNEPIN MISSIONAIRE RÈCOLLET ET NOTAIRE APOSTOLIQUE. HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA 1683 January: Père Louis Hennepin’s DESCRIPTION DE LA LOUISIANA, NOUVELLEMENT DECOUVERTE AU SUD’OÜEST DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE, PAR ORDRE DU ROY. AVEC LA CARTE DU PAYS: LES MŒURS & LA MANIERE DE VIVRE DES SAUVAGES, DEDIÉE À SA MAJESTÉ PAR LA R.P. LOUIS HENNEPIN, MISSIONAIRE RÉCOLLET & NOTAIRE APOSTOLIQUE (Paris: Chez la Veuve Sebastien Huré), containing considerable material copied from Abbé Claude Bernou’s RELATION DES DÉCOUVERTES ET DES VOYAGES DU SIEUR DE LA SALLE, SEIGNEUR ET GOUVERNEUR DU FORT DE FRONTENAC, AU-DELÀ DES GRENDS LACS DE LA NOUVELLE FRANCE, FAITS PA R ORDRE DE MONSEIGNEUR COLBERT, 1679, 1680 ET 1681, which was itself secondhand information accumulated by a non-traveler. DESCRIPTION DE LA LOUISIANE HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA 1698 From this point in time into 1702 the French would be settling Louisiana. The Count Frontenac died at Québec and was succeeded by Mr. de Callières, who succeeded in effecting peace with the Five Nations, as a power independent of Great Britain. CANADA Père Louis Hennepin’s NOUVEAU VOYAGE D’UN PAYS PLUS GRAND QUE L’EUROPE (Utrecht). NOUVELLE VOYAGE D’UN PAYS HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA 1713 Under the terms of the treaty of Utrecht,1 the French Acadians (Cajuns) were to be driven from Nova Scotia to Louisiana: By this act King Frederick William I of Prussia and the Duke of Savoy each acquired considerable additional territory. Philip remained in possession of the throne of Spain but Naples, Milan, the Spanish territories on the 1. There is not just one date associated with the Peace of Utrecht because this was not one but a complex series of treaties. The April 11th date was when Louis XIV recognized the English succession as established in the house of Hanover and confirmed the renunciation of the claims to the French throne of Louis's grandson, Philip V of Spain. The French fortifications of Dunkirk were to be razed and the harbor filled up, and the Hudson Bay territory, Acadia, St. Kitts, and Newfoundland were ceded to England. By a commercial treaty England and France granted each other most-favored-nation treatment. By a treaty with the Netherlands France agreed to surrender to Austria the Spanish Netherlands still in French hands; these were to be held in trust by the Netherlands until the conclusion of a treaty between the Netherlands and the Holy Roman emperor. A commercial treaty between France and the Netherlands was also signed. France furthermore restored Savoy and Nice to Victor Amadeus II, recognizing him as king of Savoy. France also signed a treaty with Portugal and one with Prussia confirming the kingship of the Prussian rulers. The July 13th date, on the other hand, was when an Anglo-Spanish treaty confirmed the clauses of the Anglo-French treaties relating to the English and French successions. Spain ceded Gibraltar and Minorca to Great Britain and ceded Sicily (to be exchanged in 1720 for Sardinia) to Savoy. Britain and Spain signed the Asiento, an agreement giving Britain the sole right to the slave trade with Spanish America. The March 7th, 1714 date was when Louis XIV and Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI made their peace, and the September 7th, 1714 date was when the Treaty of Baden completed the settlement, restoring the right bank of the Rhine to the empire and confirming Austria in possession of the formerly Spanish Netherlands, of Naples, and of Milan. The November 15th, 1715 date was when the Third Barrier Treaty regulated trade relations between the Dutch and Austrian Netherlands. HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA Tuscan coast, the Spanish Netherlands, and some parts of the French Netherlands were transferred to Austria. England acquired, from France, Hudson’s Bay and Straits, the Island of St. Christopher, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland, and from Spain, Gibraltar and Minorca which the English had seized during the war. To implement this plan, the British army took over part of Acadia. Figure skating would begin to get organized in North America, introduced by British officers in Halifax, and in Philadelphia in the mid-1700s. These officers followed rigid precepts of elegance. The first challenge in such High Dutch ice skating was to make each edge a perfect semicircle. As that style would evolve, skating technique would degenerate into jerky moves lacking in gracefulness. Each stroke required effort, breaking the even flow intended by earlier Dutch skaters and producing an unnatural appearance on the ice. Just as the Victorians, arms glued to their sides, would take the poetry of motion out of skating in England, Philadelphians were on their way to nearly ruining figure skating in North America. Devoid of emotion in their superficially elegant attitude, their only demonstration was of pride in having accomplished a perfect figure. HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA 1721 Some Germans settled north of New Orleans. Père Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, S.J. (October 29, 1682-February 1, 1761) recorded effeminacy and widespread homosexuality and lesbianism among the tribes in what is now Louisiana. The most prominent tribes in the area at the time were the Iroquois and Illinois. HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA 1722 May 23, Wednesday (Old Style): New Orleans became the capital of Louisiana. Mark Catesby arrived in Charleston. Sherard had arranged for him to return to America in the company departing to create a new colony of Carolina under Governor Colonel Francis Nicholson. In this month they arrived at Charleston. Catesby would introduce the people he met in Charleston to some of the plants he had found in the interior, such as the catalpa and perhaps the spice-bush Calycanthus floridus. The plants he would convey to Britain would include Callicarpa americana, Coreopsis lanceolata, and the American wisteria. (The people who were facilitating this collection journey to the Carolinas also were sending Thomas More to make plant collections in New England. More was probably between 50 and 60 years of age when he arrived in Boston. He would arrange to send some plants back, but also, he would become embroiled in local politics.) During this month Philip Miller, author of the best-selling DICTIONARY OF GARDENING, was settling in as the Gardener at Chelsea. (Miller would be the first to raise, from seed sent from China to London by d’Incarville, the Tree of Heaven Ailanthus altissima. Carl von Linné, when he would visit England, would be able to persuade Miller that he needed to modify his system of plant classification.) BOTANIZING HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA 1724 A Code Noir for regulating blacks and expelling Jews from New Orleans was proclaimed by Louisiana Governor de Bienville. RACISM ANTISEMITISM March: Louis XV banned intermarriages between whites and blacks (but not whites and Indians) in Louisiana; this special Code noir for Louisiana also prohibited whites “or freeborn or freed blacks” from living in concubinage with slaves. According to Article 6: “Défendons à nos sujets blancs, de l’un et de l’autre sexe, de contracter mariage avec les Noirs, à paine de punition et d’amende arbitraire; et à tous curés, prêtres ou missionaires, séculiers ou réguliers, et même aux aumôniers de vaissaix de les marier.” (“We forbid our white subjects of either sex to contract marriage with blacks, under threat of punishment and fines; and forbid all clerics, priests, or missionaries, lay or ordained, and even ships’ chaplains, to marry them.”) AMALGAMATION HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA 1729 In Louisiana, the “Natchez War” erupted. HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA 1742 The 1st sugarcane crop in Louisiana. HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA 1751 The 1st sugarcane was grown in Louisiana. HDT WHAT? INDEX NEW ORLEANS LOUISIANA 1755 No offensive operations took place between England and France, except a small naval engagement on the banks of Newfoundland, till this year, when an expedition of regular and colonial militia under General Braddock, for the purpose of giving a decided check to the encroachments of the French government on the valley of the Ohio River, was defeated through his disregard of all precautionary measures.