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Home , Brothertown Indians, Samson Occom

The New York Indians: The Oneida focus and economic power of the Fur Trade shifted from the east coast to deeper inland reaches of the Nation, The Stockbridge-Munsee and Appalachian Mountains. As a result the The and the Mohawk contended for control of the furs, which led to the loss of Mohican control of areas In 1838 when the Oneida signed a treaty west of the Mahicannituck River. with the , the treaty contained the In 1734, a missionary named John Sergeant phrase “the New York Indians.” The New York began to baptize and give English names to Indians included not only members of the Oneida Mohicans in the village of Wnahktukuk. In 1738, Nation, but also members of the Stockbridge- Sergeant received permission to officially start a Munsee and Brothertown Nations. Recognized and mission; a school and a church building quickly acting as independent nations, they were often followed. Natives from other tribes that converted lumped together by terms such as the “New York to Christianity were often sent to live in this Indians,” yet the Stockbridge-Munsee and the village. Many Europeans also moved into the Brothertown Indians have unique histories, culture, village and it was eventually given the English and languages that distinguish them from the name of Stockbridge. “The Mohicans,…as well as Oneida Nation. other Native people who relocated there, became

The Stockbridge-Munsee Indians known as the “Stockbridge Indians.” When the began, the In 1609, the famed trader and explorer Stockbridge Indians sided with the Colonists. Henry Hudson, made his first trip up the Following the war, the Stockbridge warriors Mahicannituck River, known today as the Hudson returned to their community only to find that they River. The Mahicannituck River bisected the had lost title to much of their land due to Mohican homelands into eastern and western “unscrupulous means,” and “that the Stockbridge portions. Dutch colonies followed soon after Mohican people were not welcome in their own Hudson’s journey leading to the spread of Christian village any longer.” Christianity, diseases, and European goods through As a result, the Stockbridge called upon the the Mohican villages. The Dutch were also among Oneida and asked for a place to live. In the mid the first to develop an insatiable appetite for furs, 1780s, the Oneida granted the Stockbridge a track and particularly the beaver pelt. Furs along the of land near Oneida Lake that consisted of “rich Eastern seaboard were quickly depleted, and the farmland and forest.” In 1818 a group of 70 Stockbridge Mohicans left for Indiana where they planned on living with the Miami and Delaware. When they arrived, they found that the Delaware had sold their lands and moved away leaving the Stockbridge band with no where to go. As pressure mounted back in New York State to remove all tribes from within the states borders, the Stockbridge Mohicans decided to move with the Oneida to , which at that time was part of Michigan Territory. In 1822, negotiations were finalized with the Menominee and Ho-Chunk granting the New York Indians land to live on. The Figure 1: The mission house the John Sergeant established in Stockbridge, Stockbridge eventually settled near lake . The house was built around 1740, just two years after Rev. Winnebago, where they lived for a few Sergeant received permission to establish a mission to the Stockbridge. Rev. decades before eventually being relocated to Sergeant managed to convert about 60 percent of the Mohican population in land adjacent to the Menominee Reservation. Stockbridge, or 129 people. In 1830 congress passed the Act Occom lead a group back to the community in the and some Stockbridge began to face the idea that Oneida homelands. On November 7th, 1784, Occom they would again be moved, this time to or named the settlement “Brotherton,” giving rise to Oklahoma. In 1839 a group began their migration the Brothertown name. but due to hardships, many died and others returned Figure 2: , or , to the reservation in Wisconsin. About this same or Samuel Occom, was born time is when a group of Munsee Indians joined the in 1723 at , CT. At the early age of 16 he was Stockbridge and became part of the their deeply converted to community. “Known first as the Stockbridge and Christianity and studied Munsee, eventually this community was simply under . He called the “Stockbridge-Munsee.” eventually married Mary Fowler of the Montauk Tribe The Brothertown Indians and they had 10 children. He assisted in raising £12,000 for The Brothertown Indians have an even more the founding of Wheelock’s diverse history than the Stockbridge or Oneida. In school, which later became the 1740’s a religious movement called the Great . He Awakening moved through both colonial and native eventually moved to communities in . As a result, some Brothertown, NY where he passed away July 14th, 1792. members of the Mohegan, Montauk, Narragansett, Niantic, Pequot and Tunxis nations all converted to In the early 1800s, the same pressures from Christianity. In an effort to prevent converts from greedy land companies, government officials, and reverting to their traditional lifestyles, these natives churches that led to the Oneida and Stockbridge were often moved to nearby towns where they migration, also prompted the Brothertown to seek lived with other Christian Indians. These towns “less coveted lands in Wisconsin.” The were Charlestown, RI., Farmington, CT., Groton, Brothertown, like the Stockbridge, settled along the CT., Mohegan, CT., Montauk, NY., Niantic, CT., shores of . In 1839, fearing and Stonington, CT. These seven communities removal to Kansas, the Brothertown Indians became the melting pot that solidified the so called requested and became the first Indians to be “praying Indians” into a cohesive community. granted citizenship to the United States. They also After decades of pressure from European voted for private ownership of reservation land, Settlers, the seven towns began to seek an escape believing this would prevent the loss of their lands. from the influence and damaging effects of alcohol, At the same time the Federal Government ceased to war and disease. Representatives from the seven recognize the Brothertown as a separate and communities gathered in 1773 to discuss the option independent nation. The Brothertown have since of relocation. On January 20th, 1774, Joseph spent 170 years fighting to keep their identity and Johnson, a prominent leaders of the seven towns, reclaim Federal Recognition, something they never traveled to the Oneida community of Kanawarohare surrendered. (spelt Tkana>alóhale> in the Oneida language, it is commonly referred to as Oneida Castle in English). Sources:

Johnson successfully negotiated a 10 mile tract of 1. http://mohican-nsn.gov/Departments/Library- land and returned in 1775 with a group of young Museum/Mohican_History/ accessed on September 10th, 2009. men to begin building homes and preparing fields. 2. Andler, Caroline “EEYAMQUITTOOWAUCONNUCK,” from http://www.brothertownindians.org/History.htm accessed Timing couldn’t have been worse for th Johnson and his community. That same year, the on September 10 , 2009. 3. Figure 1: Joseph Sergeant Home, from first shots of the American Revolution were fired. http://www.wikipedia.org/, accessed on September 10th, 2009 In 1777 British forces forced Johnson’s community 4. Figure 2: Samson (Samuel) Occom Portrait, accessed from to flee and they found refuge with the Stockbridge http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/digital/collections/occom- who were still living in Massachusetts at that time. samson/index.html. Accessed September 10th, 2009. It wasn’t until the close of the war that Samson