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Syntactic Ergativity in Nehan Written Byy John J Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Thesis approval Sheet This thesis, entitled Syntactic Ergativity in Nehan Written byy John J. Glennon and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics has been read and approved by the undersigned members of the faculty of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Paul Kroeger (Supervising Professor) a Tod Allman Japet Allen 6-Am-2o14 Date signed SYNTACTIC ERGATIVITY IN NEHAN By John J. Glennon Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics December 2014 © 2014 John J. Glennon All Rights Reserved CERTIFICATE I acknowledge that use of copyrighted material in my thesis may place me under an such material exceeds usual fair obligation to the copyright owner, especially when use of use provisions. I hereby certify that I have obtained the written permission of the of thesis has copyright owner for any and all such occurrences and that no portion my been copyrighted previously unless properly referenced. I hereby agree to indemnify and hold harmless the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics from any and all claims that violation. may be asserted or that may arise from any copyright Signature Argys_z0/ Date THESIS DUPLICATION RELEASE I hereby authorize the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguisties Library to duplicate this thesis when needed for research and/or scholarship. Agreed: Refused: ABSTRACT Syntactic Ergativity in Nehan John J. Glennon Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics The Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics, December 2014 Supervising Professor: Paul Kroeger In this thesis, I argue that Nehan is a syntactically ergative language. Kroeger (2004:284) states: “The term SYNTACTIC ERGATIVITY refers to a situation in which the syntactic system of the language, and in particular the properties which provide tests for subjecthood, follow an ergative pattern.” In this thesis, I will describe the basic clause structure of Nehan in order to demonstrate that Nehan is a syntactically ergative language; both the single argument of an intransitive clause and the patient of a transitive clause are the grammatical subject. This syntactically ergative alignment will be illustrated with various syntactic constructions. DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to our many Nehan friends who have welcomed us and provided us with genuine hospitality and care over the years. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author and his family lived in Papua New Guinea for a period of about 20 years beginning in 1986. For three to six months a year, they resided in the village of Balil, located on the Island of Nissan. 1 They worked under the auspices of SIL International in the Papua New Guinea branch. They would like to thank the SIL consultants who have helped them, especially René van den Berg, who encouraged the work on the Nehan grammar and who gave much time to help with difficult problems in the language. They would also like to thank Malcolm Ross at Australian National University who took time to read over and provide helpful comments on our first grammar paper, “Nehan Grammar Essentials.” The final work on this thesis was done in a master‟s program at the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics in Dallas, Texas. The author wishes to thank the faculty and staff who have helped him, a student 25 years out of date, to try to understand current linguistic theory. Special thanks go to the thesis committee members: Janet Allen helped him to consider other issues such as discourse and its function in the language; Tod Allman gave him some good advice on terminology when everything was new to him. He would especially like to thank Dr. Paul Kroeger for his patience in helping him understand ergativity and grammatical relations. A special acknowledgment and thanks go to his wife Ariana who has encouraged him to pursue this thesis when at times the 1 See map on page 1. viii mountain looked insurmountable. Other family memebers and friends were also ready with their positive words enabling him to keep on going. He would also like to thank many Nehan friends who have helped him to understand this complex grammar. He especially wants to thank Patrick Samuel, Sael Samuel, Barry Samuel, Thonny Tetena, Martin Rimen, Cosmas Baeli, Thomas Tomusai, Theresia Pigol, Peter Ladi, Geraldine Raita, and Joseph Kekeram. December 2014 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................... VIII LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. XIII LIST OF FIGURES AND MAPS ......................................................................................... XIV ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................ XV 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 1.1 INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS................................................................................. 1 1.2 THE NEHAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE ................................................................... 2 1.3 LINGUISTIC LITERATURE OF NEHAN AND THE SURROUNDING LANGUAGES .......... 4 1.4 PHONOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 7 1.4.1 Consonants & vowels ...........................................................................7 1.4.2 Syllable characteristics ........................................................................7 1.4.3 Apocope of stem-final vowels...............................................................9 1.5 OVERVIEW OF NEHAN SYNTAX .......................................................................... 13 1.5.1 Terminology .......................................................................................13 1.5.2 Nominative-accusative vs. ergative-absolutive patterns....................15 1.5.3 Nehan clause types .............................................................................17 1.6 THESIS OUTLINE ................................................................................................. 25 2 NOUN AND NOUN PHRASE, CORE AND OBLIQUE .........................................26 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 26 2.2 NOUN CATEGORIES ............................................................................................ 27 2.2.1 Proper nouns ......................................................................................27 2.2.2 Common nouns...................................................................................27 2.2.3 Location nouns ...................................................................................30 2.2.4 Locative phrase ..................................................................................31 2.3 POSSESSION ....................................................................................................... 32 2.3.1 Inalienable possession .......................................................................32 2.3.2 Alienable possession ..........................................................................35 2.4 THE NOUN PHRASE ............................................................................................ 37 2.4.1 Demonstrative phrase ........................................................................39 2.4.2 Apposition phrase ..............................................................................39 2.4.3 Associative phrase .............................................................................40 2.4.4 Indefinite noun phrase .......................................................................41 2.5 PRONOUNS ......................................................................................................... 42 2.6 CHAPTER CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 45 3 THE VERB AND VERB COMPLEX .......................................................................47 3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 47 x 3.2 VERBS ................................................................................................................ 48 3.2.1 Causative verbs ..................................................................................48 3.2.2 Reciprocal verbs ................................................................................50 3.2.3 Derived Anticausative verbs ..............................................................50 3.2.4 Nominalized verbs ..............................................................................52 3.3 VERB COMPLEX .................................................................................................. 52 3.3.1 Pre-Verbal Constituents.....................................................................53 3.3.2 Post-Verbal Constituents ...................................................................55 3.4 VERB COMPLEX MARKING OF CORE CONSTITUENTS ..........................................
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