Neurological Soft Signs in Mainstream Pupils Arch Dis Child: First Published As 10.1136/Adc.85.5.371 on 1 November 2001

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Neurological Soft Signs in Mainstream Pupils Arch Dis Child: First Published As 10.1136/Adc.85.5.371 on 1 November 2001 Arch Dis Child 2001;85:371–374 371 Neurological soft signs in mainstream pupils Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.85.5.371 on 1 November 2001. Downloaded from J M Fellick, A P J Thomson, J Sills, C A Hart Abstract psychiatry. Are there any tests that a paediatri- Aims—(1) To examine the relation be- cian may use to predict which children have tween neurological soft signs and meas- significant problems? ures of cognition, coordination, and Neurological soft signs (NSS) may be behaviour in mainstream schoolchildren. defined as minor abnormalities in the neuro- (2) To determine whether high soft sign logical examination in the absence of other fea- scores may predict children with signifi- tures of fixed or transient neurological disor- cant problems in other areas. der.1 They have been associated with Methods—A total of 169 children aged behaviour,12 coordination,3 and learning diY- between 8 and 13 years from mainstream culties.4 Other authors believe they represent a schools were assessed. They form part of developmental lag rather than a fixed abnor- a larger study into the outcome of menin- mality.5 Studies have found a high incidence of gococcal disease in childhood. Half had soft signs in children following premature6 or previous meningococcal disease and half low birthweight7 birth, meningitis,8 and malnu- were controls. Assessment involved trition.910 measurement of six soft signs followed by There are a number of soft sign batteries assessment of motor skills (movement published that include tests of sensory func- ABC), cognitive function (WISC-III), and tion, coordination, motor speed, and abnormal behaviour (Conners’ Rating Scales). or associated movements.11 12 Some have been Results—Children having an age cor- validated and tested longitudinally.12–14 Tests rected soft sign score above the 90th may be performed quickly in the clinic centile were considered to have an excess situation and do not require special equipment. of soft signs. When compared to the other We aim firstly to examine the associations children they had significantly worse between NSS and measures of cognitive ability, scores on the other three measures. motor performance, and behaviour in a group Median movement ABC score was 15.3 v of mainstream school children; and secondly to 7. Mean total IQ scores were lower by 10.3 determine whether NSSs may be used to points. Median behaviour scores were sig- predict significant problems in other areas. nificantly higher on both parental and teacher questionnaires. A soft sign score Methods above the 90th centile had a sensitivity of SUBJECTS http://adc.bmj.com/ 38% for detecting cognitive impairment, A total of 169 children, aged between 8 and 13, 42% for detecting coordination problems, attending mainstream school in Merseyside and 25% for detecting possible attention were assessed. They were part of a larger study deficit hyperactivity disorder. into the neurodevelopmental outcomes of Conclusion—In this group of children meningococcal disease (MCD) in childhood. higher scores on the soft sign battery were Half had suVered previous MCD and half were related to significantly worse performance controls. on measures of cognition, coordination, on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. and behaviour. However, although soft ASSESSMENTS Institute of Child sign assessment may be of interest it can- These took place at the Royal Liverpool Health, Royal not accurately predict which children are Children’s Hospital (RLCH) or at school, Liverpool Children’s likely to have impairment in other areas. depending on preference. All tests were per- Hospital NHS Trust, (Arch Dis Child 2001;85:371–374) formed by the research fellow following appro- Eaton Road, Liverpool priate training. Written consent was obtained L12 2AP,UK Keywords: neurological soft signs; ADHD; learning J M Fellick diYculties; developmental coordination disorder prior to testing. Approval was gained from the A P J Thomson RLCH and local research and ethics commit- tees. Testing took approximately 1.5 hours to Department of Paediatricians in the UK are increasingly being complete and was performed in the same order Paediatrics, Royal throughout. Liverpool Children’s asked to assess children in mainstream school Hospital who are not performing as well as their peers. J Sills DiVerential diagnoses include developmental Neurological examination coordination disorder, specific or general A standardised neurological examination of Department of learning diYculties, and behaviour problems cranial and peripheral systems was performed Medical Microbiology, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder including assessment of power, tone, and University of Liverpool C A Hart (ADHD). Frequently children may have prob- reflexes. Any children with focal neurological lems in all three areas. Neurological examina- signs were excluded from the soft sign analysis. Correspondence to: tion is usually normal and subsequent assess- Dr Fellick ment is time consuming and may involve Soft sign assessment [email protected] multiple agencies such as education, occupa- Six neurological soft signs were assessed Accepted 6 July 2001 tional therapy, and child and adolescent following the protocol devised by Shafer and www.archdischild.com 372 Fellick, Thomson, Sills, Hart Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.85.5.371 on 1 November 2001. Downloaded from Table 1 Raw data Mirror Involuntary Stereognosis Graphaesthesia Dysdiadochokinesis movements Motor speed movements Median 0 0 6 4 72 0 Interquartile range (IQR) 0–0 0–1 3–8 2–6 64–80 0–1 Range 0–3 0–3 0–14 0–12 47–145 0–4 Spearman correlation to total score 0.24 0.51 0.65 0.61 0.69 0.64 colleagues.12 The signs assessed were stereo- complexity. Raw scores are age corrected and gnosis, graphaesthesia, dysdiadokokinesis, expressed as standardised scores (mean 100, mirror movements, motor speed, and involun- SD 15). tary movements. For each subject scores were obtained for each individual soft sign and a Behaviour total summary score was calculated. High The long form of Conners’ Rating Scales, scores indicate more soft signs. Revised (CRS-R)18 was administered to the child’s parent/guardian and to their teacher. The Movement ABC15 These scales are designed to assess ADHD and This is a battery of tests designed to assess related behavioural problems. The questions motor and coordination skills in children. The relate directly to the Diagnostic and Statistical test involves eight tests of motor function Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (three of manual dexterity, two of ball skills, (DSM IV). Age standardised t scores (mean and three of static and dynamic balance). The 50, SD 10) are produced for each behaviour battery is age standardised and results in an type, with scores over 70 indicating a possible overall impairment score between 0 and 40, problem. with high scores indicating poorer function. Scores above the 95th centile are considered to Demographics indicate definite motor problems. In addition to the behaviour scales, parents completed demographic questionnaires to de- The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, third termine social class, family size, and type of edition UK (WISC-IIIUK)16 housing (owned/rented) for each case. The first eight subtests of the WISC-IIIUK were administered. Verbal (VIQ), performance STATISTICAL ANALYSIS (PIQ), and total IQ (TIQ) scores were Age adjusted total soft sign scores were calculated and expressed as standardised calculated for each case. Subjects with scores scores (mean 100, SD 15). above the 90th centile were considered to have an excess of soft signs. Bivariate analysis Test of visual–motor integration (VMI)17 compared these cases to the remainder using This test evaluates the ability to copy a either the t test for independent samples or http://adc.bmj.com/ sequence of geometric forms of increasing the Mann–Whitney U test, depending upon the level of data. Analysis was performed on 45 SPSS. 40 Results 35 SOFT SIGN DATA Table 1 summarises the raw soft sign data on September 24, 2021 by guest. Protected copyright. 30 available. The sensory soft signs (stereognosis 25 and graphaesthesia) were rarely present and have lower correlations to total soft sign score. 20 Involuntary movements were also rarely seen, 15 but when present correlated highly with total Number of cases score. Total soft signs scores were inversely 10 related to age in a linear fashion (Pearson coef- ficient −0.4, p = 0.01). Scores were therefore 5 age corrected using linear regression. 0 Figure 1 shows a histogram of corrected soft 0–0.5 0.5–1 1–1.5 1.5–2 2–2.5 2.5–3 3–3.5 3.5–4 4–4.54.5–5 5–5.5 5.5–6 >6 sign scores. Soft sign scores up to 3.5 were nor- Soft sign score mally distributed. Cases with scores greater Figure 1 Frequency histogram of soft sign scores. than 3.5 were considered to have an excess of soft signs (n = 18, 10% of total). There were no Table 2 Relation between coordination skills and soft signs significant demographic diVerences in terms of social class, family size, and type of housing Normal High soft signs between those with high and normal soft sign Movement ABC (n = 151) (n = 18) p value* scores. Manual dexterity, median (IQR) 4.5 (2.0–7.0) 10.0 (7.3–11.4) 0.000 Ball skills, median (IQR) 1.0 (1.0–3.0) 3.0 (1.0–5.3) 0.004 RELATION TO MOVEMENT ABC Balance, median (IQR) 1.5 (0.0–3.0) 3.8 (1.4–6.8) 0.003 Table 2 compares median movement ABC Total, median (IQR) 7.0 (4.0–11.0) 15.3 (11.1–23.1) 0.000 scores for patients with and without excess soft *Mann–Whitney U test. signs.
Recommended publications
  • Miaa Rregulli I Shendetit Kimik
    MIAA RREGULLI I SHENDETIT KIMIK Që prej ditës së parë të stërvitjes në vjeshtë, dhe deri në përfundimin e vitit akademik ose evenimentit të fundit në atletikë (kushdo që është e fundit), një nxënës nuk duhet, pavarësisht sasisë, që të përdorë, konsumojë, shesë/blejë, ose të japë; pije që përmbajnë alkool; çdo produkt duhani (përfshirë cigaret elektronike); marijuanë; steroide; ose çdo substancë të kontrolluar. Ky rregull përfshin edhe produkte si "Jo Alkoolike ose afër birrës". Nuk është shkelje nëse një nxënës posedon një drogë (ilaç) të përcaktuar ligjërisht, e dhënë nga doktori i tij/saj për përdorim vetjak. Ky standart shtetëror minimal i MIAA nuk ka për qëllim të bëjë një "faj nga shoqërimi", p.sh shumë nxënës atletë mund të jenë pjesëmarrës në një festë ku vetëm disa e shkelin këtë standart. Ky rregull përfaqëson vetëm një standart minimal mbi bazë të të cilit shkollat mund të krijojnë kërkesa më të rrepta. Nëse një nxënës që ka shkelur këtë rregull dhe nuk është në gjendje që të marrë pjesë në sporte ndërshkollore për shkak të një dëmtimi ose mësimeve, dënimi nuk do të hyjë në fuqi derisa nxënësi të jetë në gjendje që të marrë pjesë prapë në sport. DENIMET/NDERSHKIMET MINIMALE: Shkelja e Parë: Kur Drejtori konfirmon, pas dhënies së mundësisë që nxënësi të dëgjohet, se ka ndodhur një shkelje, nxënësi duhet të humbasë të drejtën për të marrë pjesë në garat ndërshkollore të rradhës (sezon i rregullt dhe turne) për një total prej 25% të të gjitha garave ndërshkollore në atë sport. Nuk lejohet asnjë përjashtim për një nxënës që merr pjesë në një program trajtimi.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Reference Manual for the Standardization of Geographical Names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names
    ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names United Nations New York, 2007 The Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface between global policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres and national action. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses a wide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which Member States of the United Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates the negotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to address ongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and means of translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes at the country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities. NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in the present publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The term “country” as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/87 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No.
    [Show full text]
  • THE SHAPE of the GRAVE by Laura Lundgren Smith Copyright
    THE SHAPE OF THE GRAVE By Laura Lundgren Smith Copyright November 2004 Salmon Publishing Ltd. Cliffs of Moher, Ireland All Rights Pending SCENE 1 (Lights up to a cacophony (cacophony= a meaningless mixture of sounds) of sounds and movement. Onstage, a riot between British soldiers and Republican Irish protesters. Shouts of “United Free Ireland!” “Civil Rights for all Irish” “End Internment (=confinement) NOW!!” ring out, then degrades into more coarse slogans as rocks and bricks are thrown at the soldiers. Gas canisters make an appearance. The noise reaches a fury pitch, shots ring out, there are screams of fear and anger, then the noise fades suddenly into the background, and the rioters move to slow motion. One of the protesters peels off from the group.) Pro#1: It was ten of four, January 30th, 1972 when the bullets started flying in Bog side. Pro#2: A Sunday. Cold and bleak. Pro#3: We were 20,000 strong, coming together to say to the British, you can’t lock us up without a reason. Pro#1: They could grab us up off the street, throw us in the jails, just for looking at them wrong. Pro#2: If they thought we looked suspicious, or we went in the wrong shop. Pro#1: Could keep us up to six months at a go, with no reason. Longer with trumped up evidence. Pro#3: “Internment for ye, and if we don’t kneecap ye with a drill Pro#2: Or burn ye with our cigarettes. 1 Pro#1: Count yourself lucky.” Pro#3: We’d had enough.
    [Show full text]
  • Old Cyrillic in Unicode*
    Old Cyrillic in Unicode* Ivan A Derzhanski Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences [email protected] The current version of the Unicode Standard acknowledges the existence of a pre- modern version of the Cyrillic script, but its support thereof is limited to assigning code points to several obsolete letters. Meanwhile mediæval Cyrillic manuscripts and some early printed books feature a plethora of letter shapes, ligatures, diacritic and punctuation marks that want proper representation. (In addition, contemporary editions of mediæval texts employ a variety of annotation signs.) As generally with scripts that predate printing, an obvious problem is the abundance of functional, chronological, regional and decorative variant shapes, the precise details of whose distribution are often unknown. The present contents of the block will need to be interpreted with Old Cyrillic in mind, and decisions to be made as to which remaining characters should be implemented via Unicode’s mechanism of variation selection, as ligatures in the typeface, or as code points in the Private space or the standard Cyrillic block. I discuss the initial stage of this work. The Unicode Standard (Unicode 4.0.1) makes a controversial statement: The historical form of the Cyrillic alphabet is treated as a font style variation of modern Cyrillic because the historical forms are relatively close to the modern appearance, and because some of them are still in modern use in languages other than Russian (for example, U+0406 “I” CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I is used in modern Ukrainian and Byelorussian). Some of the letters in this range were used in modern typefaces in Russian and Bulgarian.
    [Show full text]
  • Learning Cyrillic
    LEARNING CYRILLIC Question: If there is no equivalent letter in the Cyrillic alphabet for the Roman "J" or "H" how do you transcribe good German names like Johannes, Heinrich, Wilhelm, etc. I heard one suggestion that Johann was written as Ivan and that the "h" was replaced with a "g". Can you give me a little insight into what you have found? In researching would I be looking for the name Ivan rather than Johann? One must always think phonetic, that is, think how a name is pronounced in German, and how does the Russian Cyrillic script produce that sound? JOHANNES. The Cyrillic spelling begins with the letter “I – eye”, but pronounced “eee”, so we have phonetically “eee-o-hann” which sounds like “Yo-hann”. You can see it better in typeface – Иоганн , which letter for letter reads as “I-o-h-a-n-n”. The modern Typeface script is radically different than the old hand-written Cyrillic script. Use the guide which I sent to you. Ivan is the Russian equivalent of Johann, and it pops up occasionally in Church records. JOSEPH / JOSEF. Listen to the way the name is pronounced in German – “yo-sef”, also “yo-sif”. That “yo” sound is produced by the Cyrillic script letters “I” and “o”. Again you can see it in the typeface. Иосеф and also Иосиф. And sometimes Joseph appears as , transliterated as O-s-i-p. Similar to all languages and scripts, Cyrillic spellings are not consistent. The “a” ending indicates a male name. JAKOB. There is no “Jay” sound in the German language.
    [Show full text]
  • Sacred Concerto No. 6 1 Dmitri Bortniansky Lively Div
    Sacred Concerto No. 6 1 Dmitri Bortniansky Lively div. Sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, sla va vo Sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, 8 Sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, sla va, Sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, sla va, 6 vysh nikh bo gu, sla va vovysh nikh bo gu, sla va vovysh nikh sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, sla va vovysh nikh bo gu, sla va vovysh nikh 8 sla va vovysh nikh bo gu, sla va vovysh nikh bo gu sla va vovysh nikh bo gu, sla va vovysh nikh bo gu 11 bo gu, i na zem li mir, vo vysh nikh bo gu, bo gu, i na zem li mir, sla va vo vysh nikh, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem 8 i na zem li mir, i na zem li mir, sla va vo vysh nikh, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem i na zem li mir, i na zem li mir 2 16 inazem li mir, sla va vo vysh nikh, vo vysh nikh bo gu, inazem li mir, i na zem li li, i na zem li mir, sla va vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem li 8 li, inazem li mir, sla va vo vysh nikh, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem li, ina zem li mir, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem li 21 mir, vo vysh nikh bo gu, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem li mir, i na zem li mir, vo vysh nikh bo gu, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem li mir, i na zem li 8 mir, i na zem li mir, i na zem li mir, i na zem li, i na zem li mir,mir, i na zem li mir, i na zem li mir, inazem li, i na zem li 26 mir, vo vysh nikh bo gu, i na zem li mir.
    [Show full text]
  • A Structural Analysis of Mide Chants
    A Structural Analysis of Mide Chants GEORGE FULFORD McMaster University Introduction In this paper I shall investigate the relationship between words and im­ agery in seven song scrolls used by members of an Ojibwa religious society known as the Midewiwin. These texts were collected in the late 1880s by W.J. Hoffman for the Bureau of American Ethnology and subsequently published in their seventh Annual Report (Hoffman 1891).1 All the pictographs which I shall discuss were inscribed on birch bark and used by members of the Midewiwin to record chants used in their ceremonies. According to Hoffman (1891:192) these chants consisted of only a few words or short phrases. They were sung by single individuals — never in chorus — and were repeated over and over again, usually to the accompaniment of a wooden kettle drum. In a previous study (Fulford 1989) I analyzed patterns of structural variation among these pictographs and outlined how three complex symbols — the otter, bear and bird — evolved from clan emblems into pictographic markers. The focus of my earlier study was purely iconographic; in this paper I shall explore the verbal structure of Midewiwin chants in order to show some of the ways in which they were pictographically encoded. For the sake of convenience, I have limited my discussion to song scrolls sharing the otter symbol. Six of the seven scrolls that I shall examine contain this marking device. Although one (designated Scroll C in the appendix) lacks an otter, it displays many other formal similarities with Hoffman published transcriptions and translations of 23 songs performed at the White Earth Reservation in northwestern Minnesota.
    [Show full text]
  • Alphabets, Letters and Diacritics in European Languages (As They Appear in Geography)
    1 Vigleik Leira (Norway): [email protected] Alphabets, Letters and Diacritics in European Languages (as they appear in Geography) To the best of my knowledge English seems to be the only language which makes use of a "clean" Latin alphabet, i.d. there is no use of diacritics or special letters of any kind. All the other languages based on Latin letters employ, to a larger or lesser degree, some diacritics and/or some special letters. The survey below is purely literal. It has nothing to say on the pronunciation of the different letters. Information on the phonetic/phonemic values of the graphic entities must be sought elsewhere, in language specific descriptions. The 26 letters a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z may be considered the standard European alphabet. In this article the word diacritic is used with this meaning: any sign placed above, through or below a standard letter (among the 26 given above); disregarding the cases where the resulting letter (e.g. å in Norwegian) is considered an ordinary letter in the alphabet of the language where it is used. Albanian The alphabet (36 letters): a, b, c, ç, d, dh, e, ë, f, g, gj, h, i, j, k, l, ll, m, n, nj, o, p, q, r, rr, s, sh, t, th, u, v, x, xh, y, z, zh. Missing standard letter: w. Letters with diacritics: ç, ë. Sequences treated as one letter: dh, gj, ll, rr, sh, th, xh, zh.
    [Show full text]
  • Tggetation Mapping and Community Description of a Small Western
    Glenn M. Hawk Department of Forest Science Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 97331 tggetationMapping and CommunityDescription of a Small WesternCascade Watershed Abstlact \Tatershed 10 is a 10.24 ha watershedp-reviously used as an intetrsivesrudy site by the Oregoo"rhe ConiferousForest, Biome..projecr of the tJS/lBp ilnternational Aiobgiiri p;gram,.'Through useoi.an.esrablrshed trail andgri-d sysrem as well asa sremmap ofdl treeigrearerthan'i5 cm cDn,+ Lqrndrvrdual map unrrs ot ptanrcommuniries were delimited. These nere grouped into seven pluflrcommunures a-od tour habrratrypes. I mapand describe sttuctural vegaatio! characteristics of lheiecommunirres lor rheenrire ware.\hed Introduclion Compreheosivestudies of ecosysremprocesses, such as nufiient and carbon flow and cycling, require thorough basic biological and physical descriptionso{ the system.The "state need for the basic suweys or descriptionsto provide variable" data essentialto ecosystemmodeling efforts is often unappreciated.Eveo lessunderstood is the potential use of vegetation or plant communities as a basis of stratifying a srudy area into en- "compartments." vironmentally and biologically homogeneous Such compartmenrsor subareascan be particulady useful when dealing with a diversetract such as a mountain watershed.Various processes,such as transpiration or photosynthesis,ian be simulated separately for each compartment, eliminatiog rhe less desirable approach of developing a single averagevalue for an entire, often highly diverse,watershed. The basic approachused in describing the plant commuoitiesand habitat types of ITatershed 10 (Y/S-10) and the resulting descriptioosare the subjectsof this paper. Iflatershed 10 was an intensive study sire for the Coniferous Foresr Biome project o{ the US/IBP and is the presentsite for postJogging perturbation studies.The basicvege- tation surveywas an esselrial element in determinationof standing crops and in indeo- rifying environmentallyhomogeneous areas within this diverse watershed.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Specific Peculiarities Document for Halh Mongolian As Spoken in MONGOLIA
    Language Specific Peculiarities Document for Halh Mongolian as Spoken in MONGOLIA Halh Mongolian, also known as Khalkha (or Xalxa) Mongolian, is a Mongolic language spoken in Mongolia. It has approximately 3 million speakers. 1. Special handling of dialects There are several Mongolic languages or dialects which are mutually intelligible. These include Chakhar and Ordos Mongol, both spoken in the Inner Mongolia region of China. Their status as separate languages is a matter of dispute (Rybatzki 2003). Halh Mongolian is the only Mongolian dialect spoken by the ethnic Mongolian majority in Mongolia. Mongolian speakers from outside Mongolia were not included in this data collection; only Halh Mongolian was collected. 2. Deviation from native-speaker principle No deviation, only native speakers of Halh Mongolian in Mongolia were collected. 3. Special handling of spelling None. 4. Description of character set used for orthographic transcription Mongolian has historically been written in a large variety of scripts. A Latin alphabet was introduced in 1941, but is no longer current (Grenoble, 2003). Today, the classic Mongolian script is still used in Inner Mongolia, but the official standard spelling of Halh Mongolian uses Mongolian Cyrillic. This is also the script used for all educational purposes in Mongolia, and therefore the script which was used for this project. It consists of the standard Cyrillic range (Ux0410-Ux044F, Ux0401, and Ux0451) plus two extra characters, Ux04E8/Ux04E9 and Ux04AE/Ux04AF (see also the table in Section 5.1). 5. Description of Romanization scheme The table in Section 5.1 shows Appen's Mongolian Romanization scheme, which is fully reversible.
    [Show full text]
  • A Additional Notation for the Appendix B Proof of Proposition 4.1 C Results from Section 5
    A Additional Notation for the Appendix To avoid overloading, we use φ, F for the standard Gaussian PDF and CDF respectively. We write c to denote the set complement of a set . We write to denote entrywise absolute value. S S j · j B Proof of Proposition 4.1 Recall the IRM objective: ^T min E(x;y)∼p(x;y)[ log σ(y β Φ(x))] Φ,β − · @ ^T subject to E(x;y)∼pe [ log σ(y β Φ(x))] = 0: e : @β^ − · 8 2 E Concretely, we represent Φ as some parametrized function Φθ, over whose parameters θ we then optimize. The derivative of the negative log-likelihood for logistic regression with respect to the β coefficients is well known: @ h T i T log σ(y β^ Φθ(x)) = (σ(β^ Φθ(x)) 1 y = 1 )Φθ(x): @β^ − · − f g zc ^ β Suppose we recover the true invariant features Φθ(x) = 0 and coefficients β = 0 (in other words, we allow for the introduction of new features). Then the IRM constraint becomes: @ ^T 0 = E(x;y)∼pe [ log σ(y β Φθ(x))] @β^ − · Z e X e @ T = p (zc) p (y zc) log σ(y β zc) dzc Z j ^ − · y∈{±1g @β Z e T T T T = p (zc)Φθ(x) σ(β^ zc)(σ(β^ zc) 1) + (1 σ(β^ zc))σ(β^ zc) dzc: Z − − Since β^ is constant across environments, this constraint is clearly satisfied for every environment, and is therefore also the minimizing β^ for the training data as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • Once, a Rather Long Time Ago, a Very Good Doctor Told Us, "Never Go
    Once, a rather long time ago, muscles in the very process of a very good doctor told us, stretching and relaxing, we miss "Never go to sleep tired. Exer­ our guess ! \Ve haven't had a cise until you have released ten­ chance to prove this theory but a sions, cleansing muscles and tis­ woman who has tells us she took sues of all fatigue poisons. off two inches in a yery short Otherwise you probably will time. wake still tired." Another adYantage offered by Many times we have had an the Rx Lounge is the so-call ed opportunity to verify the truth beauty or body lant, known to of this statement that if you fall all fashionable salons where asleep tense and tired you usual­ complete beauty culture is prac­ ly wake much the same way. But ticed. This is a Yery simple way this doctor's a d v i c e always of relaxing the ''"hole body by seemed too stern for us to fol low. placing the head lower than the \i\f hen we are t ired we simply do feet at the proper angle. The not exercise ! beauty slant straightens the Many years later - just the spine ... frees feet and legs from other day in fact - we found a the continual pull of gravity, re­ solution to the problem, at leasing congestions in tissues ECKERTS' of a ll places! Solu­ and blood stream . g ives ab­ tion is the Rx Lounge, contour dominal muscles a lift and allows chair with a patented construc­ the blood to flow easily, without tion that enables you, with a strain on the heart, to face, minimum of effort, to exercise throat, chin and shoulders.
    [Show full text]