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User Requirements for HEO SATCOM for ATM in High Latitudes Jan Erik Håkegård, Trond Bakken, Tor Andre Myrvoll, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway

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User Requirements for HEO SATCOM for ATM in High Latitudes Jan Erik Håkegård, Trond Bakken, Tor Andre Myrvoll, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway User Requirements for HEO SATCOM for ATM in High Latitudes Jan Erik Håkegård, Trond Bakken, Tor Andre Myrvoll, SINTEF, Trondheim, Norway Abstract This work is partly financed by ESA’s Iris program through the project HEO SATCOM for It is currently a significant ongoing effort ATM, and partly by the Norwegian ATM industry worldwide to develop the future Air Traffic and the Norwegian Research Council (NRC) Management (ATM) system. As part of this work, a through the project SECOMAS. satellite communication system may ease the congestion problem for ATM services in high One part of the ATM system that needs to be density airspace, and in addition provide coverage renewed is the communication between aircraft and in oceanic, remote and polar (ORP) areas. For the air traffic control on ground. Currently the coverage over polar areas, satellites in highly aeronautical VHF-band is used for this type of elliptical orbits (HEO) are particularly suitable. In communications, which is mainly voice, and it is this paper, an overview of user categories is given close to saturated. Several new communication and the channel characteristics of an aeronautical systems will therefore be developed for future ATM satellite channel are considered. Both Molniya and services, which will primarily be data services. One Tundra orbits are included. Curves show how of these systems is based on the IEEE802.16 parameters like elevation angle, free space path loss standard operating in the 5.1 GHz band for airport and Doppler shift vary as function of satellite surface communication. Another one is a long movements. In addition, atmospheric effects due to distance L-band datalink system for communication signal propagation through the ionosphere and the between aircraft in the air and ground. troposphere is considered, and finally the effect of The European Space Agency (ESA) is multipath propagation due to signal reflections by collaborating with SESAR to develop a third the aircraft surface and ground. system; a complementary satellite communication system. Over continental Europe the satellite Introduction system may ease the capacity shortage, and over oceanic, polar and remote (OPR) areas it may The amount of air traffic has increased increase the coverage by providing ATM services significantly during the last decades. The Air in areas out of reach of the terrestrial L-band Traffic Management (ATM) systems currently used communication system. The baseline satellite have basically not changed during this time. system covering Europe will consist of two Predicting a continued growth in the coming years, geostationary (GEO) satellites, providing the the amount of air traffic these systems can handle required level of quality and availability of an ATM will soon be exceeded, in particularly in high system. A problem related to the geostationary density airspace such as continental Europe. The satellite system is the lack of coverage at high result will be lower efficiency, more pollution and latitudes. Therefore a constellation of satellites in environmental damage, and reduced security. As a highly elliptical orbits (HEO) is considered as an response to this challenge, the ATM community addition and complementary to the baseline GEO world wide, and in Europe and in the U.S. in system. The system is planned to be operative in particular, is investing significant effort to renew year 2020. the ATM systems. SESAR (Single European ATM Research) [1] is a European program financed by An alternative to a HEO system solution is to the EC, Eurocontrol and European industry created use a satellite system with Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to implement this task. A similar program in the satellites. Two operational systems are Iridium and U.S. is called NextGen. In order to achieve globally Globalstar. The current systems are low rate, interoperable and compatible solutions, offering in the order of a few kilobits per second to coordination between SESAR and NextGen is users. Evolutions of the systems such as Iridium necessary. Next may however provide increased data rates 1 making them an interesting alternative for future User categories ATM services. The users of ATM services that may benefit In this publication an overview of user from a HEO satellite system in these areas that can categories in northern and polar latitudes is given. be grouped into a number of categories. These are The categories include scheduled flights, non- described in this section. scheduled flights, general aviation, helicopter and military activity. Then the characteristics of the Scheduled activity propagation channel for a 1.5 GHz system are investigated, including effects related to the Polar Route Activity Per Month particular highly elliptical orbits, atmospheric 800,0 700,0 effects and multipath propagation due to reflections 600,0 by the aircraft surface and ground reflections. The 500,0 purpose of the publication is to highlight the 400,0 300,0 particular requirements with respect to propagation 200,0 conditions encountered for HEO communication 100,0 systems in particular, and ATM and aeronautical 0,0 July July May May April April June June March March August August January January October October February February November November December December services in particular. The results are limited to the September September L-band link between aircraft and satellite. Hence, 2006 2007 2008 the higher frequency feeder link between the satellite and the ground based gateway is not Figure 1 Number of cross polar flights/month included. There is a steadily increasing volume of cross polar flights. Currently four polar routes are defined Coverage area between the North American continent and Asian countries such as Japan, China, India and Pakistan. Geostationary satellites may provide coverage The website of the Cross Polar Working Group up to 74°N - 82°N. A natural transition between (CPWG) provides statistics of the number of cross GEO and HEO coverage would however be placed polar flights. Fig. 1 shows the evolution over the further to the south, in the area of about 68°N to last two years. The number of flights per month is 74°N. There is only one airport located above 74°N, in the order of 600-800, and the trend is that the at Longyearbyen on Svalbard (located at 78°N). Air number increases with time. Still, compared to the traffic above this latitude will therefore be mostly traffic over e.g. continental Europe, the amount of limited to cross polar routes. ATS communication in Arctic areas will be modest. In addition to the polar area, ATM over the Concerning the Nordic countries, the Nordic counties (Norway, Sweden and Finland) population is small compared to continental Europe. may be included in the coverage area for a HEO However, in Norway with less than 5 million satellite system. These countries are located far to inhabitants there are more than 50 airports with the north (latitudes between 55°N and 78°N), and in scheduled traffic. Despite its small population base particular Norway has a significant amount of compared with the rest of Europe, the air travel domestic traffic towards its northern parts. As the market is considerable. Topographical and main objective of the future ATM system will be to geographical conditions and long distances mean assure air traffic in denser airspace, different that air travel between several destinations is the solutions may prove more efficient in these sole possible means of transportation, in particular northern areas than further to the south. It is also a for business travel. In Scandinavia per capita air possibility to use HEO satellite communication for travel averages 3.2 trips per year, which is ATM services instead of investing in expensive considerably more than the rest of Europe. Between ground infrastructure in low populated areas far to the largest cities high speed train is an alternative to the north, and for helicopter traffic to oil air travel, but the availability of high speed trains is installations in the North Sea and Barents Sea (e.g. still limited. There are however concrete plans to Shtokman field). 2 invest in more high speed trains, especially in includes crew change, in-field shuttle, and SAR Sweden. services supporting many Norwegian oil and gas operations. General Aviation (GA) The helicopter activity in Finland, Norway, Due to a high standard of living, large land including Svalbard, and Sweden can be divided into areas, geographically spread population and three main areas; industry, aviation is one of the major forms of Operations related to the oil industry, which transportation in Norway, Sweden and Finland. by far is the largest activity. This results in a high number of private owned aircraft used for own transportation or leisure. Ambulance flying & SAR flying, border control and coastal guard. In the northernmost county in Norway, Finnmark, there are some restrictions on GA General helicopter operations including activity, related to where it is allowed to land and a small scale passenger transport, aerial requirement to submit a flight plan. Still, there is photography, surveillance, inspections, some activity, and it is especially popular for tourist transportation, reindeer husbandry, tourists going by their own plane to North Cape, drop operations, advertisement and so on. witch is at 71˚N and the northern outskirt of the European continent. In Sweden and Finland there Military activity are GA activity related to hunting, fishing and hiking. The regulations are not as strict as in The armed forces in the Nordic countries all Norway. have a substantial activity, but it is mainly the Royal Norwegian Air Force that operates in the Despite a relative high number of small aircraft northernmost areas. Over high seas in the oceanic involved in General Aviation, this category will north and in the polar region, armed forces from pose very limited requirements on a satellite other nations occasionally have flights.
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