Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 63, 1997, pp. 55-86 Radiocarbon Dating and the Prehistory of the Balearic Islands

By PEDRO V. CASTRO MARTINEZ, SYLVlA GILl SURINACH, PALOMA GONZALEZ MARCtN, VICEI'ITE LULL, RAFAEL MICO PEREZ and CRlSTINA RIHUETE HERRADA 1

The aim of this paper is to establish an absolute chronology for the prehistoric entities and sites of the Balearic islands. We begin with the human settlement of each island and continue with the temporalities of the most important entities and materials of the Pretalayotic period: the Beaker phenomenon, megalithic tombs, artificial burial caves, naviforms, and navetas. Then we define the chronological limits of the Talayotic period, giving special attention to its internal sequence and to the chronology of its distinctive monuments - the talayots, sanctuaries, and taulas. Finally we suggest the chronological limits of the material and sites ascribed to the Post-talayotic period. The approach adopted here is based on a detailed analysis of the radiocarbon dates corresponding to the main archaeological periods mentioned above. The infonnation potential of each date has been evaluated critically in tenns of the archaeological contexts from which samples were obtained.

THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF TIlE BALEARIC ISLANDS: absence of the talaiots constitutes a key discriminating CURRENT STATE OF AFFAIRS factor in establishing a cultural sequence for the Research into Balearic prehistory, which started at the islands. beginning of the century, has tended to centre on four It is important to point out, however, that research major periods. The first one corresponds broadly to which has generated this cultural sequence has centred what Waldren (1982) has termed the 'First settlement on the two largest islands of the archipelago period'. The second, labelled 'Pretalayotic', is (Mallorca and Menorca), with the emphasis upon associated with the earliest contexts to contain pottery Mallorca. The archaeology of the Pitiussae (Ibiza and and combines a whole series of archaeological Formentera) has focused on the role of the phenomena, as we shall see. The third brings together, Punic-Phoenician colonisation of the island of Eivissa under tbe name of 'Talayotic', all the material (Ibiza) and only recently have there been more expressions which tend to accompany a type of systematic studies on the early settlement which will construction known as a talaiot (dry stone towers allow us to articulate the dynamics of the prehistoric built with large stones and usually conical or quad­ socio-economy of Eivissa and Formentera with those rangular in outline). Finally, the last period is of Mallorca and Menorca. identified by the presence of icon objects coincidinf; At the same time, the investigation into the precisely with the moment when the talaiot fell into prehistoric sequence of the Balearic islands must disuse. According to some authors, this period is seen contend with another series of problems which as a Late Talayotic, while others have defined it as a concern, above all, the attempt to produce a sequence separate and independent entity, the 'Post-talayotic'. which makes archaeological and chronological sense. However, issues of actual terminology apart, these One of the principal factors which has led to this state periods are based on the idea that the presence or of affairs is the scarcity of systematic excavations; fieldwork tends to be sporadic and not very IDepartamem d'Anrropologia Social i de Prehistoria, standardised. The study of finds shows similar defi­ Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Edifici B, 08193 ciencies, which poses an adde<:l. problem when it Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain comes to carrying out syntheses of the historical dyna­ Received August 1996. Accepted April 1997 mics of the communities of the archipelago. At first

55 THE PREHISTORlC SOCIETY glance, the prospects for the chronology should be the Talayotic period is clearly seen, in that for some more favourable, taking into account the extensive authors it does not represent an autonomous entity radiocarbon series associated with the archaeological but rather the final stages of the latter (RosseIl6- sites of the islands. However, these dated sites are by Bordoy 1973; Fern;indez-Miranda 1978a). no means evenly distributed throughout the archaeo­ In view of the current situation regarding research, logical landscape, as there is a greater concentration in is it possible to maintain the traditional chronology, Mallorca and, more precisely, in a few sites situated in redefining it in terms of recurrent cultural assem­ the Tramontana mountain range in the north of the blages? In other words, is it possible to ask whether island. It is also important to bear in mind that the the traditional entities can conform to archaeological majority of dates are insufficiently contextualised, and groups as such (GonzaJez Marcen et al. 1992)? At first so their utility is considerably diminished. In spite of glance, only the Talayotic period seems to comply these difficulties, the information relating to the radio­ with this, due to the lack of analytical studies carbon dates can be combined with the available regarding the other cultural expressions. Given this archaeological data in an attempt to place the situation, could the temporal dimension, expressed in archaeological entities of the islands in chronological radiocarbon dating, contribute at least to the order. definition of each one of them? The exercise of organising time in relation to the concentrations of the values obtained through STIWCIURING THE PREHISTORIC SEQUENCE OF TIlE calibrated radiocarbon dates can be interpreted in BALEARICS: PERIODS AND 'CULllJRES' terms of rupture or continuity in population, so that The archaeology of the Balearic islands is no we may infer changes in historical dynamics. In this exception to the common practice of establishing sense it would be important to consider the temporal tripartite divisions (Waldten 1982). The three main intervals with enormous concentrations of radio­ phases mentioned earlier, Pretalayotic, Talayotic, and carbon dates as moments in time when an intensive Post-talayotic, are preceded by a still uncertain inter­ exploitation of the natural resources for social gain val related to the initial human settlement on the took place (felling trees, slaughtering vertebrates). In islands. However, in contrast to the classical European this way we would define key moments in the periodisations, the Balearic periods do not fit with the exploitation of natural resources which would affect traditional metal · 'Ages': the Pretalayotic extends the islands and that, by way of an hypothesis, we further in rime beyond the conventionally accepted could compare to episodes of rupture or change in duration of the Copper Age, the Talayotic behaves social dynamics. However, we would still lack a code equally with the Bronze Age, and the Post-talayotic which would enable us to give them social meaning. starts after the accepted beginning for the Iron Age. Social significance can only be attributed by archaeo­ Within this framework, the Talayotic becomes the logists through o,bjects and these can only be central focus around which everything earlier and understood in the .tOntext of material assemblages, later takes on meaning. The splendour of its archi­ rarely defined in Balearic archaeology. Dates place tectural constIl,lctions (talaiots) and the considerable objects in time, but they do not offer meaning; they homogeneity of the a'itefactual assemblage have merely provide a 'precondition' so that the latter can contributed to making it the only entity which can be be attributed. In this paper, we will be content if we termed an 'archaeological culture' which, at the same can complete the first stage, knowing that many years time, has its very own subdivision into phases of research are required for the second to be achieved. (Rossell6-Bordoy 1973; Fernandez-Miranda 1978a). On the other hand, the Pretalayotic period is defined as one which includes very heterogeneous expressions THE RADIOCARBON SEQUENCE OF THE (domestic activity occurring both in caves and open­ BALEARlC ISLANDS air settlements, megalithic tombs, Beaker wares, At this moment in time we have 191 datesl associated copper technology) in a variety of combinations, with sites found in the Balearic islands and related to preceded by a 'prologue' based somewhat tenuously archaeological contexts linked with human occu­ upon evidence regarding the initial stages of human pation (Appendix). In comparison with the list of settlement. As for the Post-talayotic, its reliance upon radiocarbon dates for the Iberian peninsula, the

56 3. P. V. Castro Martinez et al. RADIOCARBON DATING AND BALEARlC PREHISTORY

Balearic islands are second (after Andalucia and Of the Balearic series we have mentioned so far, we Portugal) in terms of the number of radiocarbon dates will dispense with dates of the last 2000 years, which associated with the autonomous communities, com­ are not relevant to the purposes of this study, and also prising just over 10% of the total (Castro, Lull & with dates which have been affected by various Mic6 1996). It is worth noting that the Balearics problems relating to their recovery (for details, see occupy second position, after Euzkadi, with regard to Appendix). Of the 29 dates belonging to this group, the density of dated sites per square km and that the 18 come from Son Matge (QL-23, QL-9 QL-Sb, QL- most complete radiocarbon sequence of sites is 11, QL-22, QL-Ia, QL-24, QL-7, QL-5, QL-7a, QL­ concentrated in one of its islands (Mallorca). The Sa), 2 from Torralba d'en Salord (BM-1697, CSIC- privileged position of Mallorca is due to the efforts of 142) and Son Ferrandell-Oleza (BM-1988R, BM- William Waldren and his research centre in Deia, 1842R), and 1 from Sa Regina dels Cans (QL-146), where for more than 30 years the need to obtain a Ca Na Costa (BM-1677), Cova dels Marts-Son wide range of absolute dates has been recognised. Gallard (Y-2672), Son Fomes (UGRA-121), Son Mas Two of the sites excavated by this scholar, Son Matge (IRPA-1066), Son Oms (BM·1692), and S'IIIot des and Son Ferrandell-Oleza, offer the most complete Porros (Y-4S84 ). series of the Iberian peninsula, with about so dates for each (op. cit.) The advantages derived from a large regional series THE ORIGINS OF TIiE FIRST SElTLERS OF THE ISLANDS such as that of the Balearic islands are countered by The most consistent archaeological evidence in two serious problems. In the first place, 7S.6% of the relation to the first human presence in the Balearic dates are derived from just five sires (Son Ferrandell­ islands comes from two sites on the island of Oleza, Son Matge, Son Mas, Son Fornt~s, and Torralba Mallorca: Son Matge in ValIdemossa and Son Muleta d'en Salord ) and these five represent only 17.8% of all in S6l1er. In the Son Matge rock shelter, hearths were the sites with available dates. In other words, the discovered associated with the remains of a now remaining 23 sites present an unrepresentative series extinct, endemic species Myotragus Balearicus. Some which fluctuate between onc and four dates. Secondly, bones of this animal appear to have shown charac­ the quantity of dates for each one of the islands is very teristic signs of butchering. It has also been suggested uneven. In fact, the Balearic series is really synony­ that some horns had been 'trimmed' by human beings mous with the Mallorcan series, in that about 86% of to avoid the injuries they could inflict upon themselves the total number of dates come from this island, in the rock shelter, which possibly acted as a stable leaving Menorca behind with 12.4%, Eivissa with (Waldren 1982). The dates for this occupation cover a 1.03%, and Formentera O.S%. If we add to this the time frame which includes the 6th-5th millennia BC. fact that more than half the dares for Menorca come In Son Muleta, human remains belonging to four or from one site alone (Torralba d'en Salord), it seems five individuals and bone and flint implements were fairly obvious that the Balearic series depends found in association with MyotTagus Balearicus. The fundamentally on the absolute sequence of MaHorca. dates available for this site suggest that this archaeo­ The considerable differences, both in quantity and logical association was taking place towards the quality, between the site series and the scarc.icy of beginning of the Sth millenniUm BC. dates for the smaller islands, make it impossibk to This evidence demonstrates the existence of these attempt a comparative study of each of the first communities between the 6th-4th millennia BC archaeological groups, site types, and materials (Appendix). The data originates ptincipally from the between the islands. Nevertheless, we will try to area of the T ramontana mountain range, where the review the sequence for the Balearic islands and vegetation consisted mosrly of pine and brushwood suggest a chronology which is more in line with the and whose natural caves were used for shelter or radiocarbon dates of the various archaeological domestic purposes, in the context of subsistence groups. As far as possible, we will also attempt to practices based on hunting and gathering and the outline the different archaeological expressions which systematic exploitation of MyotTagus. However, some characterise such a chronology. In text and open air flint workshops recorded at several sites in illustrations all date ranges quoted are based on the 1 the municipality of Santanyi (Carbonell et aJ. 1981; sigma standard deviations for calibrated dates. Pons ~ Moya & Coli 1984) could alter the view we

57 THE PREHISTORIC SOCIEn' have outlined and even suggest the existence of a find natural caves, rock-cut tombs, megalithic tombs, hitherto unsuspected epi-mesolithic context. Unfot­ and navetas. Several anefactual assemblages appear in tunately, these studies are in their initial stages and are this range of structural contexts. based upon typological analysis of stone industries. On the other hand, in Mallorca, the earliest dates associated with simple, undecorated ponery come The Beaker ware question from Son Matge and Cava dels Morts-Son Gallard The radiocarbon dates associated with the (Deia) and are dated to the beginning of the 4th stratigraphic contexts of Son Ferrandell-Oleza millennium cal. BC. On Menorca, the appearance of (Waldren 1982; 1984; 1986; 1990; 1992; Waldren et the remains of MyotTagus with evidence of human al. 1990) and Son Matge (Rossello-Bordoy & intervention is associated with pottery. This fact seems Waldren 1973; Fernandez-Miranda & Waldren 1974; to suggest that human settlement on Menorca was Waldren & Plantalamor 1975; Waldren 1982; 1986; later than on Mallorca and could have occurred 1992) seem to indicate that we should place the first between the first half of the 4th and mid 3rd millennia Beaker ware finds on the island of Mallorca parallel to ca!. BC, coinciding with the radiocarbon dates asso­ the beginnings of extensive and organised settlement ciated with the last MyotTagus of Mallorca. on the islands c. 2500-2450 cat. BC. The most Ibiza and Formentera are, for the moment, lacking important settlement, Son Ferrandell-Oleza, in evidence which would make their earliest constitutes an open air settlement of about 3600 m2 occupation synchronous with that of Mallorca and surrounded by a rectangular wall with reinforcements Menorca. Without any other source of evidence in two of its corners and a small guardpost in one of showing the early presence of human beings in the the entrances to the site. Two stone pseudo-naviform Pitlussae, the chronology of the first human settlement structures were excavared, together with a water has to be inferred from the earliest known archaeo­ channel which ran from a water cistern immediately logical remains which do not seem to OCCUt before the outside of the wall. Nothing resembling this complex 3rd millennium BC. has ever been recorded in any other location on the The origin of the first settlers remains a mystery. islands, unless one includes the walled structures of The theories proposed are centred upon the pottery Can Sargent II in Eivissa, and Sa Cala in Formentera types recorded on Mallorca, which are dated two (Fernandez Gomez 1977; GOmez et al. 1989; Costa & millennia later. The simple techniques errrployed in Fern:indez Gomez 1992). ~heir manufacture and the scarcity of these items Beaker ware is recorded at Son Ferrandell-Oleza makes the reliability of this evidence questionable practically throughout its whole occupation when it .comes to formulating hypotheses of their (c.2500-1300 ca!. BC) and can be divided into two origin. In spite of this, Waldren (1982) has suggested types, both with incised decoration. The first appears that the pottery shares similarities with continental predominantly on bowls and is similar to the Catalan Neolithic types, highlighting in particular those which Salamo style, although some fragments are more in are associated with the Neolithic Catalan fosa graves. line with the Bois ·Sacre style from southern France. In his opinion, the origin of the first groups. of people Either way, they bOth usually have da~es prior to the who settled on the islands would have to have been in beginning of the 2nd millennium ca!. BC, but not the north-east of the Iberian peninsula (Gili Suriiiach much earlier. The second Beaker ware decoration type et al. 1996). is related to the Arboli pottery style which originates from the north-east of the Iberian peninsula and is later in date (c. 2250-1800 cal. BC). TI-IE PRETALAYOllC GROUPS In the Son Ferrandell-Oleza excavations, crucibles The available Pretalayotic record is full of gaps, due to and copper ingots have also been recorded. This the fact that it has been compiled from excavations evidence of metal technology is comparable with that which have been neither standardised nor systematic. recorded at Son Matge, where not only did the same The record comprises an extensive array of archi­ kind of utensils appear in association with Beaker tectural forms which, in the case of domestic ware, but there were also two decorated fragments structures, varies from natural caves to open air which still preserved traces of copper oxide in their settlements built in stone. In the funerary sphere we interiors, It is, of course, important to bear in mind

58 3. P. V. Castro Mart(nez et al. RADIOCARBON DATING AND BALEARIC PRf.HlSTORY that both sites ate located in the Tramontana to which continental Beaker ware influences were mountain range, one of the few places in the Balearics, added. These provided the technology necessary in the including a few sites on Menorca, with evidence of manufacture of copper objects and probably sub­ copper veins. sistence strategies based on cultivation and animal On the mainland, Beaker ware is usually associated husbandry which demanded the colonisation of the with projectile points of the Palmela type, small lowlands due to the proximity of potentially arable triangular or tanged daggers, archers' wristguards and land. Onc alternative theory could also suggest that bone buttons. Burials closely linked [0 the Beaker the colonisation of these lands was carried out by the ware sphere tend to be found in cists, shafts, or local communities prior to the arrival of the Beaker megalithic tombs. Among the evidence of insular ware influence. However, this idea is hindered by the distribution of this assemblage we find tanged lack of evidence relating to the usage of the naviform daggers, like that in the museum of Eivissa (Costa & structures prior to the arrival of the Beaker ware Fernandez G6mez 1992, 298) or one found in the traditions in the lowlands. natural cave of Son Primer 24, Mallorca (Veny 1968), All in all, neither of the two theories clarifies the and the leaf-shaped arrowheads from Es Rafal D'es chronological dilenuna of the megalithic tombs which, Toro and Ses Roques Liises, Menorca (Rossc1l6- on the mainland, occur earlier than - or at least Bordoy et al. 1980). Beaker ware has also been contemporary with - Beaker ware traditions. documented in natural habitation caves, such as at Cova dels Bous and Son Torrclla (Veny 1968), though in disturbed archaeological contexts. A more Balearic megalithic tombs interesting case is the probable deposition of Beakers Megalithic strucrutes in the islands are rare. Until as grave-goods in a possible burial cist excavated at recently, only four examples from south-east Menorca Cova dels Morts-Son Gallard, Mallorca (Waldren were known (Alcaidus: Plantalamor 1976n; Ses 1982), although the publication of this site does not Roques Llises: Rossell6-Bordoy et al. 1980; Montple: provide a suffiCiently detailed record. Plantalamor 197617; Binidalinet: Plantalamor 1977), The only archaeological context comparable to Son one in Mallorca (Son Baul6 de Dalt: Rossell6-Bordoy Ferrandeil-Oleza and Son Matge is that of level C at 1965) and another in Formentera (Ca Na Costa: Ca Na Corxera (Cantarellas 1972a, 49-63; 1972b), Fernandez G6mez et al. 1976). However, surveys on the also in Mallorca. It comprises a subrectangular island of Menorca have identified the existence of new construction containing a large number of Beaker monuments in the nonhem and north-western sectors ware fragments and has a date centred on c. 2200 cal. of the island (G6rnes et al. 1992). In Ciutadella, four BC. Lastly, we must also mention the impressive have been recorded (two in Son Escudero, one in Son collection of Beaker wares discovered under the main Salom6 and another in Rafal d'es Capita), one in structure of the Son Mas sanctuary, Mallorca Fetreries (Son Ermita) and another in Mercadal (Waldren et al. 1988; 1989; Waldren & van Strydonck (Ferragut Nou). Of all the above-mentioned, it is 1992), although we will ,have to wait for a more imponant to note that the last two structures are more complete publication before we can assess its value. in line with the traditional megalithic expressions, both The majority of the pottery found at Son anefactually and formally. Lastly, we must mention Ferrandell-Oleza, Son Matge, and Ca Na Conera is that a possible tomb has also been recorded on the composed of undccorated types usually accepted as island of Eivissa (Can Sargent I) and consists of a 2 m Pretalayotic, which have also been recorded on passage and the possible remains of a circular chamber. Menorca, although not in association with Beaker Nevertheless, it seems somewhat premature to ascribe wares. This situation poses a big problem: when and to it a funerary function, as the supposed associated from where did the colonisation of the lowlands of cultural assemblage is chronologically inconclusive and Mallorca and the rest of the islands take place? the dates for the human bone are completely ana­ It seems feasible to propose the existence of a local, chronistic. The cited dates {BM-HI0, BM-1511; under!ying population identified through the presence (Femandez G6mez & Topp 1984, 767; G6mez Bellard of simple, plain pots, usually globular, spherical, & San Nicolas Pedraz 1988, 211) are outside the conical, or biconical in shape and recorded at natural chronometric range established for megalithic finds in caves or rock-shelters (Late Neolithic of Son Matge), the Iberian peninsula (Castro, Lull & Mic6 1996).

59 THE PREHISTORIC SOCIETY

All the Menorcan megalithic constructions seem to tionally associated with megalithism. The ones we are correspond to a small type of tomb with a passage and concerned with here have only been detected on a square or oval chamber accessible through a Mallorca and Menorca (Veny 1968; 1970; 1976a; perforated stone slab, which acts as a portal. On some Plantalamor & Rita 1982) and they are structurally occasions, supporting walls or external reinforce­ similar in that they all possess an apsidal or elongated ments encircling the chamber and passage are chamber. These rock-cut tombs are locations where preserved. Among the small amount of finds. which multiple inhumations took place, either in single units, make up the grave-goods, there are conical shaped or in groups of five (Cala Sant Vicent), six (Son Toni vessels with incised cordons below the rim, bowls, and Amer), and even eight, caves (Son Sunyer) (Mallorca). pseudo-cylindrical and carinated vessels. At Ses Apart from the above-mentioned, structural, Roques L1ises were found a pyramidal V-perforated common factor, the rock-cut tombs differ in other bone button, a leaf-shaped arrowhead which has aspects. Examples have been recorded with access echoes of the Palmela type, and a copper/bronze point passages (Es Cabas), internal long benches (Na Fonda, with a square cross-section that could be its stem. Son Amer), side chambers, or even niches (d'en Among the recently discovered northern sites, similar Bordoy, Colonia de Sant Pere). Access to the main finds have been recorded at Son Ermita. chamber takes various forms ranging from a simple In view of the fact that, for some researchers opening communicating with a small passage to (Plantalamor 1992), these tombs with passages are structures made of large slabs enclosing a ramp, steps, associated with the first stages of the Menorcan or a well (Son Jaumell, Son Toni Arner). Pretalayotic period, outside influences have had to be On Mallorca, rock-cut tombs are evenly dispersed traced in order to explain the initial settlement of the throughout the island from the eastern mountains island. Some inconclusive similarities have been drawn surrounding the Massfs d' Arta, to the mountainous with places like Corsica, Sardinia, southern France, north. They have also been recorded in the Es Pia (the Languedoc, Catalonia, and also south-eastern Spain. lowlands) and are quite numerous in the southern Son Baul6 de Dalt, the only Mallorcan tomb regions of the island. Among the archaeological finds, known to date, is similar in its proportions to the undecorated wares are common, and are predomin­ Menorcan type but not architecturally, nor in terms of antly spherical vessels with open mouths and small the grave-goods. Regarding the finds, it is important perforated handles attached to the top half of the pot, to point out the absence of the conical shaped vessel although spherical bowls and conical shaped and with incised cordon below the rim and the presence of pseudo-cylindrical vessels have been recorded. The various flat bases and over half a dozen flint flakes. rest of the funerary finds comprise copper riveted Summing up, the archaeological materials recorded daggers, atrowheads and points, discoidal bone in the megalithic tombs coincide with the cultural beads, perforated bone buttons and flint flakes, assemblages associated with the Beaker ware tradi­ sharpeners, arrowheads, and archer's wristguards. tions, although there is a clear difference in the context of their appearance on the main islands: on Mallorca they tend to appear in domestic situations, Naviform strnctures and the Navetas whereas on Menorca the majority are associated with The term 'naviform' refers to structures composed of tombs. The materials which accompany both entities, two almost parallel double faced walls joined together megalithic and Beaker ware traditions, fall into two at one end with an apsidal or horseshoe shaped categories: on the one hand, locally produced construction (Eis Closos de Can Gaia: Rossello­ undecorated pottery, and on the other, non-ceramic Bordoy & Frey 1967; Es Figueral de Son Real: artefacts of continental type found in megalithic Rossello-Bordoy & Camps 1972; Alemany: Enseiiat contexts reutilised by communities equipped with Enseiiat 1981). In some instances they have a central Beaker ware assemblages, after their construction. hearth, usually sub-rectangular, which may also have a ledge (Son Oms: Rossello-Bordoy 1979, 102-6; Canyamel: Rossello-Bordoy & Camps 1976). The Rock-cut tombs or artificial burial caves roofing, which would have comprised a timber On the Spanish mainland, artificial burial caves framework covered with bra!,!ches, rested on wooden constitute a type of archaeological expression tradi- POStS placed along the central axis of the structure.

60 3. P. V. CastTO Martinez et al. RADIOCARBON DATING AND BALEARIC PREHISTORY

Only in one case (Cova d'es Moro de Son Mercer de Tudons: Florit 1966; Serra et al. 1977; La Cova: Veny Baix) has a stone roofing structure made up of stone 1982; Son Morell: Veny 1974; 1976b; Binipati Nou: slabs resting on Mediterranean type columns been Plantalamor & Sastre 1991; Rafal Rubl: Serra & recorded (tapering at the base). Isolated naviforms are Rossello-Bordoy 1971; Biniac-L' Argentina: Serra common, although they can also appear adjacent to 1965; Plantalamor & Lopez Pons 1983; Cotaina and others such as at Can Roig Nou (Rossello-Bordoy Sa Torreta: Murray 1934). Their external appearance 1966). The aggregation of constructions, either in is almost identical to that of the naviforms, although pairs, in threes, or in close proximity, has been they do not occur in groups but in isolation and are interpreted as evidence for the existence of groups of exclusively designed as places of collective burial. extended families. They consist of a very small entrance, sometimes a The distribution of the nearly 70 naviforms in perforated stone slab, giving way to a narrow Mallorca tends to be concentrated in the coastal low­ passageway or a small rectangular or trapezoidal lands. The areas with a greater frequency of structures antechamber through which access is gained to an lie to the east and south of the Levant mountain elliptical ° or elongated chamber. The roofing is of range, in the southern foothills of the Tramontana tightly fitting dry-stone construction. mountains and, in smaller numbers, on the plains and The repertoire of recovered objects is confined to around the bay of Alcudia. On Menorca, the number conical and hemispherical vessels, bone buttons, bone of structures comprises less than one-tenth the pendants and beads, and a few copper and bronze number of recorded Mallorcan sites and the majority artefacts, predominantly arrowheads, points, brace­ are exclusively concentrated in the southern half of lets, razors, and tubular rods with biconical ends the island. The artefactual repertrire recovered from sometimes known as 'bridles' (Delibes & Fernandez­ the interior of this type of constr~tion is made up of Miranda 1988). globular, biconical and conical shaped and hemi­ The absence of triangular daggers and globular spherical vessels. The high frequency of fragmentation pottery, typically associated with both Mallorcan and of these vessels makes it somewhat difficult to carry Menorcan burial rock-cut tombs, and the continuity out typological studies, the only possibility being the of some of their materials in Talayotic contexts (such confirmation of the absence of conically shaped as the V-perforated bone buttons, bronze bracelets, profiles with incised rims (characteristic of caves and, and the conical vessels with flat bases), place the above all, of the megalithic tombs) and the relative navetas in a transitional phase between the Pre­ frequency of flat bases, a feature that is not common talayotic and the Talayotic periods. We consider the until the peak of the Talayotic era. Both aspects, tradirional viewpoints of, say, Pericot (1975) (who together with the relative frequency of typical placed the burial navetas in the Early Talayotic period Talayotic pottery in Mallorcan naviforms (Can Roig and associated their appearance with a typological Nou, Es Figueral de Son Real) and Menorcan ones evolution of the collective inhumation practised in the (Son Mercer de Baix: Anglada 1976; Plantalamor & rock-cut tombs), more empirically acceptable than Rita 1984; Rita 1988; Sa Torreta, Clariana: recently proposed theories (Plantalamor 1991; 1992), Plantalamor 1976; Plantalamor et al. 1977; according to which the navetas with circular or oval Plantalamor & Anglada 1981), suggest that some of shaped plan, known as 'Intermediate type' (Biniac­ them, especially those which are grouped together, Argentina) are proposed as models derived from the correspond with a phase of transition into the megalithic tombs using cyclopean building techniques, Talayotic period. The typically early Talayotic metal and would thus constitute an immediate antecedent of objects recovered from the naviforms of Can Roig the Menorcan burial navetas. Nou and Son Mercer de Baix are equally transitional. This transitional phase, which took place in the Although it is not possible to confirm the existence Mallorcan and Menorcan naviforms and the of naviforms in the Piaussae, structures such as those Menorcan burial navetas, brings together two distinct at Cap de Berberia 11, Formentera (Gomez Bellard & dynamicso The first, and chronologically earlier, is San Nicolas Pedraz 1988; Costa & Fernandez Gomez characterised by horizontally dispersed settlements 1992) are reminiscent of this kind of construction. occupying intramontane valleys and natural caves, True navetas are recorded only on Menorca, where with burial practices initially taking place in dolmens they are distributed throughout most of the island (Es and later in rock-cut tombs. The second, known as the

61 THE PREHISTORiC SOCIETY

Talayotic period, possesses a radically different elements (razors) and pottery types which could well archaeological manifestation which is discussed be ascribed to the Talayotic period. below. Given this elaborate framework of associations, a synchronic or a sequential framework might be proposed. The second of them suggests a diachronic The relative chronology of the Pretalayotic sequence of material associations as follows: The Pretalayotic sites and finds appear as hetero­ 1. Beaker wares in open-air se ttlements (Son Ferrandell­ geneous combinations which pose considerable Oleza) and burials in natural caves. problems when it comes to proposing a relative 2. Continuity in the use of Beaker wares in settlements chronology. Pottery with Beaker ware designs has not and the utilisation of megalithic tombs with Mallorcan been found in either navetas or rock-cut tombs, and incised-ware traditions, perforated bone buttons, only marginally in megalithic tombs (one fragment in archers' wrisrguards, and undecorated ponery. This Ca Na Costa, Formentera). Its presence is also would be equivalent in time with the final stages of Beaker ware traditions on the mainland, when concentrated mainly in ~e northern sector of the typologically late Beaker wares are found in reused island of Mallorca (Can rellas 1972a). Beaker ware megaliths. is frequent in funerary co exts on the mainland, but 3. Rock-cut tombs with the continued use of perforated not so in the Balearic islands where the Beaker ware buttons, archers' wristguards, and riveted daggers, plus assemblage also offers a very wide chronological span, the presence of undecorated pottery. as can be seen in the series provided from the 4. The construction of the navetas is accompanied by an settlement of Son Ferrandell-Oleza (Appendix). In important continuity in the presence of earlier grave­ view of the absence of Beaker wares in certain burial goods (b uttons, archers' wristguards, and riveted structures such as navetas and rock-cut tombs, it is daggers). This can be interpreted as the navetas considered that the human groups utilising them were belonging to earlier traditions dated towards the end of the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. Howeve r, if this different from those who possessed Beaker ware in were indeed the case, it is im portant to take into their artefactual assemblages, although the dilemma account the fact that recurrent elements in previous lies in establishing whether or not both groups were stages disappeared at the same time, such as the conical synchronous. If we opt for this last possibility, then vessels with incised rims and, more significantly, the maybe the megalithic tombs were earlier or, at least, appearance of new artefacts, such as the metal razors which are triangular or semilunar in shape. slightly synchronous with the Beaker ware-traditions and the navetas were later. In order to resolve this Let us now consider the extent to which the dilemma, radiocarbon dating is clearly required. radiocarbon dates can clarify the situation regarding Artefacts traditionally associated with the Beaker our hypothetical sequence of artefact associations. ware tradition (undecorated pottery, tanged or riveted copper daggers, bone buttons) appear occasionally in megalithic tombs and more frequently in rock-cut tombs. To sum up, copper daggers with rivets, some of PRETALAYOTlC RADIOCARBON DATES them triangular in shape and quite small and typical We have collected a total of 27 valid dates which can of the classic Beaker ware sphere of influence, are very be tied to archaeological contexts and which span a common in rock-cut tombs. However, in the Balearic wide interval from c. 2550-925 ca\. BC (Fig. t), but islands they have not been recorded associated with are best eqcapsulated in a sequence which runs from &ake'nware (which does occur in Early Bronze Age c. 250O-c. 1250 ca!. BC, if we leave aside the extreme contexts on the mainland). On the other hand, the ends of the series, especially the most recent one (Son conical vessel with incised rim appears both in Beaker Morel!: HAR-2909)2 which moves significantly away ware contexts and in megalithic tombs, although it is from the central tendency. In addition, the two recent not characteristic of rock-cut tombs. dates for Son Mas included in the Pretalayotic series, As for the navetas, they lack a very characteristic IRPA-t053 and IRPA-976, are somewhat difficult to element of the megalithic tombs, namely the conical assess within the context of the cultural expressions vessel with incised cordon near the rim; their arte­ we are analysing, as they come from 'intermediate factual assemblages include the repertoire of objects levels', later than Beaker ware occupations and prior present in other structures as well as their very own to the construction of the 'sanctuary' (Waldren & van

62 3. P. V. Castro Martinez et al. RADIOCARBON DATING AND BALEARIC PREH ISTORY , • II " ." ~ • 0

Fig. 1 Pretalayotic radiocarbon date seri es. Relative frequency distribution of calibrated dates included in the analysis presented in this paper. The values used in Figs 1-4 are those of the median ca!. BC at 1 sigma for each calibrated date (see Appendix for full details of all determinations and calibrated ranges)

Strydonck 1992, 15 ). Consequently we consider it east (Castro, Lull & Mic6 1996). Unfortunately, the more appropriate to place the end of the Pretalayotic poor evidence for radio-carbon dating of megalithic period at c. 1300/1250 ca!. BC, based on the dates for tombs does nOt allow us to adequately assess their Son Matge (BM-2140R) and the more recent one temporal relationship with Beaker ware in the Balearic from the old settlement of Son Ferrandell-Oleza islands. Earlier, we referred to the anomalous character (HAR-3490). However, this limit could be dropped to of the dates for Can Sargent (BM-151O, BM-1511), in c. 1150 ca!. BC if we take into account the dates from that they stand outside the accepted chronological the Mallorcan naviforms of Es Figueral de Son Real framework for megalithism in the Iberian Peninsula (Y-1857, Y-1856) and Son Oms (QL-20), concurrent and the rest of western Europe as a whole. The third with the abandonment or reutilisation of these and final radiocarbon date associated with contexts architectural constructions. The latest date for the from megalithic tombs (BM-1677), which comes from naveta of Son Morell (HAR-2909) could be evidence Ca Na Costa in Formentera, must also be discarded, as for an even later Pretalayotic expression. On the other it was erroneously processed by the British Museum's hand, it could also be that the sample comes from laboratory and could not be corrected (Bowman et al. levels which are the)result of activities taking place 1990,79). after the site was abandoned. In spite of these setbacks, if we limit ourselves to The main question which we wish to clarify in this chrono-typological considerations and emphasise the section is the chronological position of each of the four fact that elements related to the Beaker ware possible archaeological entities which come under the traditions (s uch as V-perforated bone buttons, heading of Pretalayotic. The chronology of the first, archers' wristguards, and Palmela-type points) are associated with the Beaker ware traditions, is confined recorded in megalithic contexts, we will have to to the interval comprising the period c. 2400-1900 ca!. assume the contemporaneity on the islands of both BC, as defined by the 11 dates from the sites of Son entities. However, it seems somewhat premature to Mas, Son Ferrandell-Oleza, Son Matge, and Cova dels tackle the question of whether or not we must ascribe Morts-Son Gallard. Balearic Beakers are thus them to the same or different human communities. In contemporary with later mainland Beaker styles such this respect, the absence of Beaker ware in the as those of Palmela, Pyrenaean-Salam6, and the south- Mallorcan and Menorcan tombs seems to suggest the

63 THE PREHISTORIC SOCIETY existence of two groups influencing the indigenous these dates, we must not discard the fact that it populations who lived either in open air settlements or indicates the continuity of funerary rituals in navetas in natural caves and buried their dead in natural caves on the island of Menorca, something which future (where it was possible) or in rock-cut tombs. investigations will have to confirm. In relation to the The majority of the chronological indicators for the dating of naviforms and navetas, we reiterate the issue rock-cut tombs are typological. In the first place, we of the typological parallels mentioned earlier, have the range of ponery traditionally ascribed to the assigning them a chronology transitional to the Pretalayotic period, but this has not yet been the Talayotic period, which we tentatively place c. 1400 subject of a morphometric study of mater~l from and c. 900 ca!. BC, although we do not exclude the well-defined and well-dated contexts. For the ~se possibility of local continuity. of this publication, we need only point out that the Two archaeological entities known to exist outside open-mouthed spherical globular types, characteristic the sphere of the islands, megalithic tombs and Beaker of rock-cut tombs, are chronologically later than the ware traditions, therefore seem to characterise an conical vessels with incised cordons near the rim, initial stage of settlement expansion on Mallorca and recorded in caves and megalithic tombs, although it is Menorca, as well as on Formentera and possibly also also true that this last type continues in use until on Eivissa. During this first stage, some architecturally c. 1750 cal. BC, as attested by the radiocarbon date of significant open air settlements and . other more Son Marroig (Y-1824). Secondly we must consider, modest constructions were occupied, as were caves within the area of insular rock-cut tombs, the and rock shelters. In a yet-to-be-determined transi­ typology of the riveted daggers. Their formal tional phase between the 3rd and 2nd millennia ca!. characteristics are similar to those found in south-east BC, rock-cut tombs would have replaced megalithic Spain, both in the south of Valencia and in the entire tombs as places of funerary deposition, coexisting for Argaric territory. They are generally associated with a considerable amount of time with caves and natural the height of the Bronze Age, with dates beginning rock shelters which continued in use as places of c. 2250 cal. BC and which can continue until at least habitation or burial. Open air settlements continued c. 1500 cal. BC. Nothing in the artefactual repertoire in use throughout this temporal interval, as can be of the rock-cut tombs, therefore, suggests earlier dates deduced from the prolonged use of the old settlement and thus they were probably in use after the first of Son Ferrandell-Oleza. Finally, the navetas consti­ Beaker ware elements and megalithic tombs-and prior tuted the last expression of the ritual of collective to the appearance of the navetas and the naviforms. inhumations on Menorca. As far as naviforms are concerned, the scant and controversial radiocarbon dates do not clear up the issue of their chronological position. There are four DEFINING THE TALAYOTIC GROUP dates relating to these structures from the Mallorcan The archaeological entity traditionally known as the sites of Es Figueral de Son Real (Y-1857, Y-1856) and 'Talayotic culture' gets its name from the dry-stone, Son Oms (QL-20) and from the Menorcan naveta of tower-like structures (ta/aiots) built with large stones Son Morell (HAR-2909). The first three dates would and which are an integral part of the landscapes of correspond with ~ lowest limit of the chronological Mallorca and Menorca. This distribution and interval of the Pretalayotic series, although they ought frequency led to an earlier and more intensive to be considered more appropriate in the following investigation of this archaeological expression and period (Talayotic) as they were collected from has, as a result, become the cornerstone from which contexts of reutilisation immediately after the struc­ the Balearic chronological sequence has been ture was abandoned (see Rossello-Bordoy et al. 1967, constructed. We should not, therefore, be surprised by 34; Rossello-Bordoy & Camps 1972, 134, for Es the fact that the information available for this group Figueral; Rossello-Bordoy 1979, 189, in relation to is much fuller and more detailed than the rest of the Son Oms). Consequently, the interval of use must be insular archaeological entities. Unfortunately how­ earlier than c. 1200/1050 ca!. BC. As far as the dates ever, the research undertaken tends to show a marked for Son Morell are concerned, they could also be typological-descriptive orienration. affected by the same kind of contextual problems. In spite of the constructional variability between Beside the problems relating to the verification of the different talaiots, the majority fall into the

64 3. P. V. Castro Martinet. et al. RADIOCARBON DATING AND BALEARIC PREHISTORY conically or pyramidally shaped pattern with an large,limestone slabs, one of which is placed vertically interior circular (Sa Canova: Font & Mascara 1962), to support a horizontal which rests upon it (Torralba rectangular (Capocorb Veil: Font & Rossella-Bordoy d'en Salord: Fernandez-Miranda 1978b; Trepuc6: 1969; Es Velar: Colominas 1923) or square chamber Murray 1934; Plantalamor & Rita 1986; Torre d'en (Hospitalet, Mallorca: Rossella-&rdoy 1983), which Gaumes: Rossello-Bordoy et al. 1984). The typology is reached via a corridor that passes through the of this group of monuments coincides with those talaiot's wall. Furthermore, examples with several known as sanctuaries, generally quadrangular or juxtaposed chambers are also known (Rafal Roig, apsidal in plan, comprising double-faced walls with Menorca: Manca & Demurtas 1986) and others have --\tregularly set stone uprights on the outside, earth or no chambers at all. Another type of talaiot, which is s~1l stones between, and rows of medium sized more numerous in Menorca, has only corridors with stones on the inside. small cell-like chambers leading off (Ses Font Redones· In contrast to the situation with the settlements, the de Baix, Son Vitamina: Plantalamor 1991). The funerary world of the Talayotic group lacks clear corridor can be rectilinear, curvilinear, or zig-zag; it definition. Talayotic objects have been found in can also appear as a ramp. Some talaiots have an Pretalayotic tombs in Mallorca (Son Sunyer: Veny elevated floor which acts as a kind of look-out post. 1968) and on Menorca (La Cova, Binipati Nou: On Menorca, similar monuments, with an elevated Plantalamor & Sastre 1991), but there are none with chamber accessible from the outside, have been unequivocal Talayotic burials. As for the practice of recorded (Binixiquer: Plantalamor 1991; Sa Torreta: inhumation in caves (Son Boronat: Guerrero 1979; Murray 1934). A Son Maimo: Amoros 1974; Veny 1977) or in open air The Talayotic settlements are made up of tomb cemeteries (Son Real, IlIot des Porros: Tarradell habitation units with straight sided or curving walls 1964), we have only been able to verify it as from c. enclosing square, rectangular, or kidney-shaped 650/600 ca!. BC. To sum up, the burial systems spaces. They usually have columns or pillars designed employed by the inhabitants of the talaiots remain a to sustain a roofing structure and, in their interior. problem for research. rectangular hearths defined by flat slabs, racks, plat­ If it has been the architectural elements which have forms, benches, and small water cisterns. Typically formed the basis for the definition of the Talayotic Menorcan is the house with a central patio, circular in group, the distance between it and the Pretalayotic plan (Torello: Plantalamor 1991) or polygonal (San world is also expressed through other kinds of Agusti Veil Este: Mascaro 1963). At some sites, evidence, such as the pottery. The Talayotic pottery labyrinthine structures have been recorded which distinguishes itself from earlier traditions in two main communicate between different sectors of the settle­ ways: the predominance of rectilinear, 'heeled' or ment, as well as salas hip6sti/as (hipostyle courts) slightly convex flat bases and the repeated absence of which mayor may not be associated with the handles. As a whole, the production of pottery shows settlements (in Mallorca, Eis Antigors: Colominas a more domestic bias in relation to specific activities 1923; in Menorca, Binigaus Nou: Plantalamor 1991; which can be recorded in all sorts of structures. The Torre d'en Gaumes: Rossello-Bordoy et al. 1984; only difference consists of the changing proportions of Rossello-Bordoy 1986), with single or multiple stone the types according to the function of the architectural columns holding up the roofing structure. space wherein they appear (large, open mouthed, The walls which surround the settlements can be ovoid storage vessels with two or four vertical protru­ irregularly polygonal (Llucamar), made up of rows of sions, biconical vessels, sub-cylindrical bowls, parallel stone blocks (Es Pedregar: Colominas 1923) medium sized open-mouthed pots, conical vessels, and or with uprights resting on flat stone bases (Son small pots). Catlar: Plantalamor 1991; S'IIlot: Frey & Rossello­ This review of the Ta]ayotic artefact assemblage Bordoy 1964; Frey 1968; 1969; Krause 1977; 1978; would not be complete without reference to the Ses Palsses: Lilliu 1960; 1962). abundant macrolithic implements (flat grinding Other architectural elements associated with the stones, grinders, polishers, mortars, and bowls), Talayotic world are the so-called tau/as, exclusive to which contrast with the scarce flint and metal tools. Menorca. These are apsidal stone precincts enclosing Metal objects have only been recorded in abundance a centrally standing stone monument made up of two in Mallorcan deposits (Cas Corraler, Es Corralas de

65 THE PREHISTORIC SOCIETY

Son Bou, Es Mitja Gran, San Piza, and Lloseta: As we shall see, this interpretation could be reinforced Delibes & Fernandez-Miranda 1988). The majority of by the analyses of the radiocarbon dates. the recovered pieces echo west European Final Bronze In this respect, the quamity of Talayotic settlements Age products such as flat axes, socketed axes, or suggests the occurrence of a considerable population palstaves, solid pommel swords, points, and tubular growth, compared with the previous period. To this or leaf-shaped spearheads. On the other hand, other we may add the fact that a great number of these elements (chisels, torcs, pectorals, or belts) show settlements exceed half a hectare in area and some are greater affinities with north European metallurgy. The as large as 4 ha. This development must be related to first iron objects found in Mallorca (Son Matge) and a demographic concentration in stable settlements Menorca (So Na Ca~ana, Binicalaf: Plantalamor preoccupied with defence and including specific 1991) are dated to around the beginning of the 8th structures dedicated to socio-political (talaiots) or century BC, although their widespread use does not religious (taulas and/or sanctuaries) affairs which occur until after 600 cal. BC. affected the whole of society and transcended the In contrast to the relatively full database of this domestic domain, These centres, Capocorb Veil and archaeological group, the contributions from research Son Fornes in Mallorca (Gasull et al. 1984a; 1984b; attempting to establish the economic organisation of 1984c), Torre d'en Gaumes, Trepuco and Son Catlar Talayotic society are somewhat skeletal. The profu­ in Menorca, would also be associated with one or sion of grinding stones in superficial levels constitutes more secondary settlements, which would also have a the only evidence we have to date of the practice of a talaiot and some houses and would probably define mixed economy, a practice which has still not been their territories (for example Sabo with respect to Son backed up by carpological or palynological analyses. Fornes and Son Marquet and Son Piris with respect to To date, the only published palaeo-econoulical Son Catlar). analyses are those for the sites of Son Fornes (Gasull Apart from these important population nuclei, both et al. 1984a), Son Ferrandell-Oleza (Younger Settle­ in Mallorca and Menorca, we can observe a great ment) and S'Illot. The results outline a scenario where profusion of settlements, generally comprising the rearing of pigs, cattle, and ovicaprids pre­ isolated talaiots or groups of houses which maintain dominates in subsistence practices. Cattle were dispersed populations reliant upon larger centres. consumed as mature adults, which suggests that they Some isolated sanctuaries (Son Mas) or groups of such were utilised both for traction and for the production structures (So Na Ca'lana: Plantalamor 1986; 1991) of dairy products. On the other hand, the consump­ probably ensured the population cohesion necessary tion of ovicaprids was centred on the young; as far as for the maintenance of the structures of order and the consumption of pig is concerned, there appears to power demanded by the Talayotic centres. However be no particular pattern as to the age at death. we are still far from being able to demonstrate the The current theories which seek to explain the existence of a relationship between political control origin of Talayotic society can be divided into and religious institutionalisation, This last feature, autocthonous and diffusionist. Those who favour the however, can be proposed for some structures such as former stress the local roots of some of the features of the taulas and some talaiots which are integrated into the Talayotic world, among which are the cyclopean precincts with more than one towerlike construction techniques employed in the architectural con­ (Son Fornt~s). structions and the continuity observed in certain settlements. On the other hand, the diffusionist perspective perceives the new society as being the result THE RADIOCARBON DATES OF THE TALAYOTlC GROUP of a population influx from Corsica or Sardinia, At one time, the dates for the Mallorcan sites of Pula arguing that talaiots, taulas, and sanctuaries have no (Son Servera) (P1438) and Son Matge (Y-2667) placed precedents in the Balearic islands; the profusion of new the beginnings of the Talayotic period at c. 1500 BC. types of settlement is seen as reinforcing this argument. This early chronology obliged us to propose the idea Today this second proposal seems more credible, since that the majority of Talayotic expressions were both the containers (architectural structures) and the contemporary with the navetas. However, the archaeological contents (artefacts) underwent highly interpretation of these dates varies if we take into significant changes between one epoch and the next. account the data we are dealing with in relation to the

66 3. P. V. Castro Martinez et al. RADIOCARBON DATING AND BALEARIC PREHISTORY comexts from which they originated. Pula is still number of dates which would demarcate with greater unpublished and the Son Matge rock shelter is precision the strict temporality of the naviforms and inconclusive, firstly because it does not fit the model the navetas, and then fi x more precisely (through the of an open air Talayotic settlement defined earlier (the collection of samples in proper Talayotic structural date is linked to a funerary context in the cave) and, contexts) the beginning of a series of far-reaching secondly, because of the exceptional nature of the date transformations in the socio-economic structures of obtained for one of the associated artefacts: a solid the communities of the Balearic islands. pommel sword which, in any case, must be adjusted to Towards the end of the 2nd millennium BC the chronologies associated with metal objects of the (1100-1000 cal. BC), the Talayotic becomes more Final Bronze Age. Following this line of chronological widely defined on the larger of the Balearic islands. analysis, we should set aside these two dates as the This can be seen in the dates which correspond to the starting points of the Talayotic period, and consider construction of talaiot 4 at Son Ferrandell-Oleza, the rest of the series as proper Talayotic dates house 12 at Ses Paisses (Mallorca) or the interior of The first finds from these groups are thus centred the taula of Torralba d'en Salord. These structures around the dates c. 135O-c. 1150 cal. BC, thanks to (Son Ferrandell-Oleza, $'IIlot), along with the slightly the oldest dates from the series of the Mallorcan site later examples of talaiot 2 at Son Fornt~s, talaiot 2 at of S'IIlot ( Hv ~ 1716, Hv-1717), between which we Son Ferrandell-Oleza, the So Na Ca~ana complex and insert a date prior to the construction of talaiot I at the Talayotic houses of S'lllot, continue in use until c. Son Ferrandell~Oleza ( IRPA ~ 1041 ) and three others 850-800 ca!. BC. Following the previous dates, one from a similar comext in the taula at Torralba d'en can still observe (Fig. 2) new and intense settlement Salord (QL~1433, HAR-2908b, HAR-2908a). ln these dynamics c. 700-600 cal. BC in sites such as Son initial moments of this archaeological group we must qrnes, Son Ferrandell ~O leza, Son Mas, and the also include the two dates which mark the momem of Menorcan site of Binicalaf. abandonment of the naviforms of Es Figueral de Son It is worth pointing out that c. 750-700 cal. BC, a Real. Consequently it would seem more appropriate period which appears to be one of stability in the to place the beginnings of the Talayotic group at Talayotic settlement, a series of dates associated with around 1200 cal. BC. If we accept this date then we a lower funerary level (stratum Ill) at the Son Matge must admit to a brief margin of comemporaneity of rock shelter are registered (QL-27, IRPA~811, IRPA- c. 100 years at c. 1200-1100 cal. BC, between the first 803, IRPA-695, IRPA-75 1, IRPA-676, QL-20, IRPA- Talayotic sites and the last naviform sites (Es Figueral, 790, IRPA-752, QL-4, QL-26, QL-6, QL-I0). The Son Oms, Sa Marina, Son Mercer de Raix) and excavations of this site have revealed burials in Pretalayotic ones from Son Matge. This is supported quicklime in levels with dates c. 800-600 ca!. BC, by the controversial date, BM-2140R, obtained from which suggests the possibility that this charac­ a charcoal sample incorporated into a fragmem of teristically Post ~ talayotic ritual may have begun in the construction material (Bowman et al. 1990, 76). the Talayotic phase. However, this hypothesis will still precise context of which is unknown to us. This have to contend with serious hisrorico-archaeological period of coexistence can also be suggested from some questions. The first attempts to explain the presence Menorcan navetas, such as Clariana. Binipati Nou, of iron objects and the practice of quicklime burials at and La Cova. . such eacly dates, in view of the fact that both elements The synchronicity between the Late Pretalayotic seem atypical in the material groups of the and the beginning of the Talayotic could point contemporary Mallorcan communities. The second towards the contemporary presence on the island of question is in a sense related to the first, and focuses an underlying indigenous element and an exogenous on the field of historical explanations. If we accept the input which would eventually spread throughout the fact that the previously cited characteristics are indeed entire Balearic territory (at least on Mallorca and Po st~ tala yo tic and that these are interpreted on Menorca) in a relatively short space of time. In any Mallorca as being the result of the influence of Punic event, it seems likely that the local communities colonisation on Eivissa, it is indeed odd to find that quickly incorporated the new material elements. The Son Matge, an isolated enclave in the north of the implications for the interpretation of this episode of island, has traits characteristic of a later period contemporaneity can only be reached through a great occuccing well before their spread throughout the

67 lliE PREHISTO Rl C SOCIETY ,

~ " !l

~ • "0

o ~ ~ -~ ~ ~ • ~ •- ~ •, ~ • U '"-;;; 0 Fig. 2 Talayotic radiocarbon date series. Relative frequency distri bution of ca li brated dates island. The uncertainty of the validity of these dates '''''"00 and the lack of sites with comparable evidence place this site temporarily in what we could call a """"00 El 'bridgehead' in the Post-talayotic. •0 ''''''' To the problems of historical explanations derived .0 " c::=J1 from these dates are added the difficulties of calibra­ "'" I ting the interval which covers the 7th-5th-centuries "."" cal. BC. The characteristics of the calibration curve fo r 8 B these centuries force us to approach the synchronid ...'" Nov",,,r,,,,,,,, T .l a ~M, s. ... 'u.,"" raula' c.~ diachronic proposals for the dated contexts in this temporal interval with special care.3 Fig. 3 Figure 3 illustrates the previous comments from the Talayotic radiocarbon date series. Box plot of the dates corresponding with different types of site point of view of the temporali ty of the differenr types of Structures and sites. The initial synchronicity of talaiots and taulas can be observed, although the samples correspond with contexts of abandonment or abundance of dates for the height of this period for the subsequent reutilisation. former (primarily due to the t omplete series for Son On the other hand, from Fig. 3 we can see that, if Ferrandell-Oleza and Son Fomes) and the lack of dates we adhere to the only extensive evidence of the Son for the latter (more or less restricted to the dates prior Mas series, the occupation of the horseshoe shaped to the construction of Torralba d'en Salord), generate sanctuaries turns out to be, fo r the most part, the visible differences in the graphical representations contemporary with that of the talaiots. However, one of the percentilic strucru'res Qf one or the other. This must bear in mind that the date associated with the suggests the need for a systematic programme of beginning of the use of the sanctuary of Son Mas dating for the taulas which we think wi ll extend over a could be placed at c. 900 cal. BC if we consider the longer period than the other types of Talayotic sites. In more recent of the dates related to the series of level lI this same graph we can also observe the narrow time (construction phase) where typicall y Talayotic ponery span during which the last navifotm sites coexisted is registered (Waldren & van Strydonck 1992). To the with the new Talayotic structures, although the dated settlement types already referred to, we must add that

68 3. P. V. Castro Martinet et al. RADIOCARBON DATING AND BALEARIC PREHISTORY the use of caves, attested by the dates associated with Son Oms, Ses Pai'sses) construct new domestic the domestic levels of Son Matge prior to the earliest quarters, occasionally around talaiots which have burial level (QL ~ 986 ) and Son Muleta (51-652), fallen into disuse. Added to this continuity of certain eventually became characteristic of the Post-talayotic settlements is the fact that even constructions of the period, Talayotic period are reconditioned and reused in a As from c. 600 cal. BC, the ta laiot began to lose new framework of spatial organisation. importance. At this momem in time the two excavated To sum up, this novel Post-talayotic architectural talaiots of Son Fomes and also talaiots 1, 4, and concept is related to tbe widespread adoption of probably 2 of Son Ferrandell-Oleza fell into disuse. At structures which tend to be quadrangular or rectang­ the same time, significant changes can be detected in ular in plan. On Menorca a specific type of the use of some sanctuaries (Son Mas) and taulas construction is developed in the shape of large, round (Torralba d'en Salord), where Post-talayotic materials houses. New techniques are also evident in the subsequently appear. utilisation of adobe walls. These houses with their new plans are organised next to or around an open patio, established through porch-like areas of columns THE POST-TALAYonc SOOETY OF and pillars, where a well is usuall y found. This open MALLORCA AND MINORCA. space also constitutes a novelty in that it is linked with The concept of a Post-talayotic period is solely applied concepts of the organisation of domestic space in use to the two main islands, referring to that phase in throughout the Mediterranean. which the testruCfUJ'ing of settlements and cultUJ'al On the other hand, the unique series of Mallorcan influences from the Levant are recorded. This duality structUJ'es which, for morphological reasons. have be~een indigenous and exogenous communities has been termed sanctuaries in the archaeological led to a radically different methodological approach literature, are characteristic of this phase. The~ are to the establishment of chronological frameworks. quadrangular in plan, with wa lls of medium sized According to the chronologies based on wri tten blocks of right angled stones (Son Oms, Almallutx, sources, it is in the mid-7th cemury cal. BC, that the Eis Antigors de Ses 5a lines: Colominas 1923). The first Phoenician elements on the island of Eivissa are existence of central stones, like trilithic columns, has recorded. Although it would be possible to speculate been noted (5'l1Iot, Es Pedregar, Son Oms: Colominas about the presence of orientalising influences prior to 1923). these dates, archaeological research has not refuted As for Menorca, the types of construction known this late chronology for the initial colonisation of the as taulas are reused. All these buildings have been island. This is based on the typological analysis of the interpreted as cult places (eg. Mascaro 1968) as a finds and not on radiocarbon dating, which for the consequence of the discovery in some cases of momem has not been applied to any colonial context statuettes of warriors or bulls (Roca Rotja or Costitx on the island of Eivissa. On the other- hand, we are in Mallorca, Torralba d'en Salord in Menorca). At the able to resort to the radiocarbon dates to outline a same time, vessels or deposits containing goat, pig, or scenario of the historical dynamics of the islands of cattle bones have also been found and are considered Mallorca and Menorca, comemporaneous with the to be the remains of offerings. Phoenician-Punic presence on the island of Eivissa. Although few studies have been carried out, the The previously referred to dual characterisation of data seem to suggest that we are also wimessing this period (as an independent phase - Post-talayotic certain changes in farmin g practices. Agricultural - or as a cominuity of the previous group - Late activities are intensified and thus provide the basis for Talayotic) is such that we fi nd new elements as well as an accumulation of surpluses which allowed island the cominuity of others. For the former of these communities to join in the trading networks of the characteristics we must draw attention to the Mediterranean, especially through the island of appearance of new architectural models and a new Eivissa and, later on, through contact with the Roman concept of space. Some of the settlements that begin in world. this phase lack talaiots (A lmallutx: Fermi ndez­ These transformations can be related to the need Miranda et al. 1971), while others which were already for a restructuring of the landscape. Three avenues occupied in the previous period (Son Fomes, s'mot, have been proposed for this process of change. In th.e

69 THE PRfJ-DSTORIC SOClEn' flIst place, an increase in the occupation of extramural acculturation, the result, in particular, of the colonial areas is recorded and consequently an enlargement of presence on Eivissa and throughout the west the settlements, and probably a rise in population. Mediterranean (Maluquer 1947; Amoros 1952; Another aspecr would be the increase in the efficiency Rossello·Bordoy 1973; 1979; Femandez·Miranda of agricultural production, evident in the appearance 1978a; Wa ldren 1982; 1986). Interpretations of Post­ of a greater number of utensils associated with the talayotic society have paid special attention to the processing of cereals (grinding stones and mortars) characteristics of this process, fundamentally through and an increa se in the kind of ponery vessels ideological inferences based on data recovered from undoubtedly designed for the storage and processing funerary or cultural contexts. As with the sanctuaries, of these products. This scenario would have favoured the information provided by the necropoli has been the specialisation of settlements in accordance with interpreted as a fu sion between two different societies their territorial situation and thus their economic (Punic and local), in that certain elements (vitreous potential. And so, in MaJlorca, the inland com­ paste necklaces, small be lls, or small votive jugs) are munities would be differentiated from those located in interpreted as being adopted directly from the Punic the mountains or the coastlines. Finally, a world. development in exchange between communities is It is precisely during the Posr.ralayotic period that, attested by the appearance of imported colonial unlike the preceding epoch, a large diversity of products such as amphorae for the storage of oil and funerary practices is apparent (Rihuete 1992). One of wine, wheelthrown pottery, and iron objects. the most common funerary practices is the system of The Punic presence on the island of Mallorca inhumation in quicklime, usually in rock shelters or would have already increased progressively in two natural caves (Son Bosc and Ses Copis: Enseiiat ways during the 6th century BC (Guerrero 1981; Ensenat 1981) or rock-cut tombs (S'A1ova: ibid.; 1984a; 1984b; 1985; 1987). The recruitment of Cometa des Morts: Veny 1947; 1981; 1983), although mercenaries, either through the occupation of certain this also occurs in certain settlements (Son Fomes) . enclaves or by resorting to mechanisms of coercion, Inhumations in urns or wooden stretchers or cannot be excluded. Coastal settlements, especially sarcophagi are also known (Son Maimo: Amoros those situated on small islets (lIIot dels Porros, Na 1974; Veny 1977, Son Boronat: Guerrero 1979), Guardis, IIIot des Frares, lIIot de Na Galera) seem to which on occasion take on the form of cattle (Avenc respond to a strategic role, associated with the de Sa Puma: Pons i Homar 1988) . The coexistence of colonial control of local commerce. They would thus simple inhumations and those carried out in quicklime constitute the central focus of the Ebusitanian is documented in the Mallorcan necropolis of Son colonisation of MaUorca, showing its influences from Real (Tarradell 1964), characterised by funerary the 4th century BC in local, coastal settlements, such as containers that mimic on a smaller scale the pro­ Es Trenc, and especially Turo de Ses 8eies (Santa totypes of the talaiots and navetas and which have no Ponsa), which was probably a centre for the storage counterpart in the rest of the Balearic islands. Lastly, and redistribution of colonial products throughout the existence of urn cemeteries is also known, usually the central parts of the island during the 3rd century cremations placed in containers excavated into the BC. The network of coasta1 settlements on islets shows local bedrock or mares (Son Oms: Rossello·Bordoy & a similar pattern to the Phoenician occupation of Guerrero 1983), although these are chronologically southern Spain, although in this case in relation to the more recent. interests of the Punic state, mediated by Eivissa. In any As for the finds, there is also a great diversity of event," the colonial dynamics of Mallorca and products and raw materials. Together with ceramic, Menorca do nOt correspond to one of territorial bone, copper, and bronze traditional objects, we find exploitation, which would still continue to be in the a great profusion of objects manufactured with hands of local popularions. vitreous paste, iron, and lead. Amongst the charac­ Right from the first systematic studies concerned teristically fune rary items of this phase it is worth with Balearic prehistory until the present day, the mentioning the Punic crockery, necklaces, and interpretation of the Post-talayotic has been traditional ornaments, the" so-called bone 'tampons' characterised by the assimilation of the material (Waldren 1992), and the metal zoomorphic horns and changes of the Talayotic group to a process of figurines (normally of cattle or birds).

70 3. P. V. Castro Martinez et al. RADIOCARBON DATING AND BALEARIC PREHISTORY

The evidence of the differences between burials, On the one hand we must remember the already­ both in the treatment of the corpse and the mentioned controversial dates for Son Matge, labelled architectural structures, as well as the quantity and as Post-talayotic due to the presence of material goods quality of the grave-goods, could be related to the closely associated with this period, which takes us emergence of aristocracies in the communities of the from 80()-600 cal. BC (QL-27, QL·20, QL·4, QL·6, islands. In this way, we find a funerary architecture QL-IO). On the other hand, we must not forget that and a collection of exceptionally rich grave-goods in radiocarbon dates located in the 800-400 ca!. BC the necropolis of Son Real, far removed from what interval are particularly problematic, because of the appears to be taking place in other funerary groups. characteristics of the calibration curve. If we dispense It has even been suggested that Post-talayotic with the dates for Son Matge, the presence of Post­ communities were highly militarised, given the sling­ talayotic elements does not overlap with the final shot mercenaries often cited in classical sources. This dates of the Talayotic group. This is illustrated by the society would thus function on the basis of kin earliest Post-ta[ayotic contexts which do not suffer relationships under the domain of a system of from problems of assignation or context and occur in leadership. In our opinion, the colonial relationships the 450/400 ca!. BC interval, both in terms of established through the Punic world, especially in the settlements (Torralba d'en Salord: BM-2003R; Son areas of direct colonisation, probably promoted Mas: KIK-3IUtC-I003; Son Fomes: UAB-12) and certain local groups to an aristocracy and, conse­ funerary complexes (Son Boronat: BM-1518, BM- quently, heightened socio-economic differences. 1517; Son Maim6: QL-144). For the time being, this Nevertheless, the distinctive impact of colonial absence of contemporary Talayotic and Post-talayotic relations between the various islands seems fairly contexts seems to point towards a speedy and conclusive and the proposed collapse of these local generalised acquisition of the Post-talayotic material structures will have to be clarified by future research. assemblage as well as the associated socio-economic and ideological changes. However, the main body of dates for this period is TIlE RADIOCARBON SEQUENCE OF THE concentrated c. 300-200 ca!. BC, a time when the POSf-TALAYOTIC PERIOD urban space of the three sites which offer us a series of The radiocarbon dates associated with Post-talayotic dates (Son Fomes, Son Mas, and Torralba d'en contexts show a slight numerical decrease in relation Salord) is enlarged and renovated. From this we can to the Talayotic group. For the period which propose a second stage in the development of Post­ encompasses the final stages of the Talayotic and the taiayoric society, with its moment of greatest end of the first millennium BC in Mallorca and expansion occurring in the 3rd century ca!. BC. It will Menorca, we have a sequence of 32 valid dates (Fig. be necessary to back this up with a more extensive 4). This minor interest in physico-chemical methods and intensive programme of dating. In this way, the of dating is undoubtedly partly due to the greater degree of articulation of these possible Post-talayotic weight of archaeological chronologies based on phases with the changes brought about by the typological parallels used in research on the late 1st dynamics of colonialism would allow us to evaluate millennium BC in the Balearic islands. In spite of the the importance of exogehous and endogenous limited number of dates and their concentration in a elements in the socio-economic transformations on few sites, we will attempt to outline the chronology of the islands. Post-talayotic transformations, though this time in If we compare this model of Post-talayotic tune with the socio-economic dynamics of the local settlement with the temporality of the funerary populations of Mallorca and Menorca. expressions associated with this period, we can, on the The dates which are available to us encompass a one hand, confirm the continuity until the end of the temporal span from the beginning of the 7th century ca!. 2nd century ca!. BC of inhumations in quicklime at BC until the Christian era, with the date of occupation of Son Matge and Son Fomes, and on the other we can the fully Romanised settlement of Son Fomes (UAS-S). document new forms of burials (inhumations in HowevCI; in order to establish the beginning of what we wooden coffins and inhumations practised inside the might term the colonial impact on the larger of the settlement). The new funerary practices, curiously, Balearic islands we face two very different problems. show a considerable chronological span: burials in

71 THE PREHlSTOR1C SOCIEn'

" "0"• ~ 0 ::, S C N U " 0."

o

u "' u "Fig. 4 Post-talayotic radiocarbon date series. Relative frequency distribution of the calibrated dates coffins or sarcophagi in the first stages of the Post­ and Gay Butt for revising it and preparing it for publication talayotic period (Son Boronat, Avenc de Sa Punta), in this journal. Simon Gorm~s has also read the manuscript, while the two inhumations of Son Fomes occur in the providing valuable comments and suggestions, but only the authors should be considered responsible for any possible 2nd century ca!. BC. errors or omissions.

ENDNOTES CONCLUSION tlnformarion on two new dates (Cotaina, Menorca) reached At the beginning of this paper w.e referred to the fact us when this paper was practically finished. Although we that results of analyses of radiocarbon dates of the refer to them in certain sections of this publication, we have Balearic islands can only offer an initial outline for the not been able to include them in the graphs. The dates are as follows: IRPA-1046A (4600r60 BP), and IRPA-1046B restructuring of a prehistoric sequence. All in all, we (4450r60 BP), obtained from samples collected from the believe that certain explanatory hypotheses concern­ interior of a Menorcan naveta, whose calibration gives us ing the history of the islands until the Christian era the dates of 950-890 cal BC and 780·450 cal BC respn:tively. require the explicit support of a programme of Funher new dates which arrived tOO late for inclusion in this radiocarbon dates. The temporal divisions of possible paper came from Cova d'es Carrirx, Montple and Binipati Pretalayotic groups, the characterisation and the Nou (Hedges et al. 1996. 409-10), and Cotaina d'En Carreres, Cales Coves, Binigaus, and Torralba d'En Salord transitional dynamics of the Pretalayotic-Talayotic (Van Strydonck et al. 1995, 28-9) in Menorca, and Son and Talayotic-Post-talayotic, the development of local Ferrandell Oleza and Son Mas (van Strydonck et al. 1995. settlements following the colonial impact or the 22-5,29) in Mallorca. , necessity to articulate the prehistoric sequence of all of 2Son Ferrandell-Oleza has a date nominally ascribed to the the islands of the Balearics, including the Pitlussae Pretalayotic (BM-2297R), but its interval ·is fa r removed (Ibiza and Formentera), are problems which will only from the interval marked out by the main body of the radiocarbon series. be solved through independent temporal references Yfhe calibration curve shows segments in which the scarcity such as the ones offered by the calibration of of inclination implies that events which took place in radiocarbon dates. temporal intervals of differences up to a century appear as contemporaneous in the results of the radiocarbon dates. The Acknowledgements: lbe authors want to thank Dylan Cox most problematic segment is precisely the one which for the English translation of the text and Bob Chapman fluctuates between 800-400 ca!. BC (Bowman et al. 1990,57).

72 3. P. V. Castro Martinez et al. RADIOCARBON DATING AND BALEARIC PREHISTORY

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(ed.) La Pearson, G.W., Seeker, B. & Q ua, F. 1993. H igh-precision Prehistoria de {cs lIIes de la Mediterrimia Occidental. X 14C measurement of German and Irish oaks to show fornadcs d'Estudis Histories Locals, 419-52. Palma de natural 14C va riations from 7890 to 5000 RC. Radio­ MaUorca: Muu;u de Mallorca. carbon 35, .93-104. Guerrero, V. Ma. 1979. El yacimiento funera rio de Son Pericot, 1. 1975. Las Islas Baleares en los Tiempos Boronat (Calvia-Mallorca). Bolleri de la Sodetat PrehistOricos. Barcelona: Destino. Arqueologica Lul/ulna 830-1, I- 50. Plantalamor, U. 1976. La naveta Clariana. Estudio de 105 Guerrero, V. Ma. 1981. Los Asentamientos Humanos Sabre mareriales. Mayurqa 14, 231 -45. los Islotes Costeras de Mallorca. Palma de Mallorca: Plantalamor, U. 1976177. Algunas eonsideraeioncs sobre 105 Trabajos de MIlSCO de Mallorca 31. sepulcros megaliticos de Menorca. Sautuola 2, 157-73. Guemro, V. Ma. 1984a. Asentamiento Punica de Na Guardis. Plantalamor U. 1977. El sepulcro megalitico de Binidalinet Madrid: Excavaciones ArqueolOgicas en Espaila 133. (Mahon, Menorca). XIV Congreso Nacional de Guerrero, V. Ma. 1984b. La Colonizacion Punico-ebusitana Arqueologia (Vitoria 1975),479-2_ de Mal/orca. Estado de la Cuesti6n. Ibiza: Trabajos del Plantalamor, U. 1986. El Santuado de Sa Na CafQna y /as Museo ArqueolOgieo de Ibiza, 11. Relaciones con cl Meditemineo Central y Oriental. Guerrero, V. Ma. 1985. Indiglmisme i Colonirzad6 Punica a Cagliari: Selargius. Mal/orca. Palma de Mallorca: Ayuntamiento de Ses Plantalamor, Ll. 1991. L'Arquitectura Prehistorica i Sa li nes. Protohist6rica de Menorca j el seu Marc Cu/tural. Mao: Gucrrcro, V. Ma. 1986. El Elemento Punico en la Cultura Treballs del Museu de Menorca 12. Talay6tica. Mahon: Trabajos del Musca de Menorca 5. Plantalamor, Ll. 1992. La prehistoria i prorohistoria de Gucrrero, V. Ma. 1987. La Colonia deSant fordi (Mallorca). Menorca. Estat actual de la quest6. In Rossell6-Bordoy, Estudis d'Arqueo/ogia i Epigrafia. Palma de Mallorca: G. (ed.), La Prehistoria de /es TIles de la Meditcminia Publicacions del Cenlte d'Estudis Gabriel Alomar_ Occidental. X fornades d'Estudis Histories Locals, Hedges, R.E.M., Penin, P.B., Bronk Ramscy, C. & Klinken, 83-130. Palma de Mallorca: Museu de Mallorca. G.j. va n. 1996. Radiocarbon Dates &om the Oxford Plantalamor, U. & Anglada, j. 1981. Excavacions a les AMS system: Archaeometry darelist 22. Archaeometry navetcs d'habitaci6 de Clariana (CiutadeJla, Menorca ). 38,391-415. Fonaments 1, 205-8. Krause, G. 1977. Btricht uber die vie rtc Grabungskarnpagne Plantalamor, u., Anglada, j. & Rita, c. 19n. Avancc sabre in der Talayotsicdlung von S'lllot (San Lorenzo, las excavaeion~s en las navetas de habitacion de Clariana Mallorca). Madrider Mitteifungen 18, 3~2. (Menorca). XIV Congreso Nacional de Arqueo/ogia Krause, G. 1978. Bcricht uber die runftc Grabungs­ (Vitoria 1975), 483-86. karnpagne in der Talayotsiedlung van S'llIot (San Plantalarnor, 11. & LOpcz Pons, A. 1983. La naveta Lorenzo, Mall orca). Madrider Mittei/unge1l 19, 77-88. accidental de Biniac-La Argentina (A/ayor:, Menorca), Lilliu, G. 1960. Primi sc.avi del villaggio talaiotico di Ses Noticiario Ar'lueof6gico Hisponico 15, 359-82. Pa"isses (Ani-Maiorca) (Missione archeologica italiana, Plantalamor, U. & Rita, c. 1979. Arqueologia m y IV. In aprilc maggio 1959). Revista delf'lstituto Nazionale Enciclopedia de Menorca, 213-52. Cuitadella: Obra d'Archeologia e Storia defl'Arte 9, 5-73. Cultural Balear.

74 3. P. V. Castro Martinet; et af. RAD IOCARBON DATING AND BAlEARIC PREHISTORY

Plantalamor, U. & Rita, C. 1982. Tres cuevas de la Edad del RosscIl6-Bordoy, G., Plantalamor, U. & Soberats, E 1984. Bronce en la zona accidental de Menorca. Ampurias 44, Excavaciones arqueol6gicas en Torre d'en Gaumes 1-16. (Alayor, Menorca). El recinto de la Ta ula y el sistema de Plantalamor, U. & Rita, C. 1984. Formas de poblacion recogida de aguas (campaiias 1974, 1975 y 19n). durante eI U Y J milenio BC en Menorca: Son Mercer de Noticiario Arqueol6gico Hispanico 19, 103-97. Baix, transicion entre la Cultura Pretalayotica y Rossell 6-Bordoy, G. & Waldren, WH. 1973. Excavaciones Talayotica . In W. H. Waldren et al. (eds) 1984,797-826. en el abrigo del bosque de Son Matge (Valldemosa, Plantalamor, Lt & Rita, C. 1986. Guia Arqueol6gica del Mallorca). Noticiario Arqueol6gico Hispaniw: prehlst­ Poblat de Trepuc6. Ciutadella: Consell Insular de oria 2, 1-86. Menorca. Rossell6-Bord oy, G., Waldren, W.H. & Kopper, J.S. 1967. Plantalamot, U. & Sastre, J. 1991. Excavaci6 d'urgmcia de Analisis de Radicuarbono en Mal/area. Palma de la naveta de Binipati Nou (Ciutadella). Meloussa 2, Mallorea : Trabajos del Museo de Mallorca 1. 163-72. Seera, Ma. L. 1965. La naveta oriental de Biniac (AJayor, Pons i Homar. G. 1988. SarcOfa gos tauromorfos en la Menorca). Pyrenae 1,73-84. protohistoria mallorquina. Revista de Arqueologia 83 , Serra, Ma.L., RossdI6-Bordoy, W. & Orfila Leon,J.A. 1977. 32-9. Historia de Menorca. 1. Mao: Universitat de la Uia de Pons-Moya, J & Coli, J. 1984. Les industries litiques dels Menorca. jaciments a l'aire lI iure de la zona de Santanyf (Mall orca). SeHa, MaL & RosseIl6-Bordoy, C. 1971. Excavacion y In W.H. Waldren et af. (eds) 1984,841-58. restauracion de la naveta meridional de Rafal Rub! Rihuete, C. 1992. Sistemas de Enterramiento en Maflorca (Alayor, Menorca). Noticiario Arqueo16gico Hispanico entre c. siglos. VI- i ane. Tesis de Licenciatura 16,53-74. (unpublished), Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Stuiver, M. 1969. Ya le Natural Radiocarbon Measurements. Bdlaterra. Radiocarbon 11 (2), 545--658. Rita, C. 1988. The evolution of the Minorcan P~tala yo tic Stuiver, M. & Reimer, P.). 1993. Extended 14C data base culture as evidenced by the sites of Morellet and Son and revised Calib 3.0 14C age calibration program. Mercer de Baix. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 54, Radiocarbon 35, 215-30. 241-7. Strydonck, M. van, Forest, L., Landrie; M., Hendrix., V., Rossell6-Bordoy, G. 1965. Excavaciones en el Circulo de Borg, K. va n der & Jong, A.EM. de. 1995. Royal institute Son Bau 16 de Daft. Madrid: Excavaciones ArqueolOgicas for Cultural Heritage. Radiocarbon Dates 15. Brussels: en Espaiia 5 1. Institute Royal du Patrimoine Anistique. Rossell6-Bordoy, G. 1966. Las navetas de Mallorca. Studi Tarradell, M. 1964. lA Necropolis de Son Real y la ilia dels Sardi 19. Porros. Excavaciones Madrid: ArqueolOgicas en Espaiia Rossello-Bordoy, G. 1973. lA Cuftura Talay6tica en 24. Mallorca. Palma de Mallorca: Con. _ Tarradell , M. 1970. Dos nuevas fechas de C.14 para Villena Rosscllo-Bordoy, G. 1979. L1 Cultura Talay6tica en y Mallorea. Papeles del LAboratorio de Arqueologia de Mallorca (2 nd ed.). Palma de Mallorca: Con. Valencia 10, 19-26. Rossell6-Bordoy, G. 1983. El Poblado Prehist6rico de Hospitalet Veil (Manacor). Palma de Mallorca: institU[ Veny, C. 1947. La necropolis de la cueva Cometa dels d'Esrudis Balearics. Morts, cerea de Lluch, en Mallorca. Archivo Espanol de Arqueologfa 21 66, 46-59. Rossello-Bordoy, G. 1986. El Poblado Prehist6rico de Torre d'en Caumis (A/aior). Palma de Mallorca: Institut Veny, C. 1968. lAs Cuevas Sepulcrales del Bronce Antiguo d'Estudis Baldrics. de Mal/orea. Madrid: Bibliotheca Praehistorica Hispana Rossell6-Bordoy, G. & Camps, J. 1972. Excavaciones en Es 9. Figueral de Son Real. Noticiario Arqueol6gico Hispanico Veny, C. 1970. Un avance sobre la necropolis de Cales 1. Coves (Menorca, Baleares). Trabajos de Prehistoria 27, Rossell6-Bordoy, G. & Camps, J. 1976. &cavaciones en 97-167. Canyamel, Cap de Pen (Mallorca). Notieiario Veny, C. 1974. Anotaciones sobre la cronologfa de las Arqueol6gico Hispaniw 5, 235-51. navetas de Menorca. Trabajos de Prehistoria 31,101--42. Rosscll6-Bordoy, G. & F~y, O.H. 1967. Els Closos de Can Veny, C. 1976a. Dos cuevas del bronce antiguo de Menorca Gaia. Palma de Mallorca: Gdficas Miramar. y su incidencia en las navetas. Trabajos de Prehistoria 33, Rossell6-Bordoy, G. & Guerrero, V.Ma. 1983. La necropolis 227-49. infantil de Cas Santamarier (So n Orns) (Palma de Veny, C. 1976b. Excavaciones en la naveta de Son Morell Mallorca). Noticiario Arqueo16gico Hispanieo 15, (Menorca). Noticiario Arqueo16gico Hispanico 5, 223-8. 406-48. Veny, C. 1977. Apuntes complememarios sobre la cueva de Rossell6-Bordoy, G., Planralamor, Lt. & Lopez Pons, A. la &lad del Hie rro de Son Maimo, Petra (Mallorca). 1980. Excavaciones arqueolOgicas en Torre d'en Gaumes Traba;os de Prehistoria 34, 111-54. (Ala yor, Menorca). I. La ~p ultura megalftica de Ses Veny, C. 1981. El complejo fun~ra r io de una galeria Roques Uises. Noticiario Arqueol6gico Hispanico 8, subterninca de la Comera dels Morts. Ltuc, Escorca 71- 138. (Mallorca):Trabajos de Prehistoria 38, 257-80.

75 THE PREHISTORIC SOCIETY

Veny, C. 1982. La naveta de La Cova. Trabajos de Prehistory. Early Settlement in the Western Mediterranean Prehistoria 39, 73-136. Islands and Peripheral Areas. Oxford: British Veny, C 1983. Cueva n de la Cometa dels Mons (Escorca, Archaeological Report 5229. Mallorca). Noticiario Arqueol6gico Hispanico 15, Waldren, W.H., Ensenyat Alcover,]. & Cubi, C. 1989. Son 342-58. Mas. Balearic Prehistoric Sanctuary (circa 2000 BC to Waldren, W.H. 1982. Balearic Prehistoric Ecology and 1750 BC) Va/ldemossa, Mal/orca, Baleares, Spain. Culture. The Excavation and Study of Certain Caves, Preliminary Report. Deia: DAMARC Rockshelters and Settlements. Oxford: British Waldren, W.H., Ensenyat Alcover:, J. & Cubi, C 1990. Archawlogical Report 5149. Prehistoric Architectural Elements: Ferrandell-Oleza Waldren, WH. 1984. Chalcolithic settlement and Beaker Chalcolithic Old Settlement, Valfdemossa, Mal/orca, connections in the Balearic Islands. In W.H. Waldren et al. Baleares, Spain. Deia: DAM ARC 20. (eds) 1984, 911-65. Waldren, W.H., Enscnyat Alcover:, J. & MoreH, C 1988. Waldren, W.H. 1986. The Baleark Pentapartite Division of Son Mas. Balearic Prehistoric Sanctuary (circa 2000 BC to Prehistory. Radiocarbon and Other Age Determinations 1750 BC) Vaffdemossa, Mal/orca, Baleares, Spain. Inventories. Oxford: British Archawlogical Report 5282. Preliminary Report. Deia: DAMARC Waldren, W.H. 1990. Prehistoric Architectural Elements. Waldren, W.H. & Planralamor, Ll. 1975. Cainpana de Ferrande/l-Oleza Chalcolithic Old Settlement excavaciones en cl abrigo de Son Matge (Valldemossa, (Valldemossa, Ma/lorca, Baleares, Spain). Deia: Mallorca. 1973). Noticiario Arqueo/cigico H~1!anico 5, DAMARC20. 243-6. P Waldren, WH. 1992. Radiocarbon and Other Isotopic Age Waldren, W.H. & Rossell6-Bordoy, G. 1975. Excavaciones Determinations From the Balearic Islands. A Compre­ en la Cueva de Muleta (56l1er, Mallorca). Noticiario hensive Inventory. Deia: DAMARC 26. Arqueol6gico Hispanico 3, 73-123. Waldren, W.H. (nd). Radiocarbon Determination in the Waldren, W.H. & 5trydonck, M. van. 1992. A Radiocarbon Balearic Islands. Oxford: Baden-Powell Quaternary Analysis Survey Dating the Activity Sequences of the Research Centre. Sanctuary. Prehistoric Sallctuary of Son Mas Waldren W.H., Chapman R.W., Lewthwaire, ].G. & (Vaf/demossa, Mal/orca, Baleares, Spain). Deia: Kennard, R.-C (eds). 1984. The DeiiJ Conference of DAMARC24.

76 APPENDIX. RADIOCARBON DATES FROM THE BALEARICS

All dates ha ve been calibrated using CALlB 3.0 (S tuiver & Reimer 1993), using the datasels published by Pearson & Stuiver (1986) and Pearson et al. ( 993) and expressed at the 1 and 2 sigma levels with the end points rou nded out to 10 years fo r error terms of 25 years or more and to 5 years for " error margins of less than 25 years, as recommended by Mock (1986). This li st is a revised version of those published in Castro, Lu ll & Mic6 (1996) " and CastrOtt Ill. (1996) a~ l..tIb.Rq. Determin- DIltt enl. BC Datecal.BCal2 Sample Con/ut Reference Commnzt a/ion BP at I $igma sigma ~ ~ Binicalaf, Menorca.Ma6 ~ ' HAR-2891 25701:100 830-500 900-430 oh Talayot. W. trench, reet, house 1: tA:21 ; 2:251; abandonment 3:283 Ca Na C05ta, Formenlera "1'- BM·16n" 3270±80 1610-1440 171 0-\360 hb Passage megalithic grave. Seclor IJI, 4:44 • Rejecled; correction not chamber ? poM. Ca Na Cotxera, Mallorca·Mulo 1·5515 3750:1:120 2330-1950 2490-1800 oh Test section 8, "Z = -62. Level B 5:2 16;6:1.16 Post· Beaker; Reference 5: " 216=:1:100 Can Sargtnt. Fonntn!ua BM·1510 2500:1: 100 nO·440 850·370 hb SW sector Inside structure 4:767; 8:2 11 Ref. 6: t.6 '" Ca Na Cos!a I BM-151t 2670:1:60 860-nO 910-740 hb On outside of Slructure asaoove as above Cova dtl Morls-Son Ga llard, Mallorca·DtU BM-1993R 1240:1: 100 AD 660-930 AD 610-980

Pili", M ... lIorc ... ·Man ... cor P·lfl8 3260:1:60 1570·1450 1660·1 390 Apsidal sector. Monumenlo 3A 3:387; Alonso peTS. ~ OO~ . CSIC·738 2680:1:40 840-800 880-780

~ BM-1988R' 3350:1:310 10:76 "Rejected; s.d. too high. "Correclion of BM·1988 (3150:1:300 BP) '" BM·2297R 2280:1:120 460-170 680-20 oh OS 6:1.16; 10:76 Correction of BM·2297; b''" 190:1:80 be (2140.t80 BP) in ~ Ref. 6: 1.1 6 a- BM-23UR 3390:1: 100 1780·1540 1930·1440 ,b os. Channel filling 22:1.4; 10:76 Correction of BM·2312 ~ (3210.t80 BP) ~ HAR-3413 2910:1:100 1240-930 1360·850 oh Phase 1. Tala yot 1 6:t.16; 22:1.7; 23:1.2 Ref. 22:1.7 .. ~ O be (2890 ;;' BP) ~ HAR-3458 2540:1:60 780-540 820-440 oh Talayot 1. Occupation level 6:1.16; 22:t.4 Ref. 22:1.7;; :1:80 •~ HAR·3459 2400:1:80 560-390 740-310 oh Talayot 2 22:1.4 Ref. 6:t.16 = 510 be (2460 •~ BP) HAR-3490 3070:1:50 1390-1250 1430·1160 .b OS. Structure Cl . lower 6:1.16; 22:t.4 ~ 1·5398 2400:1:60 490-400 730-360 oh Talayol 2. Abandonment as above 0 ..., IRPA·I012 2560:1:80 800-5511 860·440 Phase 4. Tala yoll 22:1.4; 23:12; 24:22 g '<> IRPA·I015 2475%40 740-440 no--no Phase 7. Talayot 4. ContexI 103 22:1.4; 23:1.1 ; 24:22 IRPA-I 016 2540:1:45 780-570 800-470 Phase 2. Talayot 4. Context 112 as above Ref. 22:1.4 = 610:1:60 be e 0 (2560:1:60 BP) Z IRPA·I041 2970:t55 1270-1060 1350-1000 Phase 1. Talayol 1 22:1.4,7; 23:1.2; 24:2 2 0 IRPA·I042 2790:1:50 980-850 1050·820 Phase 4. Talayot4. Context 120 23:1.1; 24:22 IRPA·l (}43 2910.t50 1150·1000 1240-920 Phase 1. Talayot I . Contexl 126 as above ~ I RPA ~ l 044 2620:t60 830-750 870-700 Talayol2 22:1.4;23:22 "> IRPA·I045. 25OO:t40 760-470 79Q-420 Tal.yol l 22:1.4 'Ref. 22:1.4 ,. same lab. Z 0 ref. as Talayol2 (below) ~ IRPA-I04511 2500:1:50 760-500 790-430 TaJ.yol2 22:1.4; 24:22 .same lab. ref. as Tabyot r 1 (above) ~ IRPA-1262 2600:1:60 820-740 860-540 Talayol1. XM1 22:1.7 Ref. 22:1.4 ,. :t70 IRPA·n6 1990:t55 35 BC-AD 90 110 BC-AD 140 22:1.4 R IRPA-778 2100:1:45 170-40 200 BC-AD 10 Phase V 22:1.1; 23:1.2 • IRPA·182. 2830:1:100 49Q-400 730-360 Talayot 1. Exterior If 22:1.4,7 *Same lab. r ef~as Talayot ~" 2 (below) IRPA·782. 2400:1:60 1100-860 1280-790 Talayot 2 22:1.4 *Same lab. ref. as Talayot ~ 1 (above) ~ IRPA-813 2830:1:100 11 00-860 1280·790 Phase 1. Talayot 1 23:1.2 lRPA-880 2680:t60 870-780 920-750 Phase 4. Talayot 4. Context 109 22:1.4; 23:1. 1 IRPA-881 2580:1:60 810-720 850·480 Phase3. Talayot 4. Conlexll15 as above wb.Rq. Determill- Da lt 1lI1. BC tit D~ttllll . BC ll t 2 5111uple COlllal Rqereua Comment atiQu BP 1 Siglllll sig7IUI

I RP (\.885 2150:1:65 230·90 370 BC-AD 10 22:t.4 Ref. 22:t.4 '" error in ealculatirlg BP·be as 150:1:70 be lRPA·886 680:1: 35 AD 1270-1310 AD 1260·}390 as above lRPA·907 2815:1:60 103G-870 1080·830 Phase 1. Talayot 4.Conlexl 126 22:1.4; 23:1.1 lRPA-986 2520:1: 50 nO·520 800-440 Phase 5. Tabyot 1 22:1.4; 23:1.2; 24:22 lRPA·989 2490:1:80 750·450 78G-420 Phase 5. Talayoll as above KIK-ll / UTC 2490:1:50 750·450 820·400 Outside Talayot 4. Context 002, older 22:t.4; 23: 1.1 ; 24:23 1154 than structure 2 KIK· 12/UTC· 2810:1:70 1030·860 11 30·820 •• As above, Conlext 03J 22:1.4,7; 23:1.1; .Same lab. ref. as below 11 55. 24:23 KIK· 12/ UTC- 2610:1:70 830·730 880-520 22:t.4 ' Same lab. ref. as above 11 55. •• QL·1531 2910:1:40 1120-101 0 1220·950 Phase 1. Talayol l 22:1.4; 23:1.2 Ref. 22: 1.4 '" 9-W:I: 100 be ~ (2890:1:1 00 BP) ~ Q1.-1533 2500:1:40 760-500 790·430 Phase 4. Talayol l . Occup. leve\ as above ~ Q1.-1592 3700:1:30 2130·2010 2170-1950 lie House 5 (IiT:~. ____ . .. UfIpubl l..JJb. Ref. lht~rmin- Date ca/. BC at Oat~ cal. BC (It 2 Samp/~ Context Refernl« Commelz! Mion BP I sigmn sigm(l

1-12126 2490*80 750-450 820-400 Son Murols. Mallorca-Dtt. > Y-1S24 3470%SO 1880-1610 1960-1560 hb Bwial in natural cave. C se<: tor. Lower 11:61; 12:362; Ref. 6:1.16 = Y·18S6 ~ level. z =·SO 22:1.1 => Son Mu, Mallora.·Valldem ossa ~ ~ JRPA·1051 2580:*=50 B00-130 830-540 Outside sanctuary. Sq. BU9 21:1.1; 24:23 ~ IRPA·1053 2990*50 1280-1090 1280-1090

IRPA-976 2960:60 1270-1040 1350-970 oh Inside sanctuary. Sq. 7N2.lower level, As above before building IRPA-984 2930:40 11 70-1030 1250-980 Inside sanctuary. Sq. 8l 8. Level 11: 27:t.1; 24:24 building phase KIK-1/UIC- 2220±70 370-160 420-90 Outsi de sanctuary. Sq. 8M6. Over As above ' 1001 threshold, upper levels KIK-IO / UtC- 2600:70 830-720 870-470 Inside sanctuary. Sq.10L2. level 11: As above 1255 building phase KIK-114/UtC- 3510±6O 1910,1720 1970-1660 Outside sanctuary. Sq. 7Q7 As above 2020 K I K- 1 5/U t C~ 2700±6O 880-800 950-760 Outside sanctuary. SW corner. Sq. 815 As above 1256 KIK-17/UtC- 2510±70 760-460 820-420 oh as above. Sq. 6K9 As above 1257 KIK-1 8/UtC- 2440±9O 710-41 0 790-310 oh as above As above ~ ~ 1258 KIK-2 / UtC- 2520±80 770-460 840-420 Inside sanctuary. Sq. 7N8 As above 1002 ~ ~ N KlK-3/UtC- 236O± 140 640-260 800-90 Outslde sanctwry. SW corner. Sq.10L2. As above 0 ~ 1003 Upper levels ~ QL-4200 2210:90 380-130 450-10 On top of sanctuary front waU. Sq. 707. 27:1.1 ~ 0 Upper levels Q L-4201 2050±150 260 BC-AD 140 410 BC-AD 300 Sanctuary. Sq. 707. Upper level. over As above front waU . S Q L-4246 2470:25 745-430 760-420 Sanctuary. Sq. SL3. Apsldal rear wall. As above Occup. level Son Matge, Mallorea-ValIdemossa BM-I408' 4093±398 .b Level XI Q6). Myotragus bone 6:t.16; 22:1. 3 ' Rejected. s.d. loo high BM-I409' 2267:192 .b Stratum 11. Cemetery. Upper level. 12:370 ' Rejected. s.d . too high z :: -50. Goat bones BM-I99SR 3770±100 2330-2000 2460-1900 oh 6:1. 16; 10:76; Correction of BM-199S: 22:1.3 1430:1:50 be (~0± 50 BP) In Ref. 22:1. 3 BM-2140R 3040±110 1400-1090 1520-940 oh 10:76 Charcoal encapulaled II' building material (mortar) CSIC-l77" 582D±360 coprollt NE/SW. Stratum X!. Myotragus coprolite 12:362; 6:1.1 6; 'Rejected. s.d. too high , 22:1.3 CSIC-178' 3980:170 oh NE/SW. Level IX (sl 22): z:: -230 12:356; 9:1.7; ' Rejected. s.d.too high 6:1.16; 22:1.3 £.gb. Rtf Detrrmin· Da lt all. BC at Datt all. BC lit 511mplt COli text R tftr~lI u Coml/l ~ lIt II/ion BP 1 sigl7lll 1 sigmll

CSIC·179 3620:1:80 2060· 1850 2190-1730 'h NE / SW. Stratum IV (16). 2:: -160 12:362; 9:1.7 Ref. 22:t.3 '" 1620 bc (3570 BP) CSIC·180 3480:1:80 1890-1670 1970-1560 'h NE/SlV. Stratum Ill / IV or IV (14). 12:362;6:1.16; Ref. 22:1.3:: 'Beaker' 2::-150 22:t.3 " 1-55 16 5750:1:115 4760- 4450 4860-4360 ' h Frontal section. Stratum XIV. Level3J. 12:354; 6:t.16; '" Ocrup. level 22:1.3 " IRPA-676 2550:1:60 780-560 820-450 22:1.3 &' IRPA·695 2620:1:160 As abo\'e ·Rejecled. s.d. loo high -a IPRA·71 0. 1965:1:55 440-370 500-340 As above iIIRef. 22:1.3 '" same I.. b. ~ ref. as below IRPA·71 0. 2350:1:55 10 BC·AD110 80 BC-AD As above ;;same lab. reE . a.s ~". 180 above • IRPA-751 2550:1:60 780-560 820-450 As above - IRPA·752 2540:1:60 780·540 820-440 As above •~ IRPA-790 2570:1:100 530-500 900·430 As above IRPA-803 2560:1:60 790-700 830-460 As above IRPA-811 2650:1:60 850-760 890-730 As above ~ IRPA-835 3700:1:60 2].70-1970 2260-1910 As above w Ql.-IO 2480:1:70 750-440 780-400 ' h Stratum Ill. Burblln cave. lower level. 1: 1A:26; 6:1.16; ~ sq. )o.1M 33. 2 :: ·90 22:1.3 1'l Z Ql.-11 · 2700:1:170 'h Frontal section. Stntum 111 . Buri .. 1 in 12:370; 1: 1A:26; ·Rejected, s.d. too high, 0 cave, lower level, Sq. MM 35 22:1.3 Ref. 6: 1.16 '" :1:80 Ql-11c 2170:1:100 330·80 440BC·AD70 Front. secl. Stratum Ill. bUlbi In cave, 12:370 ~ upper level. 2 = -25 ~ Ql-ta· 2240:1:70 390- 180 430-110 carb Front. sect. Stratum 11 . Burial In cave, 6:1.16; 22:1.3 ·Reje.::ted on material upper level. z,. ·50 .ypo ~ Ql -201 2570:1:100 1180·1000 1280·910 'h Front. sect. Stratum Ill. Burial In cave, As above IlSame lab. ref. as ~ lower level. z,. · 60 / ·90 2920:1:60 BP from Son ~ On" ~ Q l~ 22" 2260:1:60 400-200 430·150 Front. sect. Stratum 11. Burial In cave, As above 'Rejed:ed on material 1l "''' upper level. Sq. MM 44 type Rei 1: 1A:26 :: ~ ~ Z '" -20 Ql ·2J" . 4020:1:50 2590· 2450 2650·2410 cub Natun.1 cave. NE/ SW. Stratum IX-X 12:354; 9:1.7; 6:1.16; "Rejected on material ~ (24). Occup. level with hearth 22:1.3 , type. Ref 1:'lA:27 '" a 2. -285 ~ Ql -24· 3670:1:100 . 2180-1900 2330·1740 cub Frontal secton. Sq. MM 44. Stratum VII 12:356; 22:t.3 · Rejected on material (17), z '" -200 type. Ref 1: ta:29:: 590:1:80 bc (2540:l:80 BP); 1A:27 :1:70 Ql·26 2520:1:80 nO·460 840-420 'h SQ. MM 22. 2 - ·50 1: 1A:26 /.JIb. Rtf. Dtltrmin· Dattcal.BCal Dat~ cal. BC al2 Sample Conlexl Ref~rmc~ Comment alion BP I sigma sigma

QL·27 2640:1:100 880·700 980·470 oh Front. sect. Stratum 1Il (base). Burial in 12:370; 6:1.16; cave, lower level. Sq. MM 35 22:1.3 QL·29 6680:1:120 5640-5470 5760·5390 .b NE/SW trench. Stratum XJ!I. z = -375. 12:3 54.; 22 :1.3 Myotrag!ls bone QL-4 2540:1:80 780·480 850-430 oh Front. sect. Stratum Ill. Burial in cave, 1: la:26; 22:t.3 Ref. 12:PO;6:t.16 lower level. Sq. MM 37 :1:100 QL...5· 3350:1:60 1700- 1540 1740·1480 carb Front. sect. Sq. MM 37. Stratum V. 1: h :27;6:t.16; 'Rejected on material Upper pretal. level. Upper hearth level 22:1.3 typ' QL-5a 342:0:1:100 1830-1570 1950·1480 cub Front. sect. Stratum V (1 2). Occup. 1: h:27; 6:t.16 'Rejected on m!lterial level.z=-115 type. Ref. 22:t.3 :1:80 QL·5b· 3970:1:100 2590·2320 2780·2170 carb NE/SW trench. Stratum IX (20). 9:1.7; 6:t.16; 22:1.3 'Rejected on material z =·230 type QL-5c 2290:1:100 450·210 640-110 oh Front. sect. Sq. MM 8. Stratum H/IlI. 1: h:26; 22:1.3 Cemetery intennedlate le vel ~ QL-6 2520:1:80 770·460 840-420 oh Front. sect. Stratum Ill. Burial in cave, 6:1.16; 22:t.3 ~ lower level. z = ·75 ~ QL·7· 2730:1:100 970·790 11 00-690 cub Front. sect. Stratum 1IJ. Burial in cave, 1: lA:27; 6:t.3; 'Rejected on material ~ ~ lower level. z = -90 22:1.3 typ' i3 .. QL-7a' 2070:1:100 190BC-AD70 330BC·AD16O carb Front. sect. Stratum 1. Burial in cave, 6:1.16; 22:1.3 'Rejected on material ~ upper level. z = -15 type. Ref. 12:370 :1:120 QC-8 2080:1:90 190BC-AD40 320BC·AD140 oh Front. sect. Stratum J. Sq. MM36. Burial 12:370; ·22:t.3 Ref. I: la:26 = z =-45 "~ in cave, upper level. z = ·20 QL·9 2200:1:100 380-120 450BC-A040 ca rb Front. sect. Stratum 11 . Sq. MM36. 1: la:26; 6: 1.1 6; " Upper burialleveJ. z = ·30 22:t.3 ~ QL-986 2820:1:50 1020·880 1080·840 oh Front. sect. Stratum Ill/IV. Occup. 6: t.1 6; 22:t.3 level QL·988 4650:1:120 3580-3270 3690·3000 oh Stratum 28. Occup. level 9:1.7; 6:1.16; 22:1.3 Y-1791' 21 80:1:100 350-90 440BC·AD50 mixed Burialln natural cave. Sq. MMC. • Rete<:ted, mixed z = -35 charcoal and bone Y·2258 3820:1:120 2420-2040 2570-191 0 oh 1: lA:30;.6:t.16; 22:1.3 Y-2667 3200:1:100 1560-1340 1680-1220 oh Front. sect. Stratum IV. Talayotic 12:364; 6:1.16; Ref. 22:1.3 recent bural. z = -120 22:t.3 Beaker context Y2669" 2400:1:80 560-390 740-310 cub Front. sect. Stratum!IJ. Burial in cave, 6:1.16; 22:1.3 'Rejected on material lower leVel. Sq 33. z = -60/-90 typ' Y2682 3820:1:120 2420-2040 2570-191 0 Front. sect. Stratum IX (18). Hiatus. 12:356; 9:t.7 Sterile level Son MoreJi, Menorca-Ciutadella HAR-2909 2770:1:100 1020-820 1170-730 oh Funerary Naveta 1: lA:32; 6: 1.1 6 /..JIb. Ref. rktu min- Date CIII. BC at Dateco/.BCatZ Sample CO IHext Rtfrr"eJU% Comment a/ioll BP 1 sig ma sigma

Son Muleta, Mallorc.a-S6 11 er KN .....d 5935:t11 0 4970-4710 511 0-4530 hb Western sector. Z" ·150 11 :6 Ref. 11 :6 = 39S4:tl09bc '" (5934:t109) '" SI-651a 2180::t11 5 120-360 470BC-A09O Sector D. z = ·50 Ref. 12:670 = charcoal &' sample SI-652 2765:t120 1040-800 1230-670 oh Western sector. Lower level. z ",-60 18:188; 16:191; a 12:366 ;: Y-2359 3910:t120 2540-2210 2730-2000 oh Western sector. z = ·75 31:107; 12:357; Wrong ref. Stuh'ef • 22:t.l 1969:638 = 960:t120 bc ~'" (2910:t1 20 BP) Son Om" Mallorca.-Palma • BM-1692" 2290:t40 490-360 41 0-200 cereal I: l A: 28 "Rejected, not possible •-,... to correct (Ref. 10:79) Q L-2011 2920:t60 830-500 510-890 oh Navifonn stlUcture. Abandonment 16:189 12:364 =:t70. 11 Same lab. level. Hearth ref. as Son Matge ~ 2570:tl 00 BP ~ ~ > Y-2666 253O::t80 780-470 840-420 Hea rth to N of monument 0 , 18:189 16.:192 = 540:t40 be ~ '" und erneath burials without funerary (2490:t4{) BP) Il good, z C Son Puig-Suv ua.,. Ma llorca.-M .n~or BM-I998R 2990::t l oo 135().1030 1450-910 oh 10:76 Correction of BM -I 998 = ~ 695:t4{l be (2645:t40 BP) ~ In Ref. 6:1.1 6 S'lIIot, Mallorcil-Santllorenc ~ Hv-1716 3080::t75 1410-1230 1490-1080 oh Trench XIV. Lower level. Beneath 28:75; 13:161 ~ level ItS. Central monument Hv-1717 2960:t9O 1310-1010 1390-890 oh Trench XIV. On top of level ItS. 28:75; 13:161 ~ Talayot central chambeT ~ Hv-1718 269O:t6O 870-790 940-7SO oh Trench XV. Room attached to central 28:75 • monument. Beneath level 7 ~ 5'11101 d,p:, POrTO" Mallorca-5ant. MaqArida S' 1-4524 1850:t95 AD8()..310 3OBC-n O hb Cemetery final phase. Inhumation in 30:25-6; 12:3n ~ squatting position ~ 1-4584" 243O:t2oo oh ChamberB 29; 11 :5; 12:370 " Re}ected, 5.d . too hi gh. Ref. 30:26 = lower level ch. A -,

/..pb. Ref. Delamin- Da/ecnl.BCa/ Dale all. BC at Sample Context Rtferena Comment alion BP 1 sigma 2 sigma

Torralbil d'en Salord, MenorGll-Alaior BM-1697" 2860:1: 45 1060-930 1120·1000 oh Naviform t .. layot 1: 1a:29; 22:1.8 • rejected, not possible to correct (Ref. 10:79) BM-2003R 2360:t100 500-310 730-180 oh Taula. Upper occup. level 10:76 Correction of BM-2003: 2090±50 BP BM-2004R 2180:1: 100 350·90 44OBC-AOSO oh Taula. Upper occup. level 6:1.16; 10:76 Correction of BM-2004: 80:1:35 BP BM-200SR 1960:1: 120 lOOBC-AD190 2S0BC-A0350 oh 10:76 Correction of BM-2ooS: 390:t8O be (1 560:1:80 BP) in Ref. 6:1.8 BM-229? 2140:80 270-50 380BC-AD50 Inside tauIa 22:1.8 CSIC-142 2180:1:100 350·90 44OBC-ADSQ ,b Taul ... Lower level 17:178 m~ HAR-2908a 2970:1:70 1290-1040 1370-950 oh Naviform 'alayot. PTe-building or 1: lA:30; 32:6 ~ ~ building level m HAR-2908b 3020:1:60 1350-1150 1400-1040 oh Navilorm talayot. Pre-building or as above

~ building level QL-I089 2840±-3O 1020-920 1060-900 ,b Taula. NE annex. SIN wan. Filling of 17:178 ~ '" bedrock. concavity ~ QL-I 090 1800±-3O AD21 0-270 B050-340 oh On top of level 11 . Abondonment as above ~ QL-l164 2830±-40 1020-900 1060-860 ,b AI the base of radial waiL Building 19:129; 17:178 8 ancient than Taula construction QL-l165 271 0±-5O 880-800 940-780 oh Taula. NE corner. Occup. level 1: 1a:29; 6:1.16 9 QL-1433 3030±-70 1370-11 40 1430-1030 cereal Barley. Navifonn talayot. Pre- 1: lA:30; 32:6 building or building level UtC-1263 3230±-60 1540-1420 1610-1370 ,b ContexI 'NT 22:1.8

Abbretrilltions: ab = animal bone; carb = carbonates; ch = charcoal; hb = human bone; z = is the z-coordinate ie depth below sile datum

Refrrmces cikd ill columns 7 aM 8; 1 '" Waldren n .q .; 2 '" P1an talamor &: Rita 1979; 3 '" P1antalamor 1991; 4 = Fem4ndez-Miranda et al. 1988; 5 = CantareUas 1972b; 6 = Waldren 1986; 7 = Femmdez-Miranda &:Topp 1984; 8 =Gomez BeUard &: San Nicolb Pedras 1988;9 '" Waldren 1982; 10 '" Bowman et aJ. 1990; 11 '" Rosell6-Bordoyet aJ. 1967; 12 '" Femmdez-Miranda & Waldren 1979; 13 = RosseI.l6-Bordoy &: Camps 1972; 14", Camps & RosseU6-Bordoy 1970; 15 = Amalgro Gorbea 1970; 16 = RosseU6-Bordoy 1979; 17 = A1onso et al. 1978; 18 = RosseU6-Bordoy 1973; 19 '" Femmdez-Miranda 1978a; 20 = Guerrero 1979; 21 :: Guerrero 1987; 22 = Waldren 1992; 23 = Otapman et al. 1993; 24:: van Strydonck et al. 1995; 25 = Gasull et Ill. 1984c; 26 = Veny 1977; 27 = Waldren &: van Strydonck 1992; 28 = Frey 1968; 29 = Tarradell1964; 30 = TarradeU 1970; 31 = Waldren &: RJlseU6- Bordoy) 975; 32 = Waldren 1988