Indigeneity and Colonial Response
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Indigeneity and Colonial Response: The Metamorphoses of Balearic Culture in the Late Iron Age By Alexander Joel Smith B.A. Brandeis University, 2009 Thesis Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Joukowksy Instititue for Archaeology and the Ancient World at Brown University PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY 2015 © Text Copyright 2015 by Alexander J. Smith All Images Copyright Their Respective Cited Creators ii This dissertation by Alexander J. Smith is accepted in its present form by the Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology & the Ancient World as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date________________ __________________________________ Peter van Dommelen, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate School Date________________ __________________________________ Susan E. Alcock, Reader Date________________ __________________________________ John F. Cherry, Reader Date________________ __________________________________ Amalia Pérez-Juez, Reader Date________________ __________________________________ Robert W. Preucel, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date________________ __________________________________ Peter M. Weber, Dean of the Graduate School iii Curriculum Vitae Alexander Smith, originally from Rochester, New York, is a Mediterranean archaeologist specializing in Western Mediterranean island societies, postcolonial theory, community-based archaeology and survey. He earned a Bachelor of Arts summa cum laude with highest honors from Brandeis University in 2009, double majoring in Classical Archaeology and Anthropology. Alexander has worked in many places around the world, including Jordan, Montserrat, Guatemala, Spain and Italy. He has been studying and excavating the Balearic Islands since 2007, working at the indigenous site of Torre d’en Galmés and the historical site of Isla del Rey, both on Menorca. Alexander is also known as “Alex the Archaeologist” as part of a Mediterranean archaeology outreach program run with the Memorial Art Gallery in Rochester, New York. There he works with sixth-grade and ninth-grade classes of primarily inner-city schools to teach the next generation of archaeologists. iv Acknowledgements I would like to first thank my committee for all their help and guidance throughout this process. Thank you to my Chair, Peter Van Dommelen, as well as committee members Susan Alcock, John Cherry, Amalia Pérez-Juez and Robert Preucel. A special thanks is in order for my partner, Kira Kim-Fredell, who supported me all my years at Brown. Thank you to my Mother, Marguerite Quinn, for always pushing me to pursue my passion in archaeology. Thank you to my Father, Joel Smith, for showing me the world of museums and sparking my interest in the ancient world when I was a small child. Thank you as well to my sister, Caitlin Smith, for teaching an admittedly annoying kid how to read and write. I would also like to thank James Quinn, Stephen Lewis as well as Peter and Yong Bom Kim-Fredell for all their help and support. I would also like to thank my good friends Timothy Sandiford, Katherine Harrington, Thomas Leppard, Linda Gosner, Elizabeth Murphy, Sarah Craft, Alex Knodell, and everyone at the Joukowsky Institute in the past and future for fostering such an incredible research environment. Also, I would like to thank my friends and colleagues, Ricardo Elia, Meredith Anderson-Langlitz, Marta Ostovich, Damià Ramis, Jonathan Ruane, Allison Cuneo, Ilaria Patania, and everyone I’ve worked with over the past 8 years in Menorca and Mallorca. Finally, thank you to my undergraduate advisors, Ann Koloski-Ostrow and Charles Golden for encouraging me throughout my time at Brandeis and beyond. v Table of Contents Signature Page……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………iii Curriculum Vitae ........................................................................................................................ iv Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... x List of Illustrations...................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1: Toward an Understanding of Balearic Metamorphoses .............................................. 1 An Outsider Looking In ............................................................................................................ 2 Taking a Step Back: A Brief Chronology of the Balearic Islands ............................................. 4 Questions of Chronology: The Difficulties of Synthesis ......................................................... 8 Mallorca and Menorca: Bound at the Hip? .......................................................................... 9 Terminology: Indigeneity, Protohistory and the Balearic World ......................................... 10 Approaching Indigeneity and the Balearic Islands: ................................................................. 11 Chapter 1 Images and Tables................................................................................................. 12 Chapter 2: The Beginning and the Present: The History of Scholarship and Textual Representations of the Balearic Islands and Islanders ............................................................... 22 A Brief History of Scholarly Engagement with the Balearic Islands ......................................... 22 The Antiquarians and the Roman Goodies: ........................................................................ 23 The Prehistorians Get Interested: ...................................................................................... 25 Patterns of Change, Models of Colonialism: The Protohistoric Archaeologists ................... 34 Archaeology in the Balearics Today: .................................................................................. 35 Institutional Divides........................................................................................................... 40 The Historical Record and the Study of the (Late) Talayotic People........................................ 44 Republican and Early Imperial Writers: Strabo, Diodorus, and Pliny the Elder .................... 45 Writing in the High Empire: Florus ..................................................................................... 50 Late Antique Depctions of the Balearics: Orosius’ Representation ..................................... 52 The Epigraphic Record: A Changing Landscape?................................................................. 54 123 B.C.E.: A Date That Divides: ......................................................................................... 56 The Archaeological Response I: Island Settlements and the Indigenous Landscape ............ 58 The Archaeological Response II: Transmission and Stagnation of Culture ........................... 63 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 68 vi Chapter 2 Images .................................................................................................................. 69 Chapter 3: Settlement Patterns and Patterns in Settlements during the Late Talayotic .............. 70 The Geographical Setting of Settlements on Mallorca and Menorca .................................. 72 Settlement Patterns in the Late Talayotic .............................................................................. 76 Settlements from the Seventh to Fifth Centuries B.C.E.: Mallorca’s Florescence ................ 76 Settlements from the Fourth to Second Centuries B.C.E.: The Carthaginian Impact on Mallorca ............................................................................................................................ 78 Settlements on Menorca from the Sixth to Second Centuries B.C.E.: Menorca’s Rise ......... 80 Functional Similarities? Fortified Settlements on Menorca and Mallorca in the Late Talayotic............................................................................................................................ 83 The Roman Rift: Fact or Fabrication? ..................................................................................... 88 Indigenous Sites from the Second Century B.C.E. to the First Century C.E.: “Roman” Reorganization .................................................................................................................. 88 Roman Colonial Settlement Sites on Mallorca ................................................................... 90 Roman Colonial Settlement Sites on Menorca ................................................................... 93 The Shift to Ports during the Roman Period on Menorca and Mallorca .............................. 95 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 98 Chapter 3 Images ................................................................................................................ 100 Chapter 4: The House and the Household during the Protohistoric Period .............................. 113 Domestic Architecture: ......................................................................................................