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« Garder L<Oeil Sur Nos Côtes » [PDF] « Garder l’œil sur nos côtes » L’Aviation royale du Canada et la construction au pays d’avions de défense côtière, 1936-1939 Rénald Fortier Conservateur, Histoire de l’aviation Musée de l’aviation du Canada © Musée de l’aviation du Canada 2007 Musée de l’aviation du Canada · Essais photographiques ·« Garder l’œil sur nos côtes » Table des matières Introduction ..................................... 1 Le réarmement s’impose au Canada ......................................... 2 Les plans de réarmement de l’ARC ............................................. 5 La défense côtière du Canada : le Shark et le Stranraer .................... 8 La défense côtière du Canada : l’histoire du Bolingbroke ................ 17 La défense côtière du Canada : le projet Beaufort ........................... 23 La guerre en vue ............................. 25 Lectures suggérées ...................... 30 i Musée de l’aviation du Canada · Essais photographiques ·« Garder l’œil sur nos côtes » Introduction Avant qu’éclate la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, aux premiers jours de septembre 1939, des crises et désastres de plus en plus graves surviennent dans le monde entier. Avant qu’éclate la Deuxième Guerre mon- suivante. Le Japon se retire de la Conférence Édouard Daladier, négocient les accords diale, aux premiers jours de septembre navale de Londres en janvier 1936. L’armée de Munich. Le gouvernement tchécoslo- 1939, des crises et désastres de plus en allemande entre dans la zone démilitarisée vaque, premier concerné, n’est même pas plus graves surviennent dans le monde de Rhénanie en mars 1936 ; la réintégration invité. Quelques jours plus tard, forte de entier. En septembre 1931, les troupes japo- de cette région au système de défense alle- son succès, l’Allemagne occupe la région naises stationnées en Mandchourie depuis mand va bientôt commencer. En Espagne, frontalière des Sudètes en Tchécoslovaquie. de nombreuses années envahissent cette un soulèvement d’officiers supérieurs en La Slovaquie proclame son indépendance région. Le Japon annonce la création d’un juillet se transforme en une guerre civile qui en mars 1939. Ce territoire, de même que État fantoche, le Mandchoukouo, en février se termine en mars 1939 par la victoire des la Bohême et la Moravie, sont rapidement 1932. En Allemagne, fin janvier 1933, Adolf troupes nationalistes du général Franco. occupés par l’armée allemande. L’annexion Hitler devient chancelier ; puis se proclame Début novembre 1936, le dictateur italien de la Ruthénie par la Hongrie complète le Führer en août de l’année suivante. En mars Benito Mussolini annonce la formation démembrement de la Tchécoslovaquie. 1933, le Japon annonce son retrait de la de l’axe Rome ‑ Berlin. Ce même mois, Société des Nations. L’Allemagne fait de l’Allemagne et le Japon signent un traité En avril 1939, l’Italie envahit puis annexe même en octobre après s’être retirée de la anti-communiste, le Pacte antikomintern. l’Albanie et l’Allemagne dénonce l’accord Conférence internationale du désarmement L’Italie s’y joint en novembre 1937 et quitte la naval anglo-allemand de 1935 limitant la taille de Genève. Fin décembre 1934, le Japon Société des Nations le mois suivant. de sa flotte. Le mois suivant, l’Allemagne et dénonce le traité naval de Londres. En mars l’Italie signent une alliance militaire, le Pacte 1935, l’Allemagne rend publique l’existence En juillet 1937, le Japon attaque la Chine ; d’Acier. Fin août 1939, l’Allemagne et l’Union de l’armée de l’air allemande, la Luftwaffe. cette guerre ne s’achève qu’en août 1945 soviétique concluent un pacte de non-agres- Hitler annonce peu après le réarmement du lorsque la Deuxième Guerre mondiale prend sion et sans attendre, le 1er septembre 1939, pays et le rétablissement du service militaire fin. L’armée allemande entre en Autriche en l’armée allemande envahit la Pologne. La obligatoire. mars 1938 ; Hitler, autrichien de naissance, Grande-Bretagne et la France déclarent la annonce alors l’Anschluss, l’union de son guerre à l’Allemagne deux jours plus tard. L’Italie se lance à l’assaut de l’Abyssinie, pays natal avec l’Allemagne. En juillet et Le Canada fait de même le 10 septembre. La l’actuelle Éthiopie, en octobre 1935 ; Addis août, des troupes japonaises et soviétiques Deuxième Guerre mondiale commence. Abeba, la capitale, tombe en mai 1936. Les se livrent bataille le long de la frontière du sanctions économiques contre l’Italie votées Mandchoukouo. Fin septembre 1938, Hitler, par la Société des Nations en novembre Mussolini et les premiers ministres fran- 1935 sont suspendues en juillet de l’année çais et britannique, Neville Chamberlain et 1 Musée de l’aviation du Canada · Essais photographiques ·« Garder l’œil sur nos côtes » Le réarmement s’impose au Canada Bristol Blenheim I de la 62e Escadrille de la RAF, c. 1938 (MAvC 24826) Fairey Battle I de la 63e Escadrille de la RAF, c. 1938 (MAvC 24741) L’arrivée au pouvoir d’Hitler et du parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands, ou parti nazi, suscite une réelle inquiétude dans les milieux gouvernementaux britan- niques. Le premier programme d’expansion de la Royal Air Force (RAF) apparaît en juillet 1934. Il est modifié à maintes reprises. Au printemps 1938, le nombre d’appareils de première ligne jugé nécessaire à la défense des Iles britanniques passe ainsi de 1 250 à 2 375 environ. La crise de Munich, à l’automne 1938, provoque une autre mise à jour : ajout d’environ 200 avions de chasse et rééquipement du Bomber Command – la force de bombardement de la RAF – avec des bombardiers lourds. tion Supermarine Stranraer ; les bombardiers Lockheed Hudson devient opérationnel Le coût de ces programmes d’expansion moyens Armstrong Whitworth Whitley et en 1939, à peine plus de trois mois avant le augmente considérablement et la RAF finit Handley Page Harrow ; les bombardiers début du conflit. par accaparer un pourcentage des sommes légers Bristol Blenheim, Fairey Battle et allouées à la défense supérieur à celui de Vickers Wellesley ; les chasseurs Gloster Les années 1934-1939 sont une période clé l’armée, voire même de la Royal Navy. Les Gladiator et Hawker Hurricane. L’hydravion de l’histoire de l’aviation. C’est alors que le nouveaux appareils qui entrent en service de reconnaissance maritime à long rayon monoplan entièrement métallique à train entre 1937 et 1939 affichent par ailleurs des d’action Short Sunderland, les bombardiers escamotable devient le pilier des forces performances très supérieures à celles des moyens Handley Page Hampden et Vickers aériennes de toutes les grandes puissances. aéronefs qui servent au sein des escadrilles Wellington, le chasseur Supermarine Spitfire L’effort entrepris et les sommes dépensées de la RAF en 1934. Les appareils suivants et l’avion d’observation Westland Lysander par la Grande-Bretagne ne donnent malheu- entrent en service en 1937 : l’hydravion de entrent en service en 1938. L’avion de recon- reusement pas les résultats escomptés. Les reconnaissance maritime à long rayon d’ac- naissance côtière d’origine américaine retards sont nombreux et les autorités 2 Musée de l’aviation du Canada · Essais photographiques ·« Garder l’œil sur nos côtes » Quatrième Hawker Hurricane I de l’ARC, utilisé par la 1ère Escadrille, c. 1939 (MAvC 25258) Handley Page Hampden I de la 7e Escadrille de la RAF, c. 1938 (MAvC 24833) britanniques n’ont d’autre choix que de pour- Europe et en Asie augmentent les risques de gent et loyal de la côte ouest, un vétéran suivre la production d’appareils qui semblent guerre. Le Canada préfère par conséquent ne de la Première Guerre mondiale, Ian Alistair être sur la voie rapide de la désuétude. En fin pas trop se laisser distancer. Le programme Mackenzie, obtient le portefeuille de la de compte, l’industrie aéronautique britan- de réarmement canadien commence alors, Défense nationale. nique n’atteint son rythme de croisière que petit à petit, au cours des mois qui suivent vers la fin de 1938. Le début du conflit remet la défaite du gouvernement conservateur Le premier ministre King, préoccupé par les évidemment tout en question. de Richard Bedford Bennett lors des élec- tensions mondiales, décide d’organiser en tions fédérales d’octobre 1935. Son grand 1936 un Comité du Cabinet pour la défense En dépit de son éloignement des champs rival, William Lyon Mackenzie King, reprend chargé de coordonner et définir les politi- de bataille, le gouvernement canadien réalise alors le pouvoir. Quelques jours après cette ques de son gouvernement. Tous les gros fort bien que les crises qui se succèdent en victoire libérale, un député habile, intelli- canons en font partie : King lui-même ; 3 Musée de l’aviation du Canada · Essais photographiques ·« Garder l’œil sur nos côtes » Vickers Wellington IC de la 38e Escadrille de la RAF, c. 1940 (MAvC 14004) Ernest Lapointe ministre de la Justice et À ces arguments militaires viennent se À cette époque, l’ARC se trouve encore sous lieutenant du premier ministre au Québec ; greffer le fait qu’à la différence de la Marine les ordres du chef d’État-major de l’Armée Charles Dunning, ministre des Finances ; royale du Canada (MRC) et de l’armée, canadienne. De l’avis de plusieurs, cette Ian Mackenzie, ministre de la Défense natio- l’Aviation royale du Canada n’évoque pas situation est anachronique car elle ne se nale. Lors de la première réunion, vers la de mauvais souvenir du genre de ceux correspond plus à l’importance que le fin août, les ministres peuvent finalement entourant la création de la MRC en 1910 ou gouvernement canadien accorde à l’ARC. De prendre connaissance des rapports préparés des émeutes contre la conscription du prin- plus en plus, les officiers supérieurs de l’ARC par les experts des forces armées cana- temps 1918. King prend donc position.
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