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World Government Via the United Nations Thesis The Centralization of Global Governance: World Government via the United Nations Thesis By Danilo Vincenzo Pellegrini Submitted in Partial fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts In International Economic Relations State University of New York Empire State College 2019 Reader: Max Hilaire Statutory Declaration / Čestné prohlášení I, Danilo Vincenzo Pellegrini, declare that the paper entitled: The Centralization of Global Governance: World Government via the United Nations was written by myself independently, using the sources and information listed in the list of references. I am aware that my work will be published in accordance with § 47b of Act No. 111/1998 Coll., On Higher Education Institutions, as amended, and in accordance with the valid publication guidelines for university graduate theses. Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto práci vypracoval/a samostatně s použitím uvedené literatury a zdrojů informací. Jsem vědom/a, že moje práce bude zveřejněna v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb., o vysokých školách ve znění pozdějších předpisů, a v souladu s platnou Směrnicí o zveřejňování vysokoškolských závěrečných prací. In Prague, 11.11.2019 Danilo Vincenzo Pellegrini Acknowledgment I would like to thank Dr. Max Hilaire, Dr. Oscar Redondo Hidalgo and Dr. Cynthia Combs for their invaluable wisdom. Table of Contents I. Introduction……………….………………………………………...……………..…..p.6 II. The Concept of World Government:………….…………...…………………………..p.7 2.1 Preamble: The Definition of World Government..……………p.7 2.2 The Philosophical Background………….………………….....p.8 III. Unconventional Debates Over The Evolution of The International Community.....…p.15 3.1 A Conspiratory Historico-Conceptual Assessment of The 19th Century Developments………………………………..……...p.15 3.2 The Versailles Peace Conferences’ Underlying Aims…...…..p.17 3.3 The League of Nations As A Primitive Prototype of World Government…………………………………………………..p.19 3.4 An Attempt At Understanding The True Nature of The League of Nations………………………...……………………………..p.21 3.5 The Atomic Threat, United Nations And The Role of the Council on Foreign Relations…………..………………….………….p.23 IV. The United Nations:………..…………………………………………………………p.26 4.1 A Critical Analysis Of The Charter Of The United Nations....p.26 4.2 The Potential Threat of United Nations’ Supremacy.....….….p.28 4.3 World Government Via The United Nations…………......….p.31 V. The Criticisms Towards The Concept Of World Government:….………………..….p.34 5.1 The Three Main Objections To World Government………....p.34 5.2 Critically Assessing Flaws In The World Governmental Nature Of The United Nations…………………………………...............p.37 VI. Solutions:...………………………………...………………………………..………...p.39 6.1 United Nations Reform…………………………………......p.39 VII. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….p.40 References……………………………………………………………………………….p.42 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..p.49 Abstract This paper analyzes the idea of world government, starting by addressing the definition of the concept, analyzing its historical background and past literature and the criticisms moved towards it on the basis of current international relations theoretical paradigms. Fundamental literature discussed and contemplated, in addition to a wide variety of academic sources are Carroll Quigley’s “Tragedy and Hope”, G. Edward Griffin’s “The Fearful Master: A Second Look At The United Nations” and David Icke’s “The Biggest Secret”. This thesis traces the history of the evolution of the concept of world government and proposes current debates on the presumed attempts made by the international community towards its establishment, specifically focusing on the transition from the League of Nation, therefore assessing the global governmental nature of the United. The paper concludes that the United Nations does exert global governance although it does not, perhaps yet, possess the characteristics of a world government. Undoubtedly, this work’s intention is emphasizing the understanding that each of us, as world citizens, must acknowledge our role and ensure we maintain our freedom by having the critical awareness and civic ethos needed to make ourselves the true makers of history. I. Introduction Undoubtedly, observing the world’s political arena it is simple to perceive the collectivist trend that is further grouping individuals into larger institutions or perceive the induced migration that is diluting national identities. When addressing the concept of world government, however, one might intrinsically give it a negative value, inherently assuming a squeamish behavior, which is erroneous. What lies at the bottom of this conception is the underlying thought of a centralized, totalitarian system. Surely, it does not have to be that way from a theoretical basis. In practice, nonetheless, the eventual reality of such an event could also mean the creation of a tyrannical oligarchy, or better yet, plutocracy. On the other hand, a world government, was it to truly adhere to the characteristics of global peace guarantor, could also be perceived as the ultimate solution to the state of nature of international relations, thereby guaranteeing global freedom, peace and love. The true question, therefore, is asking ourselves what type of world government do we want. The concept of world government has been addressed since the dawn of times, constantly evolving throughout history and dividing public opinion. Globalization and world destabilizing events, the two poles of the matter, gave birth to world government proposals in the 20th Century, of which we will address the most dominant one, namely the United Nations and doing so by introducing its precursor, the League of Nations. The literature is divided between world government advocates and opponents, which will accordingly be addressed in this work. Most importantly, what is to be understood is whether the United Nations can or cannot be deemed as a world government, in this regard emphasizing the flaws that do not currently allow the United Nations to be, yet, addressed as a true world government. 6 II. The Concept of World Government This chapter examines the concept of world government from a theoretical perspective. Fundamental literature is addressed, tracing the evolution of this concept towards the current status quo of international relations. The preamble presents the definition of the notion, followed by a thorough historical background on the idea of world government. The analysis begins from Dante and continues through the philosophical contributions to the notion of world government of Hobbes, Charles Castel, Rousseau, Kant and H.G., to mention the main ones, followed by an assessment of recent developments of the concept. 2.1 Preamble: The Definition of World Government Catherine Lu, in her work “World Government” (2012), published on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, begins by defining the notion of “world government”, hereby the concept of the entirety of humankind under a single, political authority. The idea of “world government” has been extensively discussed throughout history and proposals of it were contemplated since the dawn of times. One aspect that distinguishes both advocates and proponents of world government are the distinctive reasons for why it is an ideal of political organization. While some perceive the world government as the ultimate solution to the problems of humankind, others focus on the value of world government as a reflection of global unity of the cosmos. Clearly, world government views differ historically, specifically in regard to the form that a world government should assume. For instance, while medieval philosophy focused on world government via a single emperor, 7 perhaps a monarch, modern world government advocates aim at the cosmopolitan nature of world federalism, based on a global cooperation design. 2.2 The Philosophical Background Italian poet Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), in his work “Convivio” (The Banquet), embraced the Christian ideal of unity and its realization through a world government, ruled by a single emperor or monarch. His genuine view of world government emphasized the need of such system as the ultimate resolution towards global pace – “wars and all their causes would be eliminated if the whole earth and all that humans can possess be a monarchy, that is, one government under one ruler” (Lu, 2012). Dante further expressed his thoughts on world government in his work “Monarchia” (Monarchy), where he refers to Aristotle and argues that humanity, stemming from a shared purpose, will increasingly develop its intellectual potential. Fundamental is, in this regard, to mention Dante’s argument about the essential importance of peace, necessary pre-condition for the realization of the over- mentioned aim. Specifically, he understood that peace couldn’t be established and maintained until humanity is divided. This is a crucial point: understanding the fundamentality of peace and the negative outlook of a divided humanity should also make us understand that, following the concept of “divide et impera” (Posner et al., 2009), perhaps division is a tactic of governance itself, which sheds light on the inherent threats deriving from the potential presence of one, authoritarian global government. The concept of a world government under a single emperor of monarch, nonetheless, became obsolete towards the end of the seventeenth century, namely after the Pace of Westphalia in 1648, which established the socio-political basis for a system of sovereign 8 states. Hobbes (1588-1679),
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