Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84277-8 — the Chinese Communist Party Edited by Timothy Cheek , Klaus Mühlhahn , Hans Van De Ven Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84277-8 — The Chinese Communist Party Edited by Timothy Cheek , Klaus Mühlhahn , Hans van de Ven Index More Information

INDEX

Africa Barmé, Geremie 200 Belt and Road projects 235 Beijing CCP influence in 147 Tiananmen Square 151–152 Chinese involvement in 235 Tsinghua University 102, 104, 177 liberation movements 235 Beijing Spring (1989) 168 resentment against Chinese in 235 Beijing Youth Daily newspaper group agriculture, and rural economic reforms 201 161–162 Belt and Road Initiative 234, 238 Anti-CNN.com website 204 projects in Africa 235 Anti-Rightist Campaign 82, 90 Berlin, Isaiah 184, 188 Anti-Spiritual Pollution campaign Bhattarai, Baburam, Nepali Maoist 146 (mid-1980s) 173, 180 Bikram Singh, Mohan, Nepali Maoist Arab Spring revolutions 213 145 Armistice Day (1937) 48 Bloomberg magazine 207 Arrow and Target wall newspaper, Blum, Léon, French socialist president Yan’an 60 32, 43 artists Bo Xilai 207, 214 and Intellectual Thought Reform Bolskevik Party, power struggle 25 (1950s) 74 borders 5 revolutionary, in Yan’an 56–58, 60 Borodin, Mikhail 25, 233 Shanghai film industry 76–77 Bu Wancang, film director 75 see also intellectuals Bukharin, Nikolai 20, 22 Auden, W. H., in Hankou, 37 Avakian, Bob, US Maoist 145 Cai Guoqiang, visual artist 205 Ayacucho, Peru Cambodia assassination of mayor 143 CCP influence in 147, 236 Guzmán as university professsor in 135 Khmer Rouge 235 state of emergency 142 Capa, Robert 37 capitalism, as essential to develop Bai Chen, film director 82 socialism 168 Bai Chongxi, military leader 37 Capra, Frank, Why We Fight 37 Bai Yang 84 censorship, Internet 206, 213 Baidya, Mohan, Maoist faction of Che Guevara 137 Communist Party of Nepal 146 Chen Boda, Mao’s secretary 68, 93

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84277-8 — The Chinese Communist Party Edited by Timothy Cheek , Klaus Mühlhahn , Hans van de Ven Index More Information

Index / 269

Chen Cheng, military leader 37–38 “Ten Grave Problems” (2012) 208, Chen Duxiu, CCP leader 15–16, 178 239 deal with KMT 18–19, 23–24 as world power 4, 6 view of workers 22 see also Chinese Communist Party Chen Jieren, nephew of He Guoqiang 197 (CCP); economy; foreign policy; Chen Jiongming, warlord 16 Internet Chen Kewen, government official 37–38 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 1, 11 Chen Xiaolu, son of Chen Yi 130–131 1937 conference in Yan’an 34 Chen Yi, foreign minister 130 centenary 1 Cheng Shuyao Central Executive Committee in accusation of corruption 78 Hangzhou (1922) 18 marriage to Shangguan Yunzhu 77 “Certain Questions on the History of Chiang Kai-shek, KMT leader 26 Our Party” resolution (1981) 125 and formation of popular front 36 contradictions and paradoxes of kidnapping, capture by Communists 106–107, 240 (1936) 33, 52 corruption and abuse of power in 167, and purge of Communists 29 206, 208 and Wang Ming 35 criticism as heresy 63 and war with Japan 31 de-Maoification 129–131 in Wuhan 38, 43 and economic reconstruction 147 China Eighth Central Committee (1958) 89 1911 revolution and end of Qing end of political reform (1989) 169 Dynasty 7 First Congress (1921 Shanghai) 10–13 political vacuum (1921) 10 first constitution 8 see also China, People’s Republic of; focus on economic growth (from Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 1989) 191 China Central TV 202 and formation of popular front 33–36 China Good Netizens competition founding (1921) 7 (2015) 225 and Four Cardinal Principles 160 China Mirror/Foil 3 Four Cleans movement (1963–1966) China, People’s Republic of 85, 90, 95 60th anniversary military parade growth during 1920s 29 (2009) 193, 206 and ideology of wenming 226 1980s reforms 149, 173 increased criticism of (2000s) 191 calls for political reforms 165–169 individual membership of KMT 18–19 ethnic frictions 206, 234, 237 Intellectual Thought Reform (1950s) 74 growing problems (from 2000s) international media stories 2 206–208, 239 and international power of China 4, 6 integration with world economy 163 and Jiang’s “Three Represents” theory modern political repression 171 198, 202, 210 and Muslim minorities 234 leadership post-Mao transformations 128 ideological factions within 152, progress under CCP (first decade) 89 159, 170 relations with Russia 233–234 power struggles 128–129, 214 social changes 191 transition rules 196 surveillance state 2 and Mao’s ideological triumph 46–47

270 / Index

Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (cont.) Comintern (Communist International) 9 and metropolitan modernity 85–86 “August Instruction” (1922) 17 military collaboration during Sino- doubts about Sun-Yat-sen 19 Japanese war 39 Executive Committee (ECCI) 19–20 and modern world 231–241 Resolution on KMT (1923) 20 moral codes 203 January Resolution 23–24 post-Mao view of ideological mixed messages to China 21 campaigns 69, 128 Second Congress (1920) 13 in power (1949) 26 and Sneevliet 9, 16, 19, 25 prospects for democratization 231 communism, international 232 resistance to reforms 149 popular front (1930s) 32, 43, 48 “Resolution on the National Communist Party of America, Movement and the Question of constitution 8 the KMT” (1923) 24 Communist Party of Nepal 146 and restrictions on intellectuals 80 Communist Party of Peru see Shining ruthlessness 6 Path Seventh Party Congress (1945) corruption 167, 206, 208 adoption of Mao Zedong Internet protest culture 216–221 Thought 47 cosmopolitanism, of CCP 5 Sneevliet’s proposal for alliance with COVID-19 pandemic 205, 210, 240 KMT 10, 13, 15, 17, 23–24 lockdown in Wuhan 213 Third Party Congress (1923) 21–25 Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) 90, Thirteenth Party Congress (1987) 156 167–168 ending with death of Mao 125, 147 Three Antis campaign (1951) 78 failure of 130 training courses for Latin Americans Gang of Four and 159–160 135 and struggle sessions 61–65, 92 trajectory since foundation 4–5 work teams to manage Red Guard United Front Work Department 26 student movement 101 see also Cultural Revolution; Great Cybersecurity Law (2017) 228 Leap Forward; Mao Zedong; Cyberspace Administration of China rectiﬁcation campaign; struggle (CAC) 225, 227 sessions; United Front; Xi Jinping Chinese Dream 1, 3 Dai Qing 69 Chinese People’s Association for Danwei.org website 195 Friendship with Foreign de-Maoiﬁcation 129–131 Countries 26 Degregori, Carlos, university colleague Chinese People’s Political Consultative of Guzmán 142 Conference, co-option of democracy entrepreneurs 199 calls for 151, 157–160, 166 Chuschi, Peru, beginning of insurgency discussion of 167 140 prospects for 231 Cisneros Vizquerra, Luis, Peruvian Democracy Wall movement, Beijing minister of defense 142 (1978–1979) 159 class struggle, Wang Guangmei’s militant demographic changes 5, 234 crusade for 97–100 Deng Xiaoping

Index / 271

1992 Southern Tour and economic rural reforms 160–163 reforms 173, 183 state-controlled market 184 and debate on Mao 44 entrepreneurs, advancement of 199 denunciation in Peru 141 environment, major problems of 207, and end of Cultural Revolution 159 239 martial law 151 ethnic tensions 206, 234, 237 and Party reforms 5, 130, 150–151 Europe, view of Sino-Japanese war 37 and political reform 166 executions, public 149 and pragmatic reforms (1978) 160, 173, 239 Fairfax-Cholmeley, Elsie 134 retirement 195 Falun Gong, suppression of 209 return to power (1977) 128 famine (1958–1961) (Great Leap) 1–2, and rural economic reforms of Zhao 90, 155 Ziyang 161 Fan Wenlan, and Wang Shiwei 61, 65 and Tiananmen Square demonstration Fan Zhongyan, poet 87 (1989) 152, 168 fascism, Comintern reaction to rise of 32 Deng Yuwen, “Ten Grave Problems” 208 Feng Yuxiang, general 37 diaspora, CCP connections with 26, 237 film industry Dimitrov, Georgi, Comintern 31 revival (from 1953) 79 and fall of Wang Ming 43, 46 Shanghai 76–77 as president of Bulgaria 43 First Sino-Japanese War (1895) 7 and Reichstag fire (1936) 32 First World War 7 Ding Ling, dissident in Yan’an 51, 56 food safety, fears over 214 denunciation of Wang Shiwei 65, 68 foreign direct investment 163–164, 169 Sunrise over the Sungari River 69 Internet 201 “Thoughts on March 8th” 58 Foreign Languages Press 129, 136 Ding Wen’an, journalist 37 foreign policy The Displaced Girls (film) 75 assertiveness 2, 191, 206 dissidents, arrest of (from 2009) 206 and Chinese investment 238, 240 Du Yachuan 181 Foucault, Michel 125 Selected Works 175 Four Cleans campaign (1963–1966) Duan Qirui, warlord 16 (Socialist Education Movement) Durdin, Tillman 37 85, 90, 95 and class struggle 99 Early Spring (film) 85 Funing County test point 96 earthquakes ruthless methods of 97–98 Lushan county, Sichuan (2013) 221 training of work teams 101 Wenchuan (2008) 204 The 400 million documentary (1938) 37 economy France Chinese company growth 200 popular front and 1935 elections 32 global growth 191, 199 and Spanish Civil War 43 inflation 165 Franco, Francisco 43 national modernization policies of Friedman, Milton, and Zhao Ziyang 164 Zhao Ziyang 163–165 Fujimoro, Alberto, president of Peru 144 reforms 149, 169, 173, 183 Funing County, Hebei province (Peach rise in living standards 204 Garden) 95–101, 104

272 / Index

gambling 222–223 and formation of Shining Path 139 “Gang of Four” 128, 159–160 and guerrilla warfare 141 Gao Hua, on Wang Ming 45 influence on Nepali Maoists 146 Garrido Lecca, Maritza, ballet dancer 144 and Mao’s three-stage military plan Germany 143 Anti-Comintern Pact with Japan 32 and PLA’s rules for warfare 142 non-aggression pact with USSR 43 as professor at university in Ayacucho and rise of Hitler 32 135–136 Gilley, Bruce 195 reaction to CCP renunciation of global financial crisis (2008) 205–206 Cultural Revolution 131–132 Goering, Hermann 32 visits to China 137, 139 “Golden Age of Liberalism” 198–203 Google, in China 200 Hainan Island 164 Gorbachev, Mikhail 233 “Han chauvinism” Gorriti, Gustavo 140, 142 within China 238 “Great Firewall of China” (blocking of in Malaya 237 foreign Internet companies) 200 He Guoqiang, Politburo Standing Xi Jinping and 209 Committee member 197 Great Leap Forward (1958–1960) 90 He Lu, affair with Shangguan Yunzhu disaster of 237 79, 83 famine 1–2, 90, 155 Hegel, G. W. F., Science of Logic 180 Guangdong province Hinton, William 91 calls for democracy 157–160 Hitler, Adolf land reform campaign 154 appeasement of 43 “Li Yizhe” poster campaign 158–159 rise of 32 peasant ownership 155 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam 236 popular protests 222 Hofman, Florentijn, yellow duck 209 Zhao Ziyang in 155–156 Hong Kong Guangzhou, Sneevliet in 15 businessmen in China 164 Guernica, bombing of (1937) 37 handover (1997) 196 Guilin, southwest China, KMT yellow duck installation 209 headquarters 14 “Hu Feng Counterrevolutionary Clique” Guo Meimei 230 179 arrest and conviction for gambling Hu Jintao 222–223 at 60th anniversary parade 194 investigation (December 2011) 222 and appointment of Xi Jinping 207 and the Red Cross Commercial Society “Eight Honors, Eight Shames” 202 215–216, 218–219 as General Secretary of CCP Weibo account 222–223 196–198 Guo Moruo 38 growing problems in China 206 Guzmán, Abimael Reinoso 235 and issue of social management 214 belief in warfare 139–140 legacy 203 captured 144–145 at Olympic Games 205 explosives course (in China) 138 “Scientific Outlook on Development” fanatical admiration for Maoism theory 202 133–134, 137, 139 Hu Qiaomu 61

Index / 273

Hu Shi 37, 185 and Great Firewall of China 200, 209 Hu Yaobang “human flesh search” (Internet death 151 vigilantism) 216 and political reform 166–167, 173 investment 201 resignation 166 laws against false information on 227 Hua Guofeng 162 “netizens” 214–215, 219 arrest of “Gang of Four” 128 and online protest culture 216–221 as Mao’s successor 128 and online public opinion 223–225 Huang Jianxiang, sports commentator organic opinion leaders 220 219 self-regulation pledges 226 Hundred Flowers movement state crackdown 224 (1956–1957) 82, 89 weiguan (spectating) 217 and Western media coverage 204 ideology see also social media influence of Maoism abroad 235 Iparraguirre, Elena, and Guzmán 144 internationalization of 232 Isherwood, Christopher, in Hankou, 37 Mao’s triumph 46–47 Ivens, Joris 37 see also Maoism immigration, foreign residents 200 Japan 234 India 238 Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany 32 Indonesia capture of Wuhan 40, 43 Chinese in 236 economic growth 237 Sneevliet in 9, 13, 232 and First Sino-Japanese War (1895) 7 information technology normalization of relations with China and artificial intelligence 239 49 see also Internet and Shandong Province 7 Intellectual Thought Reform (1950s) 74 war with China (1937–1945) 31 intellectuals see also Second Sino-Japanese War calls for democracy 166 (1937–1945) effect of Tiananmen Incident on 176, jasmine revolution, call for 213 181 Jiang Baili, general 37 improved relations with CCP 199 Jiang Nanxiang, president, Tsinghua liberal and New Left split 184 University 102 Mao’s contempt for 74 Jiang Pengyong, blogger 220 restrictions on 80 Jiang Qing (Lan Ping), wife of Mao 59, and Western portrayals of China 204 77 see also artists; Cultural Revolution; criticism of 158 students; Wang Shiwei; Wang and death of Mao 127–128 Yuanhua and denunciation of Wang Guangmei Internet 103–104 in 2011 217 political ambitions 84 and Big-Vs (opinion leaders) 219, 225 and Shangguan Yunzhu 74, 84 censorship 206, 213, 228 in Yan’an 75 Chinese companies 200 Jiang Zemin 169, 194 effect on political participation 191 career 195 and Good Netizens competitions 225 and cult of the toad (inflatable) 209–210

274 / Index

Jiang Zemin (cont.) Lan Ping see Jiang Qing and Deng 195 land reform campaign 93–94 and economic growth 191, 194, 199 Guangdong 154 inﬂuence 196 Laos 238 and liberalism 202, 209 Latin America, Chinese communism in at Olympic Games 205 134 Shanghai CCP 153, 194 Lei Feng 203 “Three Represents” theory 198, 202, Lenin, V.I. 210 Comintern Second Congress 13 and Xi Jinping 207–208 and Sneevliet 9 Jiangxi Soviet 29 Li Dazhao 23, 178 Jimenez, Benedicto, head of Peruvian Li Peng, premier 260.11n Special Intelligence 144 hard-line response to Beijing Spring Jin Chongji, biographer of Mao 43 168 Jinsui base, land reform campaign 93 Li Rui, Wang Yuanhua and 178, 183 Joffe, Adolph 18–19 Li Shenzhi, liberal intellectual 185 journalists “Li Yizhe” poster campaign (1974), Chinese 37 Guangdong 158–159 foreign, in Wuhan 37 Li Yuchao 63 and Internet 201 Li Zhisui, Mao’s doctor 127 Liang Huiling, RCSC 216 Kang Sheng 67, 93 Liang Shuming 37 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, liberal Communist tradition 5 Czechoslovakia 81 liberalism, “Golden Age of” 198–203 Kennan, George, Long Telegram (1948) 4 Liberation Daily, Yan’an 56, 66 Khmer Rouge, Cambodia 235 “Diary of Struggle” (to denounce Khrushchev, Nikita, denunciation of Wang Shiwei) 61–65 Stalin’s purges 233 Wang Shiwei’s Wild Lilies (zawen)in Kissinger, Henry 46 58–61 KMT (Kuomintang) Nationalist party 10 Life of Wu Xun (ﬁlm) 77, 82 bureaucratic nature of 49 Lima, Peru extraordinary congress (1938) 36 attacks in 143 individual CCP membership of 18–19 dead dog stunt 141 Joint Statement with Russia (1923) 19 Lin Biao, attempt to oust Mao 158 and political consultative conference Lin Yusheng, and Wang Yuanhua 186, (1938) 40 188 and popular front (1937) 33–36 Lindsay, Michael 37 relations with CCP 10, 13, 15, 17, Ling Jihua, death of son 207 23–24 Little Red Book 129, 134 Korea, South, economic growth 237 Liu Pingping, daughter of Liu Shaoqi Kristof, Nicholas, on Xi Jinping 207, 209 103 Kunlun Film Company 76 Liu Shaoqi, Chinese president 84, 91 death in prison 106 labor activism 11, 13 fall of 102–103 Soviet view of 20 and Four Cleans campaign 100 Lam, Willy Wo-Lap 196 “How to be a good communist” 203

Index / 275

ill health 95 “Main Points of Propaganda” (1942) and land reform campaign 93 55 marriage to Wang Guangmei 94–96 marriage to Jiang Qing 59, 77, 84, 87 rehabilitation 106 On Protracted War 44 and Tsinghua University 102 see also personality cult 125 Wang Guangmei rectiﬁcation campaign 46, 49, 54–56 Liu Tao, daughter of Liu Shaoqi relations with Wang Ming 33, 44–47 102–103 retreat to Yan’an 29 Liu Xiaobo, dissident 206, 208 and Shangguan Yunzhu 73–74, Long March, to Yan’an 29 80–81, 83–84 Lu Wei, Cyberspace Administration of and Sino-Japanese war 40, 49 China 226 “Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Lu Xun, writer 57, 179 Literature and Art” (1942) and weiguan (spectating) 217 52, 61 Lubbe, Marinus van der, Dutch and transformation of CCP (1942) 49, Communist 32 53 Luo Mai (Li Weihan) 65 and Wang Guangmei 95, 97 Lushan Conference (1959) 155 and Wang Shiwei’s Wild Lilies 60 see also Cultural Revolution; Great magical realism, Latin America 132 Leap Forward Malaya, Chinese in 236 Maoism Manchester Guardian, on Wuhan 37, 42 export of 134 Manchuria, Japanese occupation (1931) legacy of 125 31 and Mao’s three-stage military plan Mao Zedong 11 143 and Anti-Rightist Campaign 82 The March of the Volunteers anthem 38 CCP resolution on legacy 125 Marshall, General George C., Executive contempt for intellectuals 74, 85 Headquarters in Peking 93 and “continuing revolution” 89 May 30th 1925 movement 29 criticism of Four Cleans campaign May Fourth movement (1919) 182–184 tactics 101 media critique of Life of Wu Xun (ﬁlm) 77 independent 195 death of (1976) 125, 127–128 Western coverage of China 204 and “Diary of Struggle” sessions (to see also Internet; journalists; social denounce Wang Shiwei) 61–65 media; television and execution of Wang Shiwei 68 Medrano Mederos, Florencio, Mexican and fall of Liu Shaoqi 102–103 guerrilla 134 and formation of popular front (1937) melamine-tainted milk scandal, Sanlu 34 (2008) 214 and Great Leap Forward (1958–1960) Menbox magazine 201 90 Mexico 134 and Hundred Flowers Movement democratization 231 (1956–1957) 82, 89 middle class, emergence of 191, 211 ideological triumph 46–47 military training camps 134 “instructions” denouncing culture and Ministry of Culture 195 art (1963–1964) 85 Molotov–Ribbentrop pact 43

276 / Index

Moyano, Maria Elena, mayor of People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Ayacucho 143 and 60th-anniversary military parade Mugabe, Robert 235 (2009) 193 rules for warfare 142 Nanjing, fall of (1937) 31, 35 in Shanghai 76 Narkomindel (Soviet People’s People’s Net, Public Opinion Monitoring Commissariat for Foreign Affairs) Office 224 16 Peru 131–145 National Parliament, Communists and 11 Maoist civil war 132 National Security Commission (2014) methodical approach to insurgency 144 227 poverty 135 National Security Law (2017) 228 and rise of Shining Path Maoism Nepal 132–133, 235 influence of Shining Path in 146 rural state militias 143 Maoist insurgency in 145–147 state response to Shining Path guerrilla Maoists in federal republic 146 warfare 141 Netherlands, Revolutionary Socialist students 135–137, 139 Party 26 Peruvian Communist Party, split 137 New China Daily 40 pollution 5 New Enlightenment magazine 180 popular front 32, 43, 48 New York Times 40 political consultative conference 40 on 60th-anniversary military parade Sino-Japanese war 33–36 (2009) 193 prices on Deng 193 dual-track system 163 on wealth of leaders 207 problems of reform 165 on Xi Jinping 207 “princelings,” elite coalition in CCP 152 newspapers, and Internet 201 private sector, and CCP government Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 178 (1949) 26 Nikolsky, Vladimir 11 Project Happiness NGO 106 Niu Youlan, landowner 93 propaganda Non-Aligned Movement 234 China on global stage 204 external 129 Olympic Games, in Beijing (2008) 202, importance to CCP 38–39, 56 204–205 Mao works or images 129 award of (2001) 198 and rectification campaign 66 public opinion Paris Peace Conference (1919) 7 online 223–225 PCP–Bandera Roja (Red Flag) state monitoring 223–224 Chinese funds for 138 survey reports 223 Peru 137 public shaming 225 peasantry, and alliance with workers 22 on television 228 Peng Dehuai, criticism of Mao (1959) see also struggle sessions 155 Putin, Vladimir 233 People’s Daily 44 People’s Daily Online 228 Qing Dynasty 7 Media Opinion Monitoring Office 223 Qu Qiubai 23

Index / 277

racism Safarov, Georgy 16, 25 and ethnic tensions 206, 234, 237 Sang Ye 200 Peru 135 Schüller, Richard, leader of the Radek, Karl 16, 21, 25 Communist Youth International Radio Peking 137 20 railway workers’ strike (1923) 21–22 Schwartz, Benjamin, “China and Rao Jin, founder of Anti-CNN.com 204 Contemporary Millenarianism” Reagan, Ronald, US President, and Zhao 188 Ziyang 164 seamen’s strike (1921–1922) 14 rectification campaign, Mao’s 46, 49, Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) 54–56, 65 31, 34–36, 53 coercion 63, 68 CCP Hundred Regiments Offensive and “Diary of Struggle” sessions (to (1940) 53 denounce Wang Shiwei) 61–65 defense of Taierzhuang 38 persuasion 61 and formation of popular front 33–36 “self-criticism” 62–63 military collaboration 39 see also Yan’an Nationalist victory 49 Red Cross Commercial Society, Guo Shambaugh, David 206 Meimei and 216 Shandong Province, ceded to Japan 7 Red Cross Society of China (RCSC) Shangguan Yunzhu, actress and Commercial Red Cross 222 affair with He Lu 79, 83 effect of Internet attack on donations articles by 81 221 branded as rightist 82 Internet attack on 216, 218 cancers 85 news conference (2011) 221 and CCP in Shanghai 76–77 Red Guard student movement 101 dinners with Mao 73–74, 80–81, reforms 83–84 1980s 149 early life and career 74–76 and retrenchments 149 humiliation and investigation 86 refugees, in Wuhan 37 and Jiang Qing 74 Return to My Unit (film) 79, 81 labor reform 83 Revolutionary Communist Party of the later work 83, 85 USA 145 marriage to Cheng Shuyao 77–78 Revolutionary Internationalist period in favor 81–83 Movement (RIM) 145 rehabilitation 86 Reynoso, Oswaldo 136 Return to My Unit (film) 79 Rolland, Romain 178 self-criticism 77, 83 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Social Contract suicide (1968) 86 183 talent 87 Roy, M. N. 13 as “teachable role model” 79–81 Russia Shanghai 175 and Muslim minorities 234 fall to Japanese 75 and unequal treaties with Qing 233 Investigation Committee for see also USSR Shangguan Yunzhu 86 Russian Revolution (1917) 7 massacre of Communists by KMT and China 10 (1927) 26, 29

278 / Index

Shanghai (cont.) role in internationalization of ideology Municipal CCP 80 232 Sino-Soviet Friendship Building 73 and Third CCP Congress 22–25 Shanghai, battle of (1937) 31, 35 view of KMT 17 Shanghai, film industry 76–77 Snow, Edgar 52 Shanghai Film Studio 77, 79–80, 82 Red Star over China 37 Shanghai Gang 196 social management Jiang Zemin and 194 Hu Jintao and 214 Shanghai group, CCP coalition and Internet 225 153 social media Shanghai Literature and Arts Press 179 blocking of major foreign sites 206 Shanxi–Hebei–Shandong–Henan Border criticisms in 206 Region 154 online participation 221 Shen Fu, film director 78 WeChat 228–230 Shenyang 1948 2 see also Internet; Sina Weibo Shi Feike, journalist 210 social problems (2011) 221–222 Shi Hui, actor 82 socialism, capitalism as necessary Shining Path (Communist Party of Peru) precursor to 168 132 Song Qiang and Zhang Zangzang, China beginning of insurgency 140 Can Say No 204 car bomb in Tatara 143 South China Sea, Chinese ambitions in collapse (after capture of Guzmán) 145 233, 238 dead dog stunt in Lima 141 Southern Metropolis Daily, Guangzhou formation of 139 201 guerrilla warfare 132, 141, 143 Spanish Civil War 32, 37, 43 influence in Nepal 146 Chinese volunteers in international military organization 142 brigades 32 Sichuan province, rural economic special economic zones 163–164, 169 reforms 161–162 Spring in the Jade Hall (opera) 59 Sina Weibo 217, 229 Spring of Peace (film) 76 Guo Meimei incident on 218 Stalin, Josef 25 real-name registration 225 collectivization 237 social media platform 215 History of the Communist Party of the Singapore, Chinese in 236 Soviet Union (Bolsheviks): short Sino-Soviet split 46, 134, 137, 233 course (1935) 46 Smedley, Agnes 37 and Hitler 32 Sneevliet, Henricus 9–27 non-aggression pact with Germany 43 character 9 purges (1936–1937) 32 experience in Dutch East Indies 9, 13 Socialism in One Country 232 later life 26 struggle sessions meeting with KMT 13–15 to denounce Wang Guangmei 92, 103, and Moscow Comintern 9, 16, 19–21 105 proposal for CCP and KMT alliance to denounce Wang Shiwei 61–65, 69 10, 13 see also public shaming relations with Sun Yat-sen 14 students return to Moscow 25 and Beijing Spring (1989) 168

Index / 279

demand for democratic reforms 151 Tsinghua University, Beijing 177 Peru 136–137 Wang Guangmei at 102, 104 Tiananmen Square demonstration (1989) 151–152, 168 United Front 29, 52 and university selection 149 fall of (1942) 53 Sun Yat-sen, KMT leader 7, 10 origins 26 alliances with warlords 21 United States of America death (1925) 26 and China 233, 237 and military solution 14 and Russia 233 Soviet doubts about 19 and trade with China 163 Soviet funds for 22 under Trump administration 240 view of Marxism 14 and USSR 4, 237 universities Tan Qilong, Party Secretary of Shandong 83 academic selection for 149 Tanaka Kakuei, Japanese prime minister CCP control over 170 (1972) 49 see also students; Tsinghua University Tao Xisheng, journalist 37 USSR Tao Zhu, criticism of Cultural collapse (1991) 233 Revolution 156 and economic development 237 television and Japan 33 public shaming on 228 Lenin–Trotsky split 232 and social changes 201 military aid for China (1937–1938) 35 Thailand 237 New Economic Policy 14 Theoretical Trends, journal 166 relations with China 233–234 Three People’s Principles Youth League Stalin’s purges (1936–1937) 32 36, 41 and United States 4 Tian Han, playwright 38 weakness of Soviet Communist Party 6 Tiananmen Square demonstration see also Comintern; Russia (1989) 151–152, 168 Utley, Freda 37 effect on intellectuals 176, 181 Uyghur Online website 202 international condemnation 152 Tianya, social media platform 218–219 Versailles, Treaty of 7 Tibet Vietnam, CCP influence in 147, 236 religious repression 209 Vladimirov, Peter 45 riots (2008) 204 Voitinsky, Grigori 11, 16, 20–21, 25 The Times, on Armistice Day (1937) 48 Timperley, Harold 37 Wang Danfeng, actress 83–84 toad, inflatable 209 Wang Dongxing, Mao’s bodyguard 127 Tohti, Ilham, Uyghur economist 202 Wang Fanxi 54 trade, removal of global barriers 237 Wang Guangmei 84, 91–107 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), Trump’s capture of 103 withdrawal from 240 contradictions and paradoxes of Trotsky, Leon 25 106–107 Trump, Donald, US President 240 denunciation (1967) 89, 104–105 trust, crisis of (in public institutions) 214, early life and work 92–94 222 and guidance of Mao 95, 97

280 / Index

Wang Guangmei (cont.) Wang Yuanhua 175–190 imprisonment 105–106 anxiety about future of human marriage to Liu Shaoqi 94–96 civilization 187–188 and Project Happiness NGO 106 belief in human reason 182 work of Peach Garden Experience character 186–187 95–101, 104 death 190 Peach Garden Experience (talk and and dignity 189 manual) 98–101 early life and career 176–177 and work team at Tsinghua University essay on Du Yachuan 175 102 expulsion from CCP 179 see also Liu Shaoqi, Chinese president fascination with nineteenth century Wang Jiaxiang 44 188–189 Wang Jingwei, and Sino-Japanese War idealism of 178 44 inﬂuence of Hegel on 180, 182, 190 Wang Lijun, and Bo Xilai 214 intellectual critique of Marxism 173, Wang Ming 180, 182–184 call for united front 32 and intellectual factions 184–185 with CCP 33 joins CCP 178 and Chiang Kai-shek 35 and “middle path” 185 delegate to USSR 31 New Enlightenment magazine 180 denunciation by Mao 47 as part of “Hu Feng fall from power 43 Counterrevolutionary Clique” 179 Fifty Years of the CCP memoir 46 and reﬂection 176, 181 and formation of popular front 33–36 and Rousseau’s Social Contract 183 relations with Mao 33, 44–47 Shanghai Literature and Arts Press 179 and Sino-Japanese War 35 on tolerance 185–186 suspected poisoning 45 warlords, China 10, 16 in Wuhan 41 Washington Post, in Wuhan 38 Wang Shiwei wealth and “Anti-Party Gang of Five” 65–68 inequality 191, 207 compared with Wang Yuanhua 173 as new virtue 215 conviction 65 WeChat, social media platform 228–230 cosmopolitan views of 57 Moment feature 228 criticism of leadership of CCP 59 Weibo see Sina Weibo cross-examination 64 weiguan (spectating) 217 defense of 63 Wen Jiabao 197 execution (1947) 68 on Chinese economy 208 imprisonment 68 and Internet “netizens” 214 origins 52, 54–55 wealth 207 “Politicians, Artists” essay 57 at Wenchuan earthquake 205 rehabilitation (1992) 69 Wen Jize 64 Rest (novel) 55 “Diary of Struggle” 63, 69 “Strong Bones, Soft Bones” poster 51 Wenchuan, earthquake (2008) 204 struggle sessions to denounce 61–65 wenming (civility), and Internet behavior Trotskyism 54, 232 225–228 Wild Lilies (zawen) 58–61 Wenzhou, train crash (2011) 207, 221

Index / 281

Wikileaks Cablegate 197 Xu Changlin 82 World Trade Organization 164 Xu Zhangrun, on Jiang Zemin 210 Chinese membership (2001) 198–199, Xue Manzi, Internet celebrity 225 237 Xuzhou, battle of 40, 42 Wu Jiaxiang 197 Wu Peifu, warlord 20 Yan Yongjie 83 Wu Yin 82 Yan’an Wu Yonggang 82 CCP base in 29, 49, 52–55 Wuhan Central Research Institute 56, 63 center of national resistance “Diary of Struggle” sessions (to (1937–1938) 35–41 denounce Wang Shiwei) 61–65 fall of 42–43 Grain Rain literary magazine 57 Japanese bombing of 40 Kangda Military Academy 56 press criticism of Communists 35 Liberation Daily 56 propaganda week (April 1938) 38–39 Lu Xun Arts Academy 56 public rallies 37–38 Party School 55 refugees from 41–42 revolutionary artists 56–58 refugees in 37 revolutionary youth in 53, 59 Wukan, Guangdong province, village Wang Guangmei in 93 protests (2011) 222 see also rectification campaign, Mao’s Yang Shangkun, on Wang Shiwei 66 Xi Jinping, President and Party General Yangge drama, Yan’an 66 Secretary 61 Yao Ke, marriage to Shangguan Yunzhu appointment 207, 215 75 autocratic tendencies 209, 236, 239 Yao Yao, daughter of Shangguan Belt and Road Initiative 234, 238 Yunzhu 78, 86 Chinese Dream 1 Ye Jianying early reforms 208 and formation of popular front 35–36 and ideology of wenming 226 military collaboration with KMT 39 and Internet 227–228 Yu Bingran, and Wang Shiwei 67 milestones 1 Yu Jianrong, blogger 219 one-man rule 2, 5 Yu Zecheng, fictional hero 219 opposition to USA 233 Yuan Shikai, first president of China and Party interests 239 (1911) 7 and political reform 233 predictions 207 zawen (polemic essay), revival of in repression of Islam and Turkic Yan’an 57 sentiment 234 Zhang Dayan, marriage to Shangguan and USA 240 Yunzhu 74 wealth 207 Zhang Guotao, CCP 12, 18 Xi’an Incident (1936) 33, 52 and Mao 30, 53 Xie Bingying, journalist 37 in Moscow 21 Xinhua Film Company 75 relations with Sneevliet 22 Xinjiang Province resistance to alliance with KMT 19, 23 ethnic riot (2009) 206 Zhang Ruxin, on rectification campaign ethnic tensions 234 66

282 / Index

Zhang Yimou 205 and rural economic reforms in Sichuan Zhang Yufeng 127 160–163 Zhang Zuolin, warlord 16 support for calls for democracy Zhao Baige, executive vice president of 157–160 RCSC 216, 221 support for Mao 155 Zhao Dan, actor 82 support for Red Guard movement 156 Zhao Ziyang 150, 173 and Tiananmen Square demonstration and calls for political reforms 165–170 152, 169–170 character 162 Zhou, Mr., blogger 220 discussion group proposals on Zhou Enlai political reform 167 and Chiang Kai-shek 44 dismissal 169 and formation of popular front 35–36 early career 153–154 and Kissinger 46 as General Secretary of CCP 166 and Non-Aligned Movement 234 and Great Leap Forward 154–155 and Tsinghua University 102 in Guangdong 155–156 and Wang Guangmei 95 legacy of 169–171 and writers and artists meeting 83 and “Li Yizhe” poster campaign and Zhao Ziyang 156 (1974) 158–159 Zhou Yang, “An Exploration of a few and national economic modernization Theoretical Questions in 163–165, 170 Marxism” 180 pragmatism of 157, 169 Zhu De, CCP military commander 29, promotion to premier (1980) 162 40 public criticism session (1967) 156 Zhu Rongji 169 rehabilitation (1971) 156 and WTO membership 198 and resistance to reforms 165 Zou Taofen, journalist 37