DOCSLIB.ORG

Managing Geotechnical Risk on London's Elizabeth Line

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Managing Geotechnical Risk on London's Elizabeth Line Civil Engineering Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers Volume 170 Issue CE5 Civil Engineering 170 May 2017 Issue CE5 Pages 23–30 http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jcien.16.00024 Crossrail project: managing geotechnical Paper 1600024 risk on London’s Elizabeth line Received 21/06/2016 Accepted 30/11/2016 Keywords: infrastructure planning/safety & hazards/site Black investigation ICE Publishing: All rights reserved Crossrail project: managing geotechnical risk on London’s Elizabeth line Mike Black MSc, CGeol, CSci, FGS Head of Geotechnics, Crossrail, London, UK Understanding the ground and the specific geotechnical risks it presented was critical for successful delivery of Crossrail, the £14·8 billion project to deliver the Elizabeth line east–west railway across London, UK. Focusing specifically on the central tunnelled section, this paper describes the broad geological setting of the scheme and what were initially perceived to be the key geotechnical hazards. It further describes, with selected examples, how through detailed desk studies, targeted ground investigations and comprehensive client-led interpretative reporting, the specific risks posed by these hazards were more clearly defined. Appropriate mitigation was then developed both during design and delivery to eliminate or reduce these risks to manageable levels. 1. Introduction Focusing specifically on the central tunnelled section, this paper aims to describe the geological setting of the scheme and what Crossrail is a £14·8 billion project to deliver the Elizabeth line were initially perceived to be the key geotechnical risks. It will go – a new high-frequency, high-speed suburban railway serving on to describe how targeted ground investigations were designed London and its surrounding regions. Due for full operation by and implemented to inform and assess the extent of these risks 2019, the line stretches from Berkshire, west of London, to Essex and how client-led interpretative reporting ensured consistency in and Kent in the east – an alignment that measures over 100 km. geotechnical design across the programme. Of this, 42 km comprises the central tunnelled route between Royal The paper will then explain to what extent expected risks Oak portal, near Paddington, and Pudding Mill Lane portal and manifested during construction. It will conclude by describing Plumstead portal, north-east and south-east of the city, respectively what lessons have been learned during the construction of the civil (Figure 1). works both in terms of our understanding of London geology and Within the central tunnelled route there are eight new below- the way in which certain geotechnical risks are managed during ground stations, five permanent shafts, two cross-over structures, construction. two junctions and a number of cross-passages and sumps. Additionally, there were a multitude of temporary shafts and other structures needed for logistical and programme reasons during 2. Geology of the central tunnelled section construction. With a programme of such size and complexity, it was clear The Crossrail tunnels and underground stations are located from the outset that understanding the geology and the specific wholly within the London basin, a large, east–west trending geotechnical risks was going to be critical for successful delivery. geological syncline that sits between the high ground of the Chilterns to the north-west of London and the North Downs to the south of the city. Table 1 shows the strata contained within the Eleanor Street shaft London basin that are encountered within the profile of the Crossrail Fisher Street Mile End Park shaft Pudding Mill shaft Lane portal project. These consist of the Cretaceous Chalk Formation, overlain Farringdon Tottenham To Shenfield by the Palaeogene succession of the Thanet Sand Formation, Court Road Whitechapel Lambeth Group (comprising the Upnor, Woolwich and Reading To Maidenhead Stratford Connaught tunnel Formations) and the Harwich and London Clay Formations. Lying and Heathrow North Woolwich Custom portal House Royal Bond Table 1. Simplified stratigraphy of the London basin Oak portal Street Canary Paddington Wharf Period Series Deposit Woolwich Liverpool Abbey Street Wood Quaternary Holocene Made ground Stepney Limmo Victoria Dock Green Peninsula portal Alluvium Plumstead portal shaft shaft Pleistocene Langley Silt Crossrail station and route in tunnel River Terrace Deposits Crossrail station and route on surface 0 km 5 Palaeogene Eocene London Clay Formation Tunnel portal Shaft Harwich Formation Palaeocene Lambeth Group Figure 1. Plan of the central tunnelled section of the new Thanet Sand Formation Elizabeth line across London Cretaceous Upper Cretaceous Chalk 23 Civil Engineering Crossrail project: managing geotechnical Volume 170 Issue CE5 risk on London’s Elizabeth line Black on top of these are the more recent deposits of the River Terrace groundwater control measures have been employed. Finally, in the gravels, alluvium and made ground. The palaeoenvironments and south-eastern section that includes the Thames tunnels, the route structural setting of the UK at the time of deposition for each of passes into the Chalk Formation, a weak limestone that contains these strata is further described by Davis (2016). Figure 2 shows flints in continuous bands or nodules and significant fracture- the geological long-section for the Crossrail central area. controlled water flow. The western half of the Crossrail tunnelled route is largely Royse et al. (2012) describe the various contemporaneous and constructed in London Clay, a stiff overconsolidated clay that has post-depositional orogenic events that resulted in the structure relatively small amounts of free water and is generally well-suited of the London basin that we see today. Associated with the main to tunnelling. Beneath this, although not present everywhere, is east–west trending folding are some significant known faults the Harwich Formation. This is typically less than 2 m thick and that intersect the Elizabeth line route (Figure 3). Aldiss (2013) consists of a mixture of sands and clays, with occasional gravel describes the under-representation of faulting in central London and is frequently associated with high water flows. As the route in existing literature as largely due to apparent homogeneity and travels eastwards, the tunnels pass down through the stratigraphic lack of marker bands in the London Clay. Understanding of the sequence into the highly variable Lambeth Group deposits. These geological structure of certain areas has increased significantly as a can be particularly challenging for tunnelling and sub-surface result of the Crossrail works. excavation due to the variability of material types ranging from stiff clays through to loose sands and gravels, hard limestone layers and shelly beds. This variability can lead to irregularly distributed 3. Geotechnical hazards and risk and unexpected water flows and may result in instability during excavation. With a good understanding of the geological setting, enhanced by Further east still, the route passes down into the Thanet Sand a comprehensive set of geotechnical desk studies undertaken over Formation. These are typically fine to medium poorly graded sands a number of years since the project’s first incarnation in the early and silts. This Formation and the lower units of the Lambeth Group 1990s, a number of key geotechnical hazards and the consequent and underlying Chalk constitute the main aquifer in London and risks that they pose were identified early in the feasibility design are generally fully saturated where they are encountered by the process. A number of these hazards and risks were recognised Crossrail tunnels with the exception of specific locations where from reviews of other major tunnelling projects in London, Zone of faulting Paddington station Bond Street station Tottenham Court Road station Fisher Street shaft/cross-over Farringdon station Liverpool Street station Whitechapel station Stepney Green junction Grand Union canal Mile End Park shaft Eleanor Street shaft River Lea Pudding Mill Lane portal Royal Oak portal 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 Height above tunnel datum: m 40 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10 000 11 000 12 000 13 000 14 000 14 500 Distance along tunnel drive: m Zone of faulting Zone of faulting Greenwich fault zone Superficial deposits River Terrace Deposits London Clay (including Harwich Formation) Lambeth Group Mid-Lambeth Hiatus Thanet Sand Stepney Green junction Canary Wharf station Poplar Dock River Lea Limmo Peninsula shaft Victoria Dock portal Custom House station North Woolwich portal Woolwich station Plumstead shaft Plumstead portal Chalk River Thames 120 West India Dock Connaught tunnel Deep aquifer piezometric 110 100 90 level (August 2008) 80 70 Eastbound tunnel 60 50 Westbound tunnel Height above tunnel datum: m 40 11 000 12 000 13 000 14 000 15 000 16 000 17 000 18 000 19 000 20 000 21 000 22 000 23 000 Distance along tunnel drive: m Figure 2. Geological long-sections of the central tunnelled section, which forks at Stepney Green (vertical scale exaggerated ×20) 24 Civil Engineering Crossrail project: managing geotechnical Volume 170 Issue CE5 risk on London’s Elizabeth line Black Information and case studies on the risk posed by tunnelling and Plaistow excavation-induced ground settlement on existing structures and Graben Tottenham utilities can be found in the three volumes of Crossrail Project: Court Farringdon Road Royal Infrastructure Design and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Investigation Into Reliability of the Jubilee Line
    Investigation into Reliability: London Underground Jubilee Line An Interactive Qualifying Project submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science By Jack Arnis Agolli Marianna Bailey Errando Berwin Jayapurna Yiannis Kaparos Date: 26 April 2017 Report Submitted to: Malcolm Dobell CPC Project Services Professors Rosenstock and Hall-Phillips Worcester Polytechnic Institute This report represents work of WPI undergraduate students submitted to the faculty as evidence of a degree requirement. WPI routinely publishes these reports on its web site without editorial or peer review. For more information about the projects program at WPI, see http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Projects. Abstract Metro systems are often faced with reliability issues; specifically pertaining to safety, accessibility, train punctuality, and stopping accuracy. The project goal was to assess the reliability of the London Underground’s Jubilee Line and the systems implemented during the Jubilee Line extension. The team achieved this by interviewing train drivers and Transport for London employees, surveying passengers, validating the stopping accuracy of the trains, measuring dwell times, observing accessibility and passenger behavior on platforms with Platform Edge Doors, and overall train performance patterns. ii Acknowledgements We would currently like to thank everyone who helped us complete this project. Specifically we would like to thank our sponsor Malcolm Dobell for his encouragement, expert advice, and enthusiasm throughout the course of the project. We would also like to thank our contacts at CPC Project Services, Gareth Davies and Mehmet Narin, for their constant support, advice, and resources provided during the project.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncovering the Underground's Role in the Formation of Modern London, 1855-1945
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--History History 2016 Minding the Gap: Uncovering the Underground's Role in the Formation of Modern London, 1855-1945 Danielle K. Dodson University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: http://dx.doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2016.339 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Dodson, Danielle K., "Minding the Gap: Uncovering the Underground's Role in the Formation of Modern London, 1855-1945" (2016). Theses and Dissertations--History. 40. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/40 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--History by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.
    [Show full text]
  • Finchley Road This Page Is Intentionally Left Blank
    Rail Accident Report Train travelling with doors open on the Jubilee line 1 September 2018 Report 06/2019 July 2019 This investigation was carried out in accordance with: l the Railway Safety Directive 2004/49/EC; l the Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003; and l the Railways (Accident Investigation and Reporting) Regulations 2005. © Crown copyright 2019 You may re-use this document/publication (not including departmental or agency logos) free of charge in any format or medium. You must re-use it accurately and not in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and you must give the title of the source publication. Where we have identified any third party copyright material you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This document/publication is also available at www.gov.uk/raib. Any enquiries about this publication should be sent to: RAIB Email: [email protected] The Wharf Telephone: 01332 253300 Stores Road Website: www.gov.uk/raib Derby UK DE21 4BA This report is published by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch, Department for Transport. Preface Preface The purpose of a Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) investigation is to improve railway safety by preventing future railway accidents or by mitigating their consequences. It is not the purpose of such an investigation to establish blame or liability. Accordingly, it is inappropriate that RAIB reports should be used to assign fault or blame, or determine liability, since neither the investigation nor the reporting process has been undertaken for that purpose. The RAIB’s findings are based on its own evaluation of the evidence that was available at the time of the investigation and are intended to explain what happened, and why, in a fair and unbiased manner.
    [Show full text]
  • John Self Obe
    JOHN SELF OBE WWW.FCPWORLD.NET KEY SKILLS JOHN SELF has nearly 50 years experience in metro and railway Rail engineering, rolling operations, senior management, engineering and advisory roles. He stock, operations, rail joined London Underground as a trainee and rose through the ranks safety, benchmarking, PPPs, franchises, to become General Manager of some of the busiest lines. He then concessions moved to the national rail industry, as Director of Safety at the EMPLOYMENT Strategic Rail Authority, and then served as the first Chief Executive 2004-current Partner, First of the newly created Rail Safety and Standards Board. Recently, John has been Class Partnerships Ltd, UK advising Transport for London and private sector franchise bidders on the London 2003-2004 Interim Chief Overground and Crossrail projects and has assisted Eko Rail with development of Executive, Rail Safety and plans for the Lagos Metro. Standards Board, UK 2000-2003 Director, Safety, He has managed large operating budgets and diverse front line workforces, Strategic Rail Authority, UK delivering regular and reliable services, safely, while achieving significant 1997-2000 President, productivity improvements and efficiencies. CoMET From its formation, John was active in the educational activities of the Institution of 1966-2000 London Underground Limited, UK - Railway Operators, and is a former chair of the Education and Professional General Manager, Jubilee Development Committee and was Lead Tutor for the modules on safety and and East London Lines, engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • UK Jubilee Line Extension (JLE)
    UK Jubilee Line Extension (JLE) - 1 - This report was compiled by the OMEGA Centre, University College London. Please Note: This Project Profile has been prepared as part of the ongoing OMEGA Centre of Excellence work on Mega Urban Transport Projects. The information presented in the Profile is essentially a 'work in progress' and will be updated/amended as necessary as work proceeds. Readers are therefore advised to periodically check for any updates or revisions. The Centre and its collaborators/partners have obtained data from sources believed to be reliable and have made every reasonable effort to ensure its accuracy. However, the Centre and its collaborators/partners cannot assume responsibility for errors and omissions in the data nor in the documentation accompanying them. - 2 - CONTENTS A INTRODUCTION Type of Project Location Major Associated Developments Current Status B BACKGROUND TO PROJECT Principal Project Objectives Key Enabling Mechanisms and Timeline of Key Decisions Principal Organisations Involved • Central Government Bodies/Departments • Local Government • London Underground Limited • Olympia & York • The coordinating group • Contractors Planning and Environmental Regime • The JLE Planning Regime • The Environmental Statement • Project Environmental Policy & the Environmental Management System (EMS) • Archaeological Impact Assessment • Public Consultation • Ecological Mitigation • Regeneration Land Acquisition C PRINCIPAL PROJECT CHARACTERISTICS Route Description Main Termini and Intermediate Stations • Westminster
    [Show full text]
  • The Jubilee Line Upgrade
    THE JUBILEE LINE UPGRADE by Mike Palmer Upgrade Operations, Jubilee Line, London Underground A report of the LURS meeting at All Souls Club House on 13 October 2009 Mike prefaced the talk by explaining how the Northern Line upgrade and Jubilee Line were similar and those who attended the Northern Line Upgrade talk several months ago would hear some similarities. Mike also explained how some of the talk would be relatively complex and different to any automatic signalling system on LU at the moment: to understand the complexity of the upgrade he would have to teach us some of the concepts behind the new system. It was also made clear to the audience that as the upgrade at time of the talk was overdue, some areas of questioning, such as details of slippage, cost, contractual relationships, would not and could not, for legal reasons, be answered. Mike started off his career in 1982 as a railman, becoming a guard on the District Line at Acton with other well-known figures such as Colin Smith, Dave Rowe and Kim Rennie. He moved to become an Information Assistant between 1985 and 1986 where a familiar Brian Hardy gave him the job. He then moved to become a Line Controller on the Piccadilly, District, Jubilee Metropolitan and Bakerloo from 1986-1989, a Duty Train Manager on the Piccadilly and District between 1989-1993, and then the Duty Operations Manager for the District Line from 1993 to 1995. Following this, he then became a Service Control Manager for the Jubilee and East London lines.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Gateway London an International Center for Scholarship and Collaboration
    GLOBAL GATEWAY LONDON AN INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARSHIP AND COLLABORATION WELCOME TO NOTRE DAME The University of Notre Dame boasts a network of extraordinary facilities and programs located around the world—the Notre Dame Global Gateways. Under the aegis of Notre Dame International (NDI), the Global Gateways are academic and intellectual centers where scholars, students, and leaders from universities, government, business, and the community gather to discuss issues of topical and enduring relevance. At each Global Gateway, the Notre Dame community and its many international partners and colleagues work together to advance knowledge across all disciplines with a view to the common good. London is home to one of six Notre Dame Global Gateways, with the others located in Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem, and Rome. The London Global Gateway consists of two major facilities: an academic center (Fischer Hall at Trafalgar Square) and a 270-bed residence building (Conway Hall, close to the South Bank near Waterloo Station). These two facilities, located in vibrant Central London, are within easy walking distance of each other. Whether for hosting a large conference or merely for providing office space for a day or two, Fischer Hall and Conway Hall serve the needs of the Notre Dame community in London. • The Summer Engineering Program in LONDON London exposes Notre Dame students to innovative technological achievements PROGRAMS during a six-week program. • The Law Summer Program is open The London Global Gateway is active to Notre Dame and non-Notre Dame year-round, hosting a myriad of activities law students and has between 30 including graduate and undergraduate and 40 participants.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Cambridge Research Horizons
    HRESOEARRCH IZONS In this issue BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION plus objects of devotion, an infrastructure revolution and the making of modern Germany University of Cambridge research magazine www.cam.ac.uk/research/ Issue 17 2 | Guest editorial Contents Issue 17, February 2012 Biodiversity conservation M A R K Research news 3–5 M N I S Z K Spotlight: 6–17 O Biodiversity conservation Research, policy, practice: 6–7 conservation in the round Canopy commerce: forest 8–9 conservation and poverty alleviation The crystal ball of 10 –11 conservation Conservation clusters: 12 making the case Games for nature 13 A lost world? How 14 –15 zooarchaeology can inform biodiversity conservation Landscape, literature, life 16 –17 Cambridge is famous as the centre of ‘Silicon Fen’ – the cluster of high-tech businesses drawn together geographically by the benefits of a world-leading research-intensive University and Preview 18 –19 rich networking opportunities. Much less well known is the fact that Cambridge is home to one of the world’s largest clusters of people and institutions working to understand and Kaiser, Reich and the making conserve global biodiversity. of modern Germany Life on Earth is at risk from an unprecedented rate of environmental change that threatens the natural resources on which humanity depends. Biodiversity – the genes, species and Features 20 –31 ecosystems that comprise nature – provides food, fuel, medicines and other vital ‘ecosystem Autophagy: when 20 –21 services’, along with countless intangible benefits, for society. ‘self-eating’ is good for you But biodiversity is in steep decline, and its sustainable management is a major challenge for the 21st century.
    [Show full text]
  • Tacsound Is a NonProfit Division of the Teachers' Association (Canada) Affiliated with the Royal Scottish Country Dance Society
    TACSound is a non-profit division of the Teachers' Association (Canada) affiliated with the Royal Scottish Country Dance Society. Your volunteer manager, Lydia Hedge, is TACSound pleased to offer you a unique selection of available recorded music for Scottish Country Dancing and your listening pleasure. Recorded Music Division of TO ORDER: Teachers’ Association (Canada) ONLINE : Go to http://sound.tac-rscds.org Select the albums you want, add them to your CART then proceed to the CHECKOUT pages to select shipping method and payment option. Payment online can be by PayPal or Invoice/Cheque (which includes VISA). If you are a member of TAC, you are entitled to a 5% discount . You need a Discount Coupon to receive this online. Contact Lydia for your coupon number. (See next page for more details about discounts) BY MAIL : Complete an Order Form (back of this catalogue) including Item #,Title/Group. Mail it to: TACSound ℅ Lydia Hedge 624 Three Fathom Harbour Road RR#2, Head of Chezzetcook Nova Scotia Canada B0J 1N0 Do not send payment but please note on the order form whether you want to remit in Canadian dollars, U.S. dollars, or Sterling. We will send an invoice at the current exchange rate with the goods. March 2010 Catalogue BY PHONE : 902-827-2033 BY EMAIL : Just compose an email, indicating which albums you want. Send it to: All Prices Shown are in Canadian Dollars [email protected] or: [email protected] All prices shown in the catalogue are in Canadian dollars and are subject to change without notice because of price changes from our suppliers or currency fluctuations.
    [Show full text]
  • Statement of Community Involvement Download
    MORDEN WHARF. STATEMENT OF COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT REGENERATION RETHOUGHT Lowick The News Building 3 London Bridge Street London, SE1 9SG Report Author Tom Dewey, Account Director [email protected] +44 (0)203 743 6250 CONTENTS 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 4 2. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. The site and local area ................................................................................................... 9 2.3. A brief history ............................................................................................................... 10 2.4. Planning policy context ................................................................................................ 11 2.5. Scheme description ..................................................................................................... 11 3. STAKEHOLDER AUDIT ...................................................................................................... 14 3.2. Political stakeholders ................................................................................................... 14 3.3. Local groups and organisations .................................................................................. 14 3.4. Local businesses, schools and community facilities .................................................. 15 3.5. Neighbouring developers ...........................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Lambeth Council and Transport for London Will Assess How Developments Can Take Account of and Address Transport Requirements
    Chapter 7: Site Specific Guidance Site Specific Guidance There are many sites in Waterloo where Lambeth would welcome redevelopment, but this section sets out guidance for particular sites where clarification of the development issues is required. Likely site specific s.106 obligations are highlighted, but developments will need to comply with Lambeth’s SPD on s.106 Planning Obligations. This section covers the following sites: MDO 93 Shell Centre - Hungerford Car Park MDO 94 South Bank Centre MDO 91 Waterloo Station MDO 92 Elizabeth House MDO 107 Union Jack Club - Lower Marsh - IMAX & ‘City Square’ MDO 108 Cornwall Road bus garage 7.1 Shell Centre (MDO 93) Site History 7.1.1 Shell International put forward a plan to redevelop the Shell Centre on York Road in 2001. The plan would create a new 10-storey building on the upstream podium with office, retail and leisure uses and development within the courtyard of the Shell Centre. The ground floor spaces of the existing shell centre tower would be converted to retail uses and be open to the public. The public realm across the Shell Centre would be greatly improved. Current status 7.1.2 Planning permission and conservation area consent was granted on appeal in 2004 for a scheme including part demolition and the erection of a mixed use building of 69,000sqm on the podium site (01/02543/FUL). Development Principles 7.1.3 The UDP states that “the Council will promote the contribution this site can make to permeability and pedestrian linkages as well as to open space provision either in its own right or to generating improvements to open space within the wider area”.
    [Show full text]
  • Platform for Design
    Platform for Design Hugh Pearman Platform for Design This edition published in the United Kingdom in 2016 by Crossrail Limited: 25 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5LQ. Text © Crossrail Limited 2016 Design & Layout © Crossrail Limited 2016 ISBN 978-0-9933433-1-5 Writer: Hugh Pearman Editor: Sarah Allen Art Direction & Design: Andrew Briffett Design: Chris Hanham Contributions from Crossrail staff and its partners All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of the copyright holder. Crossrail Limited is registered in England and Wales No. 4212657. Registered Office: 25 Canada Square, Canary Wharf, London, E14 5LQ. 2 Platform for Design Hugh Pearman Platform for Design Platform for Design 5 Forewords 8 Chapter 1 The history 16 Chapter 2 Design approach 24 Chapter 3 The well-tempered environment 38 Chapter 4 The stations 140 Chapter 5 The new trains 144 Chapter 6 The culture line 4 Platform for Design Foreword from Andrew Wolstenholme OBE Chief Executive Officer, Crossrail By 2030 the capital’s population is set to reach ten million and its transport system must be ready to meet this demand. The railway that Crossrail is building – to be known as the Elizabeth line from 2018 – is part of the UK’s plan to maintain London’s place as a world city. The new railway will be a high frequency, high capacity service “The railway has been planned linking 40 stations over 100 kilometres, from Reading in the west to to deliver a well-integrated Shenfield and Abbey Wood in the east.
    [Show full text]