University of Cambridge Research Horizons

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

University of Cambridge Research Horizons HRESOEARRCH IZONS In this issue BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION plus objects of devotion, an infrastructure revolution and the making of modern Germany University of Cambridge research magazine www.cam.ac.uk/research/ Issue 17 2 | Guest editorial Contents Issue 17, February 2012 Biodiversity conservation M A R K Research news 3–5 M N I S Z K Spotlight: 6–17 O Biodiversity conservation Research, policy, practice: 6–7 conservation in the round Canopy commerce: forest 8–9 conservation and poverty alleviation The crystal ball of 10 –11 conservation Conservation clusters: 12 making the case Games for nature 13 A lost world? How 14 –15 zooarchaeology can inform biodiversity conservation Landscape, literature, life 16 –17 Cambridge is famous as the centre of ‘Silicon Fen’ – the cluster of high-tech businesses drawn together geographically by the benefits of a world-leading research-intensive University and Preview 18 –19 rich networking opportunities. Much less well known is the fact that Cambridge is home to one of the world’s largest clusters of people and institutions working to understand and Kaiser, Reich and the making conserve global biodiversity. of modern Germany Life on Earth is at risk from an unprecedented rate of environmental change that threatens the natural resources on which humanity depends. Biodiversity – the genes, species and Features 20 –31 ecosystems that comprise nature – provides food, fuel, medicines and other vital ‘ecosystem Autophagy: when 20 –21 services’, along with countless intangible benefits, for society. ‘self-eating’ is good for you But biodiversity is in steep decline, and its sustainable management is a major challenge for the 21st century. In response, Cambridge researchers from diverse disciplines, along with Objects of devotion 22 –23 conservation practitioners and policy experts – all linked to global networks – have created the Cambridge Conservation Initiative (CCI). As a partnership between the University and world- Infrastructure revolution 24 –25 leading conservation organisations 1, CCI aims to help secure a sustainable future for Flower power: how to get 26 biodiversity and humanity through interdisciplinary and innovative research, learning, ahead in advertising leadership and action. Some of the collaborations between researchers and practitioners described in this issue Solar-grade silicon at low cost 27 of Research Horizons illustrate how this University Strategic Initiative is addressing global challenges. Achieving food security while conserving the raw materials provided by It’s not history 28 –29 biodiversity, reducing carbon emissions and alleviating poverty through forest conservation, Extreme Sleepover: 30 –31 and measuring the benefits an area’s biodiversity brings to society are but three of 14 projects breathless at Everest Base Camp supported through the CCI Collaborative Fund that offer solutions to real-world problems. Similarly, we see how innovative thinking can begin to transform the landscape of The back page 32 biodiversity conservation. Studies which identify new emerging issues for biodiversity conservation, which explore whether computer gaming can reconnect people to nature, and which draw on disciplines as diverse as business, archaeology and English show how Images of Gola Forest, Cambridge offers a distinct and often novel approach to conservation. Sierra Leone, a biodiversity hotspot of Over the next three years, our vision is to create an interdisciplinary conservation campus global significance. at the heart of the University, bringing together over 500 professional conservationists from Read about innovative across organisations and University departments, in a centre of international conservation approaches for protecting the forest’s excellence. The campus will facilitate and sustain the flow of conservation research and future on page 8. practical solutions, enhance global conservation capacity and leadership, and help to Original photography: transform public understanding of nature. David Monticelli, Jeremy Lindsell, Koen Leuveld; image manipulation: Fred Lewsey and Nick Saffell. Editor: Dr Louise Walsh Design: Cambridge Design Studio Dr Mike Rands Printers: Falcon Printing Executive Director, Cambridge Conservation Initiative Contributors: Alex Buxton, Tom Kirk, Fred Lewsey, Genevieve Maul, Stuart Roberts, Louise Walsh; others as identified 1CCI partners: BirdLife International, British Trust for Ornithology, Cambridge Conservation Forum, Fauna & ©2012 University of Cambridge and Flora International, International Union for Conservation of Nature, RSPB, TRAFFIC International, Tropical Contributors as identified. All rights reserved. Biology Association, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, University of Cambridge Research news | 3 Cambridge gives Newton papers to the world Cambridge University Library has launched its new digital library by making available online Isaac Newton’s papers, including his own annotated copy of his Principia Mathematica . R E The Library holds the world’s largest and most P R O significant collection of the scientific works of D U C E Isaac Newton (1642 –1727), described by many D B Y as the greatest and most influential scientist K I N who ever lived. Now, more than 4,000 pages of D P E its most important Newton material has been R M I S uploaded to the Cambridge Digital Library to S I O N view and download anywhere in the world, O F with more to follow over the next few months. T H E S Within a day of its announcement, the site had Y N D recorded millions of hits. I C S The University Library aims to develop O F C a digital library for the world and will move A M B on from Newton to some of its other R I D G world-class collections in the realms of E U N science and faith. These will include the I V E R archive of the celebrated Board of Longitude, S I T Y a selection from the Darwin papers and L I B R some of the earliest surviving religious A R manuscripts. Y “Over the course of six centuries Cambridge University Library’s collections Some of Newton’s early calculations for determining the area of a hyperbola, 1665; MS.Add.3958 folio 79r have grown from a few dozen volumes into one of the world’s great libraries, with an in June 2010. For the digital launch of the “Newton’s copy of his Principia shows how extraordinary accumulation of books, maps, Newton papers, the Library has been aided by methodically he worked through his text; manuscripts and journals,” said University funding from JISC (Joint Information Services marking alterations, crossing out and Librarian Anne Jarvis. “These cover every Committee), which has enabled the linking of annotating his work in preparation for the conceivable aspect of human endeavour, the Library’s high-resolution facsimiles with second edition. Before today, anyone who spanning most of the world’s cultural transcriptions produced by the Newton wanted to see these things had to come to traditions.” Project at the University of Sussex. Cambridge. Now we’re bringing Cambridge The digitisation of the Newton papers and “Now, anyone, wherever they are, can see University Library to the world.” development of the sophisticated technical at the click of a mouse how Newton worked infrastructure that will underpin the new and how he went about developing his For more information about the digital library were made possible by a £1.5 theories and experiments,” added Grant Cambridge Digital Library, please visit million lead gift from the Polonsky Foundation Young, Digitisation Manager at the Library. http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/ Cambridge-Elan Centre for Research Innovation and Drug Discovery launched World-leading researchers will work together on therapeutic advances in neuroscience. The Cambridge-Elan Centre, which will be world leaders in the development of Elan Centre, Professor Christopher located at the University, will provide a therapies to combat neurodegenerative Dobson FRS, the John Humphrey highly interdisciplinary environment disorders, these compounds will be Plummer Professor of Chemical and uniquely positioned for delivering world- translated into new treatments to prevent Structural Biology at the Department of leading translational research focused on such diseases. A new ten-year agreement Chemistry, said: “I believe that we are innovative therapies for Alzheimer’s and paves the way for a long-term creating a Centre that will become Parkinson’s diseases. collaboration between Elan and the globally recognised for innovation. Our For more than 10 years, Cambridge University of Cambridge. collective expertise, proven ability to scientists have been engaged in research The process of bringing together collaborate and open innovation model to understand the fundamental molecular researchers at the University of provide an exciting basis for the origins of neurodegenerative disorders Cambridge and at Elan has already future. The new Centre will bring together such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s created novel insights and opportunities the skills of scientists working in an diseases. The primary goal of the new in drug discovery. The new Centre builds academic institution and in a Centre will be to extend these activities to on the successes of this initial interaction biotechnology company to develop new discover novel compounds and to to establish a long-term relationship to and more effective therapies for some of characterise the fundamental physico- lead to novel and effective therapies for the most devastating and increasingly chemical mechanisms by which they alter
Recommended publications
  • Investigation Into Reliability of the Jubilee Line
    Investigation into Reliability: London Underground Jubilee Line An Interactive Qualifying Project submitted to the Faculty of WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science By Jack Arnis Agolli Marianna Bailey Errando Berwin Jayapurna Yiannis Kaparos Date: 26 April 2017 Report Submitted to: Malcolm Dobell CPC Project Services Professors Rosenstock and Hall-Phillips Worcester Polytechnic Institute This report represents work of WPI undergraduate students submitted to the faculty as evidence of a degree requirement. WPI routinely publishes these reports on its web site without editorial or peer review. For more information about the projects program at WPI, see http://www.wpi.edu/Academics/Projects. Abstract Metro systems are often faced with reliability issues; specifically pertaining to safety, accessibility, train punctuality, and stopping accuracy. The project goal was to assess the reliability of the London Underground’s Jubilee Line and the systems implemented during the Jubilee Line extension. The team achieved this by interviewing train drivers and Transport for London employees, surveying passengers, validating the stopping accuracy of the trains, measuring dwell times, observing accessibility and passenger behavior on platforms with Platform Edge Doors, and overall train performance patterns. ii Acknowledgements We would currently like to thank everyone who helped us complete this project. Specifically we would like to thank our sponsor Malcolm Dobell for his encouragement, expert advice, and enthusiasm throughout the course of the project. We would also like to thank our contacts at CPC Project Services, Gareth Davies and Mehmet Narin, for their constant support, advice, and resources provided during the project.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncovering the Underground's Role in the Formation of Modern London, 1855-1945
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--History History 2016 Minding the Gap: Uncovering the Underground's Role in the Formation of Modern London, 1855-1945 Danielle K. Dodson University of Kentucky, [email protected] Digital Object Identifier: http://dx.doi.org/10.13023/ETD.2016.339 Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Dodson, Danielle K., "Minding the Gap: Uncovering the Underground's Role in the Formation of Modern London, 1855-1945" (2016). Theses and Dissertations--History. 40. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/history_etds/40 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the History at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--History by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known.
    [Show full text]
  • Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities: Summary Report 2004
    Doctorate Recipients from United States Universities: Summary Report 2004 Survey of Earned Doctorates SPONSORED BY THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, THE NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR THE HUMANITIES, THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AND THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION HIGHLIGHTS This report presents data on recipients of research doctorates awarded by U.S. universities from July 1, 2003, through June 30, 2004. This information is taken from the 2004 Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED), an annual census of new doctorate recipients. • The 419 universities in the United States that conferred research doctorates awarded 42,155 doctorates during the 2003-2004 academic year (the eligibility period for the 2004 SED), an increase of 3.4 percent from the 40,770 doctorates awarded in 2003, and the highest number since the all-time high of 42,647 in 1998. • The number of doctorates awarded by broad field in 2004 was greatest in life sciences, which conferred 8,819 Ph.D.s. The numbers in the other broad areas were 6,795 in social sciences; 6,635 in education; 6,049 in physical sciences and mathematics (combined); 5,776 in engineering; 5,467 in humanities; and 2,614 in business and other professional fields. • Women received 19,098 doctorates, or 45 percent of all doctorates granted in 2004. This is very similar to last year’s percentage for women. Women earned 50 percent of the doctorates granted in life sciences, 55 percent in social sciences, 52 percent in humanities, 66 percent in education, and 46 percent in business/other professional fields.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is the Price of College?
    Americans are concerned about the price of college. About three- STATS IN BRIEF quarters of Americans believe that college U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DECEMBER 2019 NCES 2020-470 is not affordable for everyone who needs it (Lumina Foundation and Gallup 2016). Such attitudes may reflect the year-over- year increase in college expenses since 1981 (Snyder, de Brey, and Dillow 2017) and the decreasing proportion of college What Is the Price costs that are covered by the maximum Pell Grant award, an important form of federal student financial aid (Cahalan and of College? Perna 2015). To finance the cost of college attendance, undergraduate students are increasingly likely to take out loans, Total, Net, and Out-of-Pocket including private, Stafford, Direct PLUS Prices in 2015–16 Loans (Woo and Velez 2016; Horn and Paslov 2014). Scholars have raised concerns that the amount of debt borne by recent college graduates may delay the attainment of milestones associated with AUTHORS PROJECT OFFICER Courtney A. Moore David Richards adulthood later in life, such as buying a Albert Y. Liu National Center for Education Statistics house, getting married, and having Catharine Warner-Griffin children (Brown, Caldwell, and Sutherland Jackson Miller 2014; Gallup and Purdue University 2015; Insight Policy Research Looney and Yannelis 2015). Students can choose among colleges of various institution controls and levels and face systematically different prices as a result (Radwin and Wei 2015; Wei 2010). Control is a classification of whether the institution is publicly or privately funded and operated, and level is a classification Statistics in Brief publications present descriptive data in of whether the institution offers programs tabular formats to provide useful information to a broad audience, that are 4 years or longer, at least 2 including members of the general public.
    [Show full text]
  • Finchley Road This Page Is Intentionally Left Blank
    Rail Accident Report Train travelling with doors open on the Jubilee line 1 September 2018 Report 06/2019 July 2019 This investigation was carried out in accordance with: l the Railway Safety Directive 2004/49/EC; l the Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003; and l the Railways (Accident Investigation and Reporting) Regulations 2005. © Crown copyright 2019 You may re-use this document/publication (not including departmental or agency logos) free of charge in any format or medium. You must re-use it accurately and not in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and you must give the title of the source publication. Where we have identified any third party copyright material you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This document/publication is also available at www.gov.uk/raib. Any enquiries about this publication should be sent to: RAIB Email: [email protected] The Wharf Telephone: 01332 253300 Stores Road Website: www.gov.uk/raib Derby UK DE21 4BA This report is published by the Rail Accident Investigation Branch, Department for Transport. Preface Preface The purpose of a Rail Accident Investigation Branch (RAIB) investigation is to improve railway safety by preventing future railway accidents or by mitigating their consequences. It is not the purpose of such an investigation to establish blame or liability. Accordingly, it is inappropriate that RAIB reports should be used to assign fault or blame, or determine liability, since neither the investigation nor the reporting process has been undertaken for that purpose. The RAIB’s findings are based on its own evaluation of the evidence that was available at the time of the investigation and are intended to explain what happened, and why, in a fair and unbiased manner.
    [Show full text]
  • Building a New Academic Institution: the Singapore University of Technology and Design
    CHAPTER 7 Building a New Academic Institution: the Singapore University of Technology and Design Thomas L. Magnanti The creation of any new university provides an opportunity to build upon the great traditions of higher education as well as to do some things differently, even challenge elements of the status quo. This chapter describes the creation of the Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD), a university established in collaboration with MIT that, in its design and aspirations, seeks to model MIT, a technically-oriented innovator in education and research that embraces both scholarship and practice. SUTD was established in a mature national environment of higher education alongside several world class institutions. It was intended to provide an alternative path for students, utilizing a distinctive footprint and distinctive approach to education. From the outset, SUTD strived to rethink many elements of a modern technically-oriented university. It was founded with a unique organizational and degree structure, without traditional departments or schools. It abandoned large lectures and instead embraced a hands-on, active learning approach to education, organized around cohort-based learning communities. Its approaches to education and research as well as its facility design and space allocation have been crafted to foster “multidisciplinarity.” It even abandoned the agrarian academic year calendar. It has been developed to date in what might be thought of as four phases: 1 Conception and founding (August 2007–January 2010). Development of the overall footprint, basic organizational structure, blueprint for undergraduate education, and governance structure, as well as collaborations with MIT and Zhejiang University. 2 Early development (January 2010–May 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • SACSCOC Resource Manual for Principles of Accreditation
    RESOURCE MANUAL for The Principles of Accreditation: Foundations for Quality Enhancement Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges 2020 Edition RESOURCE MANUAL for The Principles of Accreditation: Foundations for Quality Enhancement 1866 Southern Lane Decatur, GA 30033-4097 www.sacscoc.org SACSCOC Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges Third Edition Published: 2020 Statement on Fair Use The Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC) recognizes that for purposes of compliance with its standards, institutions and their representatives find it necessary from time to time to quote, copy, or otherwise reproduce short portions of its handbooks, manuals, Principles of Accreditation, and other publications for which SACSCOC has protection under the Copyright Statute. An express application of the Copyright Statute would require these institutions to seek advance permission for the use of these materials unless the use is deemed to be a “fair use” pursuant to 17 USC §107. This statement provides guidelines to institutions and their representatives as to what uses of these materials SACSCOC considers to be “fair use” so as not to require advance permission. SACSCOC considers quotation, copying, or other reproduction (including electronic reproduction) of short portions (not to exceed 250 words) of its handbooks, manuals, Principles of Accreditation, and other publications by institutions of higher education and their representatives for the purpose of compliance with SACSCOC’s standards to be fair use and not to require advance permission from SACSCOC. The number of copies of these quotations must be limited to 10. Representatives of institutions shall include employees of the institutions as well as independent contractors, such as attorneys, accountants, and consultants, advising the institution concerning compliance with SACSCOC’s standards.
    [Show full text]
  • John Self Obe
    JOHN SELF OBE WWW.FCPWORLD.NET KEY SKILLS JOHN SELF has nearly 50 years experience in metro and railway Rail engineering, rolling operations, senior management, engineering and advisory roles. He stock, operations, rail joined London Underground as a trainee and rose through the ranks safety, benchmarking, PPPs, franchises, to become General Manager of some of the busiest lines. He then concessions moved to the national rail industry, as Director of Safety at the EMPLOYMENT Strategic Rail Authority, and then served as the first Chief Executive 2004-current Partner, First of the newly created Rail Safety and Standards Board. Recently, John has been Class Partnerships Ltd, UK advising Transport for London and private sector franchise bidders on the London 2003-2004 Interim Chief Overground and Crossrail projects and has assisted Eko Rail with development of Executive, Rail Safety and plans for the Lagos Metro. Standards Board, UK 2000-2003 Director, Safety, He has managed large operating budgets and diverse front line workforces, Strategic Rail Authority, UK delivering regular and reliable services, safely, while achieving significant 1997-2000 President, productivity improvements and efficiencies. CoMET From its formation, John was active in the educational activities of the Institution of 1966-2000 London Underground Limited, UK - Railway Operators, and is a former chair of the Education and Professional General Manager, Jubilee Development Committee and was Lead Tutor for the modules on safety and and East London Lines, engineering.
    [Show full text]
  • My Education Participant Guide
    2019-2020 TAP CURRICULUM MANAGING YOUR EDUCATION Table of Contents Section 1: Getting Started .................................................................... 2 Section 2: Learning the Basics .............................................................. 4 Section 3: Choosing a Field of Study .................................................... 25 Section 4: Choosing an Institution ....................................................... 39 Section 5: Gaining Admission.............................................................. 53 Section 6: Funding Your Education ...................................................... 68 MY Education Website Guide 2019-2020 ....................................... 101 Career Exploration Chart ................................................................... 106 Comparison Chart ............................................................................. 107 MY Education | Page 1 Managing Your (MY) Education Section 1: Getting Started Your decision to complete the DoD Education Track by participating in this workshop shows you have recognized the potential benefits of higher education for your career. Higher education is a pathway that can help you access new opportunities and can be a prerequisite for a number of jobs in the U.S. economy. This two-day workshop, which is designed for anyone interested in earning either an undergraduate or graduate degree, will assist you in identifying the education requirements for your desired career and provide you with information, resources, and strategies
    [Show full text]
  • Academic Institution Implementation Agreement the Online Academy Positive Behavior Support Team the University of Kansas Server Contract
    Academic Institution Implementation Agreement The Online Academy Positive Behavior Support Team The University of Kansas Server Contract The University Affiliated Program in collaboration with the Beach Center on Families and Disability agrees to make the Online Academy Positive Behavior Support modules ("Modules") available to ("Server Hosting Organization") for instructional and technical assistance purposes within the Research and Training Center on Positive Behavior Support and the Technical Assistance Center on Positive Behavior Intervention and Supports. The Modules will be made available for downloading to a server at no cost to the institution/organization for the Modules as long as an institutional commitment to implement the Modules is made in accordance with the Conditions of Implementation set out below. Conditions of Implementation: 1. The Modules or lessons may be offered as independent courses or integrated into regularly offered courses or as part of staff development efforts. 2. Password protection will be provided to control access to the Modules allowing only students who have signed contracts with an instructor recognized by the Online Academy PBS group. 3. The Modules shall not be offered for Continuing Education credit. 4. The pricing policies of the Server Hosting Organization shall apply in the offering of the Modules. 5. The Server Hosting Organization may add its name and course identification to the modules in order to meet its enrollment needs; however, the University of Kansas credits for the development and design of the Modules must remain as embedded in the Modules. 6. No modifications shall be permitted to the content of the Module. The Modules, however, maybe used in total or in part.
    [Show full text]
  • Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2015, Technical Notes
    Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2015 Technical Notes Data presented in Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2015 were collected by the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED). The survey is sponsored by six federal agencies: the National Science Foundation (NSF), National Institutes of Health (NIH), U.S. Department of Education (ED), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). This report presents the summary of these survey data. Survey Overview (2015 survey cycle) Purpose. The Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) collects data on the number and characteristics of individuals receiving research doctoral degrees from U.S. academic institutions. Data collection authority. The information collected by the SED is solicited under the authority of the National Science Foundation Act of 1950, as amended. The Office of Management and Budget control number is 3145-0019, expiration date 30 June 2016. Survey contractor. NORC at the University of Chicago. Survey sponsors. The SED is sponsored by NSF, NIH, ED, USDA, NEH, and NASA. Key Survey Information Frequency. Annual. Initial survey year. Academic year 1957–58. Reference period. The academic year 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2015. Response unit. Individuals. Sample or census. Census. Population size. Approximately 55,000. Sample size. Not applicable. Survey Design Target population. The population for the 2015 SED consists of all individuals receiving a research doctorate from a U.S. academic institution in the 12-month period beginning 1 July 2014 and ending 30 June 2015. A research doctorate is a doctoral degree that (1) requires completion of an original intellectual contribution in the form of a dissertation or an equivalent culminating project (e.g., musical composition) and (2) is not primarily intended as a degree for the practice of a profession.
    [Show full text]
  • May Plato's Academy Be Considered As the First Academic Institution?
    Center for Open Access in Science ▪ https://www.centerprode.com/ojsh.html Open Journal for Studies in History, 2019, 2(2), 35-42. ISSN (Online) 2620-066X ▪ https://doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojsh.0202.02035s _________________________________________________________________________ May Plato’s Academy be Considered as the First Academic Institution? Zhulduz Amangelidyevna Seitkasimova M. Auezov South Kazakhstan State University, KAZAKHSTAN Faculty of Pedagogy and Culture, Shymkent Received 8 November 2019 ▪ Revised 17 December 2019 ▪ Accepted 23 December 2019 Abstract Plato’s Academy is undoubtedly the first higher education institution in history, and in ancient Athens itself represents the most important educational institution. It constituted in the context of the universal development that took place in ancient Athens, in the 5th and 4th century BC, and it continued to work until the Byzantine Emperor Justinian forbade the work of all schools of philosophy (529 AD). This development, which is part of the so-called Golden Age of ancient Athens, represents the period of Greek history in which the foundations of Western civilization originated, as we know it today. Plato appears as one of the greatest philosophers of ancient Greece, along with Socrates and Aristotle, to the first of whom appears as a student and to the second as a teacher. Philosophy in the true sense of the word was created in Plato’s era in ancient Athens (Russell, 1975), and Plato’s Academy, in which he, along with his students, talked about various philosophical topics through the Garden of Akademos, was the impetus for this development. There are also opinions that the development of philosophy after Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle is only of reproductive character when it comes to the basics of philosophy.
    [Show full text]