DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluating the Phylogenetic Position of Chinese Tree Shrew

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluating the Phylogenetic Position of Chinese Tree Shrew Available online at www.sciencedirect.com JGG Journal of Genetics and Genomics 39 (2012) 131e137 ORIGINAL RESEARCH Evaluating the Phylogenetic Position of Chinese Tree Shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) Based on Complete Mitochondrial Genome: Implication for Using Tree Shrew as an Alternative Experimental Animal to Primates in Biomedical Research Ling Xu a,b, Shi-Yi Chen c, Wen-Hui Nie d, Xue-Long Jiang d, Yong-Gang Yao a,* a Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China b Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China c Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, Sichuan 625014, China d State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China Received 13 October 2011; revised 25 December 2011; accepted 5 January 2012 Available online 18 February 2012 ABSTRACT Tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) is currently placed in Order Scandentia and has a wide distribution in Southeast Asia and Southwest China. Due to its unique characteristics, such as small body size, high brain-to-body mass ratio, short reproductive cycle and life span, and low-cost of maintenance, tree shrew has been proposed to be an alternative experimental animal to primates in biomedical research. However, there are some debates regarding the exact phylogenetic affinity of tree shrew to primates. In this study, we determined the mtDNA entire genomes of three Chinese tree shrews (T. belangeri chinensis) and one Malayan flying lemur (Galeopterus variegatus). Combined with the published data for species in Euarchonta, we intended to discern the phylogenetic relationship among representative species of Dermoptera, Scandentia and Primates. The mtDNA genomes of Chinese tree shrews and Malayan flying lemur shared similar gene organization and structure with those of other mammals. Phylogenetic analysis based on 12 concatenated mitochondrial protein- encoding genes revealed a closer relationship between species of Scandentia and Glires, whereas species of Dermoptera were clus- tered with Primates. This pattern was consistent with previously reported phylogeny based on mtDNA data, but differed from the one reconstructed on the basis of nuclear genes. Our result suggested that the matrilineal affinity of tree shrew to primates may not be as close as we had thought. The ongoing project for sequencing the entire genome of Chinese tree shrew will provide more information to clarify this important issue. KEYWORDS: Chinese tree shrew; mtDNA; Phylogeny; Animal model; Flying lemur 1. INTRODUCTION Worp et al., 2010). Due to ethical issues and protection for human health and environment, the use of animal models in Our knowledge of the pathogenesis of human disease has biomedical research continues and will be our Hobson’s choice been facilitated by using animal models, though a large in a long period. Considering the restrictions in practical usage number of significant results from animal experiments have not of nonhuman primate animals, it is urgent and necessary to find been successfully translated into clinical practice (van der an alternative animal to primate in biomedical research. Such an alternative should contain a variety of specific features, such * Corresponding author. Tel/fax: þ86 871 518 0085. as enormous resource, cost-effectiveness, easy maintenance, E-mail address: [email protected] (Y.-G. Yao). and most importantly, close affinity to human. 1673-8527/$ - see front matter Copyright Ó 2012, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Genetics Society of China. Published by Elsevier Limited and Science Press. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2012.02.003 132 L. Xu et al. / Journal of Genetics and Genomics 39 (2012) 131e137 Despite the fact that the exact phylogenetic status of tree Tree shrew H1-HD had been selected for the entire genome shrews (Family Tupaiidae) has been under debate for many sequencing by using the second-generation sequencing years, there seems to be a consensus that this species had methods and the data will be published separately. A cell line of a close affinity to primates (Peng et al., 1991; Murphy et al., Malayan flying lemur (G. variegatus) was retrieved from the 2001; Seiffert et al., 2003; Janecka et al., 2007). Morpholog- Kunming Cell Bank, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese ically, tree shrews resemble squirrels and rats in body size, Academy of Sciences. with small adult body weight (80e204 g) (Wang, 1987), Genomic DNA was extracted from tissue samples and relatively short life span (9e12 years), and short reproductive cell line using the standard phenol/chloroform method. We cycle. They also had the highest brain-to-body mass ratio of designed eleven and eight pairs of primers to amplify the any known mammals (Peng et al., 1991). All these unique entire mtDNA genome of Chinese tree shrews and Malayan features facilitate easy-to-handle experimental processes and flying lemur, respectively (Table S1). PCR amplification was cost-effectiveness. The natural habitats of Tupaiidae species performed in a volume of 50 mL reaction mixture containing are restricted to tropical and subtropical forests that extend 100 ng of DNA, 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 8.3), 2.5 mmol/L from India to the Philippines and from Southern China to Java, MgCl2, 50 mmol/L KCl, 200 mmol/L of each dNTP, 10 pmol/L Borneo, Sumatra, and Bali (Fuchs and Corbach-So¨hle, 2010). of each primer, and one unit of LA TaqÔ DNA polymerase In a recent study, Roberts and coworkers (2011) had deter- (TaKaRa Biotech Co., Dalian, China). Amplification started mined the molecular phylogeny of tree shrews and found with a denaturation cycle at 95C for 4 min, followed by 30 a deep divergence between the two families (Ptilocercidae and cycles of 30 s at 94C, 30 s at 53C, and ended with a final Tupaiidae), as well as, between Dendrogale and all other extension cycle for 2 min at 72C. PCR products were purified genera within Tupaiidae. on spin columns and directly sequenced using Big Dye Chinese tree shrews are mainly distributed across South- Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, west China (including Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangxi, Carlsbad, USA) on an ABI 3730 DNA sequencer according to and Hainan Province) (Wang, 1987) and have been classified the manufacturer’s manual. We used several inner sequencing as Tupaia belangeri (Helgen, 2005). Wang (1987) suggested primers, together with the primers for PCR amplification that Chinese tree shrews could be classified into six subspecies (Table S1), to cordially generate sequences so that each according to their geographical, morphological, and morpho- fragment will be read in both strands or has multiple reads for metric data. In our previous study, we found a remarkable long the light strand. Because the mtDNA control region of Chinese genetic distance between tree shrews from urban Kunming and tree shrews and flying lemur contained a chunk of tandem the reported Northern tree shrews from GenBank based on repeats, we determined the PCR fragment covering this mtDNA control region sequence variation (Chen et al., 2011). region by using TA cloning and sequencing. In brief, PCR We noticed that the eight T. belangeri samples that were products were ligated into pMD19-T vector (TaKaRa Biotech mainly collected from Vietnam, Myanmar, and Cambodia Co.) and transformed to DH5a cells (Tiangen, China). For were also clearly separated in the tree by Roberts et al. (2011), each fragment, three to five plasmids were selected for which suggested that we should consider genetic difference sequencing. Plasmid sequencing was performed with universal between tree shrews from different regions when using them to primers M13F (-47) (50-CGCCAGGGTTTTCCCAGTCACG establish animal models. AC-30) and M13R (-48) (50-AGCGGATAACAATTTCACAC In this study, we determined the complete mitochondrial AGGA-30). genome of three Chinese tree shrews (T. belangeri chinensis) The entire mtDNA sequences of Chinese tree shrews and to obtain more information regarding the phylogenetic status Malayan flying lemur have been deposited in GenBank under of this species. One Malayan flying lemur (Galeopterus var- accession Nos. JN800721eJN800724. iegatus) was also sequenced for the entire mtDNA sequence. Combined with the published data for species in Euarchonta, 2.2. Prediction of mtDNA gene organization and we intended to discern the phylogenetic relationship among structure representative species of Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Dermoptera, Scandentia, and Primates. The locations of 13 protein-coding genes and two ribo- somal RNA (12S and 16S rRNA) genes in Chinese tree shrew 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS and Malayan flying lemur were determined by comparing with the published mitochondrial genome of Northern tree 2.1. Sampling, DNA amplification and sequencing shrew (GenBank accession No. NC_002521) and Sunda flying lemur (AF460846.1 and NC_004031.1), respectively. We We collected muscle tissues from three Chinese tree shrews predicted the transfer RNA (tRNA) genes using program (samples H1, H5, and H1-HD) that were initially captured tRNAscan-SE 1.21 (Lowe and Eddy, 1997). Some tRNA from urban Kunming and were raised at the experimental genes, e.g., tRNA-Ser (AGY) which was not predicted by the animal core facility of Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese tRNAscan-SE program (http://selab.janelia.org/tRNAscan-
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Positively Selected Genes of the Chinese Tree Shrew (Tupaia Belangeri Chinensis) Locomotion System
    Zoological Research 35 (3): 240−248 DOI:10.11813/j.issn.0254-5853.2014.3.240 Positively selected genes of the Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) locomotion system Yu FAN 1, 2, Dan-Dan YU1, Yong-Gang YAO1,2,3,* 1. Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China 2. Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China 3. Kunming Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China Abstract: While the recent release of the Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) genome has made the tree shrew an increasingly viable experimental animal model for biomedical research, further study of the genome may facilitate new insights into the applicability of this model. For example, though the tree shrew has a rapid rate of speed and strong jumping ability, there are limited studies on its locomotion ability. In this study we used the available Chinese tree shrew genome information and compared the evolutionary pattern of 407 locomotion system related orthologs among five mammals (human, rhesus monkey, mouse, rat and dog) and the Chinese tree shrew. Our analyses identified 29 genes with significantly high ω (Ka/Ks ratio) values and 48 amino acid sites in 14 genes showed significant evidence of positive selection in the Chinese tree shrew. Some of these positively selected genes, e.g. HOXA6 (homeobox A6) and AVP (arginine vasopressin), play important roles in muscle contraction or skeletal morphogenesis. These results provide important clues in understanding the genetic bases of locomotor adaptation in the Chinese tree shrew.
    [Show full text]
  • Musculoskeletal Morphing from Human to Mouse
    Procedia IUTAM Procedia IUTAM 00 (2011) 1–9 2011 Symposium on Human Body Dynamics Musculoskeletal Morphing from Human to Mouse Yoshihiko Nakamuraa,∗, Yosuke Ikegamia, Akihiro Yoshimatsua, Ko Ayusawaa, Hirotaka Imagawaa, and Satoshi Ootab aDepartment of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information and Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan bBioresource Center, Riken, 3-1-1 Takanodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaragi, Japan Abstract The analysis of movement provides various insights of human body such as biomechanical property of muscles, function of neural systems, physiology of sensory-motor system, skills of athletic movements, and more. Biomechan- ical modeling and robotics computation have been integrated to extend the applications of musculoskeletal analysis of human movements. The analysis would also provide valuable means for the other mammalian animals. One of current approaches of post-genomic research focuses to find connections between the phenotype and the genotype. The former means the visible morphological or behavioral expression of an animal, while the latter implies its genetic expression. Knockout mice allows to study the developmental pathway from the genetic disorders to the behavioral disorders. Would musculoskeletal analysis of mice also offer scientific means for such study? This paper reports our recent technological development to build the musculoskeletal model of a laboratory mouse. We propose mapping the musculoskeletal model of human to a laboratory mouse based on the morphological similarity between the two mammals. Although the model will need fine adjustment based on the CT data or else, we can still use the mapped musculoskeletal model as an approximate model of the mouse’s musculoskeletal system.
    [Show full text]
  • Aspects of Tree Shrew Consolidated Sleep Structure Resemble Human Sleep
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02234-7 OPEN Aspects of tree shrew consolidated sleep structure resemble human sleep Marta M. Dimanico1,4, Arndt-Lukas Klaassen1,2,4, Jing Wang1,3, Melanie Kaeser1, Michael Harvey1, ✉ Björn Rasch 2 & Gregor Rainer 1 Understanding human sleep requires appropriate animal models. Sleep has been extensively studied in rodents, although rodent sleep differs substantially from human sleep. Here we investigate sleep in tree shrews, small diurnal mammals phylogenetically close to primates, and compare it to sleep in rats and humans using electrophysiological recordings from frontal cortex of each species. Tree shrews exhibited consolidated sleep, with a sleep bout duration 1234567890():,; parameter, τ, uncharacteristically high for a small mammal, and differing substantially from the sleep of rodents that is often punctuated by wakefulness. Two NREM sleep stages were observed in tree shrews: NREM, characterized by high delta waves and spindles, and an intermediate stage (IS-NREM) occurring on NREM to REM transitions and consisting of intermediate delta waves with concomitant theta-alpha activity. While IS-NREM activity was reliable in tree shrews, we could also detect it in human EEG data, on a subset of transitions. Finally, coupling events between sleep spindles and slow waves clustered near the beginning of the sleep period in tree shrews, paralleling humans, whereas they were more evenly distributed in rats. Our results suggest considerable homology of sleep structure between humans and tree shrews despite the large difference in body mass between these species. 1 Department of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences, Section of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogenetic Roots of Human Lethal Violence José María Gómez1,2, Miguel Verdú3, Adela González-Megías4 & Marcos Méndez5
    LETTER doi:10.1038/nature19758 The phylogenetic roots of human lethal violence José María Gómez1,2, Miguel Verdú3, Adela González-Megías4 & Marcos Méndez5 The psychological, sociological and evolutionary roots of 600 human populations, ranging from the Palaeolithic era to the present conspecific violence in humans are still debated, despite attracting (Supplementary Information section 9c). The level of lethal violence the attention of intellectuals for over two millennia1–11. Here we was defined as the probability of dying from intraspecific violence propose a conceptual approach towards understanding these roots compared to all other causes. More specifically, we calculated the level based on the assumption that aggression in mammals, including of lethal violence as the percentage, with respect to all documented humans, has a significant phylogenetic component. By compiling sources of mortality, of total deaths due to conspecifics (these sources of mortality from a comprehensive sample of mammals, were infanticide, cannibalism, inter-group aggression and any other we assessed the percentage of deaths due to conspecifics and, type of intraspecific killings in non-human mammals; war, homicide, using phylogenetic comparative tools, predicted this value for infanticide, execution, and any other kind of intentional conspecific humans. The proportion of human deaths phylogenetically killing in humans). predicted to be caused by interpersonal violence stood at 2%. Lethal violence is reported for almost 40% of the studied mammal This value was similar to the one phylogenetically inferred for species (Supplementary Information section 9a). This is probably the evolutionary ancestor of primates and apes, indicating that a an underestimation, because information is not available for many certain level of lethal violence arises owing to our position within species.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ethmoidal Region of the Skull of Ptilocercus Lowii
    Research Article Primate Biol., 2, 89–110, 2015 www.primate-biol.net/2/89/2015/ doi:10.5194/pb-2-89-2015 © Author(s) 2015. CC Attribution 3.0 License. The ethmoidal region of the skull of Ptilocercus lowii (Ptilocercidae, Scandentia, Mammalia) – a contribution to the reconstruction of the cranial morphotype of primates I. Ruf1, S. Janßen2, and U. Zeller2 1Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Abteilung Paläoanthropologie und Messelforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany 2FG Spezielle Zoologie, Lebenswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institut für Agrar- und Gartenbauwissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Ziegelstrasse 5–9, 10117 Berlin, Germany Dedicated to Hans-Jürg Kuhn on the occasion of his 80th birthday. Correspondence to: I. Ruf ([email protected]) Received: 17 June 2015 – Revised: 6 September 2015 – Accepted: 7 September 2015 – Published: 25 September 2015 Abstract. The ethmoidal region of the skull houses one of the most important sense organs of mammals, the sense of smell. Investigation of the ontogeny and comparative anatomy of internal nasal structures of the macros- matic order Scandentia is a significant contribution to the understanding of the morphotype of Scandentia with potential implications for our understanding of the primate nasal morphological pattern. For the first time peri- natal and adult stages of Ptilocercus lowii and selected Tupaia species were investigated by serial histological sections and high-resolution computed tomography (µCT), respectively. Scandentia show a very common olfac- tory turbinal pattern of small mammals in having two frontoturbinals, three ethmoturbinals, and one interturbinal between the first and second ethmoturbinal. This indicates a moderately developed sense of smell (moderately macrosmatic).
    [Show full text]
  • Wild Travel June 2013 Borneo
    N PLAYGROUNDATURE’S A place of mystery that has long nourished the imagination of naturalists and travellers alike, the island of Borneo cannot fail to captivate with its incredible array of flora and fauna, writes Nick Garbutt 66 WILD TRAVEL WILDLIFEEXTRA.COM DESTINATION BORNEO REGIONAL GUIDE ew places conjure images of darkness and mystery like the island of Borneo. Charles Darwin once described it as “one great wild untidy luxuriant hothouse made by nature for herself”, which is an incredibly apt description given the wealth and variety of fauna and flora on the island. There are mammals, lizards, snakes and frogs that ‘fly’, fish that ‘walk’ on mud, monkeys that dive and swim, plants that eat insects and flowers the size of dustbin lids. Borneo may not have the reputation and glamorous image of other top wildlife destinations around the world, but it offers the ecotourist a wealth of opportunities to experience the thrill of the island’s forests and the Fremarkable species that live there. Far left: orangutan offspring are weaned at four, sometimes later. Left: descending Mt. Kinabalu. Below: a mossy tree frog SABAH Essential Borneo WHO: SARAH WIGHT, Without question Sabah has some of the richest, visitors go to enjoy its biological riches. As DIVE WORLdwIDE WHERE: LAYANG LAYANG, most diverse and best developed parks and many as 6,000 plant species occur on the SabaH reserves in Borneo. This is not coincidence, but mountain, including over 1,000 different There are a number of rather a consequence of the towering presence of orchids and more than one third of all the world-class dive sites in Mount Kinabalu, the roof of Borneo.
    [Show full text]
  • Indonesia 24 September to 15 October 2013
    Indonesia 24 September to 15 October 2013 Dave D Redfield Mammal Tour Picture: Sunda Flying Lemur (Colugo) with young by Richard White Report compiled by Richard White The story: 5 islands, 22 days and 52 mammals... A journey to a land where lizards fly, squirrels are the size of mice, civets look like otters and deer are no bigger than small annoying poodles...Indonesia! Where did this all begin...? In late June I was thinking of heading to Asia for a break. After yet another Tasmanian winter I wanted to sweat, get soaked in a tropical rain shower, get hammered by mosquitoes...I wanted to eat food with my hands (and not get stared at), wear sandals, drink cheap beer...and of course experience an amazing diversity of life. While researching some options I contacted my former employer and good friend Adam Riley from Rockjumper Birding Tours/Indri and he suggested I touch base with a client that I had arranged trips for before. The client (and now friend!) in question, Dave Redfield, has seen an aPD]LQJYDULHW\RIWKHZRUOG¶VPDPPDO species but, at that time, had yet to visit Indonesia. So, armed with a target list and a 22 day budget, I sat down and began researching and designing a tour in search of a select suit of mammal species for Dave. Time, terrain, concentration of species and cost were considered. We settled on a few days in mammal hotspots on Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi and finally Bali, in that order. %DOLZDVDOVRFKRVHQDVDJRRGSODFHWRZLQGGRZQDIWHUµURXJKLQJLW¶ though the rest of Indonesia. It is also worth mentioning that Dave, realising that seeing all the ZRUOG¶Vmammals in the wild is an impossible target, does count mammals seen in captivity; the target list of species was thus not what one might have expected (for example, a Red Spiny Mouse was a priority but Babirusa was not).
    [Show full text]
  • Sectional Geometry in a Simulated Fine Branch Niche
    JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 276:759–765 (2015) Mouse Hallucal Metatarsal Cross-Sectional Geometry in a Simulated Fine Branch Niche Craig D. Byron,1* Anthony Herrel,2,3 Elin Pauwels,4 Amelie De Muynck,4 and Biren A. Patel5,6 1Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 2Departement d’Ecologie et de Gestion de la Biodiversite, CNRS/MNHN, Paris, France 3Department of Vertebrate Evolutionary Morphology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium 4Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University, UGCT, Ghent, Belgium 5Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 6Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California ABSTRACT Mice raised in experimental habitats con- arboreal substrates (Le Gros Clark, 1959; Cart- taining an artificial network of narrow “arboreal” sup- mill, 1972; Szalay and Drawhorn, 1980; Sussman, ports frequently use hallucal grasps during locomotion. 1991; Schmitt and Lemelin, 2002; Bloch et al., Therefore, mice in these experiments can be used to 2007; Sargis et al., 2007). There are also examples model a rudimentary form of arboreal locomotion in an of rodent (Orkin and Pontzer, 2011), carnivoran animal without other morphological specializations for using a fine branch niche. This model would prove use- (Fabre et al., 2013), marsupial (Lemelin and ful to better understand the origins of arboreal behav- Schmitt, 2007; Shapiro et al., 2014), and nonmam- iors in mammals like primates. In this study, we malian vertebrates including frogs, lizards, and examined if locomotion on these substrates influences birds (Herrel et al., 2013; Sustaita et al., 2013) the mid-diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry of mouse that are effective in this niche without primate- metatarsals.
    [Show full text]
  • Galéopithèque De Temminck
    Galeopterus variegatus | ASSOCIATION RIMBA http://rimba-ecoproject.com/les-mammiferes/espece-20/ GALÉOPITHÈQUE DE TEMMINCK Galeopterus variegatus (Audebert, 1799) Fiche n°20 Date de la 1ère observation : 18/03/2016 Lieux d’observation : Rimba (baie de Muaro Duo) - Sumatra Ouest - Indonésie MAMMIFERE TERRESTRE Méthodes d’identification : Visuel, photos. Famille des Cynocéphalidés (colugos) NOMS Nom commun international : Sunda Flying Lemur, Malayan Flying Lemur, Sunda Colugo, Cobego. STATUTS Synonymes : Lémur volant Sundanais, Lémur volant de Malaisie, Colugo. Statut IUCN : Préoccupation mineure (2008) CITES-2017 : Non évalué Informations complémentaires : DISTRIBUTION GEOGRAPHIQUE Population en diminution, protégé par la législation nationale dans tous les Asie du Sud-Est pays natifs. Cambodge, Vietnam, Laos, Est Myanmar, Sud Thaïlande, Indonésie (Sumatra, Kalimantan & Java ouest), Malaisie (péninsule & Bornéo), Singapour, Brunei. CLASSIFICATION EMBRANCHEMENT Chordata HABITAT SOUS-EMBRANCHEMENT Vertebrata CLASSE Mammalia Strictement arboricoles et passent leur vie entière dans les arbres des forêts tropicales humides. Ils peuvent ORDRE Dermoptera également être trouvés dans les hautes terres jusqu’à FAMILLE Cynocephalidae 1000 m d’altitude et peuvent facilement s'adapter aux GENRE Galeopterus forêts perturbées et aux plantations. Ils sont principalement nocturnes. ESPECE variegatus ASSOCIATION RIMBA | Association Loi 1901 | Siret 788 604 718 00015 | [email protected] 1 Galeopterus variegatus | ASSOCIATION RIMBA http://rimba-ecoproject.com/les-mammiferes/espece-20/ DESCRIPTION A PROPOS DE CETTE FICHE Taille : 50-69 cm (tête-queue) Statut : Confirmée Poids : 0,9-2 kg Date de publication : 20/02/2017 Clé d'identification : Habituellement gris, avec de larges Dernière modification : - marques noires et blanches leur donnant un aspect de Numéro de référence : 20 lichen qui contribue au camouflage.
    [Show full text]
  • Creating Animal Models, Why Not Use the Chinese Tree Shrew (Tupaia Belangeri Chinensis)?
    ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH Creating animal models, why not use the Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis)? Yong-Gang Yao1,2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China 2 Kunming Primate Research Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China ABSTRACT the spot light as a viable animal model for investigating the basis of many different human diseases. The Chinese tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis), a squirrel-like and rat-sized mammal, has a wide Keywords: Chinese tree shrew; Genome biology; distribution in Southeast Asia, South and Southwest Animal model; Gene editing; Innate immunity China and has many unique characteristics that 1 make it suitable for use as an experimental animal. INTRODUCTION There have been many studies using the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) aimed at increasing our As human beings, our knowledge about ourselves, especially understanding of fundamental biological mechanisms about how our brain works, how a disease develops, and the and for the modeling of human diseases and discovery of many efficient therapeutic agents, has largely therapeutic responses. The recent release of a come from studies using animals. The higher the similarity publicly available annotated genome sequence of between an animal species and the human, the more we can the Chinese tree shrew and its genome database obtain helpful and precise information concerning the (www.treeshrewdb.org) has offered a solid base fundamental biology, disease mechanism, and safety, efficiency from which it is possible to elucidate the basic and predictability of therapeutic agents (Franco, 2013; biological properties and create animal models using McGonigle & Ruggeri, 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Wildlife Conservation Act 2010
    LAWS OF MALAYSIA ONLINE VERSION OF UPDATED TEXT OF REPRINT Act 716 WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ACT 2010 As at 1 October 2014 2 WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ACT 2010 Date of Royal Assent … … 21 October 2010 Date of publication in the Gazette … … … 4 November 2010 Latest amendment made by P.U.(A)108/2014 which came into operation on ... ... ... ... … … … … 18 April 2014 3 LAWS OF MALAYSIA Act 716 WILDLIFE CONSERVATION ACT 2010 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART I PRELIMINARY Section 1. Short title and commencement 2. Application 3. Interpretation PART II APPOINTMENT OF OFFICERS, ETC. 4. Appointment of officers, etc. 5. Delegation of powers 6. Power of Minister to give directions 7. Power of the Director General to issue orders 8. Carrying and use of arms PART III LICENSING PROVISIONS Chapter 1 Requirement for licence, etc. 9. Requirement for licence 4 Laws of Malaysia ACT 716 Section 10. Requirement for permit 11. Requirement for special permit Chapter 2 Application for licence, etc. 12. Application for licence, etc. 13. Additional information or document 14. Grant of licence, etc. 15. Power to impose additional conditions and to vary or revoke conditions 16. Validity of licence, etc. 17. Carrying or displaying licence, etc. 18. Change of particulars 19. Loss of licence, etc. 20. Replacement of licence, etc. 21. Assignment of licence, etc. 22. Return of licence, etc., upon expiry 23. Suspension or revocation of licence, etc. 24. Licence, etc., to be void 25. Appeals Chapter 3 Miscellaneous 26. Hunting by means of shooting 27. No licence during close season 28. Prerequisites to operate zoo, etc. 29. Prohibition of possessing, etc., snares 30.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genome 10K Project: a Way Forward
    The Genome 10K Project: A Way Forward Klaus-Peter Koepfli,1 Benedict Paten,2 the Genome 10K Community of Scientists,Ã and Stephen J. O’Brien1,3 1Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; email: [email protected] 2Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064 3Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33004 Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2015. 3:57–111 Keywords The Annual Review of Animal Biosciences is online mammal, amphibian, reptile, bird, fish, genome at animal.annualreviews.org This article’sdoi: Abstract 10.1146/annurev-animal-090414-014900 The Genome 10K Project was established in 2009 by a consortium of Copyright © 2015 by Annual Reviews. biologists and genome scientists determined to facilitate the sequencing All rights reserved and analysis of the complete genomes of10,000vertebratespecies.Since Access provided by Rockefeller University on 01/10/18. For personal use only. ÃContributing authors and affiliations are listed then the number of selected and initiated species has risen from ∼26 Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 2015.3:57-111. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org at the end of the article. An unabridged list of G10KCOS is available at the Genome 10K website: to 277 sequenced or ongoing with funding, an approximately tenfold http://genome10k.org. increase in five years. Here we summarize the advances and commit- ments that have occurred by mid-2014 and outline the achievements and present challenges of reaching the 10,000-species goal. We summarize the status of known vertebrate genome projects, recommend standards for pronouncing a genome as sequenced or completed, and provide our present and futurevision of the landscape of Genome 10K.
    [Show full text]