DOCSLIB.ORG

Candidatus Phytoplasma Meliae’

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Candidatus Phytoplasma Meliae’ bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.128413; this version posted June 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Title: Diversity analysis of amp gene sequences in the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma meliae’ 2 Authors: Franco D. Fernández1,2, and Luis R. Conci1,2* 3 1. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias 4 (CIAP), Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE). Camino 60 cuadras km 5 ½ (X5020ICA), Córdoba. 5 Argentina 6 2. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Unidad de Fitopatología y 7 Modelización Agrícola (UFYMA). Camino 60 cuadras km 5 ½ (X5020ICA), Córdoba. Argentina 8 * Corresponding author: Luis R Conci, e-mail: [email protected] 9 10 Keywords: Phytoplasma, antigenic membrane protein, selection pressure, chinaberry, MPV 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.128413; this version posted June 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 26 Abstract 27 Phytoplasmas are plant pathogenic bacteria transmitted by insects. As endosymbiotic bacteria that lack a 28 cell wall, their membrane proteins are in direct contact with host cytoplasm. In phytoplasmas the 29 immunodominant membrane proteins (IDPs), are the most abundant proteins of the cell membrane. The 30 antigenic membrane protein (Amp), one of the three types of IDPs, is characterized by a positive selection 31 pressure acting in their extracellular domain. In South America, the ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma meliae’ has 32 been associated to chinaberry yellows disease. In the present work, we describe for the first time the 33 structure, phylogeny and selection pressure of amp gene in sixteen ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma meliae’ 34 isolates. Our results indicate that amp gene sequences preserve the structure, large extracellular domain 35 flanked by to hydrophobic domains in the N- (signal peptide) and C-termini (transmembrane), previously 36 described in its orthologues and high divergence in the amino acids residues from extracellular domain. 37 Moreover, a positive selection pressure was detected predominantly in this region confirming previous 38 reports. 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.128413; this version posted June 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 56 Introduction 57 Phytoplasmas are cell wall-less bacteria that inhabit sieve cells in the phloem tissue of infected plants and 58 are transmitted from plant-to-plant by phloem-feeding insect vectors, principally leafhoppers (Zhao et al. 59 2015). These pathogens are associated with plant diseases in several hundred plant species, including many 60 important food, vegetable and fruit crops, ornamental plants, timber and shade trees (Bertaccini and Lee, 61 2019). In South America, China berry trees (Melia azedarach L) are affected by two different 62 phytoplasmas, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma meliae’ (group 16SrXIII, subgroups –C and –G) (Fernández et al. 63 2016) (Figure 1A) and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’ (group 16SrIII, subgroup B) (Galdeano et al. 2004). 64 In Argentina, ‘Ca. P. meliae’ is restricted to North-East region while ‘Ca. P. pruni’ has a wider distribution 65 covering different regions of the country (Arneodo et al. 2007; Fernandez 2015). The differential 66 distribution of these two phytoplasmas could be linked to the distribution of its insect vector, considering 67 that each species of phytoplasmas establishes a unique relationship with the insect that has the ability to 68 transmit it. Nevertheless, in this case this hypothesis has not been confirmed yet. In this context, the study 69 of membrane proteins is a reliable approach to understand the molecular dialogue between insect vectors 70 and phytoplasmas. This group of pathogens lacks a cell wall, thus their membrane proteins are in direct 71 contact with the host cytoplasm (Konnerth et al. 2016). The immunodominant membrane proteins (IDPs) 72 are a group of proteins that comprises a major portion of total cellular membrane proteins in phytoplasmas 73 (Kakizawa et al. 2004). To date, three non-orthologous IDPs types have been described: Imp 74 (immunodominant membrane protein), Amp (antigenic membrane protein) and IdpA (immunodominant 75 membrane protein A) (Kakizawa et al. 2006a). The Amp protein is constituted by a large extracellular 76 domain flanked by two hydrophobic domains in the N- (signal peptide) and C-termini (transmembrane) 77 (Arashida et al. 2008; Barbara et al. 2002; Kakizawa et al. 2006a). Previous studies have shown great 78 variability in the extracellular domain accompanied by high selection positive pressure (Fabre et al. 2011; 79 Kakizawa, et al. 2006b). This selection pressure is suggested to be associated with the key role that it plays 80 in the interaction of phytoplasmas with insect vectors (Suzuki et al. 2006). So far, studies carried out with 81 the Amp protein have been only described in aster yellows group phytoplasmas (16SrI, ‘Ca. Phytoplasma 82 asteris’) and Stolbur (16SrXII, ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’). In South America, there are no reports about the 83 Amp protein in ‘Ca. Phytoplasma meliae’ and related phytoplasmas of the 16SrXIII group (Mexican 84 periwinkle virescence). In this scenario, the goal of this work was to describe the main features of Amp in 85 diverse geographical isolates of 'Ca. Phytoplasma meliae' present in Argentina to study its variability and 86 selection pressure processes. 87 Materials and methods 88 Sample source 89 Total DNA from sixteen (n=16) chinaberry tree naturally infected with ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma meliae’ 90 were used in molecular analyzes. This DNA collection was obtained from different geographical locations 91 situated in the northeast of Argentina (Table 1, Figure 1A). For DNA extraction CTAB protocol (Doyle 92 and Doyle 1990) was used. Detection and identification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma meliae’ was accessed 93 by PCR and PCR-RFLP as described previously (Fernández et al. 2016). Briefly, PCR detection was bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.01.128413; this version posted June 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 94 conducted using universal primers P1/P7 (Deng and Hiruki 1991) and R16F2n/R16R2 (Lee et al. 1994) in 95 direct and nested reactions. Nested PCR amplicons (1.2kb) were subjected to digestion using MseI, HpaII, 96 RsaI and HaeIII (NEB, USA) endonucleases and RFLP profiles were compared to reference patterns of 97 subgroups 16SXIII-G and 16SrIII-B. 98 Amplification and sequencing of groEL-amp-nadE region 99 DNA from ‘Ca. Phytoplasma meliae’ (isolate ChTYXIII-Mo3) was used as reference DNA for sequencing 100 genomic fragment containing groEL (partial)-amp (complete)-nadE (partial) genes. Firstly, a degenerate 101 primer pair (groEL-Fw1/nadE-Rv2) (Table 2) was designed manually based in the sequences of groEL 102 (cpn60) and nadE genes from related ‘Ca. Phytoplasma species’ available in GenBank. Amplification of 103 3.2 kb was obtained and directly sequenced from both ends using the same primers. Based on these 104 sequences new specific primers pair (groEL-ChTYFw1/nadE-ChTYRv1), which amplified a putative 105 fragment of 2.0 kb, were designed using Primer3 implemented in Geneious R.10 (Biomatters, USA). PCR 106 amplifications were conducted in a final volume of 50 µl, containing 1.5U of Dream® Taq polimerase 107 (Fermentas, Lituania), 0.4 µM of each primer, 100 µM of dNTPs and 1X buffer Dream Taq (2 mM MgCl2). 108 For 2.0 kb amplification PCR conditions used were, 3 minutes 94ºC for initial denaturation and 35 cycles 109 of 94ºC/1minute, 58ºC/1 minute and 72ºC/3 minutes, with final extension of 72ºC for 10 minutes. The PCR 110 product (2.0 kb) was purified using S-400 HR columns (GE, UK) and cloned in pGEM T-Easy system 111 (Promega, USA) according to the manufacturer instructions. The complete sequence of 2.0 kb amplicon 112 was obtained by primer walking strategy in three different clones (Macrogen, Korea). 113 Structural analysis 114 Open reading frames were estimated using ORF Finder in Geneious R.10 software. Annotation of amino 115 acidic deduced sequences was performed using BLASTp (nr, BLOSUM62, word size 6). For Amp-ORF 116 signal peptide sequence and the cleavage site were predicted with the program SignalIP v5.0 117 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/) as well as the presence of the transmembrane domains with 118 TMHMM v2.0 program (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM/). Also, the conserve domains were 119 analyzed by CD-Search online tool (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi). 120 Phylogeny 121 For phylogeny reconstruction multiple alignments of amino acid sequences were conducted using MAFFT 122 (L-INS-i, 200PAM/K=2, gap open penalty=1.53, offset value=0.123) (Katoh and Toh 2008), from Amp 123 sequences obtained in this work and from related phytoplasmas groups (16SrI and 16SrXII) available from 124 GenBank.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Extracts on Eggs, Nymphs and Adult Red Spider Mites, Tetranychus Spp. (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Tomatoes
    African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol.8(8), pp. 695-700, 8 March, 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR DOI: 10.5897/AJAR12.2143 ISSN 1991-637X ©2013 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Efficacy of Syringa (Melia Azedarach L.) extracts on eggs, nymphs and adult red spider mites, Tetranychus spp. (Acari: Tetranychidae) on tomatoes Mwandila N. J. K.1, J. Olivier1*, D. Munthali2 and D. Visser3 1Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida 1710, South Africa. 2Department of Crop Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana. 3ARC-Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (VOPI), Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Accepted 18 February, 2013 This study evaluated the effect of Syringa (Melia azedarach) fruit and seed extracts (SSE) on red spider mite (Tetranychus spp.) eggs, nymphs and adults. Bioassay investigations were carried at the Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (VOPI) outside Pretoria in South Africa using different concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 20, 50, 75 and 100%) of SSE. Mortalities were measured at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment and compared to the effects of the synthetic acaricides: Abamectin, chlorfenapyr and protenofos. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with 12 treatments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for effects of treatments. Differences in treatment means were identified using Fisher’s protected t-test least significant difference (LSD) at the 1% level of significance. Data were analysed using the statistical program GenStat (2003). The result of the analyses revealed that the efficacy of SSE and commercial synthetic acaricides increased with exposure time.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Jaws'. In: Hunter, IQ and Melia, Matthew, (Eds.) the 'Jaws' Book : New Perspectives on the Classic Summer Blockbuster
    This is the accepted manuscript version of Melia, Matthew [Author] (2020) Relocating the western in 'Jaws'. In: Hunter, IQ and Melia, Matthew, (eds.) The 'Jaws' book : new perspectives on the classic summer blockbuster. London, U.K. For more details see: https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-jaws-book-9781501347528/ 12 Relocating the Western in Jaws Matthew Melia Introduction During the Jaws 40th Anniversary Symposium1 Carl Gottlieb, the film’s screenwriter, refuted the suggestion that Jaws was a ‘Revisionist’ or ‘Post’ Western, and claimed that the influence of the Western genre had not entered the screenwriting or production processes. Yet the Western is such a ubiquitous presence in American visual culture that its narratives, tropes, style and forms can be broadly transposed across a variety of non-Western genre films, including Jaws. Star Wars (1977), for instance, a film with which Jaws shares a similar intermedial cultural position between the Hollywood Renaissance and the New Blockbuster, was a ‘Western movie set in Outer Space’.2 Matthew Carter has noted the ubiquitous presence of the frontier mythos in US popular culture and how contemporary ‘film scholars have recently taken account of the “migration” of the themes of frontier mythology from the Western into numerous other Hollywood genres’.3 This chapter will not claim that Jaws is a Western, but that the Western is a distinct yet largely unrecognised part of its extensive cross-generic hybridity. Gottlieb has admitted the influence of the ‘Sensorama’ pictures of proto-exploitation auteur William Castle (the shocking appearance of Ben Gardner’s head is testament to this) as well as The Thing from Another World (1951),4 while Spielberg suggested that they were simply trying to make a Roger Corman picture.5 Critical writing on Jaws has tended to exclude the Western from the film’s generic DNA.
    [Show full text]
  • Melia-Ebrochure.Pdf
    SOHNA - THE BEST OF SUBURBIA AND THE CITY Sohna or South Gurgaon is an Idyllic retreat with sulphur water Springs , Scenic Lake and a charming bird scantury, just a stone throw away. South of Gurgaon offers you the luxury of living in a chaos-free environment – while enjoying Gurgaon's best amenities at an affordable price compared to Gurgaon. South of Gurgaon is well connected to Gurgaon and the National Capital by the National Highway 248A which will also soon be revamped to a 6 Lane highway. The areas around the Gurgaon Sohna highway is set to emerge as the next axis of industrial and commercial development like Manesar. The Haryana State Industrial & Infrastructure Development Corporation (HSIIDC) has acquired about 1,700 acres of land in Roz Ka Meo, nearly 26 km from Gurgaon, to establish a new industrial township on the lines of IMT Manesar. It will be well connected by the in-progress KMP (Kundli-Manesar-Palwal) and DMIC (Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor). Coming to localized connectivity, Sohna has a proposed 60 meter wide sector road that connects 5 sectors of Sohna. It will also have a 2 km elevated road between Vatika City and Badshahpur. South of Gurgaon, is also rapidly accessible from Udyog Vihar, Cyber City, IFFCO Chowk, Rajeev Chowk, NH8, Subhash Chowk and Hero Honda Chowk. Infrastructure South of Gurgaon has many other important facilities already in place – like banks, ATMs, shops for daily needs, nearby – all of which make living here extremely convenient. Hospitals like Medanta, Artemis, Paras, Fortis, Max, etc. are also located within 25-30 minutes.
    [Show full text]
  • PLANETARIAN Journal of the International Planetarium Society Vol
    PLANETARIAN Journal of the International Planetarium Society Vol. 29, No.4, December 2000 Articles 6 Invitations for IPS 2004 ....................................................... various 12 Creation of A New World of 1.7 Million Stars .. Takayuki Ohira 16 We Make the Magic ........................................................ Jack Dunn 18 Planetarium Partnerships ....................................... Carole Helper Features 21 Reviews ...................................................................... April S. Whitt 26 Forum: How Can IPS Serve You in Future? .............. Steve 29 Mobile News Network ............................................. Susan 34 What's New ................................................................ Jim Manning 38 International News ..................................................... Lars Broman 43 President's Message .................................. oo .................. Dale Smith 61 Minutes of IPS Council Meeting ...................... Lee Ann Hennig 70 Jane's Corner ............................................................. Jane Hastings North America Welcomes a Brilliant NelN Character in Star ShOlNs: Zeiss Fiber Optics With the dawn of the new millenni­ improve the quality of Star Shows for um, visitors of the new planetariums in audiences of the Universarium. They are Oakland, CA and New York City will also offered with the Starmaster, the experience brilliant stars produced by medium planetarium. the Carl Zeiss Universarium fiber optics Quality at the highest level which systems,
    [Show full text]
  • Melian Nymphs Scholars Widely Assume That Hesiod Alludes to An
    Melian Nymphs Scholars widely assume that Hesiod alludes to an older tradition that human beings sprang from ash trees or their nymphs (West 1978, on WD 145-6, Most 1997,109- 110; Hardie 2000, 20; Yates 2004; Sistakou 2009, 253 n. 35): at Theog. 187, where the Meliae, like the Giants, are born from Gaia and Ouranos' blood, perhaps at Theog. 563, and at WD 145, where Zeus makes the Bronze Race from ash-trees. However, there really is no evidence for such a tradition before Hesiod; it is an interpretation of Hesiod's text. Hesiod narrates how Zeus withdrew fire at Theog. 563-4,: οὐκ ἐδίδου μελίῃσι πυρὸς μένος ἀκαμάτοιο θνητοῖς ἀνθρώποις οἳ ἐπὶ χθονὶ ναιετάουσιν He was not giving the power of tireless fire to the ash-trees for the benefit of mortal men who live on the earth Ancient commentators took μελίῃσι as a synonym for ἀνθρώποις, as the scholia show: 563b.) μ ε λ ί ῃ σ ι ν : ἀντὶ τοῦ μελιηγενὴς ἢ ἀπό τινος Μελίας οὕτω καλουμένης νύμφης. ἄλλως. ἢ ὅτι ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐκ Μελιῶν νυμφῶν ἐγεννῶντο οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἢ ὅτι γεννώμενοι ἐρρίπτοντο ὑπὸ ταῖς μελίαις, ἤτοι τοῖς δένδροις. Ash-trees: instead of "ash-born" or from a certain nymph who was named this way, Melia. Or because in the beginning people were born from the Melian numphs or because at birth they were cast under ash- trees, or simply trees. We cannot know why ancient scholars preferred this interpretation instead of the simpler one that Zeus transmitted fire into trees (ash is an excellent firewood).
    [Show full text]
  • Sleepcoacher: Combining Computational and Clinician-Generated Sleep Recommendations
    SleepCoacher: Combining Computational and Clinician-Generated Sleep Recommendations An honors thesis submitted for the Bachelor of the Arts Degree in the Department of Computer Science at Brown University by Danae¨ Metaxa-Kakavouli May 2015 SLEEPCOACHER: COMBINING COMPUTATIONAL AND CLINICIAN-GENERATED SLEEP RECOMMENDATIONS Danae¨ Metaxa-Kakavouli Brown University 2015 Widespread use of smartphones to track various important aspects of personal health, including sleep, has the potential to empower individuals to better un- derstand and improve their health independently and easily. Access to raw data and visualizations, however, leaves much to be desired for these users. Simple, personalized recommendations incorporating input of healthcare pro- fessionals can improve the efficacy of self-tracking and help guide non-expert self-trackers. We present SleepCoacher, a system integrating personalized data- driven recommendations with feedback from professional sleep clinicians. To evaluate SleepCoacher, we collected one month of smartphone-recorded sleep data from 24 undergraduate students. We collect one month of data for each participant, and in the last two weeks, we provide a personalized recommen- dations to each user every three days. We use the data collected to measure the effect of recommendations on various aspects of sleep including total hours of sleep, daily self-reported sleep quality, frequency of overnight awakenings, and sleep onset latency. We find that following recommendations significantly im- proves aspects of sleep hygiene in 94% of users, improved the specific aspects of sleep being targeted by these recommendations in 61% of users. This combina- tion of clinical input and user data is the first of its kind, and in the future can be combined into a fully automated system that provides effective and actionable individualized recommendations in real time based on observed improvements in other users.
    [Show full text]
  • Melia Azedarach L
    Journal of Bacteriology & Mycology: Open Access Research Article Open Access Formulation of Allium sativum L. and Melia azedarach L. plant extracts and their effects on Myzus persicae Sulzer, 1776 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Abstract Volume 8 Issue 3 - 2020 Myzus persicae Sulzer, 1776 (Hem.: Aphididae) the most important pests of vegetable Pervin ERDOGAN,1 Pelin AKSU,2 Gamze cultivated in the world. Pesticides are used extensively to control this pest. Intensive use ESİN KILINC,2 Murat KAHYAOGLU,3 of chemical pesticides to control pests caused various side effects such as residues in the 2 product, pests’ resistance and push a great risk for human health, nature and environment. Numan E BABAROGLU 1 This study was undertaken to provide an alternative to chemical pesticides. For this purpose, Department of Plant Protection, Sivas Science and Technology University, Turkey the extract of Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae) and Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) were 2Plant Protection Central Research Institute, Turkey prepared. Then formulation studies of these extracts were carried out with several inert 3Agriculture and Chemical industry Trade Corporation, Turkey ingredients. Obtained preparations were subjected to quality control tests in the laboratory. As a result of these tests, preparations which were found successfully were separated/ Correspondence: Pervin ERDOGAN, Department of Plant chosen for effectiveness studies on M. persicae. According to the results of laboratory Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Sivas studies, the highest dose found to be effective and theirs two upper doses (10, 15, 20ml/L) Science and Technology University, Turkey, Tel +90346 219 13 98, were taken to examine effect on M. persicae at the greenhouse conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • (1756- 1791) Apollo Et Hyacinthus, K.38
    WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART (1756-1791) APOLLO ET HYACINTHUS, K.38 Latin intermedium in three parts (1767) Libretto by RUFINUS WIDL (1731-1798) OEBALUS King of Laconia ANDREW KENNEDY tenor MELIA daughter of Oebalus KLARA EK soprano HYACINTHUS son of Oebalus SOPHIE BEVAN soprano APOLLO guest of Oebalus LAWRENCE ZAZZO countertenor ZEPHYRUS friend of Hyacinthus CHRISTOPHER AINSLIE countertenor TWO PRIESTS OF APOLLO MARCUS FARNSWORTH baritone DAVID SHIPLEY bass THE MOZARTISTS Leader: Matthew Truscott Continuo: Steven Devine (harpsichord), Joseph Crouch (cello), Cecelia Bruggemeyer (double bass) IAN PAGE conductor MOZART / APOLLO ET HYACINTHUS 3 8536_CLA_Apollo_Signum_BOOKLET_134x122_TEXT PAGES_FINAL.indd 3 16/04/2019 15:26 4 MOZART / APOLLO ET HYACINTHUS 8536_CLA_Apollo_Signum_BOOKLET_134x122_TEXT PAGES_FINAL.indd 4 16/04/2019 15:26 APOLLO ET HYACINTHUS, K.38 PROLOGUS Page 1 Intrada 2’41 23 2 Recitativo: Amice! iam parata sunt omnia (Hyacinthus, Zephyrus, Oebalus, Melia) 2’53 23 3 No. 1, Chorus: Numen o Latonium (Chorus, Oebalus) 4’26 25 4 Recitativo: Heu me! periimus! (Melia, Oebalus, Hyacinthus, Zephyrus) 1’24 26 5 No. 2, Aria: Saepe terrent Numina (Hyacinthus) 7’48 27 6 Recitativo: Ah Nate! vera loqueris (Oebalus, Apollo, Hyacinthus, Melia, Zephyrus) 3’04 27 7 No. 3, Aria: Iam pastor Apollo (Apollo) 3’46 30 CHORUS I 8 Recitativo: Amare numquid Filia (Oebalus, Melia) 1’49 31 9 No. 4, Aria: Laetari, iocari (Melia) 6’39 32 10 Recitativo: Rex! de salute Filii (Zephyrus, Oebalus, Melia) 5’22 33 11 No. 5, Aria: En! duos conspicis (Zephyrus) 3’08 37 12 Recitativo: Heu! Numen! ecce! (Zephyrus, Melia, Apollo) 2’05 37 13 No. 6, Duetto: Discede crudelis! (Melia, Apollo) 6’22 39 CHORUS II 14 Recitativo accompagnato: Non est – Quis ergo Nate! (Hyacinthus, Oebalus) 2’35 40 15 No.
    [Show full text]
  • Legend of the Myth
    MYTH Graph of greek mythological figures CHAOS s tie dei ial ord EREBUS rim p EROS NYX GAEA PONTU S ESIS NEM S CER S MORO THANATO A AETHER HEMER URANUS NS TA TI EA TH ON PERI IAPE HY TUS YNE EMNOS MN OC EMIS EANUS US TH TETHYS COE LENE PHOEBE SE EURYBIA DIONE IOS CREUS RHEA CRONOS HEL S EO PR NER OMETH EUS EUS ERSE THA P UMAS LETO DORIS PAL METIS LAS ERIS ST YX INACHU S S HADE MELIA POSEIDON ZEUS HESTIA HERA P SE LEIONE CE A G ELECTR CIR OD A STYX AE S & N SIPH ym p PA hs DEMETER RSES PE NS MP IA OLY WELVE S EON - T USE OD EKATH M D CHAR ON ARION CLYM PERSEPHONE IOPE NE CALL GALA CLIO TEA RODITE ALIA PROTO RES ATHENA APH IA TH AG HEBE A URAN AVE A DIKE MPHITRIT TEMIS E IRIS OLLO AR BIA AP NIKE US A IO S OEAGR ETHRA THESTIU ATLA S IUS ACRIS NE AGENOR TELEPHASSA CYRE REUS TYNDA T DA AM RITON LE PHEUS BROS OR IA E UDORA MAIA PH S YTO PHOEN OD ERYTHE IX EUROPA ROMULUS REMUS MIG A HESP D E ERIA EMENE NS & ALC UMA DANAE H HARMONIA DIOMEDES ASTOR US C MENELA N HELE ACLES US HER PERSE EMELE DRYOPE HERMES MINOS S E ERMION H DIONYSUS SYMAETHIS PAN ARIADNE ACIS LATRAMYS LEGEND OF THE MYTH ZEUS FAMILY IN THE MYTH FATHER MOTHER Zeus IS THEM CHILDREN DEMETER LETO HERA MAIA DIONE SEMELE COLORS IN THE MYTH PRIMORDIAL DEITIES TITANS SEA GODS AND NYMPHS DODEKATHEON, THE TWELVE OLYMPIANS DIKE OTHER GODS PERSEPHONE LO ARTEMIS HEBE ARES HERMES ATHENA APHRODITE DIONYSUS APOL MUSES EUROPA OSYNE GODS OF THE UNDERWORLD DANAE ALCEMENE LEDA MNEM ANIMALS AND HYBRIDS HUMANS AND DEMIGODS circles in the myth 196 M - 8690 K } {Google results M CALLIOPE INOS PERSEU THALIA CLIO 8690 K - 2740 K S HERACLES HELEN URANIA 2740 K - 1080 K 1080 K - 2410 J.
    [Show full text]
  • The Efficacy of Enhanced Aqueous Extracts of Melia Azedarach Leaves
    Bulletin of Insectology 56 (2): 269-275, 2003 ISSN 1721-8861 The efficacy of enhanced aqueous extracts of Melia azedarach leaves and fruits integrated with the Camptotylus reuteri releases against the sweetpotato whitefly nymphs 1 2 Chantal JAZZAR , Efat ABOU-FAKHR HAMMAD 1Institute of Plant Protection and Plant Diseases, Hannover University, Germany 2Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon Abstract Bioassays with aqueous extracts of different growth stages of Melia azedarach L. (chinaberry) leaves and fruits were conducted against 3rd - 4th instar nymphs of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on tomato plants. Mortality of instars was assessed 15 days post- treatment. Results illustrated that every Melia extract produced a significant greater mortality of B. tabaci than the controls. Ex- tracts combined with the surfactant were significantly more toxic than those applied alone. Extracts with Tween-20 caused a mortality range of 34.6 to 67.9% and 53.5 to 74.1% for leaves and fruits, respectively. These was parallel to 15.6 and 31.4% and 11.4 to 18.7% for leaf and fruit extracts, lacking the surfactant, respectively. The synchronous application of one indigenous adult mirid predator, Camptotylus reuteri (Jakovlev) introduced at 30 min after spraying the Melia fruit extract, for a period of 3 days, was not synergistic with the botanical extract. The potential insecticidal activity of Melia extracts appears to be enhanced by Tween-20, and they are safe to integrate with C. reuteri biocontrol agent as the extracts did not cause any mortality of the predator. Key words: Melia azedarach, Bemisia tabaci, Camptotylus reuteri, Tween-20, botanical insecticide.
    [Show full text]
  • Description of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma Meliae', a Phytoplasma Associated with Chinaberry (Melia Azedarach L.) Yellowing in S
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2016), 66, 5244–5251 DOI 10.1099/ijsem.0.001503 Description of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma meliae’, a phytoplasma associated with Chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.) yellowing in South America Franco Daniel Fernandez, 1 Ernestina Galdeano,2 Marcela Victoria Kornowski,3 Joel Demian Arneodo4 and Luis Rogelio Conci1 Correspondence 1Instituto de Patología Vegetal (IPAVE), CIAP-INTA, Camino 60 cuadras km 5 ½ (X5020ICA), Luis Rogelio Conci Córdoba, Argentina [email protected] 2Instituto de Botanica del Nordeste, (CONICET-UNNE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Sargento Cabral 2131 (3400), Corrientes, Argentina 3Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Montecarlo-INTA, Av. El Libertador 2472 (3384), Montecarlo, Argentina 4Instituto de Microbiología y Zoología Agrícola (IMyZA), INTA, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n (1686), Hurlingham, Argentina China tree yellows (ChTY) phytoplasma is associated with the yellowing disease of the China tree (Melia azedarach) in Argentina. According to partial 16S rRNA gene analysis, ChTY phytoplasma belongs to the 16Sr XIII group, subgroup G. Strains of species of ChTY have 98– 99 % 16S rDNA gene sequence similarity with 16SrXIII-group phytoplasmas, and less than 97.5 % when compared to all ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ described so far, except for the novel ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma hispanicum’. However, strains of species of ChTY are differentiated from the latter due to having additional molecular and biological attributes. The presence of unique features in the 16S rDNA sequence distinguishes ChTY from all species of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ currently described. The in silico RFLP profile of 16S rDNA (1.2 kb) and rpLV-rpsC (1.3 kb) genes distinguished ChTY, as in the 16SrXIII-G subgroup within the 16SrXIIII group.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Mythology / Apollodorus; Translated by Robin Hard
    Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0X2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Robin Hard 1997 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published as a World’s Classics paperback 1997 Reissued as an Oxford World’s Classics paperback 1998 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Apollodorus. [Bibliotheca. English] The library of Greek mythology / Apollodorus; translated by Robin Hard.
    [Show full text]