Melia Azedarach L
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NEEM: the Divine Tree, Azadirachta Indica
NEEM Copyright © 1999 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. Published by license under the Harwood Academic Publishers imprint, part of The Gordon and Breach Publishing Group. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants—Industrial Profiles Individual volumes in this series provide both industry and academia with in-depth coverage of one major medicinal or aromatic plant of industrial importance. Edited by Dr Roland Hardman Volume 1 Valerian edited by Peter J.Houghton Volume 2 Perilla edited by He-Ci Yu, Kenichi Kosuna and Megumi Haga Volume 3 Poppy edited by Jeno Bernáth Volume 4 Cannabis edited by David T.Brown Volume 5 Neem H.S.Puri Other volumes in preparation Allium, edited by K.Chan Artemisia, edited by C.Wright Basil, edited by R.Hiltunen and Y.Holm Caraway, edited by É. Németh Cardamom, edited by PN.Ravindran and KJ.Madusoodanan Chamomile, edited by R.Franke and H.Schilcher Cinnamon and Cassia, edited by P.N.Ravindran and S.Ravindran Colchicum, edited by V.Simánek Curcuma, edited by B.A.Nagasampagi and A.P.Purohit Ergot, edited by V.Kren and L.Cvak Eucalyptus, edited by J.Coppen Ginkgo, edited by T.van Beek Ginseng, by W.Court Hypericum, edited by K.Berger Buter and B.Buter Illicium and Pimpinella, edited by M.Miró Jodral Kava, edited by Y.N.Singh Licorice, by L.E.Craker, L.Kapoor and N.Mamedov Piper Nigrum, edited by P.N.Ravindran Plantago, edited by C.Andary and S.Nishibe Please see the back of this book for other volumes in preparation in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants—Industrial Profiles Copyright © 1999 OPA (Overseas Publishers Association) N.V. -
Extracts on Eggs, Nymphs and Adult Red Spider Mites, Tetranychus Spp. (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Tomatoes
African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol.8(8), pp. 695-700, 8 March, 2013 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR DOI: 10.5897/AJAR12.2143 ISSN 1991-637X ©2013 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Efficacy of Syringa (Melia Azedarach L.) extracts on eggs, nymphs and adult red spider mites, Tetranychus spp. (Acari: Tetranychidae) on tomatoes Mwandila N. J. K.1, J. Olivier1*, D. Munthali2 and D. Visser3 1Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), Florida 1710, South Africa. 2Department of Crop Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana. 3ARC-Roodeplaat Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (VOPI), Private Bag X293, Pretoria 0001, South Africa. Accepted 18 February, 2013 This study evaluated the effect of Syringa (Melia azedarach) fruit and seed extracts (SSE) on red spider mite (Tetranychus spp.) eggs, nymphs and adults. Bioassay investigations were carried at the Vegetable and Ornamental Plant Institute (VOPI) outside Pretoria in South Africa using different concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, 20, 50, 75 and 100%) of SSE. Mortalities were measured at 24, 48 and 72 h after treatment and compared to the effects of the synthetic acaricides: Abamectin, chlorfenapyr and protenofos. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with 12 treatments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for effects of treatments. Differences in treatment means were identified using Fisher’s protected t-test least significant difference (LSD) at the 1% level of significance. Data were analysed using the statistical program GenStat (2003). The result of the analyses revealed that the efficacy of SSE and commercial synthetic acaricides increased with exposure time. -
'Jaws'. In: Hunter, IQ and Melia, Matthew, (Eds.) the 'Jaws' Book : New Perspectives on the Classic Summer Blockbuster
This is the accepted manuscript version of Melia, Matthew [Author] (2020) Relocating the western in 'Jaws'. In: Hunter, IQ and Melia, Matthew, (eds.) The 'Jaws' book : new perspectives on the classic summer blockbuster. London, U.K. For more details see: https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-jaws-book-9781501347528/ 12 Relocating the Western in Jaws Matthew Melia Introduction During the Jaws 40th Anniversary Symposium1 Carl Gottlieb, the film’s screenwriter, refuted the suggestion that Jaws was a ‘Revisionist’ or ‘Post’ Western, and claimed that the influence of the Western genre had not entered the screenwriting or production processes. Yet the Western is such a ubiquitous presence in American visual culture that its narratives, tropes, style and forms can be broadly transposed across a variety of non-Western genre films, including Jaws. Star Wars (1977), for instance, a film with which Jaws shares a similar intermedial cultural position between the Hollywood Renaissance and the New Blockbuster, was a ‘Western movie set in Outer Space’.2 Matthew Carter has noted the ubiquitous presence of the frontier mythos in US popular culture and how contemporary ‘film scholars have recently taken account of the “migration” of the themes of frontier mythology from the Western into numerous other Hollywood genres’.3 This chapter will not claim that Jaws is a Western, but that the Western is a distinct yet largely unrecognised part of its extensive cross-generic hybridity. Gottlieb has admitted the influence of the ‘Sensorama’ pictures of proto-exploitation auteur William Castle (the shocking appearance of Ben Gardner’s head is testament to this) as well as The Thing from Another World (1951),4 while Spielberg suggested that they were simply trying to make a Roger Corman picture.5 Critical writing on Jaws has tended to exclude the Western from the film’s generic DNA. -
Dimension Growth of Azadirachta Excelsa and Phyllanthus Spp. in Agroforestry System
BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 18, Number 2, April 2017 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 494-499 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d180207 Dimension growth of Azadirachta excelsa and Phyllanthus spp. in agroforestry system NILASARI DEWI1,♥, NURHENI WIJAYANTO2,♥♥, GUSMAINI3 1 Program of Tropical Silviculture, School of Graduates, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Lingkar Akademik Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, West ♥ Java, Indonesia. email: [email protected] 2Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Lingkar Akademik Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680, West Java, ♥♥ Indonesia. Tel. +62-251-8626806, email: [email protected] 3Research Center for Spice and Medical Plant. Bogor 16111, West Java, Indonesia Manuscript received: 2 December 2016. Revision accepted: 15 February 2017. Abstract. Dewi N, Wijayanto N, Gusmaini. 2017. Dimension growth of Azadirachta excelsa and Phyllanthus spp. in agroforestry system. Biodiversitas 18: 494-499. Azadirachta excelsa Jack. is one of the fast growing species which have high resistance to pest and disease, good quality of wood, and high economic value. A. excelsa planting can be integrated with Phyllanthus spp. in agroforestry system. The research about meniran and sentang in agroforestry system was conducted to analyze the influence of A. excelsa allelopathy towards the growth of meniran and to analyze the growth of both plants. This research was conducted for six months in Bogor, West Java. This study was divided into three parts, (i) analyze the effect of allelopathy in A. excelsa leaf and twig on the growth of P. urinaria and Phyllanthus debilis, (ii) analyze the growth of A. excelsa in monoculture and agroforestry systems and (iii) analyze the growth of meniran in monoculture and agroforestry systems. -
Melia-Ebrochure.Pdf
SOHNA - THE BEST OF SUBURBIA AND THE CITY Sohna or South Gurgaon is an Idyllic retreat with sulphur water Springs , Scenic Lake and a charming bird scantury, just a stone throw away. South of Gurgaon offers you the luxury of living in a chaos-free environment – while enjoying Gurgaon's best amenities at an affordable price compared to Gurgaon. South of Gurgaon is well connected to Gurgaon and the National Capital by the National Highway 248A which will also soon be revamped to a 6 Lane highway. The areas around the Gurgaon Sohna highway is set to emerge as the next axis of industrial and commercial development like Manesar. The Haryana State Industrial & Infrastructure Development Corporation (HSIIDC) has acquired about 1,700 acres of land in Roz Ka Meo, nearly 26 km from Gurgaon, to establish a new industrial township on the lines of IMT Manesar. It will be well connected by the in-progress KMP (Kundli-Manesar-Palwal) and DMIC (Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor). Coming to localized connectivity, Sohna has a proposed 60 meter wide sector road that connects 5 sectors of Sohna. It will also have a 2 km elevated road between Vatika City and Badshahpur. South of Gurgaon, is also rapidly accessible from Udyog Vihar, Cyber City, IFFCO Chowk, Rajeev Chowk, NH8, Subhash Chowk and Hero Honda Chowk. Infrastructure South of Gurgaon has many other important facilities already in place – like banks, ATMs, shops for daily needs, nearby – all of which make living here extremely convenient. Hospitals like Medanta, Artemis, Paras, Fortis, Max, etc. are also located within 25-30 minutes. -
PLANETARIAN Journal of the International Planetarium Society Vol
PLANETARIAN Journal of the International Planetarium Society Vol. 29, No.4, December 2000 Articles 6 Invitations for IPS 2004 ....................................................... various 12 Creation of A New World of 1.7 Million Stars .. Takayuki Ohira 16 We Make the Magic ........................................................ Jack Dunn 18 Planetarium Partnerships ....................................... Carole Helper Features 21 Reviews ...................................................................... April S. Whitt 26 Forum: How Can IPS Serve You in Future? .............. Steve 29 Mobile News Network ............................................. Susan 34 What's New ................................................................ Jim Manning 38 International News ..................................................... Lars Broman 43 President's Message .................................. oo .................. Dale Smith 61 Minutes of IPS Council Meeting ...................... Lee Ann Hennig 70 Jane's Corner ............................................................. Jane Hastings North America Welcomes a Brilliant NelN Character in Star ShOlNs: Zeiss Fiber Optics With the dawn of the new millenni improve the quality of Star Shows for um, visitors of the new planetariums in audiences of the Universarium. They are Oakland, CA and New York City will also offered with the Starmaster, the experience brilliant stars produced by medium planetarium. the Carl Zeiss Universarium fiber optics Quality at the highest level which systems, -
Azadirachta Indica, Commonly Known As Neem, Has Attracted Worldwide Prominence in Recent Years, Owing to Its Wide Range of Medicinal Properties
International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Life Science 2020; 1(1): 38-41 E-ISSN: 2707-2835 P-ISSN: 2707-2827 IJPLS 2020; 1(1): 38-41 Pharmacological activities of neem (Azadirachta Received: 21-11-2019 Accepted: 23-12-2019 indica): A review Shakib Uzzaman Department of Pharmacy Shakib Uzzaman Varendra University Rajshahi, Bangladesh DOI: https://doi.org/10.33545/27072827.2020.v1.i1a.8 Abstract Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, has attracted worldwide prominence in recent years, owing to its wide range of medicinal properties. Neem has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Homoeopathic medicine and has become a cynosure of modern medicine. Neem elaborates a vast array of biologically active compounds that are chemically diverse and structurally complex. More than 140 compounds have been isolated from different parts of neem. Neem possesses anti-diabetic, anti- oxidant, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory properties. Various effects like antibacterial, anti-fungal, anthelmintic, anti- parasitic, anticancer, anti HIV, antibone resorption, antispasmodic, antipyretic, antidiarrheal, immunomodulation, hypolipidemic, anti-microbial, hepatoprotective, gastro protective have also been studied. Keywords: Neem, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antimalarial. 1. Introduction Neem is a natural herb that comes from the neem tree, other names for which include Azadirachta indica and Indian lilac. The extract comes from the seeds of the tree and has many different traditional uses. Neem is known for its pesticidal and insecticidal properties, but people also use it in hair and dental products. All parts of the neem tree- leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots and bark have been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammation, infections, fever, skin diseases and dental disorders. -
Melian Nymphs Scholars Widely Assume That Hesiod Alludes to An
Melian Nymphs Scholars widely assume that Hesiod alludes to an older tradition that human beings sprang from ash trees or their nymphs (West 1978, on WD 145-6, Most 1997,109- 110; Hardie 2000, 20; Yates 2004; Sistakou 2009, 253 n. 35): at Theog. 187, where the Meliae, like the Giants, are born from Gaia and Ouranos' blood, perhaps at Theog. 563, and at WD 145, where Zeus makes the Bronze Race from ash-trees. However, there really is no evidence for such a tradition before Hesiod; it is an interpretation of Hesiod's text. Hesiod narrates how Zeus withdrew fire at Theog. 563-4,: οὐκ ἐδίδου μελίῃσι πυρὸς μένος ἀκαμάτοιο θνητοῖς ἀνθρώποις οἳ ἐπὶ χθονὶ ναιετάουσιν He was not giving the power of tireless fire to the ash-trees for the benefit of mortal men who live on the earth Ancient commentators took μελίῃσι as a synonym for ἀνθρώποις, as the scholia show: 563b.) μ ε λ ί ῃ σ ι ν : ἀντὶ τοῦ μελιηγενὴς ἢ ἀπό τινος Μελίας οὕτω καλουμένης νύμφης. ἄλλως. ἢ ὅτι ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐκ Μελιῶν νυμφῶν ἐγεννῶντο οἱ ἄνθρωποι ἢ ὅτι γεννώμενοι ἐρρίπτοντο ὑπὸ ταῖς μελίαις, ἤτοι τοῖς δένδροις. Ash-trees: instead of "ash-born" or from a certain nymph who was named this way, Melia. Or because in the beginning people were born from the Melian numphs or because at birth they were cast under ash- trees, or simply trees. We cannot know why ancient scholars preferred this interpretation instead of the simpler one that Zeus transmitted fire into trees (ash is an excellent firewood). -
Sleepcoacher: Combining Computational and Clinician-Generated Sleep Recommendations
SleepCoacher: Combining Computational and Clinician-Generated Sleep Recommendations An honors thesis submitted for the Bachelor of the Arts Degree in the Department of Computer Science at Brown University by Danae¨ Metaxa-Kakavouli May 2015 SLEEPCOACHER: COMBINING COMPUTATIONAL AND CLINICIAN-GENERATED SLEEP RECOMMENDATIONS Danae¨ Metaxa-Kakavouli Brown University 2015 Widespread use of smartphones to track various important aspects of personal health, including sleep, has the potential to empower individuals to better un- derstand and improve their health independently and easily. Access to raw data and visualizations, however, leaves much to be desired for these users. Simple, personalized recommendations incorporating input of healthcare pro- fessionals can improve the efficacy of self-tracking and help guide non-expert self-trackers. We present SleepCoacher, a system integrating personalized data- driven recommendations with feedback from professional sleep clinicians. To evaluate SleepCoacher, we collected one month of smartphone-recorded sleep data from 24 undergraduate students. We collect one month of data for each participant, and in the last two weeks, we provide a personalized recommen- dations to each user every three days. We use the data collected to measure the effect of recommendations on various aspects of sleep including total hours of sleep, daily self-reported sleep quality, frequency of overnight awakenings, and sleep onset latency. We find that following recommendations significantly im- proves aspects of sleep hygiene in 94% of users, improved the specific aspects of sleep being targeted by these recommendations in 61% of users. This combina- tion of clinical input and user data is the first of its kind, and in the future can be combined into a fully automated system that provides effective and actionable individualized recommendations in real time based on observed improvements in other users. -
Some Histo-Physiological Effects of Azadirachta Excelsa (Jack) Leaf Extract on Reproductive Organs and Fertility of Female Albino Mice (Mus Musculus)
------ Raf. J. Sci., Vol. 24, No.6 pp. 1-9, 2013------ Some Histo-physiological Effects of Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Leaf Extract on Reproductive Organs and Fertility of Female albino Mice (Mus musculus) Waad S. Shaher Department of Biology College of Science University of Mosul (Received 30 / 4 / 2013 ; Accepted 10 / 6 / 2013) ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ethanol leaf extract of Azadirachta excelsa oral dose (250 mg /kg of b.w.) every other day for 28 days on the histological changes of the ovary and uterus, serum levels of progesterone and estrogen and the fertility of adult female mice. The results showed histological changes in the ovaries of the treated groups indicating an increase in the number of secondary follicles, absence of the mature follicles, presence of the atretic follicles, bleeding tissue and congestion of blood vessels in the second group, while in the third group, they showed a decrease in the number of the primary and secondary follicles, absence of the mature follicles, presence of the atretic follicles and fibrosis of the ovarian cortex. The uterus sections of the treated groups showed fibrosis of the uterus wall, hyperplasia of smooth muscle in the second group and papilloma of endometrium, congestion of blood vessels of serosa in the third group. The results observed a significant increase in progesterone and estrogen levels of the treated groups compared with control. The results observed an obvious decrease in the mean of newborn of the treated groups, which proved reduction of the fertility of the treated females. Thus, the application of this plant extract is important in the rodent control programs. -
(1756- 1791) Apollo Et Hyacinthus, K.38
WOLFGANG AMADEUS MOZART (1756-1791) APOLLO ET HYACINTHUS, K.38 Latin intermedium in three parts (1767) Libretto by RUFINUS WIDL (1731-1798) OEBALUS King of Laconia ANDREW KENNEDY tenor MELIA daughter of Oebalus KLARA EK soprano HYACINTHUS son of Oebalus SOPHIE BEVAN soprano APOLLO guest of Oebalus LAWRENCE ZAZZO countertenor ZEPHYRUS friend of Hyacinthus CHRISTOPHER AINSLIE countertenor TWO PRIESTS OF APOLLO MARCUS FARNSWORTH baritone DAVID SHIPLEY bass THE MOZARTISTS Leader: Matthew Truscott Continuo: Steven Devine (harpsichord), Joseph Crouch (cello), Cecelia Bruggemeyer (double bass) IAN PAGE conductor MOZART / APOLLO ET HYACINTHUS 3 8536_CLA_Apollo_Signum_BOOKLET_134x122_TEXT PAGES_FINAL.indd 3 16/04/2019 15:26 4 MOZART / APOLLO ET HYACINTHUS 8536_CLA_Apollo_Signum_BOOKLET_134x122_TEXT PAGES_FINAL.indd 4 16/04/2019 15:26 APOLLO ET HYACINTHUS, K.38 PROLOGUS Page 1 Intrada 2’41 23 2 Recitativo: Amice! iam parata sunt omnia (Hyacinthus, Zephyrus, Oebalus, Melia) 2’53 23 3 No. 1, Chorus: Numen o Latonium (Chorus, Oebalus) 4’26 25 4 Recitativo: Heu me! periimus! (Melia, Oebalus, Hyacinthus, Zephyrus) 1’24 26 5 No. 2, Aria: Saepe terrent Numina (Hyacinthus) 7’48 27 6 Recitativo: Ah Nate! vera loqueris (Oebalus, Apollo, Hyacinthus, Melia, Zephyrus) 3’04 27 7 No. 3, Aria: Iam pastor Apollo (Apollo) 3’46 30 CHORUS I 8 Recitativo: Amare numquid Filia (Oebalus, Melia) 1’49 31 9 No. 4, Aria: Laetari, iocari (Melia) 6’39 32 10 Recitativo: Rex! de salute Filii (Zephyrus, Oebalus, Melia) 5’22 33 11 No. 5, Aria: En! duos conspicis (Zephyrus) 3’08 37 12 Recitativo: Heu! Numen! ecce! (Zephyrus, Melia, Apollo) 2’05 37 13 No. 6, Duetto: Discede crudelis! (Melia, Apollo) 6’22 39 CHORUS II 14 Recitativo accompagnato: Non est – Quis ergo Nate! (Hyacinthus, Oebalus) 2’35 40 15 No. -
Effect of Azadirachta Excelsa (Jack) Leaf Extracts on the Reproductive Organs and Fertility of Male Albino Mice (Mus Musculus)
------Jou. Raf. Sci., Vol. 20, No.3 pp 1- 9, 2009- ----- Effect of Azadirachta excelsa (Jack) Leaf Extracts on the Reproductive Organs and Fertility of Male albino Mice (Mus musculus) Waad S. Shaher Department of Biology College of Science Mosul University (Received 3 / 3/ 2009 ; Accepted 15 / 6 / 2009) ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effect of oral dose (250mg/kg body weight/day, for 21 days) of each aqueous and alcohol leaf extract of Azadirachta excelsa on histological structure of the testis and fertility of male albino mice Mus musculus. Histological structure of the testis of both treated groups showed affected seminiferous tubules indicating mixing of the germ cell types in stages of spermatogenesis, atrophy of the spermatogenic elements, increases in number of Leydig cells, occurrence of giant cells and decrease s or absence of the spermatozoa in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules as compared with control group. The other alternations of both treated groups were decrease in number of the spermatozoa in the Ductus epididymidis. The fertility index of the treated groups was reduced, this result which proves the fertility was observed in untreated females after mated with treated males. Keyword: Azadirachta excelsa, Leaf extract, Testis, Histopathology, Spermatozoa, Fertility. ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻕ Azadirachta excelsa ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﺜﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺒﺔ ﺫﻜﻭﺭ Mus Musculus ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻤﻴﺔ (250 ﻤﻠﻐﻡ /ﻜﻐﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ 21 ﻴﻭﻤﺎ ) ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺤﻭﻟﻲ ﻻﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻨﺒﺎﺕ Azadirachta excelsa ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨـﺴﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﺨـﺼﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺼﻭﺒﺔ ﻟﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺽ ﺍﻟﺴﻭﻴﺴﺭﻴﺔ Mus musculus. ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻅﻬﺭ ﻨﺒﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻭﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺄﺜﺭﺓ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺕ ﻤﺯﺝ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻨﺘﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺠ ﺭﺜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﺍﺤـل ﺘﻜـﻭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻁﺎﻑ، ﻭﻀﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻔﺔ، ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻴﺎﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﻟﻴﺩﺝ، ﻭﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﻋﻤﻼﻗـﺔ، ﻭﺍﻨﺨﻔـﺎﺽ ﺍﻭ 1 2 Waad S.