THE “ EOTHEN SERIES
The object of this series is to publish or na texts and tran t on tran terat on igi l sla i s , sli i s and tran slation s of texts hitherto unpublished in En nd e on the tor c v a glish , a ssays his y , i ilis t on re on c o rn A a in the i , ligi , et . , f Weste si earl e i st times .
I . THE EARLY DYNASTIES OF
SUMER AND AKKAD .
B C . . GADD . A. Assista nt in the De ar t y J , B , p m ent of Egyptian and Assyr ian Antiq uities in
the Br itish Museum .
I n th e p r es s .
I I . THE FIRST CAMPAIGN OF
SENNACHERIB .
An un u lished te t b SIDNE SMITH p b x , edited y Y ,
M . . ssist nt in th r tm en t E tian A , A a e Depa of gyp
and Assyr ian Antiq uities in the Br itish Museum .
I n p r ep a r a tion .
- THE BOGHAZ KEUI TREATlES .
l The r at of hu a-asshura Ki of ( ) T e y S n , ng i i h a i of the Hi ites Kizzuwadn w K t . , t ng t ( the fiotben g a tes — I ,
THE EA RLY DYNA STIES OF
SU M R A ND D E A KKA .
c G DD B A . A . . . J , ,
A ssistant in the D epartment of Egyptian and A ssyri an A ntiquities h h in t e Britis M useum .
L O N DO N
U Z A C C L O . I 9 2 I H A S 8: SON S L TD . RRI ON , ,
Pr inter s in rdinar to H is M a est O y j y , ’ - W . z . S T . A R T I N S L A N E L ON D ON .C 44 47, M , , N O T E .
TH E acquisition o f a complete a nd trus tworthy sch e m e for the found a tion s o f th e oldest history o f even o ne well - defined r egion in the a ncient world is n o mea n a s a nd r a who w k ddition to cience , pe h ps only those or in le ss favou red field s can duly appreci a t e the fortune o f
s m a r a s the A ssyriologist in thi i port nt espect . Th nk to discoveries which da te a lmo s t entirely from the l ast ten
ars a m ca n now be m a w fi for ye , this cl i d e ith con dence
r of r B a a T the e a rly pe iod histo y in byloni . his short
a a n a m a s ava a m a a ess y is tte pt to utilis e the l te t il ble teri l , which seems to afford sufficien t indic a tio n s to furnish a t
t a n r m e r w l a s enti ely connected sche of ch onology, hich r not r u e o f ests , upon conjectu e , but pon th e vidence
r re r a a re m ar a m a s a s w itten co ds , th t , in co p ison , l ost old
e m m m ra N o r u the events which th y co e o te . m st it be f r a s r r a m a e o gotten th t thi is due , in ve y g e t e sur , to the
good for tune which ha s a t tended o ne particula r series o f
x a a am w a a e c v tions , n ely, those hich h ve been c rried
s 1 888 o f a f on ince , on the site th e ncient city o
N ur u s e x of the U ipp , by the s cce siv e peditions niversity
o f P a o w ennsylv nia . I n c nnection ith this e ss ay on
the e arliest period of B a bylonian chr onology I reproduce
6 2 5 8 3 8 T E NO . a r rat t x t w has not th rto ow to nothe celeb ed e hich hi e , ing the r um a es of its fir t a a ra r the ci c st nc s ppe nce , eceived
ar f s a t its m rtan wa rra ts and I u e c e ul tudy th i po ce n , q ot , en a ssa nt ta n o h r monum n s us ra of th s p , cer i t e e t ill t tive i
r r e a ly pe iod .
M a ks are due and a re h r r art y th n , e eby ve y h e ily
ff r fir the Tr ust s o f the Br M u m o e ed , s tly , to ee itish seu ,
r m s to sh t x s r t a nd for pe is ion publi the e t p in ed herein ,
ir E A W a s Bu K r f to S . . o seco ndly, lli dge , eepe th e
D a r m t of E a a n d A s a A s who ep t en gypti n syri n ntiquitie , e nco ura ged me to publish this e s s ay a n d a s si s ted me in
rk the wo .
2 and For a m odificati on of certain statements made on pp . 9
a of a I o to an 3 7 concerning the Dyn sty Ag de, w uld refer
Additi onal N ote which appears at the end of this work .
c G A D D . . L
ul M 1 2 1 . f y 7 , 9 THE EARLY DYNASTIES OF SUMER KAD AN D AK .
C H A P T E R I
ource S s .
That the B abylonian scribes had preserved at least the chr ono w logica l outline of their history from the Fl ood until the Persia n c onquest had always been inferred from the Greek traditi on found
f o in e in the late excerptors o B erossus . But it is nly recent y ars
a n a has om a a a in a m of th t tive evidence bec e v il ble, the fr g ents
s a a o on on a a to a a t nd rd w rks chr ology, which ppe r h ve been dr wn
an re- o at a nu up d c pied the centr l shrine of Nippur . It is necessary here to do more than m enti on th at this evidence , has n o a m a a , u til very recently, been c nstituted by wh t y be c lled o b two groups . The c llecti on of Nippur fragments published y
' ' R PO E BE L H zslor zca l Tax is a of a o a D . ( ) t kes up the history B byl ni mm a a o and ou om a co n i edi tely fter the Fl od, w ld, if c plete, h ve
to of a mm a tinned it the end the Isin Dyn sty, which i edi tely a h a o . o t e preceded the First Dyn sty of B byl n Such , h wever, is damage to the tablets that all the middle p ortion of the maim
‘ x m m an d a a a x the te t is co pletely issing, gre t g p e ists between
a a a and a o s very e rly Dyn sty of Aw n th t of Isin , which c nclude m . a and a a s the list Other fr g ents (N os . 3 4) st nd isol ted in thi to m of a and m void with their references the kingdo s Ag de Gutiu ,
a o n ot o o n o ma but their rel tive positi n could , with ut ther i f r tion,
m n o ma a x . o a o o x h ve been fi ed F rtun tely, s e such i f r ti n e isted in f m T he the second o those groups of evidence entioned above . tablet published by F A T H E R S CH E I L in apparently a First
a x a om o at not m erel ad Dyn sty e tr ct fr the Isin w rks Nippur, y_
as o u of two a n om of a e justed, it were , the f c s these e rly ki gd s Ag d an d m a o ac a s Gutiu , but c rried the chronol gy b k three dyn stie
1 ’ ’ Cam us r enaus ae dc: I n scr i tions 1 1 I 606 at 5 p p , 9 , p . 99 . A 2 T H E T S M EARLY DYNAS IES OF U ER AND AKKAD .
on m u a a o o bey d the , th s filling consider ble p rti n of the great e mpty space which foll owed the earliest kingdo ms on the Nippur R P E B L w m a a D . O E as a to f lists . With these teri ls ble o fer a pro v isi onal reconstruction of Babylonian chronol ogy from after the D Flood u n til the en d of the Isin ynasty .
me of ha u a o has Since the ti t t p blic ti n , therefore , the position i ' ‘ - h ma fl mma b een su c as y be thus brie y su rised . Disregarding “ ” r k n b our ma an y i gs efore the Flood, infor tion beg
' “ F i a a a was the rst Dyn sty fter th t event, which f was o a ssigned to the city o Kish . This f llowed by a dynasty of
a nd a a one a x e a Uruk , this g in by of Ur, fter which there e ist d
k m of a o a ingdo Aw n , th ugh few det ils of it were preserved . Then
a a a o was o c ame consider ble g p, ver which it obvi usly necessary
t o a m of a a n m distribute nu ber kings lre dy known, but nothi g ore t han c onjecture c ould determine their place or the number of
o of a t t heir dynasties . On the ther side this g p the list was e
s um a SCH E I L a at a of Akshak ed bruptly by the t blet the dyn sty ,
a nd a on on a a to c rried , with ly slight bre k, the beginning of
m as a a m am o f Gutiu . Of this l t dyn sty fr g ents of the n es two
' ‘ k . ff zkzor zca/ Tex fs a ings were preserved by No 4 of , fter which
o m ma a o of a n ther , but uch s ller, g p intervened before the pening
- o om of a a r - n ur t he well kn wn kingd Ur in ugur ted by U E g . The
o was p osition, theref re , thus
( “ The Flood Dy nasty of Kish
of Uruk
of Ur
m of Awan of Gutiu
d a er a r a Secon sm ll g p. ( F ir st g ea t g p . ) ( )
- D a of . U r B u Dynasty o f Akshak yn sty Ur ( gur)
of Kish of Isin C HAPTER I I .
T he b e B M 1 088 . ta l t . . 57
B efore proceeding to any consideration of s ome striking new evidence which has recently appeared it is desirable to present
n m a a was a a o again a i port nt constituent of th t which lre dy kn wn ,
to o an d a o x one both secure c nvenience of reference , ls to e hibit or two points of some imp ortance which h ave not hitherto received comment . The king list first published by S CH E I L in
1 1 1 as a a a o on and was 9 , noted bove, belonged to priv te c llecti , merely lent to him by the owner that he might make known the
x s m CH E I L u se contents of a te t o fundamentally i portant . S s b
o a a o n at o had quently disc vered th t the t blet, br ke the l wer edge, “ ” a o of an a a m been dishonestly restored by the dditi n lien fr g ent , and discovered also that this attempted join had concealed traces
m a - a - a - f a a o o a . of the n e of Sh r g li sh rri , well kn wn king Ag de In
of a a a o a view these f cts, he g ve new phot gr phic reproduction of
a a m a a R ena e the t blet, cco p nied by note, in the
V l. I X 6 m h o . a a ad a and , 9 Me nti e, the t blet lso been seen
T H R E A - A - m o . U U who re a c pied by M D NGIN, edited it with i port nt
’ ’ ’ ’ ‘ ’ omm L a Clzr onolo ze a es a na szzes ae c ents in his recent work, g y
‘ ’ ’
umer ez d A eea a . 6 0 S . a war , p 59 , Shortly before the l te this
a am o o B m an t blet c e into the p ssessi n of the ritish Museu , d is here re- published as the result of still further examination (Plates 1 an d The text may be transliterated and translated as follows B E E O V RS .
' ’ ' 1 a k a k- K 1 - a ka /a m- zz la a l- a m x x m - a . s ( ) g x u zn g
Akshak a am - zi n 0 a At K l , bei g king, reigned 3 ye rs .
’ ' - — - - K a la m d a Zn Za e 2 . x u mn zn ag
a am - a u 1 2 a K l d lul reigned ye rs .
A 2 T H E A OF M A N D A A 4 E RLY DYNASTIES SU ER KK D .
' VI mn zn - ag
6 a reigned ye rs .
d ' a za r - sa z - 4 . p é a n xx ma zn ag
Puzur- a a 2 0 a S h n reigned ye rs .
' ' z- sn - tl XXI - 5 . V mn ia ag
I shuil 2 a reigned 4 ye rs .
' d ' ' 6 su- znen dnmn i - sn- zZ- e vu mu - . g zn ag
m P - n I shuil so a . Gi il ( ) Sin , of reigned 7 ye rs
' v1 a a l- e- ne ma - é z XCIX in ge t 6 n a a . ki gs , their ye rs th t they reigned were 99
' ' - 8 a k a k ba Z bz ba - knr n a m- a l - bz K z - 1r1 - né - tn . s a s ( ) § a m
carr e off 0 i d A Akshak i ts e was ha i ts a was t rul c nged roy lty un o sh { t Ki .
' ' ' ' d W ' K zs- K 1 - a a ; ba - n Zn- ka s- dzn- na sn zn - - - - 9 . ( ) é s[Qs (K l ) mn nn gz na
l‘e ’ K u- Bau a a At Kish , hostess of t vern , fouflfi h figgs ff fia,
' a a l- dm C ma zn - ag
an n 1 0 a ( d) being queen reig ed 0 ye rs .
d 4 ' 1 1 nznr znen dnmn a ; ba - n - e x xv ma zn - . p g ag
Puzur- son of K u- B u 2 a a . Sin , reigned 5 ye rs
' ' d 4 " 1 2 a r zZbaé a dnmn nznr znen- e v1 mn zn - . p g ag
U r- I lbaba Puzur - 6 a , son of Sin reigned ye rs .
' 1 s i - ma - da r x xx ma zn - a 3 . g
Z imudar 0 reigned 3 years .
1 F or the rea n of as ak- sa - d é se T H U R E A U - A I . di g e D NG N, ’
Clzr onolo t e . 6 1 g p . ’ ’ ’ W h h s n s nam L u alo a - n a r k 2 . e . a l n ea n of a an s it t i ki g gf g , ly i g Ad b , (B k
B ismya ,
- - Ur a r is ac ua the rue rea n as su es e T H U R E A U A I . t lly t di g , gg t d by D NG N F or P a za r as the reading of the signs hitherto transcri bed B /l- SA sec ’ ‘ ' d fina S C H R OE D E R Z eztscl m zi r A s olo i e xxxm . M S lly , fl f m g , 55 U
' - - sa za a n Cn ne or m Texts XXI V 8 1 1 . ( Z ) gf , , 4 ' ' Z A - M A L - M A L to be rea zl - ba - é a CH ROE D E R K ezlsc/zm t x te s d ; S , fl e an
A ssur v r s 1n n /zalts 6 e e/ d . I . 4 , 9. AB E M 1 . 088 . THE T LET . 57
'
- — - - - - - n zzl wa da r dumu ai ma da r r a ge V I mn zn ag
i- Z imudar 6 a z a a . U w d r, son of reigned ye rs
' ' x 1 mu t a - ag
El u i 1 1 m t reigned years .
'
d o i - mn sa ma s x 1 ma zn - ag
I mu- ama 1 1 Sh sh reigned years .
' III ma zn - ag a reigned 3 ye rs .
' ' " V I I I Inga l- e- ne ma - bz D L xxxv1 zn - ag- es 8 a a 86 . kings , their ye rs th t they reigned were 5
' ' ' K zs é a l - é z 5a - knr n a m- lnga l- bz m ag - (me nba - tnm (At) Kish its rule was changed ; its royalty was fifgiigf
’ ° ' n nn(g) -ga lnga l- zag-gz- se lnga la m xxv mn zn - ag
L u l- z i i n a a ss 2 a . At Uruk g gg , bei g king, reigned 5 ye rs
' ' I Inga ! mn - é l xxv zn - ag
1 a a 2 . king, his ye rs th t he reigned were 5
' ' nnn (g) - (K 1 ) - ga ba l- bz ba - kur [n a m- lnga fl- bza - ga - de- (K 1 ) - §z2ba - fnm carried °ff At Uruk its rule was changed ; its royalty was unto Agade .
' a -ga - de- (K 1 ) - a sa r - r n - K l - ia 9- da - n z n n -gi s- sa r
a harru- a a At Ag de S kin g rdener .
d ' ga - sn - da n r zlé a ba
a of U r - I lbaba cup be rer ,
' “ T H U R E A U - I a zadzm ania the em l c . t e s [Va n A o ci . su s i D NG N ( ) gg t , N , g en raver g .
After the na me of Sha rru- kin there is abreak in the sur face and it is no t but oss e to e h s a or na r en . L U is cer a n p ibl d cide w at ign w s igi lly w itt t i , i m h n e se and t is e xtrem ely probable that this was preceded by so et i g l , h ver rema n the races m h n ca e 51 . T he rea n mus o e b ig t i di t di g t , w , i o u t d b ful .
’ ’ “3° d UR zlé aba n t E zlba é a a f era e s n ficance . , o point o consid bl ig i 6 T H E EA RLY DYN A ST I ES OF S U M ER A N D A KKA D
— - - 2 lu a l a - a - de K J In a a - de- m mn - nu da - dn- a 5 . g g ( ) [ g ( )
of a who u a king Ag de , [ ] b ild[ed Ag de]
' lu a l- dm v u n - 2 6 . L m a [ g z] g . [being king] reign[ed 55 years]
2 2 6 . The r es ora ons in s uare rac e s a re rom the h o o ra h s in TIze 5, t ti , q b k t , f p t g p M useum our n al of the n v r t o P l n D 1 2 e s f en va a ec. 0 j U i i y nsy i , , 9 , 1 6 1 7 78.
R V R S E E E .
' ' ' fa r -g [a - Zz- sa r - r z XXI V mu t u- ag]
Shar - [gali - sharri reign ed 2 4 years]
’ a - ba - a [m Inga ! a - ba - dm n u lnga l] Who [was king ? who was n ot kingP]
’ 77“ — - i gé gz I nga !
Igigi the king,
77“ n a - n n - um Inga ! a m N nu the king, Ilulu the king ,
' ' ' Zzmmu- bz 111 mu t u - ag
These four reigned 3 years .
' XXI mn zn - ag
Dudu reigned 2 1 years .
' xv mu t u- ag
Shudurkib P of 1 a s. ( ) , son Dudu , reigned 5 ye r
’ x 11 Inga l- e- ne ma - é z cxcvu
1 2 a a 1 kings , their ye rs th t they reigned were 97
ba - knr
At Agade its rule was changed .
' ‘ or o l 8 . I . es e rom P l s ra C . oebe H zsz Tex t . . R t d f . . F g 3 (p
’
2 . es ore Poe bel ibzd 1 R t d by , . p. 33 .
. The rans a o b ut the om ss on of the 5 t l ti n given appear s the m ost probable , i i
' ~ zmmn is n o ou as ur s h i c ur ous. l p t pl al ending a from t e verb s i , d bt, r e ar e co ec ve in h s ns an c g d d ll ti ly t i i t e .
. Th e rea n of h n is un no 7 di g t is ame still k wn . T H E AB E M 1 088 T LET . . 57 .
na m- lnga l- oi nnn(g) - (K 1 ) - §n oa - tum
a was a ff Its roy lty unto Uruk c rried o .
' ' nn n(g) - (K 1 ) -ga n r - n zlgzn [rega l- rim III mn t u- ag
U r - ni in a At Uruk g , being king , reigned 3 ye rs .
' '
7" — - Ur £ gzggir dumu nr nzlgzn ge VI mn zn - ag
U r- i ir U r - ni in 6 a g g , son of g reigned ye rs .
— ' — K ud da VI mn tu ag
a 6 a Kudd reigned ye rs .
' V mu zn- ag
reigned 5 years .
VI mn in ag
reigned 6 years .
’ ’ ‘ - - — V lngaZ- e ne mn bz XXV I zn- ag os
a a 2 6 5 kings , their ye rs th t they reigned were .
' n nu XI - a a - oz 1 7 . (g) ( ) g At Uruk its rule
' ' ‘ 8 na m- ln a l- h n mm n - tz- um- X1 - sn ba - tum 1 . g g g ( )
m wa a f Its royalty unto the host of Gutiu s c rried o f.
’ — {h e szg a nd xxx (K A M )
n o h da a t . Month of Siw , 3 y
' '
2 F r h a n z r e now une or m Tex ts XXXV I . 2 . I . o t e re di g g g z s e C if , , 7 HA E I I I C PT R .
l hi F m L T he new Philade p a rag ent ( . )
It has been already sta ted that by far the most serious lacuna i n our partially - recovered scheme of Babylonian chro nology was that which extended from the early dyn a sty of Awan to that of
A ksh k a x mm e a , where the bove te t co ences . It is therefor extremely fortunate that a recent discovery has supplemented
r umm 1 2 0 a o u evidence at this very p oint . In the s er of 9 fragment from Nippur was discovered in the collections of the
t m P a a and ha s l Universi y Museu of ennsylv ni , been pub ished
o a a a a a o R L ON L E GR A I N with phot gr phs nd tr nsl ti n by D . E in s e M useum our na l of 2 0 u m m mb 1 . j Dece er, 9 The s pre e i port a nce of this fragment is that it yields the middle portion of the c m of x m m m a a 2 olu ns te t which were issing fro the in t blet (No . )
f P BE L F m o OE . or a a a m m a so s ll fr g ent, the a ount of dditiona l
o ma o a o inf r ti n which it yields is st nishing.
a e a ( ) Thr e new cities of roy lty .
(b) The position o f dynasties and kings hitherto con
ectural j .
o n of a n ( ) The first three ki gs Ag de in their order, a d the
a a regn l ye rs of two .
d o f um ( ) The first four kings Guti . THE N E W PHILADELPHIA F RAG M EN T 9
x far as m This new te t, so it is possible to decipher it fro the
o a as phot gr phs , runs follows
OBVE R SE .
C l . o . III
[xxx mn i] - ag
reigned 30 years .
E lulu inn- bi M MM D CCLxxxx n to- ag their years that they reigned [xxv] mu i - ag were 379 2 .
reigned 2 5 years . K it (K 1 ) tnknl 6a sig'
was m t arm Kish s i ten with s,
na m luga i bi its royalty [XXXV I] mn i - ag
ta ma zi K 1 4 22 on tnm t reigned 36 years . { ( ) ( ) was carried off to Hamazi
[é a ma ] zi (K 1 ) a
at Hamazi
[inn - oi CL] xx 1 ag - ag a n) ui is their years that they reigned ln a i dm 1 1 [ g ] were 7 . being king
i n i nr i - K l tnkul ba wi [ ( ) ] g i ag
was m m a . Ur s itten with ar s . reigned ye rs
Col. res ore ro m P Texts no . 2 Col. . OE BE L H ist . II I t d f , , , III 1 0 T H E EARLY DYNAST IES OF S U M ER A N D A KKA D
V C o l. VI C o l. .
ada o (K 1 ) so 6a tum mu bi xc rx w s a ff a c rried o to Adab their years 99
a da b (K 1 ) a a ki‘a k (K 1 ) t lenl 6a sig at Adab Ak shak wa s smitten with arms lnga l a n ui mn nu dn
L u al- a - m g nni undu n a m inga l bi
I nga ] rim its royalty being king K zs‘ (K 1 ) 522 ou tnm XC mu 2 ag was a off to 0 a c rried Kish reigned 9 ye rs .
I Inga ] 1 king
mn - é i XC i - ag 3 nznr “ znen his years that he reigned p ,
0 B z were 9 . u ur Sin
w ’ ada b (K 1) tukul 5a si ' g dnmn t o 4 ba n A dah was m a m s itten with r s, son of K il Bau 71a m I nga ] bi its royalty
ma - r i - ( K 1 ) - sit ba - tnm was carr ied off to Mari XXV mn i - ag
ma r i K 1 a ( ) reigned 2 5 years . at Mari
a n - pn inga l rim
Anpu, being king,
1 XXX mu 2 ag dumu juzur znen
reigned 30 years son of Puzur Sin
zi T H E N E W I AD I A A G M T L PH L ELPH FR EN ( ) .
R V R S E E E .
l VII. C o . l V . C o . III
d [ya i n] dz? nr iloa oa ng nim [g n ti um (K 1 )
- a r - I lbaba o cup be rer of U , the h st of Gutium
I nga ! a - ga - de - (K I ) I nga ! n u i nk - i nk king of Agade h ad no king
1m 6: - a V mu 2 ag who Agade 1 m i a i a I b re gned 5 ye rs .
' mn nu - da - di2 - a
built,
VII mn in - ag
ra gn ed 7 years . m mu s ag
reigned 55 years . w a - a r - 1a - ga - ba
‘ " r i mn ns dnmn sa r r n kt in Warlagaba
R imush - n , son of Sharru ki
VI mu in - ag XV mn i - a g 6 reigned years . I reigned 5 years .
2 1 ia - a r - Za - a - a s mgr - 711 13 4 3 4 “ g
I arla ash M an ishteshu g
a reigned ye rs .
I C H APTER V.
T h D n i K i h I — K h e y ast es s is I I .
o a a a and Akshak T w rds filling the g p between Aw n , the new a m u a fr g ent contrib tes the notice of four new dyn sties, Kish
amaz a — a a a a H i Ad b M ri , these p irs st nding like isl nds, m and so creating three s aller gaps in place of one greater . The
o m o to n ow o to pr ble is , theref re , find whether it is p ssible fill
“ a e and o a these sp c s, it is prop sed to investig te this question in o o the f ll wing pages . m The first step is to obtain the di ensions of the task . What are the spaces that have to be filled P In the present case this is m a m of a W a m a ox ma erely nother for sking h t nu ber of lines, ppr i tely, are lost between the end of one column on the fragment and the
n x o m a a begin ing of the ne t . This questi n y be nswered by pro
n m a ceedi g fro the kn own to the unknown . The g ps between — — — C . V and V are o . ols III IV, IV , VI unkn wn But those between
- n — m 1 088 VI VII a d VII VIII can be filled fro 57 . To obtain x m m i m m a the appro i ate nu ber of l nes missing fro L . the given ateri l from 1 0 8857 must be rea rranged in accordance with the practice m . a as o o of the L scribe, so ewh t f ll ws
I 1 B etween ] 2 n L V ] . L . 1 a d . V , ,
zi mn da r 111 mu in ag XXV mn i n ag XXX mu in ag VIII Inga ! e ne n si w a da r mn bi D L XXXV I mn bi XXV in ag
- - — dnmn zi mn da r r a ge in ag es unn (g) - (K I ) ga ‘ VI mn in ag K is (K 1 ) ba l - bi ba - bnr bal bi ba bur eZ mn ti na m Inga ! bi na m inga i bi
XI mu in ag nn n (g) - (K 1 ) - snba - tnm a -ga - de{K 1 ) - §nba - tnm d ‘ i mu s a ma s nun(g) (K 1 ) ga a - ga - de- (K 1 ) - a XI mn in ag a a l zag gi si sa r r n bi in
na ui a a ]; P- ba ui n u - gi s sar I T H E A Y ST U M A N D A 4 E RL DYN A I ES OF S ER AKK D .
As a result of this re arrange ment it has appeared that the o a f a o . and n n of t t l g p between the end L VI the begi ing L . VII
a o 0 and m m a o . n x S is b ut 3 lines, ight be r ther re The e t pace , which extends from the middle of the Agade kingd om to the
n n of u um ma m a om c begin i g G ti , y be si il rly filled fr the o n tents of
1 0 88 . o ou to a a ua o 57 It w uld be tedi s repe t the ct l pr cess here , and in this case the result m ay be barely stated : this gap m m 6 a a s to o o . n n n of I X ppe r c prise s e 3 lines The begi i g L .
o a umm a o f um n a and as c nt ins the s ry the Guti dy sty, here, we
o n ot o m n o o n o o d p ssess the issi g p rti ns, very precise reck ning
B u . n m a 2 1 n o . t a an is p ssible L e u er ted ki gs in this dyn sty, d
in ol ou 1 four are preserved C . VIII . This w ld leave 7 more
an d a two n to a n m to be entered , , llowing li es e ch ki g, we ight
f m n — a at a o a o . I X rrive r ugh tot l 34 lines issi g between L VIII . The result of these calculations is that we have three spaces
c o a n a ox m a 0 6 and om whi h c nt i ed ppr i tely 3 , 3 , 34 lines, fr
a a of or a o a and which the ver ge 3 3 34 is re dily bt ined , , while
u n o ma ma a xa a o there is , of co rse, the tic l e ctitude b ut these
u ma f to on a n fig res , they y still be su ficient c stitute worki g
m a ou a a ha a a a for ul . It sh ld, perh ps , be dded t t, in e ch c se, wh t seems to be the smallest possible number of lines ha s been a o and a a a o a m m m ll wed, th t the ver ge theref re represents ini u m co putation .
n . The next step is to apply these results to the unk own L . III
n om of and . a has traces bel onging to the first ki gd Ur, L IV de ls
m zi f o o a of I a a . with a kingd om o Kish , f ll wed by th t j Between a om of an and these points there is kn own to be kingd Aw , it is s u no u nrea sonable conjecture that this wa s cceeded by Ur II .
m fl ist Tex ts n mm f n . The su ary o ki gdo s ( , 77) gives 3 ki gs of nd n o m a a nd 1 n of . B ut a Aw n , 3 ki gs Ur , the first third ki gd s of
o om n a o Ur bein g k n own t c prise 9 ki gs when dded t gether, the m a o m o a 1 to a second is seen , by ere subtr cti n fro the t t l 3 , h ve mm bid . a u a co n tained four kings (i . L IV begins with s ry m o a o of n of . of 4 (P) ki gs Kish Assu ing, theref re, th t the rder o an amaz dyn asties at this p int is Ur I , Aw , Ur II , Kish II , H i, we may attempt a skeleto n reconstruction of the text between ST K I I — S 1 T H E DYNA I ES S H KI H II . 5
— and a m al a L . III IV, test the ssu ption by the figures re dy obta ined :
etw en L [ ] 8 a nd L l V. B e . I ,
n a m inga i bi nr i ( K 1 ) 52? ba tum
K 1 et m ur i K 1 - ma a wa a n ( ) s ba tu ( ) etc .
a - wa - nu - (K 1 ) - n a 8 lines for 4 ki ngs 6 lines for 3 kings 2 summary o f Ur II III l nga l 4 transfer to Kish II
- ib- 8 for of mn bi CCCL VI ag 4 kings Kish II . f ’3 - - - K 1 - - t - i a a ma a n ( ) nbnl ba s g Tot l : 3 7 lines . na m a a i bi
so - far a a a o In view of this s tisf ctory result, it is necess ry nly to add that the sole member of this group of dynasties which is still
m m o of entirely sub erged in the issing porti n the lists is Ur II ,
a m to a x and that the pl cing of it in this position ust, th t e tent, be B ut of regarded as conjectural . the risks error do not appear
i . are o o a a very ser ous There , of c urse, three p ssible ltern tives for the position of Ur II
( a ) between Kish III Adab . h (b) Mari Aks ak . (e) Gutium Ur III the U r - E ngur
dynasty) .
The last of these possibilities is much discounted by the
oo a of o and all- m a m rise , so s n fter, the p werful e br cing e pire of
U r - B ugur and his successors ; it is hardly likely that this had
n m a an a been preceded , withi the li it of so few ye rs , by e rlier
om of . a a kingd Ur In ddition to this it will be rgued, in the
a a n o o m for a a proper pl ce, th t there is r o nother dyn sty in
a . a a o to a this interv l With reg rd to ( ) , it is h ped show th t we dispose of ample m aterial to occupy the space between Kish III
and a o at o n o Ad b with ut introducing Ur II this p i t . The sec nd possibility certain ly remains Open ; in that space occurs the
a of a of un a and o a of dyn sty M ri, cert in length , the kn wn dyn sty
Akshak om n six n o m , c prisi g ki gs . Whether, theref re, there is roo 1 6 Y S OF U M A N D THE EARL DYNASTIE S ER AKKAD . for another dynasty between these depends e n tirely on the length
a m at un - a a a of the M ri kingdo , which is present scert in ble . I n these circumstances it does not seem unfair to refer to the calcu lations attempted ab ove ; it there appeared that the i n sertion of Ur II would account for space on the tablet which accorded very i e well with the other evidence . The dec sion betw en the gaps Awan Kish II and Mari A kshak as claim ants for the dynasty o a o om and Ur II is theref re decisi n between s e evidence none ,
nd a to oun a o of a ma a it is justifi ble pron ce in f v ur the first cl i nt,
all a h o . o s th ugh with due reserve The investig tion , theref re , a now reached the point of arranging the earliest dynasties thus
I a Kish I Uruk Ur I Aw n Ur II Kish II . CHAPTER V .
H amazi to U ruk I I .
With this last dyna sty comes a momentary foothold on firm
are a mom of . I V ground ; we now, for ent, in the light L , which m z e xhibits a dynasty of Kish (II) succeeded by that of Ha a i .
a n a on a nd m the The l tter is a entirely new revel ti , co pletes list of “ ” a mma H istor ica l Tex ts the eleven cities of roy lty su rised in ,
8 n a a a a o POE BE L . a a d p 7 , Ad b M ri h ving been lre dy c njectured by
aso a a o a ma on re n ble grounds , though these ls l cked confir tion
o o a amaz om bef re the disc very of L. The dur tion of the H i kingd
o L a am of . is l st, for preserves only p rt of the n e one king Never theless it is probable that this kingdom actually comprised only
f r m o a . a one king, who reigned seven ye rs The enu er tion of
m ffi t x ts a o s T e . a a kingd s in . , p 7 7, is broken fter Aw n, but ret ins the information that the next hegemony was unique in the city
and a was x on e who e which held it, th t it e ercised by king reign d “
POE BE L ha ibid . a . s . a for seven ye rs shown ( , p 9 9) th t the e n umeration corresponds to the order in which the various cities ” am a a a first bec e se ts of kings of B byloni . If the results hitherto o a n are at all x new m bt i ed correct, the ne t hitherto un entioned) a a a a a amaz and a u a se t of dyn sty fter Aw n is precisely H i, it is n t r l , “ ” o to a a theref re , ssign the one king for seven ye rs to this city .
of amaz to The position H i is unknown, unless it be possible identify it with the Hamasi or Hamsi mentioned in the inscription
E ri- a a a o of a a m - of N nn , g vernor L g sh in the reign of Gi il Sin , 1 n of r a o x ki g U . In this inst nce it is brought into close c nne ion
U rbillum an d a a so with the cities of G nh r, which occur frequently
a - o mu a as m of and o in the d te f r l e the ene ies Dungi his success r , an d would consequently have to be sought in the immediate
’ 1 / R evue d A ss r ioio ie V a nd VI 6 . J g , 99, , 7 1 8 T H E Y D Y N A I OF U M A N D A EARL ST ES S ER AKK D .
E m of a . am az neighbourhood these l ite cities If this be so, H i
a E am om na on a would represent second l ite d i ti , Aw n having bee n
. a m am a a of o the first Ap rt fro this , I w re only one ther occurre n ce
am a u a n of the n e, but thi s in sing l rly interesti g connexi on which may provide a starting poin t for a n attempt to bridge the next u Two a m f 1 g lf in the records . fr g ents o a vase from Nippur bear
a a a o od I lbaba a tesi of p rt of dedic ti n to the g by Utug, p Kish , “ who a m m amaz . a c lls hi self S iter H i This, then , is perh ps an of o of c an d so m echo the overthr w the ity, , if , we ight proceed to a amaz was a a of infer th t H i succeeded by third dyn sty Kish . “ ” It is true that Utug does not claim the style of king in this
o m a of a tesi an d m inscripti n but erely th t p , it ight be held that
dis ualifies him as o u of a a ut this q the p ssible fo nder dyn sty . B it has yet to be sh own that the use of these titles affords a rigid ’ a m m of r- a a distinction ; cert inly, the e bers U Nin s line at Lag sh “ ” had no formal right to the style of king which severa l of them
f and ma a u d a a f a fected, Utug y well h ve contin e , in the e rly d ys o
- won m h ad hom his new power, the hu ble title which he e under
amaz . m to r the sovereignty of H i If, then , it be per issible rega d t as m m a a m of his U ug the first e ber of Kish I II dyn sty, s o e
m a a il M esilim U r - za - é successors y be re d y supplied, , g ,
- E - a al and a . n t Tex ts L u a H is . g t rsi, nbi Isht r But the l st is know ( , 1 5 1 ) to have been defeated and captured by E nshakushann a of
o o . Uruk, which city is, theref re, the success r of Kish III To this dyn asty of Uruk (II) are generally assigned the early m onarchs
u al- ki ubn i- an d L u al- kisal- all a L g g dudu g si , but in these c ses the and a a o are ma fl lists give no help, the ssign ti ns de chie y upon
epigraphical grounds or as the result of other historical indicati on s . It is unfortunate th at the evidence which can be extracted from the summaries is not very satisfactory for these dynasties of
The a o 1 n Kish III an d Uruk II . tot l f 5 ki gs of Kish is itself mm n a and so a 6 . u cert in , is the su ry of 4 or ( ) kings for Kish II
m 2 and i a K u- B au But Kish I co prised 3 kings , K sh IV (dyn sty of )
1 he H I L PR E H T O a b an i N s 1 08 Pu s C d B i I ns r s o . bli d by , l y lon c ption ,
and 1 09 . I T 11 1 gA M AZ O URU K . 9
- 8 n a 1 088 . K u Bau l . ki gs , ccording to 57, though L ignores herse f Consequently
Total kings 34 °r 3 7 ‘ of Kish
an d u a had 1 1 . therefore, by s btr ction , Kish III 7 or 4 kings That it was a long dyn asty is probable fr om the comparatively large number of e arly Kish rulers who are known to us by name .
a a u m in th e With reg rd to Uruk II , ltho gh the nu ber of kings
a a POE BE L f i rst . Uruk I dyn sty is uncert in , the conclusion of ( “ 1 0 m m a ou Tex ts . a a can a , p 7) is th t in no c se we ssu e ore th n f r ” E n hak missing kings for the sec ond and fifth dynasties . If s u
a a L u al- ki ubni- and L u al- kisal- m r sh nn , g g dudu , g si co posed U uk II , it would follow that Uruk V consisted of Utu - hegal alone ; nor m a o a an d ma is this i prob ble , but the questi n does not rise here y
to a o a a be postponed its own pl ce . The position is, theref re, th t l ong dyna sty of Kish an d a short one of Uruk are to be placed a amaz an d a a f to a fter H i, these ppe r su ficient fill the g p which
. a a occurs in L before Adab . H ving thus re ched the second “ ” a ma a a a isl nd , we y g in set out the result of the investig tion up to this point
Kish I Uruk I Ur I Awan Ur II Kish I I amaz H i Kish III Uruk I I .
M A H A K V A K S I . ADAB , RI , , AND KISH
a o m the very beginning of the M ri kings, giving nly the first of the , 1 n u wh o 0 a an d a a of o . A p , reigned 3 ye rs, few tr ces his success r A broken statuette in the B ritish Museum bears a fragmentary 2 ama a who m a a inscription of Sh sh , king of M ri , y lso be i a a . o a o ssigned to th s dyn sty Of its t t l length , h wever, we have ll mm x fl ist. Te ts a no at a as a . evidence , the su ry ( , p 77) is lso
F or a Akshak broken away . the third g p (between M ari ) e n P we ar therefore left with out a y guide . ractically the whole o f A kshak a as f om 1 088 u the dyn sty, known r 57, occ rs within this u a f r . u n mm o o o o u a . g p, L VI pens with its c ncl di g s ry This w ld a ou for a a a a a a a cc nt consider ble p rt of the v il ble sp ce , but whether anything intervened between the end Of Mari and the beginnin g
Akshak a of depends entirely on the length of M ri , which is
o ha . 1 unkn own . The p ssibility s already been noted (p 5)
m in a o u a . o th t Ur II ight cc r this pl ce But , while withh lding
m a n of an a judg ent , in the bse ce y evidence to the contr ry we Shall assume tha t n o other kingdom did intervene between these
a a a has to two . It is , however, f irly cle r th t in this period there
a o a n f r- a an o at a a be pl ced the l c l li e o U Nin d his success rs L g sh , though it is not necessary to hold that E annadu was ever recogn ised
l f ll a o a ou as lu a o a at . g B byl ni , reigning Kish Indeed , the f r “ kingdoms which the summary allows to Kish are already a u for a a n a cco nted ; three h ve been p ssed in the precedi g p ges,
- and o a of K u Bau A kshak . the f urth is th t , which succeeded
om o a to n n n of m Fr this p int onw rds the begi i g Gutiu , x for a a m of a are in u e cept bre k in the iddle Ag de, we the f ller
1 088 n a on n x light of 57, which, though presenti g c ected te t, is not
o f of own n a of o with ut di ficulties its . The dy sty Kish IV, f unded
K u- B u f Ak hak o in 1 088 an a a o s d . by , succeeds th t b th 57 in L
a a in o m has a ~ ux This p ss ge , the f r er, been well known cr since its
o o to n u a a m and n first disc very wing its very si g l r rith etic, the le gth of a u a u n a to a reign ttributed to the first r ler, q ee who is s id h ve m E m o a m risen fro a tavern to the throne . ight n rchs co posed
1 The r ea n of h nam e is f course ou u . di g t is , o , d btf l
Cun i f r e o m Texts V, 1 2 1 46 . 2 2 T H E N T U M A N D A A EARLY DY AS IES OF S ER KK D .
a an d 1 088 a u a this dyn sty, the scribe of 57, dding p their tot l of a o a 86 ! a sum ye rs, bt ins the incredible result of 5 Actu lly, the
o f m 1 00 a the eight reigns , even including the i possible ye rs of
K u- Bau am m a 1 2 a , ounts to no ore th n 9 . Sever l ingenious
a m a e ma x a x a a a r a o tte pts h ve be n de to e pl in this e tr ordin ry be r ti n , can as i and confu but none be described entirely convinc ng, the
- on a L . r K u Bau si is now incre sed by , which ignores the eign of
a m o as m u ltogether, though it enti ns her other of the s cceeding
n a . o of king . Unfortu tely, L d es not continue to the end the dynasty and therefore throws no light upon the curious total given
1 0 88 um a m m o by 57 . In these circ st nces it see s st prudent to a ffi and to o a x at cknowledge the di culty, rec gnise th t there e isted this point some confusion in the records which will scarcely be
x e plained Without further discoveries . I I C HAPTER V .
T h e re n of L u al- z a isi a nd r n ig s g gg S a g o .
a was a Kish IV, the t blet continues, succeeded by kingdom
o m m c was L u al- za isi who of Uruk (III) , the s le e ber of whi h g gg , z a m . a a was o reigned 5 ye rs This celebr ted on rch known , bef re
of 1 088 as a u a o a a o the discovery 57, s bject of l ng rch ic inscripti n
a a a at an a as a o engr ved on v ses dedic ted Nippur, d lso govern r
U mma a a a n U ruka ina of , who s cked the city of L g sh u der g , its
' ' t l last king . Since that time the E s or zt a I nscr iptions of POE BE L
a a a m a o him a a h ve reve led nu ber of new f cts c ncerning , p rticul rly that he was defeated and captured by the even m ore celebrated
a o Sharr u- kin a of a S rg n ( ), founder of the succeeding dyn sty Ag de .
It is unnecessary to t e- emphasise the great interest of the details
which the tablet furnishes concerning Sargo n of Agade . Though the meaning of the signs immediately following his name must
ma n o w e a of a n a still re i bscure o ing to unc rt inty re di g , he is cle rly ” as a a a and a a described h ving been g rdener, this is in ccord nce “ ”1 of a n an was with the Legend S rgon , which tells how the i f t
a d E a m o an d l unche on the uphr tes by his ther rescued by Akki,
a o him and ma him a the irrig t r, who brought up de a g rdener . u a a m a of a CH E I L F rther, fr g ent of history S rgon , published by S in ’ ’ ' “ R évue d A ss r zalo re X 1 6 a a the y g III , 7 , st tes th t he grew up ” n x n ma 1 0 88 amo g the cattle . The ne t i for tion given by 57 is even more interesting the young Sargon wa s cupbearer of ” r- I lbab has m a a . a a U The t blet hitherto been isre d in this pl ce, “ ” nd a a a m I lbaba the a tr nsl ted cupbe rer in the te ple of . But a U R not E as a for m m sign is quite cle rly , , I h ve so e ti e been
a a and a m B ut to a a w re , this re ding is now confir ed by L . tr nsl te “ ’ o of Z a mama L E GR A I N a a a a a it dev tee , with , does not ppe r n tur l
1 Cune or m Tex ts X 2 . if III , 4 , 43 2 H E A ST M 4 T EARLY DYN IES OF SU ER A ND AKKAD .
‘
r- l c r r interpretati on U I baba is learly a p Ope name . N or h ave we
f r r - lba a P z - in n t a to a . U I b u ur S a on o seek its be rer , son of , gr ds
K u- Bau was n n a , the third ki g of the preceding Kish IV dy sty
o o a to a an d reigned 6 years . The rec rd theref re appe rs st te
a a o was u a a a ou definitely th t S rgon , in his y uth, c pbe rer, f v rite
n m an m a of o m . of a ret i er, this f r er king The i port ce this st te ent , a at a a o a n o m ccepted its f ce v lue, is c nsider ble, owi g to the synchr nis
m ffi u a s o . e to o a it pr vides Nevertheless , it s e s inv lve gre t di c lty,
m a m f ay be seen by a simple calcul tion . The re aining kings o
a r - I lbaba 0 6 1 1 1 1 6 1 a Kish , fter U , reigned 3 3 ye rs a o an d L u al—za isi a of lt gether, were succeeded by g gg , with reign 2 a n m . a was a a o a 5 ye rs The l tter defe ted by S rg , who bec e king and a a to a o reigned 55 ye rs ( ccording S rg n, therefore, c o as a for 6 1 2 a am an d ntinued subject + 5 ye rs, then bec e king
m E ha o 1 0 a l th reigned 55 ore . ven d he been nly ye rs o d at e
a of U r- I lbaba him an a e 1 0 6 1 2 de th , this would give g of 5 55 ' ’ 1 1 a ! t a r edurtzo a d absur d um x a na 5 ye rs This , hen , is ; the e pl
on mu m a o om o m a ti st nifestly be s ught by s e ther e ns . And
n n a there seems to be only o e possibility . It is no l o ger new disc overy th at the Babylo nian scribes have in several i n stances conveyed a wrong impression by arrangi n g in successi on dyn a sties
c l in a m a f a a a . o which were tu ly p rt conte por ry Thus , the dyn sty Isin synchronised not merely with that o f Lars a (which has not yet appeared in the c on n ected dynastic lists) but also partly with a a o a to u n ot m c a the First Dyn sty of B byl n , which beg n r le u h l ter 1 a m n om . u u n th n the iddle of the Isi kingd S bseq ently, the ki g lists exhibit the Second Dynasty a s following immediately upon
has o o a I luma - ilum the the First ; it long been kn wn, h wever, th t ,
o o na was o f under of the Sec nd Dy sty, not the success r of 2 m - i a a - i a d t n but o m o a of am luna . S su , the c nte p r ry S su In view of these fa miliar instances it is difficult to resist the conclusion that
am at o a of the s e process is w rk between the dyn sties Kish IV,
an d a an d a L u al- za isi and a o Uruk III , Ag de , th t both g gg S rg n must have set up as i n dependent rulers while the dy nasty of
1 ' 2 ' T H U R E A U - A I s f on to ze K I Cfir om cles 2 0 o . . . D NG N , g , p 47 NG , II , T A L - Z A I G 2 H E REI G N S OF L U G G GI S AN D SAR ON . 5
f to x . o o o Kish IV still e isted In supp rt this, it is p ssible quote
m n a 2 n to a a m . a the fr g e t entioned bove (p 3) which , fter referri g “ n of on a o a to ki g Kish, c tinues to ch nge the rule of his r y lty , o u a a E o prol ng the r in of his p l ce, nlil , by his h ly decree, ” o a a m harrum ~kin N o irrev c bly resolved 5 in his pl ce (ca e) S . mention is made of L ugal- zaggisi interven ing between the rule of
s an d a a x as u Ki h Ag de , but S rgon is e hibited the direct s ccessor of of h and o a u a a the kings Kis , , when the st ry is t ken p g in, he appears at the head of a rival power offering hostile provocations — to L ugal zaggisi as the prelude to a war in which he was finally
o a m L u al- za isi victori us . At wh t precise ti e these revolts of g gg an d a om a o a ou S rgon fr their loy lty to Kish t ok pl ce it is , of c rse ,
m sa B ut ma i possible to y. it y be pointed out, even if it be no m o a a e a 2 a of L u al- za isi re th n coincid nce , th t the 5 ye rs g gg correspond exactly with the reigns of the last three kings at Kish
an d one might conjecture that L ugal- zaggisi pro c a m n a of U zi- a a l i ed his i dependence upon the de th w d r, but lacked either the desire or the means to dispossess the dynasty of
o and a of L u al- za isi Kish, which c ntinued until its own city th t g gg came simultaneously under the rule of Sargon . The 55 years of the latter would seem to include the whole time that he reigned in own n ot m was m his city, erely the period in which he supre e
a o a u L u al- za isi W o in B byl ni ; for, even if the r le of g gg be h lly
a a a a mu a cont ined in the l st ye rs of Kish IV, S rgon st h ve been som 0 a old at a of a na an d ou e 7 ye rs the f ll th t dy sty, , th gh it i s
a an a man a to known th t he lived to be ged , we c nnot venture add a a nother 55 ye rs to his life. A I I I C H PTER V .
torie concernin ar on S s g S g .
The detail which e xhibits Sargon as cupbearer to a former
and as m of to o an a king , rising fro this fice the thr ne, is ddition ’ ei zi soem gener is to the stories of his humble birth in which all our m f other sources concur . This so ewhat nai ve romance o the menial become king must have had a peculiar fascinatio n for the “ ” a o a a a o B byl ni ns 5 one of the e rliest rulers fter the Fl od, Arpi ,
— - is said to h ave been son of a plebeian Queen K u bau had
a a — a - imitti o been public n Irr , ninth king of Isin , set the cr wn 1 o a of E - a a a up n the he d nlil b ni , his g rdener . Better known th n these are the very sim ilar stories which are t old about a later
m a a a C P a . a hero, yrus , the ersi n The circu st nti l n rr tive of
o 1 0 ma a of Herod tus (I , 7 which kes Cyrus the gr ndson
A st a es and a was a m y g , rel tes how his life secretly s ved fro the ’ king s jealousy by an oxherd who was charged to expose the child
a o an o of in the desert, is prob bly derived thr ugh the Medi h use
H ar a u m a E a ou of p g s fro B abyloni n sources . ven this cc nt the une xpected preservation of Cyrus is reminiscent of the rescue of
a the infant Sargon from the E uphrates by Akki the irrig tor . But Ctesias had a version of the early days of Cyrus even m ore
a a of o am a o n and ch r cteristic its Mesop t i n rigi , , in view of its striking
a n a o m a p rallelism with the prese t st ory concerning S rg n , it y be
a a a a of o c worth while to tr nsl te p rt this versi n, whi h survives only in a lon g fragment of the later hist ori a n Nicolaus D amascen us ’ t ffistor ioor um G r a eoor um . 6 6 M ii L L E R s F r a men a (No in C . g ,
Vol. III, p .
“ a a a In Asi , upon the de th of the Medi n king, his son R a a A styages succeeded to his throne . eport s ys th t he was u his was the most valiant man after A rbaces. It d ring
1 K I Chr on icles 1 2 . NG , II , C C G G 2 STORIES ON ERN I N SAR O N . 7
reign that there occurred the great revolution by which the a s overeignty of the Medes passed to the Persians . The re son a s a m m a a w s this . There wa custo a ong the Medes th t if
o an a man m a ff po r m went to wealthy for ainten nce , o ering m and as a hi self to be fed clothed, he should be considered
a a . n ot sl ve of the l tter If, however, the host should provide
a m a m to a . N ow these, the suppli nt ight bet ke hi self nother a b o am a a a am to one y n ed Cyrus, M rdi n by birth , c e thus ’ s a who was a a a . of the king serv nts, set over the p l ce cle ners
C was A tradates a a yrus the son of , b ndit through stress of ov A r oste m of ma p erty, whose wife g , the other Cyrus, de her a s a a m living go therd . Cyrus , then , hired hi self to this officer for maintenance ; he cleaned the palace and was
n m ar o . H is master a hi a i dustri us , therefore, g ve better g ment and brought him from am ong the outside cleaners to ’ o a a a m an d th se who cle ned inside, in the king s p rt ents, a hi man m m . pl ced with the aster of these servants This ,
o was and a o a h wever, so cruel , be t Cyrus so ften, th t he ‘ him o - a oo a a him deserted for the t rch be rer , who t k f ncy to , and brought him near the king to be one of his personal
- a too was and torch be rers . Here, , he distinguished, now
a A rtembares ~ a p ssed on to , the chief of the cup be rers, who a a for A rtembares ctu lly held the cup the king to drink .
him a and a him o for received gl dly , b de p ur out wine the ’ mbar s was . N ot o a a A rte e king s guests l ng fterw rds, when a n him n and a and ff w tchi g servi g well droitly, o ering the cup
a u a A rtembares a m gr cef lly, the king sked whence c e the boy, “ ” “ a H ow ! a re dding , nicely he serves the wine M ster, “ A rtembares a a P a and plied , he is thy sl ve, ersi n by birth,
M ardians a m to m e of the , who h th delivered hi self for ” ma a r mbares w l an a . N ow A te as o d d inten nce , it ch nced a a so a o him th t he took fever, th t he bes ught the king to let “ go to his own house until he should be recovered . And ” “ m a a b o m a C m in y pl ce, he s id, this y ( e ning yrus) who o a a for a am th u pprovest, sh ll serve thy wine . And , th t I an a ma him m eunuch, I will lso ke y son , if his service be
H I X C APTER .
A a o in g de t I s .
a a R imush and Manishtusu The dyn sty of Ag de is continued by , L to o . wh se order is now definitely settled by , which we are also of imush M i h indebted for the 1 5 years R . After an s tusu another a so a am bre k occurs, th t the n e of the king who intervened between
- him and a am m . o r N r Sin is still issing As, h wever, there a e only 1 0 or 2 0 years (the variation depends on the questi on whether
Naram - Sin reigned 54 or 44 years) to divide between M anishtusu an o and as o m was m a d the unkn wn, the f r er hi self powerful and
m a was a i port nt king, the reign of the unknown prob bly short . ’ x o am an d om With the e cepti n of this king s n e, s e doubt about
of a a of a the lengths cert in reigns , the dyn sty Ag de is now recovered a a has in outline . As reg rds the l st king , it been thought worth
to at of a P a while reproduce, the end this ess y ( l te a copy o m um a a him of the s le on ent hitherto ssign ble to . The text is P identical with that published by M . OGNON in the jour na l
i u 1 1 1 8 ffi sa A sia t e . q , 9 3 , p 4 , but it is di cult to y whether the object upon which it is inscribed is actually the one which he a x saw in B aghdad . In the present c se the te t is taken from a amm - a a n ma m a u h er he d of d rk gree rble , e s ring 4 inches by 1 and o m a 5 inches , pierced thr ugh the iddle with hole inch in
am a an o a di eter . The sh pe is el ng ted ellipse with the ends un
fla are am and o a ttened, both edges ch fered, the wh le very c refully 0 T H E ST M A N D 3 EARLY DYNA IES OF SU ER AKKA D .
o to am finished, the inscripti n beginning on the p ch fer, extending on e an d d on o down side , en ing the l wer ch amfer an d base
d ' ’ - l 2 a na n e nn n ga l a na na - pzt si SYJ D UR K 1 3 ’ ” 3 far - r i a ga ae (K 1 ) L A B A er isn m(snm)
' ra m oitzni A M U R U isr zc o) .
0 a for Shudurkib P of a T Nerg l, the life of ( ) , king Ag de ,
a a - erishum a a a has a L b , the p l ce sooths yer, dedic ted this .
al a a m At the f l of the Ag de Dyn sty, the hege ony in Babylonia passed to an undistinguished line of five kings who ruled for
2 6 a as ou a of a n ye rs in Uruk the f rth dyn sty th t city . Nothi g is
w a a a in 1 0 88 am known of these beyond h t ppe rs 57 their n es ,
a a an d a a was their regn l ye rs, the f ct th t their rule cut short by “ ” o m the h st of Gutiu , to which the sovereignty passed . At this ’ 1 0 88 a POE BE L S xt o a a point 57 ends bruptly, but te s c nt in summary
a a n a a 2 1 of the Guti n Dyn sty, givi g tot l of kings who reigned
1 2 a and 0 a . om 1 2 a and 0 a 5 ye rs 4 d ys, while L c putes 4 ye rs 4 d ys .
a na has a m om a a But, where s the dy sty l ost c pletely dis ppe red from
m n m . r a o the for er, L p eserves the n es of the first f ur ki gs , prefaced “ with the curious statement that the host of Gutium had no ” n ma m a a a was ki g, which presu bly e ns th t no single uthority
h o a n a a m recognised until t e h rdes settled in B bylo i . The n es of — the third and fourth kings contain a c omm on element a r laga 4 a of N amma ni a o n of which reappe rs in the inscription h , g ver or mm o a m U a, who rec rds his building of te ple in his own city “ at the time when I arlagan was king of Gutium - oa 5 —------l a l n t nnz ka nz ma too m i ar la ga a n ng g i ) . It y not be ventureso e
1 m a m e ath es s for n a istn n a istn . Th e sa e hr ase o ccurs in Probably t i p , p p ‘ on of aram - Sin u sh e S CH E I L Tex i es [la m ites - semiti ues an inscripti N (p bli d by , y
h ch is c ose ara e w h the resen ex . Th er e seems n o nee III , w i l ly p ll l it p t t t d
th the n a - si - zu o f L A Y M iscella n eous I n scr i ti ns to assume identity wi C ( p o ,
1 8 un ess i t be h ere a cc en a om e . N o. ) l p t id t lly itt d ’ 2 un er in rea n The king s name is of c ta di g . 3 The thi rd sign of this n ame is K A M and is th erefor e th e
L A - B A m a so be an o ram B R UN N OW n . a e . probable r eadi g y l id g (cf , 4 iscella neous I nscr i tion s N O. 1 . CL AY , M p , 3 5 be om are a s mi ar a e re err n to Sifim n of With thi s may c p d i l d t f i g , ki g ’ ’ ’ - I om t s r en eins a o l A cademie 1 1 1 . 1 11. Gutium (S C H E L, C p e , 9 , p 3 9, T AGADE O ISI N .
l a I arla ash o m to identify this I ar ag n with g , the f urth king of Gutiu , and x A t am . o according to L . f er this n e L is br ken , the ne t mma of a and column preserves on ly the su ry the dyn sty, the
m f a but n ot n am of to state ent o its downf ll , the e the city which
X has a on n a . its power passed . Fin lly, L tr ces bel gi g to the
of a to a ma Dynasty Isin . Wh t is be inserted in this l st re ining
x n gap ? S ome uncertainty still e ists on this head . Isi is well known to have been the successor of the celebrated Dyn asty of n for 1 1 Ur (III) which was constituted by 5 kings reig ing 7 years . a a x a o ma o ha Gutian s On the other h nd , we h ve e tern l inf r ti n t t the 1 x om a a - e al were e pelled fr B byloni by one Utu h g , king of Uruk, and a o mma m this is in cc rd with the su ries, which give 5 kingdo s
a of - a a n of Uruk th t Utu beg l is therefore the fifth , four h vi g been
um a a o already en erated . The uncert inty is now n rrowed d wn to the question whether there was yet an other dynasty between th ose
n ma a at a a a of Uruk a d Ur . It y be s id once th t this ppe rs
POE BE L had o m o Tex ts unlikely . f r erly pr posed , 93) to insert a om a at o but L u al- a a- m second kingd of Ad b this p int, g nn undu
to to a a an is shown by L . belong the first Dyn sty of Ad b, d there ar e o for a um an m a o a now no gr unds ss ing y do in ti n of th t, or “ ” of o a a has a either of the other, cities r y lty beyond wh t lready
m c a n a . u a been t ken i to ccount In these circ st n es, the only remaining question concerns the number of kings and the duration ’ - e al s a u . n a of Utu h g dyn sty (Ur k V) First, the , let it be rec lled
a POE BE L has m xam a o ma x th t concluded, fro e in ti n of the in te t , that no m ore than four kings are available for distribution between h m u an d . as o o a a Ur k II V It , h wever, see ed pr b ble th t Uruk II was om o E n shakushanna L u al- ki ubn i- u c p sed of 3 kings, , g g dud , and L u al- kisal- a - e al m g si, in which c se one only, Utu h g hi self,
u for . r x wo ld be left Uruk V Fu ther, by reconstructing the te t a m a . X a of b ckw rds fro L through the Dyn sty Ur, including the a o m a at and a necess ry f r ul e the beginning end of dyn sties, it will be found th at the space left is sufficient only for a very short
1 F or the inscr on commemora n his r um h see TH U R E A - I ipti ti g t i p , U DA NG N ’ in R éoue d A ss r iolo ie I X 1 1 1 - 1 2 0 and X 1 y g , , , 99, 00. 2 T H E M A 3 EARLY DYNASTIES OF S U ER AND AKK D .
m e a a a . a dyn sty, prob bly of no or th n one or two kings Fin lly, the contemporary history of Lagash supplies s o me measure of l I m f a a . n o u coll ter evidence the ti e D ngi, second king of Ur III, a a U r - - a m cert in Ningirsu , high priest of Nin , is entioned on a
o a a B au an v tive wig of bl ck diorite dedic ted to the goddess , d it has a o a a long been held, with the gre test pr b bility, th t this perso n
ca U r- a a m is identi l with Ningirsu, the son of Gude , who c lls hi self “ ” 1 a own n beloved priest of Nin in one of his brick i scriptions .
a an d m - a m But the ctivity se i independence of Gude , which per itted him even to embark upon a private military expedition against 2 a a at a m a of m a a Ansh n , shews th t le st so e p rt his reign ust h ve l in in a period when there was n o universally predominant power in
a o a and a m and B byl ni , it is the period between the f ll of Gutiu
of o o o the rise Ur which best c rresp nds with these c nditions . It
m 0 N amma ni a t has a a . a a esi lre dy been entioned (p 3 ) th t h , p of mma was all a a m o a of o U , in prob bility conte p r ry the f urth king
m N amma ni was a am of a a tesi f of Gutiu . But h lso the n e p o
a a - in - law U r - Bau an d c a a L g sh , son of , prede essor of Gude by
m a a a m a a a ti e which would ppe r to h ve e br ced sever l gener tions , during which the names of four other pa tesis of Lagash are
mma was a n o an d a a of known . U the ne r eighb ur ncient riv l
a a and o m an m a m o a L g sh, it d es not see i possible ssu pti n th t ’ amma ni s a man m the two N h were identic l, one co bining the
u or o rule of both cities either by conq est c nsent . The fourth king of Gutium rei gned about 1 00 years before the end of his
a and a o o m a dyn sty, , if the identific tion pr p sed ight be ccepted, this would ten d again to fix the date of Gudea duri ng the latter of a a years and after the fall the Guti n Dyn sty . But the son of
a was as has a a a o m a of Gude , it ppe red, c nte por ry Dungi , the m n n of . a seco d ki g Ur All evidence, therefore , see s to gree in
a a of was and a no i ndicating th t the Dyn sty Uruk V short, th t very considerable gap intervened between the defeat of Gutium ’ - r om and the formation of U r E ngu s kingd .
1 ’ D ’c n o e C/z laé e PI N o o er tes n a . . 8 . e II , 37, 2 VI - 6 . G u a a ue . 6 de , St t B , 4 9 H X C APTER .
n x L i i - I h A ew te t of b t s tar .
a and With the Dyn sty of Isin , which succeeded Ur III, is m X o a m . a e entioned in the fr g ents of L , this chronol gic l surv y m fi l h m t t a t . as o a y y close It , however, see ed worth while insert,
an L ibit- a a a this point, inscription of Isht r, fifth king of th t dyn sty,
a has an o a a a of not bec use it y hist ric l v lue, but bec use its interest a s being only the second inscription of this king as yet recovered .
' LA Y M scella ncons I nscr i Unlike the first (best represented in C , p tions ka a and a a ff , No . it is written in Ak di n , de ls with di erent x P ma a event . The te t ( late which is copied from two s ll cl y 1 m ma a and cones in the British Museu , y be tr nscribed rendered as follows
“ ‘ 1 1 - - - i - i - a - i- z n - K i . ii oi it sta r 2 r i m l i n r im Col . ( ) ( ) u (3) p é (4) ipp ( )
L ibit- a the a Isht r, shepherd who fe reth Nippur,
(5) i - ta - r u- um (6) ki - n n- nnz (7) fa nr i - (K 1) - im an a the const t w terer of Ur,
’ — - - - — - - ( 8) la ma pa a r ki um (9) a na er ia i (K z) ( 1 0) oi l um a a a E d th t ce seth not his c re for ridu, the lor ,
( 1 1 ) s i - ma - a t ( m ) m ute - (m ) ( 1 3) sa r 2- si - in- (K 1 ) a o m the d rn ent of Uruk, the king of Isin,
- i ( 1 4) sa r ma - a t ( 1 5) su- me- r i - i m ( 1 6) 22 a -ga tz im a m and a king of the l nd of Su er, Akk d ,
( 1 7) oi - oi - il ( 1 8) Zi- i - oa ista r ( 1 9) a - n a - len ( 2 0) ga - ni - in o a a am the bel ved of the he rt of Isht r, I A
' d ' ( 2 1 ) oi - oi - il ( 2 2 ) i - ti oélzm ( 2 3) 22 oi ltirn (ti- int) b o a B61 and e el ved of the h nd of B ltu ,
1 r i The writer has also seen several further examples in p ivate possess on. C T H E N I M A N D K 34 EARLY DY AST ES OF SU ER A KAD .
— - - - a i i - in K l 2 a - al fa r - m ti - a . 1 i n s Col II . ( ) ( ) ( ) i m a in Isin y roy l city,
4 ° 3) i- na ou- a o eka llim (im) (4) d Ii - oi - it istar ( 5) ma - r u own
at a a - a L ibit- h a Be] the p l ce g te , Is t r, the son of ,
- - - - — (6) a na kn (8) é l i ta a m e ven I , justice
- —- - - - (9) i- na ma - a t ( 1 0) i a me r i ini ( 1 1 ) z) a ga ti im in the land of Sumer and Akkad
( 1 2 ) as- kn- nn- ni ( 1 3) e-pu- as
I had established did build .
’ k c n ruct on Co l. 1 2 0. The mean n of h s or h ch escr es th e n s o s . i g t i w d , w i d ib i g t i ,
a ear ou u amm a is oun in Cune or m Tex ts XI I . 2 pp s d btf l . g f d if 7
- - 81 2 2 00 R ev. but is here a so of unce tain m ean n thou h ( 7 7, . t l r i g , g o r m w Th s it is indicated that the ide g a explained as GA+ NUN . i compo site sign actually appears in an unpublished inscription of
u B M . who here sa ha he u a a nun rna E n annad I ( . t ys t t b ilt g é “ h u - h wor i v bed for t e god L gal Erim . T e d s tentati ely rendered ” h m er n nad B a b lon isclze B r i } . 2 1 6 But in v ew c a b by U g , y g , p . , i of POE B E L H istor i cal Tex ts N o 6 here it is re a e ha on A , , . , 9, w l t d t t e r mani ‘ u th i s- sa r - ma i of nl at u it seem b ilt e g l E il Nipp r, s possible to compare ' ’ the ra c un fii n ab ar en A bi g , g d .
a a o It will be observed th t the first p rt of the inscripti n, containing
a m an a a a a the roy l titles, is erely Akk di n tr nsl tion of the m corresponding lines in the Su erian . But linguistically the most
r m m in C ol. 2 inte esting point is the phonetic co ple ent I , 3 , ‘1 N I H -L I L ti- i772 a a belt m ( ), which points unequivoc lly to the re ding i .
an a a It c not, therefore, be doubted th t, under the Isin Dyn sty, the divine names E nlil and Ninlil were pronounced B61 an d Beltu respectively by the Semitic speakers . The cones which bear this
r a m text a e cle rly derived fro the site of Isin, which is still
and a ma a as h s unknown, it is tter of regret th t in no c e a it been m possible to acquire any infor ation as to their provenance . H XI C APTER . — - f hur Rim S in of L ar s a and R im S in o As .
Attention may perhaps be directed to one more curious! i m a o a a a c rcu st nce, bef re closing this survey of the e rly B byloni n
a of a dyn sties . The city Isin is now known to h ve been con
o of m a m ac a fronted , throughout its peri d no in l supre y, by the riv l
of a a and a a a a m power L rs , fin lly to h ve been v nquished by the r s of R im - m a ma to m Sin . But by this ti e a third cl i nt the hege ony had a ar and a m a a a to ppe ed, the f ll of Isin erely brought L rs f ce a i a f ce with the r sing strength of the First Dynasty of B bylon .
f of a m - a m was m a The ounder this dyn sty, Su u bu , known fro 1 h to ha a m a I lushuma of c ronicle ve been conte por ry of , one the 2 ’ a a and a o ma a a I lushuma s e rly kings of Assyri , l ter inf r tion dds th t
o I rishum w s m a of m - la- success r, I, a the conte por ry Su u ilu , the
- um . at a o successor of S u abum Three more kings reign B byl n , and om amm a as a then c es H ur bi , who, is well known, defe ted
- R im a a. af o of I rishum at Sin of L rs But, ter f ur successors I
o of a a n Ashur, the thr ne th t city is also occupied by a king be ri g
am R im - ! a sa a o f u the n e of Sin Th t is to y, th t the cities Ash r and Larsa must have been ruled at almost precisely the same
m am am to ti e by kings of the s e n e . It is not intended suggest a to um a a an u th t identity is be ass ed . There is no w rr nt for y s ch — and a - o f R im of a a inference, , indeed, the d te list Sin L rs , which ma m n y be trusted to reflect the ore notable events of his reig , m akes no reference to any enterprise beyond the limits of southern
a a . m a am B byloni In these circu st nces, the identity in the n es of contemporary rulers between two cities so far separated as As hur
an d Larsa might be co nsidered simply as a remarkable coincidence .
a had a But it is worthy of note th t Ashur , before this, cknowledged
z a - and a o n a the su er inty of Bur Sin I, is lso kn w to h ve been o amm a a under the contr l of H urabi . N either of these kings ppe r,
a a i a however, in the list of ctu l Assyr n rulers .
1 I C/zr onicles 1 K NG , I I , 4 . 2 CH R OE D E R Z eitsclzr i ft f nr ss l e XXX 8 S , A y r io og i , III , 5
A . F TH E F TABLE OF EARLY DYN STIES A TER LOOD . 37
KINGD OM OF MAR I Anpu 3 0 years (and other kings)
(summary doubtful)
KI N GDOM OF A K SH A K
Kalam - zi 3 0 years
Kalam - dalulu 1 2
U r- ur 6
Puzur- Saban 2 0
I shuil 2 , 4 Gimil Sin
6 kings 99
FOU RT H K INGDOM OF KISH
K u- Bau P a KINGDOM OF , ye rs
E Puzur- 2 ka AGAD Sin , 5 U ru gina
r- lbaba 6 Sharru- kin a U I , 55 ye rs Z imudar ° H K , 3 5 , T IRD INGDOM OF U ziwadar 6 UR UK E lmuti 1 1
mi- ma 1 1 L u al- za is I Sha sh n g gg i 2 5 years
‘ Nania 3
8 kings 9 2 + years 1 king 2 5 years
R imush
M anishtusu (P) Naram- Sin
Shar - gali - sharri I i Igigi . m . a m Blulu N nu . .
Dudu, Shudurkib (P)
1 2 kings 8 E N I E OF M E A N D K 3 THE ARLY DY AST S SU R AK AD .
FOU RT H K INGD OM OF UR UK — U r nigin 3 years
U r- gigir 6 Kudda 6
Puzur - iii 5
U r- Utu
5 kings
KINGDOM OF GUTIUM I mbia 5 years I ngishu 7 Warlagaba 6
I arla ash P g Nammabni of Umma 1 m ( 7 ore kings , including (and Lagash P) E rridu- pizir L asirab Sium S aratigubisin Tirigan)
2 1 1 2 P a 0 a kings 4 ( 5) ye rs, 4 d ys
FIFT H KINGDOM o r UR UK
Utu - begal
(Summary doubtful)
Q. TH IRD K INGDOM OF U R
— m “ U r E ngur w N ot/a 1 8 years
8 U r- r a Dungi 5 Ningi su , son of Gude of Lagash Z ariku sa kka na kku , of Ashur F N A T A E F TABLE O EARLY DY S I ES . FT R THE LOOD . 39
O w a m a c N e n m m o m J £ m u J n a a n 5 fi fi fi s m m z m 6 u v fi fi 2 e fi fi m 8 fi m a fi a w fi a m w 5 a m m . s m
a o o n n n
u H o a w m n m 8 m n H e a i m f w 5 a a 3 J w t e fi a a 5 z m fl e c E L 3 m fi D é a m a n a E m s 5 n m o G v m 3 b é u P P E N D I X A .
I N a and a an a m the preceding p ges, in the list of dyn sties, y tte pt
fix a bsolute h o ma as a o . to chronology been purp sely v ided It y,
a o r a however, be pointed out th t the reconstructi n of the Assy i n m a a king list, co bined with the chronologic l notes given by v rious
s a a nd m As yri n kings, the known synchronis s with the first
a a ff a an d om m an dyn sty of B bylon , o er new pr ising e s of a a a a m and a ppro ching the e rly dyn sties of Su er Akk d . Thus, E B — 1 C . 8 o m sarhaddon ( . 68 1 6 6 ) rec rds that Shal aneser I lived 8 i 0 a o e m . e. B . C. o . 5 ye rs bef r his ti e, , r ughly 2 But Shalmaneser I himself states that one Shamshi - Adad him 80 a and a I rishum 1 ea preceded by 5 ye rs, th t lived 59 y rs
- th am a . a o e a before this Sh shi Ad d By dditi n , therefore, d te of
I rishum a to a ma was 1 2 6 0 i . e. , ccording Sh l neser I , + , a B 0 kul i- n rta a ma has . C: 2 0 0 . Tu t E u bout I , son of Sh l neser I ,
2 6 0 been assigned on other grounds to the period about B . C . 1 3 1 2 0 is e s o to a a s 4 . It int re ting , theref re, find th t this king lso give a a I lushuma a I rishum 80 a d te for , the f ther of , 7 ye rs before his
m i . e B C . a own ti e , . , . , which grees very well ’ w Shalman eser s a for I rishum a E a a ith d te . It is true th t s rh ddon , a a a a s the a a ma n in the p ss ge lre dy quoted, give interv ls Sh l eser I — — — am s - a as a and am a I rishum as Sh hi Ad d 4 34 ye rs , Sh shi Ad d
1 2 6 a a n a a 1 8 2 0 for I rishum . ye rs, thus obt ini g d te of There is a fli of a thus con ct of evidence, but in view the higher ntiquity
a ma nd ma a n of Sh l neser, a the confir tion of his d ti g by his son
T ukulti- E nurta s em to o I, it e s better reject the versi n of
’ 1 ' ‘ M esserschm d K eilsckr i tex te a ns A ssur kzstor iscken [n ka lts N o . 1 i t , fi , 5 ,
- c l 11 1 2 . o . I I , . 2 3 2 — I bid. N o . 1 everse col. I I I 2 ol. I V , 3, R , , 3 c , 4. 3 - M itteilun en der deutsck ellsc t . 2 s . g m Or ient Ges kaf , 54 , p 3 qq PP N X A E DI .
I lushum E a a . a a B . C 2 0 an s rh ddon If, then , lived bout . 3 5, a x ma a m - a m f s a ppro i te d te for Su u bu , the ounder of the fir t dyn sty
of a a ma a O a an d can B bylon, is uto tic lly bt ined, the chronology be
reckoned back to U r - B ugur without more inexactitude than may a a a a s h ve been alre dy involved in the preceding c lcul tion . 1 a B ur- a Incident lly, Sin I of Ur is known to h ve been the m a and of Z ariku of a conte por ry overlord , one the very e rliest E recorded rulers of Ashur . ven beyond this point a rough approximation might also be made to dates as far back as the B m a Akshak . ut a a at dyn sty of it see s better to bst in , present, from anything more than this general sketch of a possible new m ethod of inquiry .
’ ’ 1 - M itten a . a ut k r l 6 e sc . 0 Gesel . 1 . . , 54, p . . A D D I T I O N A N O T L E .
WH E N the foregoing pages had already reached their final form
a a E x ositor Times in the press, there ppe red in the p y of june, “ 1 2 1 1 0 m d . an a a an 9 , p 4 , rticle entitled The Dyn sties of Su er ” a a P A Akk d, to which the uthor, rof. L NGDON, very kindly directed m m m to a . was a y ttention While, therefore , it by th t ti e i possible ma n a a x a 2 and ke a y lter tion in the te t of this ess y (pp . 9 it seemed necessary to take account of certain additional information
a a a concerning the Dyn sty of Ag de, which is supplied by still m L E GR A I N M nishtusu and a am . a ore recent discovery of Dr . N r
ar e a and 6 a Sin now known to h ve reigned 7 5 ye rs respectively, and it is certain that the house of S harru- kin ruled in regular succession from father to son through five generations down to
- - m a a a a a 1 a . Sh r g li sh rri, for period of 57 ye rs This nu ber grees exactly with that which is given for the Sargonid family by ’ m POE BE L S x . V and a te t no . 3, Col III, 5, no further doubt re ins
a was a m concerning this part of the dynasty . The g p which ssu ed
2 M anishtusu and a am - (p . 9) to occur between N r Sin does not
x of a m was a e ist . The object this ssu ption to supply nother king who should complete the number of 1 2 which is given in the
mma ma a a difficult su ry . Here, therefore, the new infor tion r ises y
am m re . the list of n es is now co plete, but there a only eleven
a a mma as Further, the dur tion of the dyn sty, given in the su ry
1 a a 1 6 a a 97, is ctu lly 9 by ddition of the individu l reigns, including ” u ar o the 3 years of the 4 usurpers . As the fig res for the S g nid
are an mma as m house checked by independent su ry, entioned
a a a m a a a . bove, the in ccur cy ust occur in the l tter p rt of the dyn sty The deficiencies of one king and one year are probably connected N N ADDITIO AL OTE .
a a a m ara m phenomen , but where s the l tter is co p tively uni portant,
a am m ffi x a the loss of n e is ore di cult to e pl in, in view of the
x a a precision with which the te t st tes, for inst nce, the exact number of the pretenders who disputed the throne after the reign
of - - a a ma Shar gali sh rri . But it is indeed tter of congratulation that these slight uncertainties are all that is now left of the formidable difficulties which once beset this important period of B abylonian history.
K or INGDOM AGADE .
a a - Sh rr kin,
R imush ,
M anishtusu ,
a am- N r Sin ,
Shar- gali - sharri Igigi I mi Nanum E lulu
2 1 Dudu , Shudurkib (P) 1 5
I 1 kings 1 96 earS
accor din um a 2 ( g to s m r ies) 1 n7 years .
1 .
LI ST O F E ARLY DYN ASTI E S .
E . M . 108 8 57 . (Oaveas e)
PL .
F E AR Y DY A LIST O L N STI ES .
0 I-w a n s 1 8 8 5 7 . ( R e . )
PL .
I N SC RI PTI O N O N A VOTIVE HAMME R.
0 . . M 14 8 E . 1 7
' - C O N E O F LIB IT IS H FAR, KI NG O F I S I N
L . 1 4 1 6 8 3 . C O . I
C OL . II .