A Date-List for Bronze Age and Iron Age Monuments
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics
Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The eighth-century revolution Version 1.0 December 2005 Ian Morris Stanford University Abstract: Through most of the 20th century classicists saw the 8th century BC as a period of major changes, which they characterized as “revolutionary,” but in the 1990s critics proposed more gradualist interpretations. In this paper I argue that while 30 years of fieldwork and new analyses inevitably require us to modify the framework established by Snodgrass in the 1970s (a profound social and economic depression in the Aegean c. 1100-800 BC; major population growth in the 8th century; social and cultural transformations that established the parameters of classical society), it nevertheless remains the most convincing interpretation of the evidence, and that the idea of an 8th-century revolution remains useful © Ian Morris. [email protected] 1 THE EIGHTH-CENTURY REVOLUTION Ian Morris Introduction In the eighth century BC the communities of central Aegean Greece (see figure 1) and their colonies overseas laid the foundations of the economic, social, and cultural framework that constrained and enabled Greek achievements for the next five hundred years. Rapid population growth promoted warfare, trade, and political centralization all around the Mediterranean. In most regions, the outcome was a concentration of power in the hands of kings, but Aegean Greeks created a new form of identity, the equal male citizen, living freely within a small polis. This vision of the good society was intensely contested throughout the late eighth century, but by the end of the archaic period it had defeated all rival models in the central Aegean, and was spreading through other Greek communities. -
A Love Story: God's Enduring Love for an Unfaithful People
Hosea A Love Story: God’s Enduring Love for an Unfaithful People Introduction •Overview •Context •Language Challenges •Structure •Author/Development •Hosea and Chapter 1:1 – 2:3 •Image of Marriage Overview • Hosea – “YHWH has rescued” • The only writing prophet who was raised in and prophesized in the northern kingdom of Israel (Amos was from Judah) • What we know of Hosea is found in the prophet’s text • Hosea felt deeply - anger and tenderness Context •Prophesized in the 8th century BC: 750s – 710s •Difficult to specifically place the time of the prophet’s message •Political •Economic •Religious Political - Context • Kings (not appointed by God) advanced through seeking opportunity • Less about pleasing God, more about pleasing the king • Sought strength and protection from neighboring kingdoms through alliances and deals • Lack of trust God! Economic - Context • Landowners & Poor: “2 Classes” • Assyrian takeover – Israel had to pay huge tributes to Assyria • Forced the poor into working harder and longer - Poor only getting poorer • Forgot to look out for the poor… • Lack of obedience to God! Religious - Context • Polytheism and syncretism • Baal – bringer of rain, thus the fertility connection; sexual acts performed in Baal’s temple was thought to “contribute” to fertility • Many sought the blessing of both religions • Israel has failed to keep the covenant! Language Challenges • Hebrew text of Hosea offers more problems than any Old Testament book except Job • Dialects distinct from other books • Seemingly a “series of fragments” -
Part of Princeton's Climate Change & History Research Initiative
The climate of survival? Environment, climate and society in Byzantine Anatolia, ca. 600-1050 Part of Princeton's Climate Change & History Research Initiative J. Haldon History Department, Princeton University, USA Project Team: Tim Newfield (Princeton); Lee Mordechai (Princeton) Introduction Problem and context No-one doubts that climate, environment and societal development are Between the early 630s and 740s the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) empire lost some The onset of this simplification cannot be made to coincide either with known political linked in causally complex ways. The problem is in the actual mechanics 75% of its territory (Fig. 2) and an equivalent amount in annual revenue to the events, such as the Arab invasions, nor can it be made to fit neatly with any single linking the two, and in trying to determine the causal associations, or in Arab-Islamic conquests or, in the Balkans, to various ‘barbarian’ groups. How did it ‘climate change’ event. In some areas the simplified regime does indeed coincide assigning these causal factors some order of priority. Key questions survive such a catastrophic loss, and how was it able to recover stability and go with the onset of the more humid conditions, in others it begins much later, and in include, for example, at what scale are the climatic and environmental onto the offensive in the later 9th and 10th centuries? There are many factors, as others there is no change at all. So a first conclusion must be that while some farmers events observed, and how does this relate to the societal changes in noted already, but environmental aspects have hitherto been largely disregarded. -
The Denarius – in the Middle Ages the Basis for Everyday Money As Well
The Denarius – in the Middle Ages the Basis for Everyday Money as well In France the coin was known as "denier," in Italy as "denaro," in German speaking regions as "Pfennig," in England as "penny," – but in his essence, it always was the denarius, the traditional silver coin of ancient Rome. In his coinage reform of the 780s AD, Charlemagne had revalued and reintroduced the distinguished denarius as standard coin of the Carolingian Empire. Indeed for the following 700 years, the denarius remained the major European trade coin. Then, in the 13th century, the Carolingian denarius developed into the "grossus denarius," a thick silver coin of six denarii that was later called "gros," "grosso," "groschen" or "groat." The denarius has lasted until this day – for instance in the dime, the North American 10 cent-coin. But see for yourself. 1 von 15 www.sunflower.ch Frankish Empire, Charlemagne (768-814), Denarius (Pfennig), after 794, Milan Denomination: Denarius (Pfennig) Mint Authority: Emperor Charlemagne Mint: Milan Year of Issue: 793 Weight (g): 1.72 Diameter (mm): 20.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation The pfennig was the successor to the Roman denarius. The German word "pfennig" and the English term "penny" correspond to the Latin term "denarius" – the d on the old English copper pennies derived precisely from this connection. The French coin name "denier" stemmed from the Latin term as well. This pfennig is a coin of Charlemagne, who in 793/794 conducted a comprehensive reform of the Carolingian coinage. Charlemagne's "novi denarii," as they were called in the Synod of Frankfurt in 794, bore the royal monogram that was also used to authenticate official documents. -
Borna's Polity Attested by Frankish Sources in the Territory of the Former
International Symposium The Treaty of Aachen, AD 812: The Origins and Impact on the Region between the Adriatic, Central, and Southeastern Europe Abstracts University of Zadar Zadar, September 27–29, 2012 Abstracts of the International Symposium The Treaty of Aachen, AD 812: The Origins and Impact on the Region between the Adriatic, Central, and Southeastern Europe Zadar, September 27–29, 2012 University of Zadar Department of History 2012 Frankish ducatus or Slavic Chiefdom? The Character of Borna’s Polity in Early-Ninth-Century Dalmatia Denis Alimov Borna’s polity, attested by Frankish sources on the territory of the former Roman province of Dalmatia in the first quarter of the 9th century, is traditionally considered to be the cradle of early medieval Croatian state. Meanwhile, the exact character of this polity and the way it was linked with the Croats as an early medieval gens remain obscure in many respects. I argue that Borna’s ducatus consisted of two political entities, the Croat polity proper, with its heartland in the region of Knin, and a small chiefdom of the Guduscani in the region of Gacka. Borna was the chief of the Croats, a group of people that gradually developed into an ethnic unit under the leadership of a Christianized military elite.. For all that, the process of the stabilization of the Croats’ group identity originally connected with the social structures of Pax Avarica and its transformation into what can be called gentile identity was very durable, the rate of the process being considerably slower than the formation of supralocal political organization in Dalmatia. -
German Language Specific Informational Report
Rhode Island College M.Ed. In TESL Program Language Group Specific Informational Reports Produced by Graduate Students in the M.Ed. In TESL Program In the Feinstein School of Education and Human Development Language Group: German Author: Charlotte Markey Program Contact Person: Nancy Cloud ([email protected]) Charlotte Markey Spring 2009 TESL 539 Writing System: The earliest known examples of written German date from the 8th century AD and consist of fragments of an epic poem, the Song of Hildebrand, magical charms and German glosses in Latin manuscripts. A short Latin-German dictionary, the Abrogans, was written during the 760s. Where Spoken : German has about 121 million speakers in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Lichtenstein, Belgium, Italy, France, Denmark, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, Luxembourg, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Australia, South Africa and Namibia. Like English, German is a pluricentric language with three main areas of usage (Austria, Germany, and Switzerland). Low German (north of the Benrath line) did not take part in the second vowel change in 7th and 8th century A.D. The second vowel change affected esp. German consonants p, t and k which were transformed to pf/f, ts/s and ch. Examples: English: to sit German: sitzen Low German: sitten English: to make German: machen Low German: maken (Neuschwanstein Castle, www.castles.org, 2000) Low German often shares more characteristics with Dutch and English. Middle German is spoken in the southern portion of Germany and High German is spoken in Austria. Switzerland developed its own local dialects of the vernacular Swiss /German which is unintelligible even to Germans and Austrians. -
Furuhata-History of Exchange In
The History of Trade and Exchange in the East Sea (Japan Sea) Region This is a report on the history of trade and exchange between Bo-hai/Pal-hae and Japan across the East Sea (Japan Sea), which were carried out in the period from the 8th to the 10th centuries. I hope you will understand the outline of the history of trade and exchange across the East Sea (Japan Sea) before the modern age. Bo-hai/Pal-hae was a dynastic state that ruled the northeastern district of China (Manchuria), the northern district of North Korea and Primorsky in Russia during the 229 years from 698 to 926. Bo-hai/Pal-hae was a multi-ethnic state consisting of people who lived in Gaogouli/Koguryo, which was ruined in 668, and people of Mo-he groups who lived in the north of Gaogouli/Koguryo. When their state was defeated by Qidan, some escaped to the Korean Peninsula governed by the Koryo Dynasty, some were abducted by Qidan, and others stayed there and then became Nuzhen (Jushen), present-day Man-zu. Because of this historical background, there has been a dispute about whether Bo-hai/Pal-hae was a state of China or Korea. In an international conference, a dispute occurred on the matter of whether the name should be in Chinese or Korean. I used both names for this conference. I think that divestitures of nations in the past by nation states are due to political reasons and they are wrong from an academic viewpoint. The present nation states were established in the process of modernization through the process of integration and disintegration of ethnic groups and states. -
Creating Memories in Late 8Th-Century Byzantium Creating Memories in Late 8Th-Century Byzantium Central European Medieval Studies
CENTRAL EUROPEAN MEDIEVAL STUDIES Marjanović Creating Memories in Late 8th-century Byzantium 8th-century Late in Memories Creating Dragoljub Marjanović Creating Memories in Late 8th-century Byzantium The Short History of Nikephoros of Constantinople Creating Memories in Late 8th-century Byzantium Central European Medieval Studies The series focuses on the geographical centre of the European continent, but also a region representing various historically changing meanings and concepts. It challenges simplistic notions of Central Europe as a periphery to the medieval ‘West’, or, equally, a border between barbarity and civilization; an area of a lively convergence of different ethnic groups, and a socially and culturally framed common space; a point where different ‘Others’ met, or an intermediary ‘bridge’ between the Roman Catholicism and Latinity of the West, and the Slavic Orthodoxy and Hellenism of the Byzantine East. Series Editor Dr. Nada Zečević, University of Eastern Sarajevo Editorial Board Dr. Kateřina Horníčková, University of South Bohemia Dr. Cosmin Popa-Gorjanu, 1 December 1918 University Alba Iulia Dr. Zsolt Hunyadi, University of Szeged Dr. Anna Adamska, Utrecht University Dr. Trpimir Vedriš, University of Zagreb Creating Memories in Late 8th-century Byzantium The Short History of Nikephoros of Constantinople Dragoljub Marjanović Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Interior part of the dome of the 13th century Sopoćani monastery in Serbia Source: Author’s photo Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout Amsterdam University Press English-language titles are distributed in the US and Canada by the University of Chicago Press. isbn 978 94 6298 039 6 e-isbn 978 90 4852 965 0 (pdf) doi 10.5117/9789462980396 nur 684 / 704 © Dragoljub Marjanović / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2018 All rights reserved. -
Chronology Activity Sheet
What Is Chronology Chronology? The skill of putting events into time order is called chronology. History is measured from the first recorded written word about 6,000 years ago and so historians need to have an easy way to place events into order. Anything that happened prior to written records is called ‘prehistory’. To place events into chronological order means to put them in the order in which they happened, with the earliest event at the start and the latest (or most recent) event at the end. Put these events into chronological order from your morning Travelled to school Cleaned teeth 1. 2. 3. 4. Got dressed Woke up 5. 6. Had breakfast Washed my face How do we measure time? There are many ways historians measure time and there are special terms for it. Match up the correct chronological term and what it means. week 1000 years year 10 years decade 365 days century 7 days millennium 100 years What do BC and AD mean? When historians look at time, the centuries are divided between BC and AD. They are separated by the year 0, which is when Jesus Christ was born. Anything that happened before the year 0 is classed as BC (Before Christ) and anything that happened after is classed as AD (Anno Domini – In the year of our Lord). This means we are in the year 2020 AD. BC is also known as BCE and AD as CE. BCE means Before Common Era and CE means Common Era. They are separated by the year 0 just like BC and AD, but are a less religious alternative. -
Rectangular Shields in the Ancient Near East
IranicaAntiqua, vol. L, 2015 doi: 10.2143/IA.50.0.3053518 A SHIELD-BEARER FROM SIALK: RECTANGULAR SHIELDS IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST BY Inna N. MEDVEDSKAYA (Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, Russian Academy of Sciences St. Petersburg, Russia) Abstract: The focus of this article are rectangular shields depicted on ancient Near Eastern reliefs and painted objects from the second millennium and the beginning of the first millennium B.C. The article considers the rectangular woven shields indicated by the brickwork pattern on the reliefs or by the chessboard on paintings. In the beginning of the first millennium B.C., as to judge from Assyrian reliefs, the rectangular woven shields were used only in the countries of Ancient Iran. Comparison of these shields depicted on the reliefs of Sargon II, on painted Greek Geometric pottery and on the vessel from Sialk B (Iran) confirms the dating of the painted pottery from Sialk B cemetery to the 2nd half of the 8th century B.C., as was offered by the author earlier. Keywords: Assyria, Greece, Sialk B, reliefs, woven shields, vase painting. The Sialk B cemetery is one of the most important archaeological sites of pre-Achaemenid Iran. It is the one (as well as the site Hasanlu) that serves as a base for solving chronological problems, discovering the ori- gins and cultural relations of the Iranian sites of the first millennium B.C. The Sialk B cemetery was investigated and published by R. M. Ghirshman in 1930s (Ghirshman 1939). The chronology of Sialk B is still the subject of discussions, varying from the 10th to the 7th century B.C. -
A Chinese in the Nubian and Abyssinian Kingdoms (8Th Century) 2
A Chinese in the Nubian and Abyssinian Kingdoms (8th Century) 2 Wolbert Smidt A Chinese in the Nubian and Abyssinian Kingdoms (8th Century) The visit of Du Huan to Molin-guo and Laobosa (Du huan in chinese) 1 Ancient contacts between China and the Aksumite kingdom, in today's Ethiopia and Eritrea, are mentioned from time to time by scholars1 and seem to be well established. But only very few publications go into more detail. Even if there were no historical or archaeological evidence, it would, however, at least be likely that Chinese and Aksumites did know of each other. The presence of Indian merchants, who were also in commercial contact with Chinese coastal towns, at the Adulis coast is attested in ancient texts and can also indirectly be drawn from archaeological findings of coins from ancient India in Eritrea and Ethiopia2. Red-Sea- merchants are also known to have been present in India, coming into direct contact with Chinese there3. Early Chinese sources of the Han dynasty (206 B.C. - 220 A.D.) mention products from the "South" like pearls, tortoise shells, incense and spices, part of which might have been imported from the Red Sea area - in exchange with silk4. Silk is one of the goods from China, which has probably reached the Red Sea already in early times5. The 1st century Periplus Maris Erythraei, which is one of the few ancient Greek sources on the Red Sea, also describes the Chinese coast and mentions silk as a trade product along the coasts of the Indian Ocean6. 2 This is just to refer to some examples, which make it exciting to go further in the search for other cultural influences or exchanges which might reach not only as far as to the Agaeïs in the Mediterranean Sea in the North, but also as far as to the Indian and Chinese Ocean in the Far East. -
Northern Saints Trails the Way of the Sea Warkworth to Jarrow
Northern Saints Trails The Way of the Sea Warkworth to Jarrow Introduction The Way of the Sea has been set up as one of the new Northern Saints Trails to provide a link between Warkworth on St Oswald’s Way and another new Northern Saints Trail, The Way of Learning. Linking these three routes together provides a continuous 124 mile pilgrimage route between Lindisfarne and Durham. This route can of course be walked in either direction. When we think of the Northern Saints like Aidan and Cuthbert, we rightly think of them as great walkers and it’s likely that they will sometimes have walked along this coast, but actually it’s probably more likely that they will have taken the actual way of the sea! Aidan was closely linked with monastic settlements in South Shields and Hartlepool, so he probably sailed from Lindisfarne to those places which would have been quicker and, before the Vikings started their raids, safer too. The Way of the Sea itself is 62 kilometres or 38.5 miles in length. You may occasionally find Northern Saints Trails signs, but this route is the same as the England Coast Path all the way from Warkworth to North Shields so follow the ECP signs which are frequent. Sometimes you may see an acorn symbol as the ECP is one of the National Trails. You will also find Northumberland Coast Path signs between Warkworth and Cresswell. The coastal path itself generally stays on the higher ground, but in some places such as Druridge or Whitley bays you may prefer to walk on the sand.