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Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics
Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics The eighth-century revolution Version 1.0 December 2005 Ian Morris Stanford University Abstract: Through most of the 20th century classicists saw the 8th century BC as a period of major changes, which they characterized as “revolutionary,” but in the 1990s critics proposed more gradualist interpretations. In this paper I argue that while 30 years of fieldwork and new analyses inevitably require us to modify the framework established by Snodgrass in the 1970s (a profound social and economic depression in the Aegean c. 1100-800 BC; major population growth in the 8th century; social and cultural transformations that established the parameters of classical society), it nevertheless remains the most convincing interpretation of the evidence, and that the idea of an 8th-century revolution remains useful © Ian Morris. [email protected] 1 THE EIGHTH-CENTURY REVOLUTION Ian Morris Introduction In the eighth century BC the communities of central Aegean Greece (see figure 1) and their colonies overseas laid the foundations of the economic, social, and cultural framework that constrained and enabled Greek achievements for the next five hundred years. Rapid population growth promoted warfare, trade, and political centralization all around the Mediterranean. In most regions, the outcome was a concentration of power in the hands of kings, but Aegean Greeks created a new form of identity, the equal male citizen, living freely within a small polis. This vision of the good society was intensely contested throughout the late eighth century, but by the end of the archaic period it had defeated all rival models in the central Aegean, and was spreading through other Greek communities. -
A Love Story: God's Enduring Love for an Unfaithful People
Hosea A Love Story: God’s Enduring Love for an Unfaithful People Introduction •Overview •Context •Language Challenges •Structure •Author/Development •Hosea and Chapter 1:1 – 2:3 •Image of Marriage Overview • Hosea – “YHWH has rescued” • The only writing prophet who was raised in and prophesized in the northern kingdom of Israel (Amos was from Judah) • What we know of Hosea is found in the prophet’s text • Hosea felt deeply - anger and tenderness Context •Prophesized in the 8th century BC: 750s – 710s •Difficult to specifically place the time of the prophet’s message •Political •Economic •Religious Political - Context • Kings (not appointed by God) advanced through seeking opportunity • Less about pleasing God, more about pleasing the king • Sought strength and protection from neighboring kingdoms through alliances and deals • Lack of trust God! Economic - Context • Landowners & Poor: “2 Classes” • Assyrian takeover – Israel had to pay huge tributes to Assyria • Forced the poor into working harder and longer - Poor only getting poorer • Forgot to look out for the poor… • Lack of obedience to God! Religious - Context • Polytheism and syncretism • Baal – bringer of rain, thus the fertility connection; sexual acts performed in Baal’s temple was thought to “contribute” to fertility • Many sought the blessing of both religions • Israel has failed to keep the covenant! Language Challenges • Hebrew text of Hosea offers more problems than any Old Testament book except Job • Dialects distinct from other books • Seemingly a “series of fragments” -
Part of Princeton's Climate Change & History Research Initiative
The climate of survival? Environment, climate and society in Byzantine Anatolia, ca. 600-1050 Part of Princeton's Climate Change & History Research Initiative J. Haldon History Department, Princeton University, USA Project Team: Tim Newfield (Princeton); Lee Mordechai (Princeton) Introduction Problem and context No-one doubts that climate, environment and societal development are Between the early 630s and 740s the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) empire lost some The onset of this simplification cannot be made to coincide either with known political linked in causally complex ways. The problem is in the actual mechanics 75% of its territory (Fig. 2) and an equivalent amount in annual revenue to the events, such as the Arab invasions, nor can it be made to fit neatly with any single linking the two, and in trying to determine the causal associations, or in Arab-Islamic conquests or, in the Balkans, to various ‘barbarian’ groups. How did it ‘climate change’ event. In some areas the simplified regime does indeed coincide assigning these causal factors some order of priority. Key questions survive such a catastrophic loss, and how was it able to recover stability and go with the onset of the more humid conditions, in others it begins much later, and in include, for example, at what scale are the climatic and environmental onto the offensive in the later 9th and 10th centuries? There are many factors, as others there is no change at all. So a first conclusion must be that while some farmers events observed, and how does this relate to the societal changes in noted already, but environmental aspects have hitherto been largely disregarded. -
M6-750/750S M6-760/760S M6-770/770S
M6-750/750S M6-760/760S M6-770/770S CHARACTERISTICS Microprocessor i486 DX2 @ 50 MHz M6-750 M6-750 S i486 DX2 @ 66 MHz M6-760 M6-760 S MOTHERBOARD INTEL DX4 @ 100 MHz M6-770 M6-770 S BA2080 Pre-production These are the processor’s internal clock boards only. rates. Clock M6-750 M6-750 S 25 MHz BA2123 Chip Set M6-760 M6-760 S 33 MHz Saturn step B 5 M6-770 M6-770 S 33 MHz BA2136 Chip Set Saturn step B with new Architecture ISA / PCI printed circuit. Memory RAM: minimum 8 MB, maximum 128 MB The motherboard has four sockets arranged BA2154 Chip Set in two separate banks capable of Saturn 2 accomodating the following SIMMs: BA2156 Chip Set EXM 28-004 No 1 1MB x 36 (4 MB) SIMM Saturn 2 with new EXM 28-008 No 1 2MB x 36 (8 MB) SIMM printed circuit. EXM 28-016 No 1 4MB x 36 (16 MB) SIMM o EXM 28-032 N 1 8MB x 36 (32 MB) SIMM BIOS - Two kits are always required. - The banks can host 8 MB, 16 MB, 32 MB The ROM BIOS is a or 64 MB. Mixed configurations can be Flash EPROM. The used. BIOS code is supplied - Different SIMMs cannot be used within on diskettes and must the same bank. be copied into the Flash EPROM. Memory access 70 ns Last level: Rel. 2.03 Cache - First level cache: 8 KB integrated in the processor - Secondary level cache: 128 KB or 256 KB capacity EXPANSION BUS Depending on the jumper settings, cache TIN BOX IN 2013 memory can work in either write back or IN 2022 write through mode. -
Sept09frontiers.Pdf
Frontierswww.boeing.com/frontiers SEPTEMBERAUGUSTJUNE 2009 20092009 / / / Volume VolumeVolume VIII, VIII,VIII, Issue IssueIssue IV VII Space for growth The arrival of Boeing’s newest satellite is opening doors to opportunities in the commercial market SEPTEMBER 2009 / BOEING FRONTIERS BOEING FRONTIERS / SEPTEMBER 2009 / VOLUME VIII, ISSUE V On the Cover 14 New bird Nearly one-third of the approximately 300 commercial satellites in orbit today were built by Boeing at its million- square-foot satellite factory in El Segundo, Calif. The latest model, known as the Boeing 702B, opens the door to many opportunities in the commercial market, where customers are looking for adaptable, medium- power satellites. Four years in development, the 702B from Boeing Space and Intelligence Systems made its debut in July. COVer IMAge: MiKE ConneLLY, Boeing InteLSAT PROGRAM DIRECTOR OF DIVISION OPERATIONS (LEFT), AND MIKE NEUMAN, 702B PROGRAM DIRECTOR, LEAD SPACE AND INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS’ 702B SATELLITE PROGRAM. DANA REIMER/BOEING AND BOB FERGUSON/BOEING PHOTO: SPACECRAFT TECHNICIAN PAUL IM OF BOEING’S EL SEGUNDO, CALIF., SATELLITE FACTORY, ASSEMBLES A BATTERY PANEL USED ON THE 702B. BOB FERGUSON/BOEING BOEING FRONTIERS / SEPTEMBER 2009 / VOLUME VIII, ISSUE V 3 Frontiers Publisher: Tom Downey Table of contents Editorial director: Anne Toulouse EDITORIAL TEAM Executive editor: Paul Proctor: 312-544-2938 Editor: James Wallace: 312-544-2161 Managing editor: Vineta Plume: 312-544-2954 Art director: Brandon Luong: 312-544-2118 24 Commercial Airplanes editor: Julie O’Donnell: 206-766-1329 Super trip in 82 days Engineering, Operations & Technology Earlier this year, a Boeing-led team that included two Super Hornets circled the globe, editor: stopping in a number of countries to perform at air shows and display the jet fighters. -
Instructions for 1999 Kentucky Form 740-Np Nonresident Or Part-Year Resident Income Tax Return
INSTRUCTIONS FOR 1999 KENTUCKY FORM 740-NP NONRESIDENT OR PART-YEAR RESIDENT INCOME TAX RETURN WHO MUST FILE FORM 740-NP TAXPAYER ASSISTANCE Form 740-NP must be used by full-year nonresidents who had Automated Refund and Tax Information System income from Kentucky sources and by part-year residents who had income while a Kentucky resident or from Kentucky Information may be obtained on the status of income tax sources while a nonresident. These persons must file Form refunds by using the Cabinet's automated refund and tax 740-NP if (1) they had any income from Kentucky sources and information system (ARTIS). This service is available 24 hours a combined gross income from all sources of $5,000 or more, a day. or (2) Kentucky gross receipts from self-employment of $5,000 A touch-tone telephone and the following or more. information from your return will be required: ( Full-year nonresidents must report all income from Kentucky Social Security number shown first on your label or listed sources (including distributive share income, Schedule K-1), first on your return. from activities carried on in Kentucky or from the performance of services in Kentucky and from property located in Kentucky. The exact whole-dollar amount to be refunded to you. Once you have the required information, call (502) 564-1600 Persons moving into Kentucky must report income received and follow the recorded instructions. from Kentucky sources prior to becoming residents and income received from all sources after becoming Kentucky residents. If during the call you do not receive a refund mailing date, please allow seven days before calling again. -
Meanings of Community Across Medieval Eurasia
Meanings of Community across Medieval Eurasia Eirik Hovden, Christina Lutter and Walter Pohl - 9789004315693 Heruntergeladen von Brill.com07/19/2018 09:47:35AM via free access <UN> Brill’s Series on the Early Middle Ages Continuation of The Transformation of the Roman World Managing Editor Bonnie Effros (University of Florida) Editorial Board Deborah Deliyannis (Indiana University) Edward James (University College Dublin) Eduardo Manzano (cchs-csic Madrid) Walter Pohl (Austrian Academy of Sciences) Andrea Sterk (University of Minnesota) VOLUME 25 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsem Eirik Hovden, Christina Lutter and Walter Pohl - 9789004315693 Heruntergeladen von Brill.com07/19/2018 09:47:35AM via free access <UN> Meanings of Community across Medieval Eurasia Comparative Approaches Edited by Eirik Hovden Christina Lutter Walter Pohl leiden | boston Eirik Hovden, Christina Lutter and Walter Pohl - 9789004315693 Heruntergeladen von Brill.com07/19/2018 09:47:35AM via free access <UN> This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 Unported (cc-by-nc-nd 3.0) License, which permits any noncommercial use, and distribution, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Cover illustration: The monastic complex of Gongkar Dorjeden. Wall painting by Yeshe Tendzin, Gongkar Dorjeden Monastery, Tibet; 1940s. ©Photograph by Jampel Shedrub. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hovden, Eirik, editor. | Lutter, Christina, editor. | Pohl, Walter, editor. Title: Meanings of community across medieval Eurasia : comparative approaches / edited by Eirik Hovden, Christina Lutter, Walter Pohl. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2016] | Series: Brill’s series on the Early Middle Ages ; volume 25 | Includes bibliographical references and index. -
17-14 Vacation 500 South 500 West.Pdf
RECORDED JUL 21 2017 CITY OF LOGAN ORDINANCE N0.17-14 Logan City Recorder AN ORDINANCE VACATING RIGHT OF WAY ON PARCEL 02-058-0056 WHEREAS, the City has received a request submitted by the property owner of the subject public right of way, requesting that the public right of way be vacated, WHEREAS, the City has authority by State Law to vacate streets, rights of way, and public utility easements, from use by the public; WHEREAS, the existing public right of way being vacated supported a sewer dump station which is being removed to support a future access to the County parcel; WHEREAS, the Logan Municipal Council finds there is good cause for vacating the public right of way and finds such action shall not materially injure the public or any person; and, WHEREAS, the proposed vacation of public right of way, as set forth herein, has been reviewed by the City and the City Council, and all appropriate hearings, postings, and notifications have been performed in accordance with Utah law to obtain public comment regarding the proposed determination. THEREFORE, BE IT ORDAINED BY THE MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF LOGAN, STATE OF UTAH, AS FOLLOWS: SECTION 1: Pursuant to Section 10-9a-609.5, Utah Code Annotated, 1953 the public rights of way shown in Exhibit A are hereby abandoned and vacated . SECTION 2: Effective Date. This ordinance shall become effective upon publication. PASSED BY THE LOGAN MUNICIPAL COUNCIL, STATE OF UTAH THIS dQ DAY OF ~ 1 2017 by the following vote: Ayes: ~.J~~,°"S"\\M..,~L:1, ~~1 0~, ~ Nays: t°'- (5\--e. -
Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775-831
Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831 East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editor Florin Curta VOLUME 16 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/ecee Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831 By Panos Sophoulis LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Cover illustration: Scylitzes Matritensis fol. 11r. With kind permission of the Bulgarian Historical Heritage Foundation, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Brill has made all reasonable efforts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these efforts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sophoulis, Pananos, 1974– Byzantium and Bulgaria, 775–831 / by Panos Sophoulis. p. cm. — (East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450, ISSN 1872-8103 ; v. 16.) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-20695-3 (hardback : alk. paper) 1. Byzantine Empire—Relations—Bulgaria. 2. Bulgaria—Relations—Byzantine Empire. 3. Byzantine Empire—Foreign relations—527–1081. 4. Bulgaria—History—To 1393. I. Title. DF547.B9S67 2011 327.495049909’021—dc23 2011029157 ISSN 1872-8103 ISBN 978 90 04 20695 3 Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. -
Timeline 100 BC ‒ 44 Julius Caesar, Roman General and Writer BC 27 BC Death of Marcus T., Author on the Affairs of the Countryside 55-117 C.120 Tacitus (P
Timeline 100 BC ‒ 44 Julius Caesar, Roman general and writer BC 27 BC Death of Marcus T., author On the Affairs of the Countryside 55-117 c.120 Tacitus (P. Cornelius Tacitus) 97/98 Publication of On Germany 70 Death of Lucius Junius Columella, author of On Agriculture c.100 Mithraism appears as a cult in the Roman Empire. c.155 Martyrdom of Polycarp of Smyrna c.232-c.303 Porphyry, Neoplatonic philosopher 235-84 The ‘third-century crisis’ of usurpations and revolts 284-305 Reign of Emperor Diocletian 286 Empire divided between two augusti: Diocletian in the East, and Maximian in the West 301 Edict of Prices, shortly after an edict on tax-reform c.311-83 Ulfilas, missionary to the Goths, translator of the Bible into Gothic 306-37 Reign of Emperor Constantine 306 306 Constantine elected emperor ('raised to the purple’) at York 312 Battle of Milvian Bridge; Conversion of Constantine to Christianity 313 Edict of Milan 314 Council of Arles on Donatism 324 Victory over the eastern emperor Licinius; founding of Constantinople 325 Council of Niceaea on Arianism Basilica Nova¸ Rome Church of Santa Constanza, Rome c.315/c.336- St Martin, bishop of Tours 397 c. 360 Monastery of Ligugé founded c.345-402 Symmachus, senatorial aristocrat in the West c. 330-79 St Basil ‘the Great’ 357-8 Visits monks in Egypt and the Holy Land 358-9 Rule of St Basil c. 339-97 St Ambrose, bishop of Milan c. 360-after 430 John Cassian, monk, author of the Institutes and the Conferences 353/5-431 Paulinus, founder of the monastery of Nola (southern Italy) 357 Battle of Strasbourg 360-3 Reign of the pagan Emperor Julian the Apostate 363 Julian killed in the course of a Persian campaign 364-78 Reign of Emperor Valens in the East 372 Monastery of Marmoûtiers founded 376 Visigoths cross the River Danube and settle in the Roman province of Thrace 378 Valens defeated and killed by the Goths at the Battle of Adrianople. -
The Denarius – in the Middle Ages the Basis for Everyday Money As Well
The Denarius – in the Middle Ages the Basis for Everyday Money as well In France the coin was known as "denier," in Italy as "denaro," in German speaking regions as "Pfennig," in England as "penny," – but in his essence, it always was the denarius, the traditional silver coin of ancient Rome. In his coinage reform of the 780s AD, Charlemagne had revalued and reintroduced the distinguished denarius as standard coin of the Carolingian Empire. Indeed for the following 700 years, the denarius remained the major European trade coin. Then, in the 13th century, the Carolingian denarius developed into the "grossus denarius," a thick silver coin of six denarii that was later called "gros," "grosso," "groschen" or "groat." The denarius has lasted until this day – for instance in the dime, the North American 10 cent-coin. But see for yourself. 1 von 15 www.sunflower.ch Frankish Empire, Charlemagne (768-814), Denarius (Pfennig), after 794, Milan Denomination: Denarius (Pfennig) Mint Authority: Emperor Charlemagne Mint: Milan Year of Issue: 793 Weight (g): 1.72 Diameter (mm): 20.0 Material: Silver Owner: Sunflower Foundation The pfennig was the successor to the Roman denarius. The German word "pfennig" and the English term "penny" correspond to the Latin term "denarius" – the d on the old English copper pennies derived precisely from this connection. The French coin name "denier" stemmed from the Latin term as well. This pfennig is a coin of Charlemagne, who in 793/794 conducted a comprehensive reform of the Carolingian coinage. Charlemagne's "novi denarii," as they were called in the Synod of Frankfurt in 794, bore the royal monogram that was also used to authenticate official documents. -
Borna's Polity Attested by Frankish Sources in the Territory of the Former
International Symposium The Treaty of Aachen, AD 812: The Origins and Impact on the Region between the Adriatic, Central, and Southeastern Europe Abstracts University of Zadar Zadar, September 27–29, 2012 Abstracts of the International Symposium The Treaty of Aachen, AD 812: The Origins and Impact on the Region between the Adriatic, Central, and Southeastern Europe Zadar, September 27–29, 2012 University of Zadar Department of History 2012 Frankish ducatus or Slavic Chiefdom? The Character of Borna’s Polity in Early-Ninth-Century Dalmatia Denis Alimov Borna’s polity, attested by Frankish sources on the territory of the former Roman province of Dalmatia in the first quarter of the 9th century, is traditionally considered to be the cradle of early medieval Croatian state. Meanwhile, the exact character of this polity and the way it was linked with the Croats as an early medieval gens remain obscure in many respects. I argue that Borna’s ducatus consisted of two political entities, the Croat polity proper, with its heartland in the region of Knin, and a small chiefdom of the Guduscani in the region of Gacka. Borna was the chief of the Croats, a group of people that gradually developed into an ethnic unit under the leadership of a Christianized military elite.. For all that, the process of the stabilization of the Croats’ group identity originally connected with the social structures of Pax Avarica and its transformation into what can be called gentile identity was very durable, the rate of the process being considerably slower than the formation of supralocal political organization in Dalmatia.