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Download Pdf – Asia Maior Vol. XIX / 2008 La pubblicazione di questo volume è stata resa possibile dall’appoggio dato ad «A SIA MAIOR » dal Dipartimento di Studi Politici dell’Università di To- rino, dall’Associazione Lettera22 di Roma e, soprattutto, dal Ministero degli Affari Esteri. Il loro aiuto e la fiducia dimostrata nei confronti di «A SIA MAIOR » sono stati in ogni caso importanti e, per quanto riguarda il Mini- stero degli Affari Esteri, assolutamente indispensabili. Si è trattato di un aiu- to e di una fiducia tanto più preziosi in considerazione dei pesantissimi tagli alla ricerca universitaria apportati dalla legge nazionale 133/08, tagli che hanno costretto molti degli autori del presente volume ad auto finanziare, in certi casi con notevole sacrificio personale, il lavoro di raccolta e di elaborazio- ne delle fonti su cui sono basati i saggi che compongono il presente volume. INDICE 9 PREMESSA : LE CRISI E I NUOVI EQUILIBRI DELL ’A SIA MAIOR : REALTÀ E IMMAGINI MEDIATICHE di Michelguglielmo Torri 17 IRAN : UN INDECIFRABILE ANNO IN ATTESA DELLE NUOVE ELE- ZIONI PRESIDENZIALI di Riccardo Redaelli 1. Le elezioni parlamentari per l’ottavo majles p. 17; 2 . La trasformazione dell’Iran durante la presidenza di Ahmadinejad p. 20; 3. Le nuove sanzioni ONU relative al programma nucleare iraniano p. 22; 4. La crisi economica interna p. 26; 5. Verso le nuove elezioni presidenziali p. 28. 33 CONSOLIDAMENTO E CONTINUITÀ NEL TURKMENISTAN DI BERDYMUKHAMMEDOV di Matteo Fumagalli 1. Introduzione p. 33; 2. L’era Niyazov tra isolazionismo e sultani- smo p. 35; 3. Dopo Türkmenbaşy: l’ascesa di Berdymukhammedov tra accenni di riforma e persistenze autoritarie p. 39; 4. L’economia politica di un «rentier state» p. 42; 5. Relazioni internazionali: con- tinuità nel mutamento p. 46; 6. Conclusione p. 48. 53 L’ AFGANIZZAZIONE : STALLO DEL CONFLITTO TRA NEGOZIATO , ELEZIONI E IPOTESI IRACHENE di Emanuele Giordana 1. Introduzione p. 53; 2. La situazione politica e il negoziato coi talibani p. 55; 3. Il problema delle vittime civili e l’erosione del consenso p. 59; 4. Le tensioni con gli alleati, il surge e l’afganizzazione del conflitto p. 59; 5. Ricostruzione, crisi ali- mentare, emergenza umanitaria p. 61; 6. Il ruolo dell’ONU e la debolezza dell’UNAMA p. 62; 7 . I problemi dell’economia p. 63; 8. Economia illegale, conflitti e terra p. 64 . 69 PAKISTAN : TRANSIZIONE DEMOCRATICA E CRISI di Marco Corsi 1. Premessa p. 69; 2. Elezioni, nuovo governo e nuovo primo ministro p. 70; 3. Il fallimento del Waziristan Accord p. 73; 4. Impeachment e dimissioni di Musharraf p. 74; 5. La presidenza «Zardari» p. 76; 6. Rapporti tra Pakistan e Stati Uniti p. 78; 7. Rapporti tra Pakistan e Afghanistan p. 79; 8. Rapporti tra Paki- stan e India p. 80; 9. Economia p. 81. 6 83 ACCORDO NUCLEARE , VIOLENZA POLITICA E INCERTEZZA E- CONOMICA IN INDIA di Michelguglielmo Torri 1. Premessa p. 83; 2. L’accordo con gli USA sul nucleare civile p. 84; 2.1. Dall’impasse alla svolta del 22 luglio p. 84; 2.2. Il via libera dell’AIEA e dell’NSG p. 89; 2.3. Il definitivo perfe- zionamento dell’accordo p. 90; 2.4. Un primo bilancio dell’ac- cordo nucleare p. 91; 3. Le violenze contro i cristiani p. 94; 4. L’attacco a Mumbai p. 96; 4.1. La dinamica dell’attacco p. 96; 4.2. Le molte stranezze dei fatti di Mumbai p. 98; 4.3. La strana morte di Hemant Karkare p. 100; 4.4. Una valutazione delle stranezze che circondano gli eventi di Mumbai p. 101; 4.5. Gli autori dell’attacco: l’«Esercito dei puri» p. 101; 4.6. Le finalità dell’attacco p. 104; 4.7. I mancati contraccolpi interni dell’attac- co p. 105; 5. L’economia p. 107; 5.1. La situazione all’inizio dell’anno p. 107; 5.2. Il bilancio 2008-2009 p. 108; 5.3. L’evolversi della situazione economica e l’impatto della crisi mon- diale p. 110. 115 LE ELEZIONI DELL ’ASSEMBLEA COSTITUENTE E I PRIMI MESI DI GOVERNO DELLA REPUBBLICA DEMOCRATICA FEDERALE DEL NEPAL di Enrica Garzilli 1. Sommario p. 115; 2. Il periodo pre-elettorale e la rivolta dei madhesi p. 116; 3. Elezioni pacifiche, imparziali e rappresenta- tive, nonostante tutto p. 118; 4. Il risultato delle elezioni p. 120; 5. Le tre condizioni dei maoisti: un governo stabile per almeno due anni p. 121; 6. L’emergenza energetica p. 122; 7. Il colloca- mento degli ex soldati maoisti p. 124. 127 BANGLADESH : ARRESTO E RIPRESA DEL PROCESSO DEMO- CRATICO di Alessandra Consolaro 1. Premessa p. 127; 2. La dichiarazione dell’emergenza p. 127; 3. Le strategie del governo di emergenza p. 132 ; 3. Le elezioni generali p. 133; 4. Una vera svolta? p. 135; 5. I problemi di fronte al nuovo governo p. 137 . 141 IL RITORNO ALLA GUERRA NELLO SRI LANKA : LE CAUSE , I POSSIBILI SVILUPPI di Marzia Casolari 1. Premessa p. 141; 2. Dalla «guerra non dichiarata » alla fine del cessate il fuoco: un biennio di inaudita violenza p. 142; 3. Le operazioni militari p. 143; 4. La fine del cessate il fuoco e le ra- gioni della politica p. 145; 5. L’involuzione autoritaria di un go- 7 verno «a conduzione familiare » p. 149; 6. L’azzeramento del dis- senso p. 153; 7. Le elezioni provinciali del maggio 2008 p. 156; 8. L’ombra del comunitarismo: lo Sri Lanka come l’India? p. 158; 9. La crisi umanitaria p. 161; 10. Un’economia di guerra p. 162. 165 BIRMANIA : N ARGIS NON FERMA IL REFERENDUM DELLA GIUNTA di Ilaria Maria Sala 1. Premessa p. 165; 2. Dopo le proteste del 2007 p. 167; 3. Il ciclone Nargis e la saga degli aiuti p. 169; 4. Una nuova costitu- zione p. 170; 5. Economia: crescita degli investimenti di Cina ed India p. 171; 6. Conclusioni p. 172 . 175 THAILANDIA : LA TROPPO ACCIDENTATA STRADA VERSO LA DEMOCRAZIA di Monica Ceccarelli 1. Introduzione p. 175; 2. La situazione politica p. 175; 3. Il ruolo della monarchia p. 181; 4. La questione irrisolta del sepa- ratismo nel Sud p. 181; 5. La disputa del Pra Viharn o Preah Vihear p. 183; 6. La situazione economica p. 185; 7. I diritti umani p. 187. 193 CAMBOGIA : LE POLITICHE DELLA NUOVA LEGISLATURA DI HUN SEN di Nicola Mocci 1. Le elezioni legislative e la conferma del CPP di Hun Sen p. 193; 2. Il rallentamento dell’economia p. 196; 3. Il contesto re- gionale e il conflitto frontaliero con la Thailandia p. 199 . 203 2008: I L VIETNAM NELL ’ANNO DELLA «TEMPESTA PERFETTA » di Michela Cerimele 1. Riflessioni introduttive p. 203; 2. Alcune evoluzioni interne e internazionali p. 205; 3. Le turbolenze macroeconomiche p. 207; 4. Il conflitto sociale: il caso del lavoro industriale p. 210. 215 L’ ANNO CHE HA CAMBIATO LA MALAYSIA di Claudio Landi 1. Introduzione p. 215; 2. I «rally» del 2007 p. 215; 3. Verso le elezioni di marzo p. 218; 4. Il momento della verità: le elezioni p. 221; 4.1. Il crollo del Fronte nazionale e la crescita delle oppo- sizioni p. 221; 5. Dopo le elezioni: la transizione p. 224 . 229 INDONESIA : ASPETTANDO LE ELEZIONI GENERALI di Francesco Montessoro 1. Aspettando il 2009 p. 229; 2. Il peso dei fattori sociali ed eco- nomici p. 233; 3. La questione religiosa p. 235. 8 239 LE FILIPPINE FRA CRISI ALIMENTARE E GUERRA AI RIBELLI di Paolo Affatato 1. Premessa p. 239; 2. L’equilibrismo politico di Gloria Arroyo p. 239; 3. La crisi alimentare scuote il paese p. 242; 4. L’economia rallenta dopo l’illusione p. 244; 5. Il collasso della pace a Min- danao p. 246. 251 OLIMPIADI E CRISI FINANZIARIA GLOBALE : LA CINA SUL «PO- DIO DELLE GRANDI POTENZE » di Francesca Congiu 1. Premessa: Olimpiadi, crisi e nazionalismo p. 251; 2. Alla con- quista del podio p. 253; 3. Olimpiadi, Tibet e terremoto p. 256; 4. L’economia cinese in crisi: implicazioni sociali p. 258; 4.1. Le misure anti crisi del governo p. 261; 4.1.1. La riforma agraria del 2008: «una privatizzazione con caratteristiche cinesi» p. 263; 5. La vittoria elettorale del KMT a Taiwan: «un’opportunità sto- rica » p. 264; 6. La Cina e il mondo nell’anno delle Olimpiadi e della crisi economica p. 268; 6.1. Il VII summit dell’ASEM e la cancellazione dell’XI summit Europa-Cina p. 270. 275 IL PUZZLE COREANO : ASPETTANDO … O BAMA di Rosella Idéo 1. Prefazione p. 275; 2. L’eredità di George W. Bush p. 276; 3. La guerra fredda del presidente «bulldozer» Lee p. 280; 4. Kim Jong-il? È il male minore p. 282; 5. Conclusioni p. 284 . 287 GIAPPONE : LE DIFFICOLTÀ ECONOMICHE E SOCIALI PRELUDIO A UNA SVOLTA POLITICA ? di Marco del Bene 1. La crisi finanziaria e la grave congiuntura interna p. 287; 2. La caduta del governo Fukuda p. 288; 3. La nascita del governo As ō p. 291; 4. La fine della fase di espansione dell’economia p. 294; 5. La collocazione internazionale p. 296; 6 . Le tendenze sociali e culturali p. 300. 305 INDICE DEI NOMI 309 «A SIA MAIOR » E I VOLUMI DA ESSA PUBBLICATI 311 I MEMBRI DEL DIRETTIVO E DEL COMITATO SCIENTIFICO DI «A SIA MAIOR » E GLI AUTORI DEL PRESENTE VOLUME PREMESSA LE CRISI E I NUOVI EQUILIBRI DELL ’ASIA MAIOR : REALTÀ E IMMAGINI MEDIATICHE di Michelguglielmo Torri Nel 2008, l’ Asia Maior (quella parte di Asia delimitata a Nord dal Caucaso e dalla Russia e a occidente dalla Turchia e dal mondo arabo) è stata attraversata fondamentalmente da due fenomeni: il consolidamento del ruolo politico della Cina, sia dal punto di vista internazionale sia dal punto di vista regionale, e la crisi finanziaria.
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