DOCSLIB.ORG

LEO on the Cheap Methods for Achieving Drastic Reductions in Space Launch Costs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
LEO on the Cheap Methods for Achieving Drastic Reductions in Space Launch Costs Research Report No. AU-ARI-93-8 LEO on the Cheap Methods for Achieving Drastic Reductions in Space Launch Costs JOHN R. LONDON III Lt Col, USAF ARI Command-Sponsored Research Fellow Air Force Materiel Command Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama October 1994 Disclaimer This publication was produced in the Department of Defense school environment in the interest of academic freedom and the advancement of national defense-related concepts. The views ex- pressed in this publication are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States government. This publication has been reviewed by security and policy review authorities and is cleared for public release. Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER ............................ ii FOREWORD ............................. xv ABOUTTHEAUTHOR ....................... xvii PREFACE .............................. xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................... xxi INTRODUCTION .......................... xxu Study Boundaries ......................... xxvii Some Definitions .......................... xxvii Notes ................................ xxviii 1 THE PROBLEM.. ......................... 1 Expensive Transportation with Broad Impacts ......... 1 Current Launch Vehicle Cost Range .............. 1 Unique Transportation Requirements ............. 2 Establishing the Cost per Launch of Expendables ....... 2 Establishing the Cost per Launch of the Shuttle ........ 2 Representative Vehicle Costs ................... 4 Pegasus ............................. 4 Delta II 7920 .......................... 4 Atlas IIA ............................. 4 Titan IV ............................. 4 Space Shuttle .......................... 5 Launch Vehicle Cost Fraction .................. 5 DSP Launch Cost Fraction ................... 5 GPS Launch Cost Fraction ................... 6 Vehicle Performance Values ................... 6 Payload Launch Efficiency Values ................ 7 Expected Efficiency Trends ................... 8 Vehicle Development Cost and Scaling Effects ........ 8 Limited Launch Capacity ..................... 9 Cost Goals and Cost Realities ................... 10 Commercial Launch Industry Considerations .......... 11 Foreign Competition ...................... 11 Possible US Responses ..................... 13 iii -.-- . _ .*. _.._ - -.^-- Chapter Page Commerical Transportation Cost Comparisons ......... 13 Impacts of High Launch Costs ................... 14 National Space Policy Impacts .................. 14 New Initiatives .......................... 16 Launch Failure .......................... 16 The Means for Expanded Space Activities ............. 16 Summary ............................... 18 Notes.. ............................... 18 2 EXISTING LAUNCH SYSTEMS ................... 21 The Space Shuttle .......................... 21 Titan Launch Vehicles ....................... 22 Atlas Launch Vehicles ........................ 23 Delta Launch Vehicles ....................... 24 Pegasus ................................ 24 SCOUT ................................ 25 Summary ............................... 27 Notes.. ............................... 27 3 PROPOSED LAUNCH SYSTEMS .................. 29 National Launch System ...................... 29 Spacelifter .............................. 30 Single-Stage Rocket Technology .................. 31 National Aerospace Plane ...................... 32 SEALAR ............................... 34 Taurus ................................ 35 Proposed Commercial Systems ................... 36 EER Systems Conestoga ..................... 36 AMROC Aquila .......................... 36 E’ Prime Eagle .......................... 37 Lockheed Launch Vehicle .................... 37 Sea Launch Services Surf .................... 37 Summary ............................... 37 Notes ................................. 37 4 CAUSES OF HIGH LAUNCH COSTS ................ 41 The ICBM Heritage ......................... 41 The Manned Space Program Heritage ............... 42 Reasons for the Shuttle’s High Cost ................ 44 Making the Shuttle a Manned Vehicle ............. 45 The Cost of Shuttle Recoverability/Reusability ......... 45 Weight Penalties of the Shuttle’s Design ............ 46 Space Shuttle Payload Fraction ................. 47 High Complexity Equals High Cost ............... 48 iv Chapter Page The Design Establishes the Cost .................. 48 Launch Vehicle Hardware Cost per Kilogram ......... 49 Production Influences ....................... 50 The High Cost of Maximum Performance and Minimum Weight ..................... 51 The High Development Cost Roadblock ............. 51 A Zero Tolerance for Failure ................... 53 Launch Vehicle Remote Monitoring ............... 55 Range Safety Requirements ................... 56 Summary. .............................. 61 Notes ................................. 61 5 THE NECESSITY FOR COMPLEXI’IY MYTH ........... 63 Launch Vehicle Complexity: Myths and Realities ......... 63 Rocket Engines and Aircraft Engines .............. 64 The Example of Russian Launch Vehicles ............. 66 Simple and Rugged Russian Booster Designs .......... 67 An Example of Simplicity-The Russian RD-107 Rocket Engine ..................... 67 Russian Launch Operations-Simple and Fast ......... 69 The Russian Launch Program-Simple, Modular, and Robust ...................... 70 The Lessons of the German V-2 Missile Program ......... 70 The Early German Rocket Program ............... 70 Wartime Production of the V-2 .................. 74 Analyzing the V-2 in Today’s Context .............. 74 The Private Experimental Rocketeers ............... 77 The California Societies ..................... 77 Examples of Successful Designs ................. 78 The Lesson of the Backyard Rockets ............... 83 Other Examples of Simple Rocket Engines ............ 85 Summary ............................... 88 Notes ................................. 89 6 SOME KEY DESIGN CHOICES ................... 93 Manned versus Unmanned ..................... 93 The Future of the Space Shuttle ................. 93 The Advisability of Mixing People and Payloads ........ 96 Expendable versus Reusable .................... 96 The Space Shuttle’s Reusable Solid Rocket Boosters ...... 97 Single-Stage-to-Orbit ....................... 98 Expendable and Reusable Unmanned Staged Vehicles .... 100 Solids versus Liquids versus Hybrids ............... 102 Scope of the Trade Discussion .................. 102 Specific Impulse Comparison .................. 103 V Chapter Page Positive Attributes of Solid Propellants ............. 103 Negative Attributes of Solid Propellants ............ 104 Environmental Impact Comparison ............... 106 Comparison of Throttling Capability .............. 108 Other Comparisons of Various Propellant Attributes ..... 109 Liquids Hold the Best Potential to Reduce Cost ........ 111 Pump-Fed versus Pressure-Fed .................. 111 Engine Power Cycles ....................... 112 The Rationale for Using Turbomachinery ............ 112 Pressure-Fed Booster Designs .................. 112 Pump-Fed versus Pressure-Fed Studies ............. 113 The ‘Vehicle Weight Is a Cost Driver” Myth .......... 113 SSME and STME Complexities and Part Counts ........ 119 The Cost and Complexity of Turbomachinery .......... 119 Examples of Turbomachinery-Induced Problems ........ 121 Pressure-Fed Booster Pressurization Systems ......... 122 Pressure-Fed Engine Combustion Stability ........... 123 Historical Pump-Fed/Pressure-Fed Comparisons ........ 124 A Survey of Pressure-Fed Engines ................ 124 Other Simplification Possibilities ................ 130 Pressure-Fed Systems Offer the Possibility of Lower Costs ......................... 131 Summary ............................... 131 Notes ................................. 131 7 CULTURAL CHANGES ........................ 137 Recent Launch System Proposals ................. 137 NLS and Spacelifter ....................... 138 SSRT and NASP ......................... 138 Cultural Changes to Get a Space Truck .............. 140 Designing for Minimum Cost .................... 140 The Effects of DFMC Application ................ 141 Simplicity/Robustness Instead of Redundancy .......... 143 Vehicle Instrumentation and Range Operations Changes .... 144 Using Commercial Manufacturing Techniques .......... 147 Shedding the Fear of Failure .................... 148 Summary ............................... 148 Notes ................................. 149 8 BOOSTER/SPACECRAFT COST RELATIONSHIPS ........ 151 Lowering Spacecraft Cost through Weight/Volume Growth ....................... 152 The Lessons of Russian Spacecraft Design ........... 152 Benefits of Spacecraft Weight Growth .............. 153 Studies on Spacecraft Weight/Volume Growth Benefits .... 154 vi Page Opportunities for Increased Reliability .............. 155 Opportunities for Increased Design Weight Margins ....... 156 Booster/Spacecraft Interface Standardization ........... 159 Bus Standardization and Off-the-Shelf Subsystems ....... 161 Specific Benefits of Large, Inexpensive Boosters ......... 162 Benefits to Spacecraft Structural Designs ........... 163 Benefits to Spacecraft Propulsion System Design ....... 165 Benefits to Spacecraft Power System Design .......... 167 Benefits to Spacecraft Electronics Design ............ 168 Benefits to Spacecraft Communications System Design .... 169 Benefits to Spacecraft Thermal Control System Design .... 169 Benefits to Spacecraft Design Life Specifications
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Jpc-Final-Program.Pdf
    49th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit (JPC) Advancing Propulsion Capabilities in a New Fiscal Reality 14–17 July 2013 San Jose Convention Center 11th International Energy Conversion San Jose, California Engineering Conference (IECEC) FINAL PROGRAM www.aiaa.org/jpc2013 www.iecec.org #aiaaPropEnergy www.aiaa.org/jpc2013 • www.iecec.org 1 #aiaaPropEnergy GET YOUR CONFERENCE INFO ON THE GO! Download the FREE Conference Mobile App FEATURES • Browse Program – View the program at your fingertips • My Itinerary – Create your own conference schedule • Conference Info – Including special events • Take Notes – Take notes during sessions • Venue Map – San Jose Convention Center • City Map – See the surrounding area • Connect to Twitter – Tweet about what you’re doing and who you’re meeting with #aiaaPropEnergy HOW TO DOWNLOAD Any version can be run without an active Internet connection! You can also sync an Compatible with itinerary you created online with the app by entering your unique itinerary name. iPhone/iPad, MyItinerary Mobile App MyItinerary Web App Android, and • For optimal use, we recommend • For optimal use, we recommend: rd BlackBerry! iPhone 3GS, iPod Touch (3 s iPhone 3GS, iPod Touch (3rd generation), iPad iOS 4.0, or later generation), iPad iOS 4.0, • Download the MyItinerary app by or later searching for “ScholarOne” in the s Most mobile devices using Android App Store directly from your mobile 2.2 or later with the default browser device. Or, access the link below or scan the QR code to access the iTunes s BlackBerry Torch or later device Sponsored by: page for the app.
    [Show full text]
  • Disrupting Launch Systems
    DISRUPTING LAUNCH SYSTEMS THE RISE OF SPACEX AND EUROPEAN ACCESS TO SPACE Thesis submitted to the International Space University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the M. Sc. Degree in Space Studies August 2017 Thesis author: Paul Wohrer Thesis supervisor: Prof. Jean-Jacques Favier International Space University 1 Abstract The rise of SpaceX as a major launch provider has been the most surprising evolution of the launch sector during the past decade. It forced incumbent industrial actors to adapt their business model to face this new competitor. European actors are particularly threatened today, since European Autonomous Access to Space highly depends on the competitive edge of the Ariane launcher family. This study argues that the framework of analysis which best describes the events leading to the current situation is the theory of disruptive innovation. The study uses this framework to analyse the reusability technology promoted by new actors of the launch industry. The study argues that, while concurring with most analysis that the price advantage of reused launchers remains questionable, the most important advantage of this technology is the convenience it could confer to launch systems customers. The study offers two recommendations to European actors willing to maintain European Autonomous Access to Space. The first one aims at allocating resources toward a commercial exploitation of the Vega small launch system, to disrupt the growing market of small satellites and strengthen ties with Italian partners in the launcher program. The second aims at increasing the perception of European launchers as strategic assets, to avoid their commoditization. The recommendation entails developing an autonomous European capacity to launch astronauts into space, which could strengthen the ties between France and Germany as well as lead to a rationalization of the geo-return principle.
    [Show full text]
  • First Century Commercial Space Imperative
    SPRINGER BRIEFS IN SPACE DEVELOPMENT Anthony Young The Twenty- First Century Commercial Space Imperative 123 SpringerBriefs in Space Development Series editor Joseph N. Pelton Jr., Arlington, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10058 Anthony Young The Twenty-First Century Commercial Space Imperative 123 Anthony Young Orlando, FL USA ISSN 2191-8171 ISSN 2191-818X (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Space Development ISBN 978-3-319-18928-4 ISBN 978-3-319-18929-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-18929-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015940433 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © The Author(s) 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.
    [Show full text]
  • Emancipated Entrepreneuring in the Nascent Commercial Spaceflight Industry: Authoring Ecosystems by Branson, Diamandis, and Musk
    Emancipated entrepreneuring in the nascent commercial spaceflight industry: Authoring ecosystems by Branson, Diamandis, and Musk Ewan Reid A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Technology Innovation Management Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario Copyright © 2018 Ewan Reid Emancipated entrepreneuring in the nascent commercial spaceflight industry: Authoring ecosystems by Branson, Diamandis, and Musk. Copyright © 2018 Ewan Reid _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract The emancipatory perspective on entrepreneuring examines the activities undertaken by entrepreneurs to bring about change. Business ecosystems are a mode of organizing economic production that differs from markets and organizational hierarchies, and is increasingly associated with collaborative innovation, opportunities for technology entrepreneurship, and rapid technological progress. This thesis examines how business ecosystems feature in the emancipation actions of entrepreneurs in the commercial spaceflight industry. The research design is a case-based event study of three entrepreneurs and their space ventures: Sir Richard Branson and Virgin Galactic, Peter Diamandis and XPRIZE, and Elon Musk and SpaceX. Results show that business ecosystems can be emancipating – as a means for escaping constraints, in the authoring activities to enact change,
    [Show full text]
  • Space Launch Vehicle Design
    Space Launch Vehicle Design Conceptual design of rocket powered, vertical takeoff, fully expendable and first stage boostback space launch vehicles David Woodward Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Texas at Arlington This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Masters of Science of Aerospace Engineering College of Engineering December 2017 i Declaration I hereby declare that except where specific reference is made to the work of others, this thesis is my own work and contains nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration with others, except as specified in the text and Acknowledgements. Of specific note is the MAE 4350/4351 Senior Design class that ran from January 2017 through August 2017 which was tasked with a similar project. The work presented in my thesis did not borrow from their work except for adapting their method for the estimating of the zero-lift drag coefficient of grid fins, which is referenced appropriately in the text. The methodology used to size first stage boostback launch vehicles and simulate a return-to-launch-site trajectory is of my own design and work. This thesis contains fewer than 51,000 words including appendices, bibliography, footnotes, tables and equations and has fewer than 90 figures. David Woodward January 2018 ii Acknowledgements To Dr. Chudoba, for first meeting with me back in my sophomore year and being a continual presence in my education ever since. The knowledge and skills I have developed from taking all of your classes and working in the AVD are indispensable, and I will be a far better engineer because of it.
    [Show full text]
  • Spectre Mars
    The Mars Society Inspiration Mars International Student Design Competition University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom SPECTRE MARS Team Description: The team consists of eight Undergraduate Aero-Engineering students from the Student Aerospace Engineering Society (SAES), University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom. The complete list is given below: Member Project Job Title Email Ahmad, Taseer Team Leader [email protected] Manager Organiser Ammar, Ahmed Launch System [email protected] Structures Kamara, Ahmed Thermal Protection System [email protected] Power Requirements Lim, Gabriel Vehicle Health Management [email protected] Magowan, Caitlin Propulsion [email protected] Todorova, Blaga Propulsion [email protected] Tse, Yee Cheung Trajectory [email protected] Avionics Fuel Tanks White, Tom Reaction Control System [email protected] Human Effects Ground Systems 2 Contents 1. Abstract .................................................................................................................................. 6 2. Trajectory ............................................................................................................................... 7 3. Aerodynamics and Structure ............................................................................................... 10 3.1 Space Launch System ..................................................................................................... 10 3.1.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Spacex의 전략을 활용한 한국형 재사용 발사체 개발 전략 Korean Reusable Launch Vehicle Development Strategy Us
    Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 101-112, 2021 101 Technical Paper DOI: https://doi.org/10.6108/KSPE.2021.25.3.101 SpaceX의 전략을 활용한 한국형 재사용 발사체 개발 전략 이금오 a, * ㆍ 이준성 a ㆍ 박순영 b ㆍ 노웅래 b ㆍ 임성혁 a ㆍ 남기원 c ㆍ 서대반 a Korean Reusable Launch Vehicle Development Strategy Using SpaceX’s Strategy Keum-Oh Lee a, * ㆍ Junseong Lee a ㆍ Soon-Young Park b ㆍ Woong-Rae Roh b ㆍ Sung-Hyuck Im a ㆍ Gi-Won Nam c ㆍ Daeban Seo a a Future Launcher R&D Program Office, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Korea b Korea Space Launcher Vehicle-II Program Office, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Korea c Future Strategy Department, Korea Aerospace Research Institute, Korea * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT SpaceX shows various strategies such as constructing various payload portfolio through the reuse of Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy, constructing the launch vehicles using one type of engine, the transition from kerosene engine to methane engine, and the use of 3D printing. In this study, launch vehicle proposals that can cover a variety of payloads and trajectories from KOMPSAT to GEO-KOMPSAT were constructed, and ten launch vehicles using kerosene gas generator cycle engine, kerosene staged-combustion cycle engine, and methane staged-combustion cycle engine were reviewed. Of the ten launch vehicles, the reusable launch vehicle using a 35-ton methane engine was rated as the best in terms of development potential. 초 록 SpaceX는 Falcon 9과 Falcon Heavy의 재사용을 통해 다양한 탑재중량 포트폴리오를 구성하고, 한 종류의 엔진을 사용하여 발사체를 구성하며, 케로신 엔진에서 메탄 엔진으로의 전환, 3D 프린팅 사 용 등 다양한 전략을 보여주고 있다.
    [Show full text]
  • Elon Musk and Spacex: a Case Study of Entrepreneuring As Emancipation Steven Muegge and Ewan Reid
    Elon Musk and SpaceX: A Case Study of Entrepreneuring as Emancipation Steven Muegge and Ewan Reid We are at a turning point in the history of space exploration and development. ... The established state-run industrial space sector is no longer the only game in town. Gary Martin, Director of Partnerships, NASA Ames Research Elon Musk and SpaceX are central to the profound change underway in the space industry, opening up the sector to entrepreneurship and innovation by non-traditional new entrants. We employ the emancipation perspective on entrepreneuring as a theoretical lens to describe, explain, and interpret the entrepreneuring activities of Musk to launch and grow SpaceX. Applying an event study approach that combines case methods and process theory methods on publicly-available sources, we develop six examples of seeking autonomy, seven examples of authoring, and four examples of making declarations—the three core elements of the emancipation perspective on entrepreneuring. Our work contributes to the theory and practice of innovation by adding to the corpus of descriptive case studies that examine entrepreneuring as an emancipatory process. Our results and our method will also also be of interest to space industry entrepreneurs, investors, analysts, managers, policy-makers, and officers at governmental space agencies. Introduction While theory-building requires careful observation and accurate description (Christensen & Raynor, 2003) The article presents results from a case study of the undertaken by engaged scholars (Van de Ven, 2007), the entrepreneuring activities undertaken by Elon Musk features of both description and explanation are between 2001 and 2015 to launch and grow Space strengths of case study research designs (Yin, 2014; Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX, Eisenhardt et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Spacex Falcon 9 Data Sheet Home on the Pad Space Logs Library Links Spacex Falcon 9 Updated May 01, 2017
    Space Launch Report: SpaceX Falcon 9 Data Sheet Home On the Pad Space Logs Library Links SpaceX Falcon 9 Updated May 01, 2017 Vehicle Configurations Vehicle Components Falcon 9 (v1.0) Flight History Falcon 9 v1.1 Data Sheet (New April 29, 2013) Dot-com multimillionaire Elon Musk established SpaceX Corporation in June 2002 in an El Segundo, California warehouse, intent on developing the small "Falcon" launch vehicle and t rocket engines to power it. By early 2003, the company was testing early prototypes of its 40 tonne-thrust-class Merlin first stage engine and 3.17 tonne thrust Kestrel second stage engine McGregor, Texas test site. Merlin was a gas generator cycle engine that used a pintle style injector, an injector design ad from the Apollo Lunar Module engine. Turbopump exhaust provided roll control. The eng had an ablatively cooled thrust chamber and nozzle. Kestrel, which also used a pintle injector, was a pressure fed design. Kestrel had a radiatively cooled Niobium nozzle and an ablatively cooled chamber and throat. Enter Falcon 5 On December 3, 2003 in Washington D.C., during its Falcon "protovehicle" unveiling ceremonies, Elon Musk announced that SpaceX planned to follow-up Falcon (thereafter called "Falcon 1") with a more powerful 3.7 meter diameter launch vehicle named "Falcon 5" that would be capable of hauling 4.2 tonnes to low earth orbit (LEO) an 1.25 tonnes to geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO). Falcon 5 launches would be priced at $12 million. Falcon 5 would stand about 29 meters tall and weigh about 130 tonnes at liftoff.
    [Show full text]
  • 전기펌프사이클 엔진 등 민간분야 우주발사체 신기술고찰 New Technologies of Space Launch Vehicles Includin
    韓國航空宇宙學會誌 139 論文 J. of The Korean Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences 44(2), 139-155(2016) DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.5139/JKSAS.2016.44.2.139 ISSN 1225-1348(print), 2287-6871(online) 전기펌프사이클 엔진 등 민간분야 우주발사체 신기술고찰 정승민, 김귀순, 오세종, 최정열* New Technologies of Space Launch Vehicles including Electric-Pump Cycle Engine Seung-Min Jeong, Kui Soon Kim, Sejong Oh and Jeong-Yeol Choi* Department of Aerospace Engineering, Pusan National University ABSTRACT Present paper introduces the recent advances in space launch vehicle technologies. A brief survey is given for the space development programs in civil sector with their business model and key technologies. Advances in key technologies were reviewed in detail with more emphasis on the electric pump cycle engine for low cost high performance small launch vehicle, Electron, under development by Rocketlab Ltd., since their contributions would give good lessons for rocket scientists. 초 록 본 논문에서는 최근의 우주발사체 기술 발전에 대한 소개가 이루질 것이다. 민간 분야 에서의 우주개발 사업들의 사업 모델 및 핵심 기술에 대하여 간단한 정리하고, 핵심 기술 의 발전 사항들에 대하여 좀 더 구체적으로 살펴볼 것이다. 특히 Rocketlab 사가 개발 중 인 저가 고성능 경량 우주발사체 Electron 에 사용될 예정인 전기펌프 사이클 엔진에 대하 여 좀 더 구체적으로 살펴보고, 이들이 로켓 과학자들에게 주는 시사점에 대하여 살펴볼 것이다. Key Words : Space Launch Vehicle(우주발사체), New Technologies(신기술), Liquid Rocket Engine(액체로켓엔진), Electric-Pump Cycle(전기펌프 사이클) Ⅰ. 서론: 민간주도 우주개발 프로그램 거장의 승무원과 화물, 보급품 운송에 민간기업 참여 확대를 위한 상업용 궤도 운송 서비스 지난 수년간 우주 개발에 민간 참여가 확대되 (COTS, Commercial Orbital Transportation 면서, 기존의 국가주도 우주개발 과정에서는 볼 Services) 및 상업용 재보급 서비스(CRS, 수 없었던 새로운 아이디어의 사업모델 및 신기 Commercial Resupply Services) 등 민간참여 프 술이 다수 도입되고 있다.
    [Show full text]
  • Spacex: Breaking the Barrier to the Space Launch Vehicle Industry Matthew M
    Air Force Institute of Technology AFIT Scholar Theses and Dissertations Student Graduate Works 12-22-2016 SpaceX: Breaking the Barrier to the Space Launch Vehicle Industry Matthew M. Liskowcyz Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.afit.edu/etd Part of the Space Vehicles Commons Recommended Citation Liskowcyz, Matthew M., "SpaceX: Breaking the Barrier to the Space Launch Vehicle Industry" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 499. https://scholar.afit.edu/etd/499 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Graduate Works at AFIT Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of AFIT Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SPACEX: BREAKING THE BARRIER TO THE SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLE INDUSTRY THESIS Matthew M. Liskowycz, Aerospace Engineer, NASIC AFIT-ENV-MS-16-D-045 DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or the United States Government. This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. AFIT-ENV-MS-16-D-045 SPACEX: BREAKING THE BARRIER TO THE SPACE LAUNCH VEHICLE INDUSTRY THESIS Presented to the Faculty Department of Engineering and Management Graduate School of Systems Engineering and Management Air Force Institute of Technology Air University Air Education and Training Command In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Engineering Management Matthew M.
    [Show full text]
  • Espace : L'europe Contre-Attaque ?
    Espace : l’Europe contre-attaque ? Arthur Sauzay NOTE DÉCEMBRE 2017 L’Institut Montaigne est un laboratoire d’idées - think tank - créé fin 2000 par Claude Bébéar et dirigé par Laurent Bigorgne. Il est dépourvu de toute attache partisane et ses financements, exclusivement privés, sont très diversifiés, aucune contribution n’excédant 2 % de son budget annuel. En toute indépendance, il réunit des chefs d’entreprise, des hauts fonctionnaires, des universitaires et des représentants de la société civile issus des horizons et des expériences les plus variés. Il concentre ses travaux sur quatre axes de recherche : Cohésion sociale (école primaire, enseignement supérieur, emploi des jeunes et des seniors, modernisation du dialogue social, diversité et égalité des chances, logement) Modernisation de l’action publique (réforme des retraites, justice, santé) Compétitivité (création d’entreprise, énergie, pays émergents, financement des entreprises, propriété intellectuelle, transports) Finances publiques (fiscalité, protection sociale) Grâce à ses experts associés (chercheurs, praticiens) et à ses groupes de travail, l’Institut Montaigne élabore des propositions concrètes de long terme sur les grands enjeux auxquels nos sociétés sont confrontées. Il contribue ainsi aux évolutions de la conscience sociale. Ses recommandations résultent d’une méthode d’analyse et de recherche rigoureuse et critique. Elles sont ensuite promues activement auprès des décideurs publics. À travers ses publications et ses conférences, l’Institut Montaigne souhaite jouer pleinement son rôle d’acteur du débat démocratique. L’Institut Montaigne s’assure de la validité scientifique et de la qualité éditoriale des travaux qu’il publie, mais les opinions et les jugements qui y sont formulés sont exclusivement ceux de leurs auteurs.
    [Show full text]