E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) to overcomethedi Analysis ofMatter struction ofpoint-instantsin and consequentlyendorses,adi Russell investigates, brought tohisattentionbyF. publishedversion.Myprincipalai the the initialde themanuscript,heencounteredaproblemwith of events. Duringthewriting inferred. not requirethatsuchentitiesbe do maintained. Thelawsofphysics intimeastheNewtonian theory instants points inspaceorabsolute by inferred entities. The second reason, thoughnotagoodoneonits by inferredentities.Thesecondreason, The BertrandRussellResearchCentre,McMasterU. russell: In mental kind of reality is events, whichare gether withimagesmoreorlessresemblingthese …” ( cating, ofinnumerabletransien of the world, so far as we have experience of thetransientones. particulars are distinguished from ordinary pa T The AnalysisofMatter RAMSEY’S INFLUENCEONRUSSELL’S 2 1 AccordingtoRussellin

HK 2 , pp.267–9. W struct point-instantsfromevents(or transient particulars whyRussellundertookaprojecttocon- here aretworeasons the JournalofBertrand RussellStud 2 Thus, thespaceandtimeseriescouldnolonger be constituted rst is thatrelativitytheoryproclaimsthereare no absolute CONSTRUCTION OFPOINTS W nition ofapoint-instantandrevisedthede . U culties involvingtheconstruc Gülberk KoçMaclean (1927)BertrandRussellconstructs point-instants from gkocmaclean The Analysis of Mind The Analysisof Humanities /MountRoyalU. Calgary, Calgary, Human Knowledge t particulars such as occurinseeing,hearing,etc.,to- t particularssuchas y P. Ramsey. Secondly, Iexplainthereasonwhy P. Ramsey.Secondly, ab , Canada , Canada short-lived particulars.Hewrites,“Thestu e n.s.32(summer 2012):42–54 ies of it,consists,ontheviewthatIamadvo- @ m is to show that the problem was m istoshowthattheproblem mtroyal.ca rticulars, whicharetobeconstructed out zz and t 3 e (1948), eventhoughhewasable 6 The AMi tion of point-instantsin k 6 issn 0036-01631;

Analysis ofMatter, ,

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nition accordinglyin 143–4). Thesetransient online1913-8032 the funda- 1 ). The The T E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) of thischapterthathe“pro and relations). that theyexemplify), qualities ticulars andthe a waythattheresuch arein nolo viduals Russell’sprojec “Caesar”. called whowas vidual composedoftransi theseries whois Caesar, W of atransient particular, i.e., anevent, su own, isthatpointsorinstantsarenotthingswecanexperience. versals alone. Human Knowledge found ifparticularswererejected”( and thatsuchmaterialscouldnotbe unique spatio-temporalposition, theuseofmaterialsthathad without ometry couldnotbeconstructed “thetimeseriesandthespaceofge- that him Around 1911itseemedto to generatespatio-temporalseriesinrelativespace-time( relative space-time, we musthavenu ment for(iii)isthat,havingaban instants onthehypothesisthatspaceandtime are relative.Russell’sargu- to constructpoints. a subset of them), he argues, events makeagoodcandidatefromwhich experience events(orrather, do and that wecanexperience.Since tobaseourknowledgeoftheexternalworldonelements Russell wants “physics canbeinterpreted uals, individ- distinct to accountforqualitativelyidenticalbutnumerically (i) this category: lars, heappealstovariouscombinationsofthreereasonsfor given timeinhiscareer,if he defends theontologicalcategoryofparticu- anduniversals(qualitiesrelations).Atany particulars with both Russell, throughout most ofhisearlycareer,espousesadualist ontology nite amount of space-time, or ofanordi nite amountofspace-time,or 6 5 4 3 The laterRussell(in The An individual is to beunderstood as wh Inference to unobservable entities, such entities, Inferencetounobservable

HK IMT 5 (ii) to give an accountofevents,and(iii)toconstructpoint- give to (ii) 1. 2 , pp.276–7. 2 w , Chap. 6,“ProperNames”,pp.94–1 universals, particulars,andpoint-instants 6 Heshowsinthe Ramsey’s In [1948]), however, explainsalloftheaboveusing uni- 4 pose[s] toabolish and whatare usually called “particulars”, without assuming[them]”( An InquiryintoMeaningandTruth X uence onRussell’sConstructionofPoints Inquiry nger twofundamentalontologicalkinds(par- ch as the falling ofaleaf, whichtakessome falling ch asthe nary particularsuchasRussell’sexampleof doned absolute space and time for doned absolutespaceand ibid merically diverseparticularsinorder at canbecountedasone.Wecouldthink as pointsorinstants,cannotbejusti ent particulars which constitute the indi- the ent particularswhichconstitute butonlyone,thatis 07. Russellannouncesinthe beginning that individualsarereducibleto .). t inthelaterperiodistoanalyseindi- HK 2 , pp.268–9). , universals(qualities MPD [1940]and , p.121). 3 W But ed if 43 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) timate since they can also beexplainedintermsofqualities. also can timate sincethey point-instants outof qualities. instants from events, butlaterinthebookhe I shouldnotethatinanearlychapterof will beresumedinothercontexts, notes thatthis“discussionof proper namesis theelementsofco as events keep to wants of complexes contemplates eventsascomplete with everymemberofthegroup”(p.295). group arecompresent; the having thefollowingtwoproperties:(1)Anymembers[events]of In the theoretical needforadistinctontologicalcategoryofparticulars. time ( th is of experience,andinphysicaltermsit qualities, and in gülberkkoçmaclean 44 (The nicetiesofthemethodar de method this we maysaythat adopted byDr.Whitehead,inwhichwecons ways many fromevents,thereare “Starting “blue”, “hard”, “soft”, andso on”(pp. 94–5). be content with certainwordsthatwouldusually are particulars which take up some are particularswhichtakeupsome struction of point-instants. struction of Human Knowledge …)” ( present that event inthe group. Forthiswouldmakethede every with no eventoutsidethegroupiscompresent and compresent are are compresentinthismanneristobecalledapoint. Events 10 9 8 7 Russell doesnotde In Thecompresencerelationinperceptual incomplete Eventsareexplainedas Russell hints at this circularity in ofA. in his discussion circularity this at Russellhints K AMa AMa zz Human Knowledge Analysis of Matter Analysis of ( z — x , , pp.291–2). , p.294; 2. a K a z ) and w , zz ( initial definition ofapoint-instant in initial definition a b , and b HK Human Knowledge z K ), , heemploysqualities,insteadofevents,forthecon- zz 2 ( K , p.329). x “ c zz , the analysisofmatter formapointifandonlyanytwoarecom- ( , Russell W b b 9 ne a point asaclass where , z (2) Noeventoutsidethegroupiscompresent (2) , apoint-instantisde ) and c e required to prevent this dee requiredthis toprevent W z ), and 8 nes apointasallthe volumes which contain the point. Thus,thelaterRussellshows that there is no especially inPartFour,Chapter W K rst givesanaccountoftheconstructionpoint- zz complexes ofcompresentqualities( ( K x , Human Knowledge Human zz ( nstruction. Butattheendofthischapterhe c that events need not be taken as ul- as thateventsneednotbetaken e overlapping ofe qualities inphysical space- a z concludesthatweshouldinsteadconstruct ). Theregionwherealltheseevents notintendedtobeconclusive.Thesubject terms is the simultaneity and overlapping termsisthesimultaneityand W , ofreachingpoints.Oneisthemethod ider ‘enclosureseries nite space-time,andtherequire- c qualities (p.83),whichsuggeststhathe z ) be regardedbeas universals, such as “red”, z — z and thereisnoevent W y ned as “agroupofevents ned N. Whitehead’s constructions: N. Whitehead’s W nition circular: W onpropernames,Russell nition frombeingcircular ” all eventsinagroup ’. Speaking roughly, ’. Speaking viii ” (p.84n.). ” HK 7 Againin 10 2 , p.305). events x such E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) of California P.,1967),§67. of California “so closely parallel thattoexplainone is di interesting there are ed. Geo crete particularsfromqualities”theproblemof concretion ( the problemofabstraction,and the converse lem of “constructingrepeatable‘universal’‘a Carnap, andLogicalRealism particulars are constructedqualities( outof class (likeredness)outof is nocircularity. islimitedto“anytwo events”,there when therelationofcompresence instead ofyielding a “particular” point asaresultofthede ment thatalleventsbecompresent assumes a common particularpoint Matter Prinzipien derErkenntnislehre in 1951. ing “theimperfectcommunityproblem”in lars) not su sional elements,suchascircles,atwo-placecompresencerelationdoes a merelytemporalseries.Butwhenusingtwo-dimen- as mension, such employedinconstructinginstantsonedi- can beunproblematically ilarity tooneanother.(2)Thereisnothingoutsideofacolourclass are: (1)Anytwoelementsofacolourclassstandintherelationsim- for theidentityofaqualityclass,which conditions two the satisfy would blackness. Suchagroupof and redness, andanotherofredness and blueness,anotherofblueness blackness include thequalitiesof similarity relation.Supposewehavethree facing constructions ted apoint( overlap, while all threedonot,inwhichcasewe will not have construc- them. That is,itispossiblethatanytwoeventsmay of three all mon to com- two overlapwitheachother,itispossiblethattherenoregion However, thisinitialde 13 12 11 H. Hochbergclaimsthatthisproblemisthesametypeof Hochbergclaimsthattheorderof R. Carnap, R.Carnap, AccordingtoHochberg(p.40n.51),the 13 . z — U T 12 rey Hellman [Dordrecht: Reidel, 1977(1st Reidel, rey Hellman[Dordrecht: ce toyieldapoint.Ifyoutakethreecircles z confronts the problem of imperfect community with a two-place ofimperfectcommunitywitha theproblem confronts Goodman shows that Carnap’s attempttoconstructaquality GoodmanshowsthatCarnap’s AMa The LogicalStructureof the World Ramsey’s In , p.295). T erences between thetwoproblems 11 for which N. Goodman became famous for nam- for which N.Goodmanbecamefamous for [Atlanta:Rodopi,2001],pp.40–1) in 1913,beforeRussellmadenoteofitthe erlebs W X nition ofaspatial point creates a problem. It uence onRussell’sConstructionofPoints z — constructionisreversedin z to explainagooddealabouttheother”( total momentary experiences (particu- total momentaryexperiences problem of “constructingunrepeatablecon- The Positivistandthe Ontologist: Bergmann, bstract’ qualitiesfromconcreteparticulars” same problemwasnotedbyE.v.Asterin , trans. Rolf A. George (Berkeley: U. , trans.RolfA.George(Berkeley: edn.1951)],p.106).Eventhough erlebs The StructureofAppearance , Goodmanholdsthattheyare The StructureofAppearance, z : an . a Goodmancallstheprob- , b erleb z and Human Knowledge whoseparts W c , whereany nition. But Analysis of erlebs ibid. 45 ). z : E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) which Ishallshowwaswrittenintheyear1926. Ramsey broughtittohisattentioninaletterdatedsimply“Oct29th”, of theproblemuntil a solutionforitinthatwork,buthewasnotaware a solutionforitinthe all ofthemhavinganareaincommon. sional), anytwopairsofplanesmighthaveanareaincommon,without theyallhaveincommon.Butifwetakeplanes(two-dimen- point a line and common toallofthem. common form aqualityclass,becausethereisnothing our threeparticularsdonot There is a letter written by Bertrand to Dora Russell on20March1926, Dora to There isaletterwrittenbyBertrand withRussell’stheoryofcompresence. Ramsey wasalreadyacquainted Ramsey and Russell,beforethepublicationof book, to suggest that of compresence.Butthere is no othercorrespondenceavailablebetween sell earlier. Forinthisletter, Ramsey identi the of manuscript Ramsey’s lettersuggeststhatRamseyhadeitherreadthe two pairsinagroupoverlap,butnotallofthemdo.Considerlines second dimensionatwo-termrelationwill allow the possibility that any Thereasonisthatstartingfromthe dimensions. more point intwoor compresencerelationdoesnotnecessarilyyielda events, atwo-place Ontologist mentioned thisproblemearlierin which stands in therelationofsimilaritytoallthings in the class. gülberkkoçmaclean 46 ematical logicthepreviousday; in which Russell tells DorathathemetwithRamseyanddiscussedmath- neither amethodoriginaltothe ingeneral,sinceitis instants the methodofconstructingpointsand particular. Admittedly,Ramseywould Hochberg claims that Russell was aware of this problem and provided and problem this claims thatRussellwasawareof Hochberg 17 16 15 14 Goodman, Analysis ofMatter This meeting is scheduled for 19MarchinRussell’s 1926 diary (

D Ibid SLBR C , which are one-dimensional.Ifanytwointersectandthereisno are , which outside the group which intersects all of them, thentherewillbe of all outsidethegroupwhichintersects ., §70. , p.40). 2:#367. The Structure of Appearance, 3. w ramsey or discussed the theoryofcompresencewithRus- Analysis ofMatter 15 Similarly,whenconstructingpointsfrom 1938inalettertoCarnap( ’ s lettertorussell 17 but he doesnotmentionanytopicin but Analysis ofMatter Analysis pp.118–19.HochbergnotesthatGoodman already have been acquaintedwith . ItistruethatRussell provided W es aproblemwiththetheory , nororiginalwith The Positivist andthe Positivist The ra , box9.18). 14 Yet, A , 16 B E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) OKEW outside thegroupsimultaneouswith outside “so thatthereissometime,howevershort, points andinstants. of“overlap”inspaceandtimetoconstruct relation uses insteadthe in and notearlier of “compresence”,arelationwhichRussellusesinthe Russell. which wouldbesense-data(andse U.P.,1919],p.104). Cambridge bridge: event oftheset( every th members oneextendsovertheother,(ii) thehandwriting Blackwell, archivistsatMcMasterUniversity,identify year. Somebodywrote “1927” onitinpencil.SheilaTurconandKenneth recordthe not did He ink: October29th(whichwasaFridayin1926). (any twoActually, Ramseydatedhisletteronlywiththedayandmonthin are compresent) 1 dimensionlikepsychologicaltimeitwouldbeallright[.] common point.Idon’tseeaneasywayof “copunctual set”but intheordinarysensetheymaycontainno a can form before. Thethreecircleseachinters meet atthe Porter’sLodge at7.30, asmyroomissohard to can come,Ithinkitwouldbebestfor usto you King’s nextFridayat7.30.If Dear Russell, the letterwasoncepaperclipped. I should be awfully pleased if you would come anddinewithmeinhall would I shouldbeawfullypleasedifyou There is adi There is 20 19 18 Whitehead de Whitehead An instant is de is Aninstant Ramsey to Russell,29Oct., 2 , p. 124). A point is de is point , p.124).A 18 But in his letter to Russell, Ramsey mentionsRussell’stheory Russell, Butinhisletterto U Ramsey’s In culty about“compresence”whichI’msorrynottohaveseen W W nes apointas anabstractive set of events: (i)of anytwoof its Our KnowledgeoftheExternalWorld An Inquiry Concerning the Principles of Natural Knowledge An InquiryConcerningthePrinciplesofNatural ned as a groupofeventswhereanytwooverlapwitheachother, a as ned 19 W X ned asasetofoverlappingspatialobjectsorvolumes, ra uence onRussell’sConstructionofPoints nsibilia) atthe time (p. 120). 1 710.054637.Thevertical all theeventsinsidegroup( ecting theothertwoorlikethis when they all exist” and there is noevent is there and exist” when theyall ere is no event which is extended over by over extended is noeventwhich ere is getting over this. Of course with only getting overthis.Ofcoursewith line isarustmarkwhere Analysis ofMatter (1914),wherehe W Yours fraternally, nd. F. OKEW y P. Ramsey , p.118; [Cam- 47 20 , E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) September and15December, a new geometry”, andthat“[he has] togive itinlectures atTrinityinthe autumn.” Furthermore, on10May1926,Russellwrites Lectures( ofcontentstheTarner thoseofthetable match he wasaFellowofKing’sCollegeas1924. was madealecturerinmathematicsatCambridge that year. Before that he movedtohishouseinCornwallforthesummer. uk Russellwasona weekend. But Russellfordinnerthefollowing meet the sameletter,alsoproposedto me, Ramsey could not have written theletterin1927,sinceRamsey, cannotberight.AsTurconpointedoutto as Russell’s.Butthedating gülberkkoçmaclean 48 illustration forRussell’slist of 1990), p.222. of Matter’ Morrell of8September1926,Russellwrote:“Ijust October are inOctober,andTurcontoldmeth Ramsey a lunchscheduledwithRamsey It says, “Isaacs HillRoadCamb?”. And 47 the scheduleddateforthird Tarner lecture. of 1927. entertained thepossibilityofmeetingforlunchin writing themanuscriptof 3 December. the TarnerLecturesatTrinityCollegeinCambridgefrom15 October to chapters ofthemanuscriptas deliver to London was backathishousein home aboardthe September” ( torunthe money school.... earning Russell concerned with in arrived New York on29 mostprofessiona his was This School. Hill evidence thatthecorrectyearofletteris1926. right afterwards. tended Russell’sthirdlectureonpoint-instan 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 However, intheautumnof1926, both Ramsey and Russell wereinthe . In1926,RussellwasinLondonfrom13January to 29 March, when “Russell’s fourth trip to America to “Russell’sfourthtrip

In hescheduledan Russell’s 1926 diary, Sincethetitleofthirdlecturewa Russelldatedtheendof his Nils-EricSahlin, Papers Papers 22 z ” ( z 9: z 9: xl.Thelectureswerefromthis us ra BRA

xxxix. addresses, not addresses, 25 3 As well, Ramsey was in Cambridge during 1926,sincehe Cambridge in Aswell,Ramseywas rec. acq. Berengaria 1: 103); “Russell’s 1927 tour was extremelysuccessful.Russellleftfor tourwas 1927 “Russell’s 1:103); The PhilosophyofF. 69). on15December”(1:107). his eightTarnerlectures),itis uk . In his 1927 . Inhis diary, Russell scheduledwith had nomeeting manuscript 17 August 1926. And in a letter to Ottoline manuscript 17August1926.Andinaletterto addresses. Analysis ofMatter 21 took placein1927,duringthe soRamseyandRussellcouldnothave us the followingFriday,12November,hehad s “Points and Space-Time Order” (see the sOrder” “Points andSpace-Time y lly arrangedtourtodate,andwasmainly lecture tour in 1927, between29 lecturetourin1927, P. Ramsey ts on 29 OctoberandwroteRussell aletter event for theFridayfollowing29October. event to Ottoline Morrell that to OttolineMorrell at the addresses inthe 1927diaryaround manuscript. Thetitlesofthelectures W nished alongdullbookon‘Analysis 26 (Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., (Cambridge:CambridgeU. And29Octoberwas 1926 27 z on 17 August 1926. August 17 on Hence there is su Hencethereis verylikelythatRamseyat- ra 1 710.048007, box5.6). uk W 23 rst termofBeacon intheautumn “[he] is inventing He W U nished 24 cient He E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) uscript of ofPoints”)theman- (“Particulars andEvents”)28(“TheConstruction Russell’s listofhiseightTarnerlectures.Lecture script regard tothisspeci Zermelo’s axiom)on page inthePrefaceand(concerning work” regard tocertainportionsofthe 299 of that work, but he doesacknowledge Ramsey’s“valuablehelpin book’s publication.Hedoes not do so in he soughtasolutionbeforethe that enough Ramsey’s problemworrying Ramseybroughtittohisattention. Russellmusthavefound before clear thathehadnotrecognizedtheproblem seems It manuscript. in the to wherehelefto version, towardtheendofpage299,Russellreturns the published in Ramsey mentionedinhisletter.Fourpageslater discussingtheproblemthat Russell version, thetextchangeswith under §2 on page295,quotedabove virtually thesameuntilendofpreliminaryde 29 28 28 (“TheConstructionofPoints”)themanu- Chapter compared I

The acknowledgement on page 299wa onpage Theacknowledgement ra 28 3 ofthe rec. acq The AnalyisofMatter Analysis ofMatter Analysis Ramsey’s In . 1. W c problem. X uence onRussell’sConstructionofPoints . ( 29 z withthepublishedversion.Theyare s alreadyinthemanuscript(fol.326). . Fromhereoninthepublished iii was to include Chapters 27 Chapters wastoinclude ra 1 710.048007,box5.6) W nition ofa point 49 T E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) regions” ( except thattheoriginalrelationofcopunctualityhastobebetween 0gülberkkoçmaclean 50 hence theyarefour-dimensional. eventsarebothinspaceandtime; place compresencerelationbecause a point-instantusingeventswe willrequirea we areconstructing when will needacompresencerelationwiththreeplaces.And we sional, two-dimen- are which planes, are constructingapointusing we if Thus, is basedonthenumberofdimensionsinvolvedinconstruction( form other words,thetwoconditionsofde though anythreeoftheregionsarecompresent,allthemnot.In in thegroup.Owingtoodd-shapedregion, alltheregions with ent andnoregionoutsidethegroupiscompresent point ifanythreearecompres- a are two-dimensional,theyshouldform shaped region, therearethreecircles, Suppose spaces isthis. sented by spatio-temporal dimensionsoftheelementsconstructionisrepre- ( events (represented bycircles)wouldhavetoaregionincommon so thatallthree three-place be to dimensions lation amongeventsintwo re- between them,Russellsuggeststhatwetakethecompresence relation point tothreecircleswithatwo-placecompresence may benocommon theproblemraisedbyRamsey,i.e.,thatthere to spaces. Asasolution di further the problemandentertainsa In thosefourpagesinthepublishedversion,Russellgivessolutionto be using theusing phrase “ members in thegroup members there isnomemberoutsideofthegroupthatcompresentwithall because we can safely assume that every such oddshapeistopologically every that assume safely because wecan of Matter point. Russell,afteradetourin topology (or AMa The furtherdi n z +1. Itisin z — , p.295).Thisisthe“ z i.e., that any three members in the group are compresent, and i.e., thatanythreemembersinthegrouparecompresent, , concludes that such odd shapes will not constituteaproblem will shapes , concludesthatsuchodd HK n , thenumberofterms compresence relation has to 2 , p. 280). Thenumber of termsthecompresencerelation , p.280). 4. d , suchasahorseshoe.Since the elements of construction w Human Knowledge U the solutiontoproblemin n culty that Russell discusses in relation to topological that Russelldiscussesinrelationto culty z +1”: “In “ the analysisofmatter z — z would besatis n n dimensionsthede z +1 method”:ifthenumberofspatialor thatRussellexpressesthesolution U W W ed, but still we would not get a ed, butstillwewouldnotget culty in relationtotopological culty nition of a pointintherevised of nition analysis situs a , d W b ” , itmaybethateven nitions arethesame, and z c ) inthe andoneodd- Analysis ibid. W n ve- z +1 ). E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) cannot recursincetheyaretakentobeparticulars(i.e.substances). Events,ontheotherhand,aresuchthatthey recur. possible, forthem suchthatitishighlyunlikely,butlogically ties. Thesecomplexesare phrasearecompletecomplexesofquali- Russell referstobytheformer recur, indistinctionfromrawmaterialsthat works onconstructingspace-timeorder using raw materials that members ofthegroupwith therewouldalwaysbeacommonregionbetweenallthe case which themembers,itcanbeturnedintoasphere,in among is an oddshape equivalent to a spherical volume in metricspace(p.299). verse andinde he provisionally regarded events as particulars, that is, as ultimately di-that noeventcanrecur.”Heexplains and time, in both inspaceand may occupy a in[his]constructions,thatasingleevent “assumed, that hehassofar as “rawmaterial”fortheconstructionofpointsandinstants.Henotes earlier chaptersof explains thatinthe this section,Russell In directs thereaderisChapter8ofPartFour. passage One oftheplacestowhichstarredfootnoteinabove ifold of“events”,withtheirspatialand step furthe be abletocarryanalysisa maythen we may havetoinquireaswhatcanbemeantbyan“event”,and de from whichgeometrical “Events” aretobe taken, in th from circlesbystretchingorcompressing in result can as orsuchshapes circles, either all are concerned are we which with the areas pleting theexpositionofaccount,henotesthat Analysis ofMatter Initially in As of1940,Russellaimedtoeliminate particulars in the sense of un- 30 Russellproposesthesamesolutionin 5. w Human Knowledge point-instants in final proposalfortheconstructionof final W W nite amount of space-time, that two events may overlap may events two nite amountofspace-time,that Ramsey’s In nable ( fortheconstructionofpoint-instants.Butaftercom- HK W nitions aretobederived.Inanothercontext,we 2 e presentdiscussion,astheunde X , p. 293). Butp. , in Chapter 8 of Part Four, he uence onRussell’sConstructionofPoints , Russell repeats the account he gave in the in gave , Russellrepeatstheaccounthe n r,* butforthepresentweregardman- z +1 method. “ human knowledge amanner whichleaves280).(p. them oval” temporal relations,asempiricaldata. Human Knowledge Human Knowledge cannot z z recur( : “Weshallassumethat W 30 ned rawmaterial heusedevents Thus,ifsuch ” ibid. ( HK ). What 2 , p.281) do not 51 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) which predicateshang(pp.119–20). way becausehewantedtoavoidthetr another in qualities: theyare of tion. Andeventsareexplainedawayinterms complete complexesofcompresentqualitiesaretheelementsconstruc- stance, Russellrejects events as the rawelementsofconstruction.Instead, knowable substances.Inthe gülberkkoçmaclean 52 complexes ofqualities. This “someotherway”istoconstructspace-timeorderoutofcomplete both eventsandpointsintermsof particulars. Russell,whenhetakesqualit ontological economy( constructing eventsfrompointsresultin that out to bethissource.Bostockpoints Mathematica RussellonPoints”, and (“Whitehead source” neutral “more events froma we must… from events]cannotavoiditsobjectionable theory thatwehavebeenconsidering[t notion ofasubstanceaspegonwhichto have tobe can be required for the inte here (p.293): are unknowablesubstancesinwhichqualitiesin- which are particulars, construction ofpoint-instantsouteventssince the content with to empiricalknowledge fundamental as so astoavoidtakinganunknowableentity individuals) because heaimstoeliminateallkindsofparticulars(eventsaswell not havesucceededinhisproject. Thus, Russell rejects eventsasultimate space-time series without appealtoevents,whichare particulars, he will Bu complexes ofcompresentqualities. In reality. anontologywithuniversalsastheonlyultimatekindof towards ing economy since the economy is qualitative. theeconomyis economy since quantitative economy,sinceboth tology withuniversalsastheonlyfundamentalkindofentity. z complete complexesofqualities. 32 31 di It is In In D. Bostock raises the question as to wh to as thequestion D.Bostockraises Human Knowledge My Philosophical Development My Philosophical U cult to seehow somethingcult sounkn z 18[2010]:1–52[at43]).Qualities Human Knowledge W nd someotherwayofde 31 z — , Russell, writing retrospectively, explainshisdis- , Russell,writing That is, in ordertoavoidtheunknowablesub- Thatis, z and therebyleavinga more parsimonious on- events andpointsareofth Inquiry qualities, achieves amore signi , hemanagestoreduceallparticulars z Russellreiteratesthispointthathehadto ies as the only fundamental kind,andde fundamental only ies asthe 32 W rpretation ofempiricalknowledge.The both constructingpointsfromeventsand igsaetm re.( ning space-timeorder. he construction of points and instants and he constructionofpoints and ether onecouldconstructbothpoints and aditional notion of substanceaspegsfrom hang predicates is repugnant, but the but repugnant, is predicates hang t unlessheis able to construct the for thelaterRussellmaybeinterpreted features.Iconclude, therefore, that Human Knowledge owable assuchaparticularwould e sameontologicalkind,i.e., ibid. ). Itakehimtomean W cant ontological z he is work- is he HK Philosophia 2 , p.

294) W W nes nd E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) presence consistingofmy statement as‘thisiswhite’,wehave‘whi place the take follows: “Suchcompletecomplexes isaconstituentofthecomplex,wh whiteness degree of remoteness, while the second ring is now accompanied by the by while thesecondringisnowaccompanied remoteness, of degree memorywithacertain nied bythesensationofpastness,orimmediate this oneisdi ring,wethink second the of presentness.Andatthetimethatwehear time thatwehearthe weheararetwo,andnotone.Atthe phone the a numberofrings that hedoesnotneednumericallydiverseelementstoaccountforwhy seriesinprivatetimes.Herecognizes strategy inconstructingtemporal regionsthatarediverse.Russellemploysasimilar yield will perceive inhere inthings.Forinstan complete complex of universal qualitieswhicharecompresent. toa reduced On hisrealistversionofthebundletheory,aparticularis theory of particulars,developedinthe theory tion isaboveorbelow,totherigh the centerof from distance since theabsolutepositionalqualities which arealreadydiverse, elements required in perceivedspacenolonger constructingaseries he realizedthatperceivedspaceisinfactabsolute, that hethoughtbothphysical and perceived space arerelative.Butonce he neededelementswhichwerenumericallydiversewas reason The 121). which havesome forhethoughtneededelements events aselementsofconstruction, in private spaces qualities. wheretheelementsofconstructionarenotevents,but one is instants ( complete complexofcompresencecountsas a space-time point-instant” the subjectsofspatio-temporalrelationsinphysicalspace-time.…A be compresent( enlarged anyfurtherwithoutallthequalitiesincomplexceasingto the complexcannotbe when “complete” is plex ofcompresentqualities ibid The relation of compresence is a key universal in Russell’s bundle Russell’s in The relationofcompresenceisakeyuniversal 34 33 Russell explains the shift from events to qualities within the realmof within Russell explainstheshiftfromeventstoqualities Universalsareimmanent:qualitiesnotexempli “Spatialpositioninthemomentaryvisual . p. 304). Hence Russell’s p. 304).Hence . T erent fromthe Ramsey’s In HK W My PhilosophicalDevelopment nite extensionand which areintrinsicallydiverse(p. 2 , p. W presentmentalcontent’ ce, whitenessisnotexempli rst ring,thenoiseis accompanied by the sensation

303). “Complete complexesofcompresenceare W eld of vision, and also accord X t ortotheleft,ofcenter”( uence onRussell’sConstructionofPoints W W rst because the rst because nal accountoftheconstructionpoint- teness is a constituent of a complex ofcom- complex a of teness isaconstituent 34 ite tablecloth.Russellstatesthisviewas accompanying qualitiesthatwe accompanying Inquiry W eld is a quality, varying according quality, to a eld is ofparticulars,andinplacesucha z ” ( MPD W W ed in a white tablecloth; tablecloth; instead white a ed in and rst ringisnowaccompa- W , p.127). ed in instances; rather they rather instances; ed in . Earlierheemployed ing astheregioninques- Human Knowledge HK 2 , p.263). 33 Acom- 53 . E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3201\russell 32,1060 red.wpd June 25, 2012 (9:21 pm) present, and( ( compresent qualities, where apoint-instantiscompletecomplexof Thus stand inthatrelation. to relation.Thenumberofplacesisnolongerrestricted compresence the ofplaces for instead ofevents,andtoallowforanunrestrictednumber construction construction ofpoint-instantsistousequalitiesfortheir p. 122). and unknowableentitieswhichparticularswould otherwise be” ( prefers thistheory“becauseitgetsridoftheneedforunrecognizable remoteness. In pastnessordegreesof phone, withotherqualities,suchaspresentness, bythecompresenceofqualities, suchasthesoundofa accounted for series ofphysicalspace-timecanbeconst sensation ofpresentness.Thus,thetemporal order in perceived time gülberkkoçmaclean 54 present witheveryqualityinthegroup( oped thistheoryin my refereesfortheircommentsandsuggestions. of thegroup,yieldinga which employedeventsasmembersofconstruction).Allthe de to eliminateunknowablesubstances. the elements of construction are noteventsbutqualities,duetohise instants outofevents,Russell’s relationtotheconstructionofpoint- problem thatRamseynotedin instant. to be compresent requiring universals andnotparticulars.Therefore, does not result in a circular de W Consequently, Russell’s 37 36 35 Russell employs Thus, even thoughhewasabletoprovideasatisfactorysolutionthe Thus, n nition doesnotfacetheproblemofcircularity(asdidde AndaccordingtoRussell,oncetheseries I would liketothankN.Gri I At z +1; therelationwillhaveasmanyplaces there are qualitieswhich HK 2 , pp.

b 263–5, 295–9. My PhilosophicalDevelopment z ) there is no quality outsidethegroupwhichiscom- quality no ) thereis Human Knowledge all of themembersacompresentgroup,butthis particular U W nal positionin n, P.Loptson,R.Arthur,G. a W z ) all nal method of constructionisonewhere ructed outoftheseriesinperceivedspaces. pointasaresult of the de

the qualitiesingrouparecom- 37 z 36 in perceived spaces in perceivedspaces and still HK 2 z Russell notes that he devel- he Russellnotesthat , p.304). Human Knowledge W nds itsatisfactory.He W Landini,and Editor the all nition ofapoint- z ofthemembers is constructed,the W nition, are onthe W MPD nition T 35 ort is ,