“Vesículas Extracelulares De Origen Cerebral Aisladas Desde Suero Presentan Perfil Proteico Diferencial En Dos Modelos De Estrés En Ratas.”

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“Vesículas Extracelulares De Origen Cerebral Aisladas Desde Suero Presentan Perfil Proteico Diferencial En Dos Modelos De Estrés En Ratas.” “Vesículas extracelulares de origen cerebral aisladas desde suero presentan perfil proteico diferencial en dos modelos de estrés en ratas.” Tesis entregada a la Universidad de Chile en cumplimiento de los requisitos para optar al grado de Doctor en Farmacología Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmaceuticas por CRISTÓBAL RAUL GÓMEZ MOLINA Octubre, 2020 DIRECTOR DE TESIS: DRA. ÚRSULA WYNEKEN H. 1 Agradecimientos Quisiera agradecer en primer lugar a mí familia, por el apoyo constante y sostenido en todas las instancias profesionales de mi vida. A mis padres por darme los valores y principios que rigen mi vida. A mi madre, por su fuerza, apoyo incondicional, y amor infinito, que fue capaz de criar a dos hijos cumpliendo el rol de padre y madre a la vez. A mi padre, que, si bien nos acompañó por poco tiempo, logro inculcar en mí el amor por la ciencia y el conocimiento. Y a mi hermana Camila por su alegría y apoyo incondicional. A la Dra. Wyneken, por ser mí guía y tutora, y por la paciencia que tuvo durante este largo proceso. A mis compañeros y amigos del laboratorio de Neurociencias: Soledad, Bárbara, Verónica, Catalina, Ariel, Alejandro, Roberto, Juan Pablo, Carlos, etc., por su apoyo en todo lo que necesité durante este proceso. Agradezco de manera especial a Mauricio, ya que sin su motivación esta tesis no habría llegado a término. A las instituciones que han apoyado la realización de este postgrado, a CONICYT con su beca para estudios de Doctorado en Chile y su beca de apoyo a la realización de la Tesis doctoral. A la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, por su apoyo a través de la beca de facultad el primer año de este postgrado. Finalmente, a mis amigos y amigas de toda la vida, quienes siempre estuvieron para escuchar mis desahogos una y otra vez, por su paciencia durante los momentos más oscuros de este proceso, y por su apoyo incondicional. 2 Contenido Agradecimientos ....................................................................................................................... 2 Índice de figuras y tablas ........................................................................................................ 5 Abreviaciones ............................................................................................................................ 6 Resumen ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Abstract....................................................................................................................................... 9 Introducción ............................................................................................................................. 10 1. Patologías Psiquiátricas y Estrés ...................................................................... 10 2. Modelos animales de estrés crónico ................................................................. 13 3. Neurobiología del estrés..................................................................................... 15 4. Papel de astrocitos en patologías psiquiátricas. .............................................. 18 5. Aldolasa C como posible biomarcador periférico ............................................ 21 6. Vesículas extracelulares ..................................................................................... 22 Hipótesis ..................................................................................................................... 27 Objetivo General......................................................................................................... 27 Objetivos Específicos ................................................................................................ 28 Metodología.............................................................................................................................. 29 1. Animales y Diseño Experimental ....................................................................... 29 2. Purificación de Nanovesículas extracelulares (NVE): ...................................... 30 3. Microscopía Electrónica: .................................................................................... 30 4. Nanosight: ........................................................................................................... 31 5. Western Blot: ....................................................................................................... 31 6. Inmunoprecipitación: .......................................................................................... 32 7. Anticuerpos: ........................................................................................................ 32 8. Espectrometría de masas: .................................................................................. 33 9. Análisis bioinformático:...................................................................................... 34 10. Electroporación in utero: .................................................................................... 35 11. Inmunohistofluorescencia: ................................................................................. 36 12. Aislamiento de NVEs positivas para EAAT2 ..................................................... 37 13. Análisis Estadístico: ........................................................................................... 38 Resultados ............................................................................................................................... 39 1. Aislamiento de vesículas extracelulares de suero de ratas sometidas a protocolos de estrés por reducción de movimiento. ............................................... 39 3 1.1 Caracterización de diámetro de vesículas extracelulares .................................. 39 1.2 Caracterización de vesículas extracelulares utilizando proteínas marcadoras. 41 2. Identificar el proteoma diferencial de nanovesículas aisladas de suero por espectrometría de masas en los tres grupos experimentales. ............................... 44 2.1 Análisis de NVEs de suero por espectrometría de masas. ................................ 44 2.2 Análisis bioinformático del cargo proteico en NVE. ............................................ 45 3. Validar la presencia de proteínas diferencialmente presentes en NVEs en los tres grupos experimentales ....................................................................................... 52 3.1 Análisis mediante WB de proteínas de origen cerebral en NVEs de suero...... 52 3.2 Investigar disminución de movilidad electroforética de Aldolasa C. .................. 55 4. Investigar el posible origen cerebral de nanovesículas aisladas de suero. ... 60 4.1 Electroporación in utero de proteína fusión Aldolasa C-GFP. ........................... 60 4.2 Evaluar la presencia de proteína fusión Aldolasa C-GFP en NVEs de animales sometidos a estrés por restricción de movimiento. ........................................................ 63 4.3. Evaluar origen astrocítico de Aldolasa C mediante inmunoprecipitación de EAAT2. ............................................................................................................................... 65 Discusión .................................................................................................................................. 67 1. Caracterización de NV aisladas de suero. ......................................................... 67 2. Análisis proteómico de NVEs de suero. ............................................................ 72 3. Validación de proteínas diferenciales. ............................................................... 77 4. Origen de NVEs portadoras de Aldolasa C. ...................................................... 80 Anexos ...................................................................................................................................... 85 Bibliografía ............................................................................................................................. 139 4 Índice de figuras y tablas Figura 1.: Clasificación de vesículas extracelulares dependiente de su diámetro promedio, y composicion general de un exosoma ..................................................................................... 6 Figura 2: Estrategia experimental para aplicación de estrés.. ............................................. 30 Figura 3: Estrategia experimental para elctroporación in utero.. ......................................... 36 Figura 4: Caracterización por tamaño de NVs de suero. ..................................................... 41 Figura 5: Caracterización de NVs de suero mediante proteínas marcadores. ................... 43 Figura 6: Analisis de Venn de las proteínas obtenidas en el análisis por EM de NVs ....... 45 Figura 7: Análisis computacional del porcentaje y lugar de expresión de las proteínas identificadas mediante EM ....................................................................................................... 47 Figura 8: Análisis de redes de interacción entre las proteínas identificadas exclusivamente en NVs de animales pertenecientes al grupo control ............................................................ 48 Figura 9: Análisis de redes de interacción de las proteínas identificadas exclusivamente en NV de suero de animales sometidos al protocolo de estrés por restricción ........................ 50 Figura 10: Análisis de redes de interacción de las proteínas identificadas exclusivamente en NVE de suero de animales sometidos
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