DOCSLIB.ORG

Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia Invasive Alien Plant Species of Virginia Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande) Description Garlic mustard is a biennial herb in the mustard family. Plants can range in height from 5 to 46 inches. The first year plants form rosettes of kidney- shaped leaves. In its second year, the plant grows a stem with leaves that are triangular and sharply toothed. The flowers are born in a cluster at the end of the stem, and each small flower has four white petals. Seeds are black, oblong and found in rows within a long narrow capsule called a silique. Crushed leaves and stems of this plant give off a distinctive garlic odor. bance created by periodic flooding. Habitat Prolific seed production and lack of Garlic mustard grows in rich, moist natural predators which might feed upland forests and wooded on garlic mustard allow it to quickly streambanks. It is shade tolerant and dominate the ground cover. Native readily invades disturbed areas such herbs in competition with garlic as roadsides and trail edges. Garlic mustard may suffer population de- mustard cannot tolerate acidic soils, clines. including undrained peat or muck. Control Distribution Light infestations of garlic mustard Native to Europe and Asia, garlic can be controlled by hand-pulling. mustard is now found in Canada, Plants should be pulled before seeds south to Virginia, and as far west as have ripened. Care must be taken to Kansas and Nebraska. It is believed insure the entire root is removed and to have been brought to North disturbance of the soil is minimal. America by European settlers for Severe infestations can be con- use in cooking and medicine. In Vir- trolled with herbicides. Garlic mus- ginia, garlic mustard is found tard is biennial. Its first year growth throughout the state, with notable overwinters as a basal rosette of kid- exceptions of southeastern and ney-shaped leaves, therefore it is northeastern counties. still green when many other herbs have died or gone into dormancy. Threats Foliar application of a glyphosate This species can invade a forest herbicide can be made in late fall to through a disturbance such as minimize damage to other plants. treefall or trail construction. Along Follow-up treatments may be nec- streambanks, the plant does excep- essary over two or three years to get Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) tionally well because of the distur- For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation or the Virginia Native Plant Society. Virginia Native Plant Society P.O. Box 844, Annandale, VA 22030 1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219 (804) 786-7951 Invasive Alien Plant Species of Vir ginia Garlic Mustard target plants that were missed as propriate concentrations, and the Commission. well as new sprouts. Glyphosate effective method and timing of their Fernald, M. 1950. Gray’s manual of botany. herbicides are recommended be- application. For more information 8th ed. American Book Co. New York. cause they are biodegradable, break- on herbicide use, contact a natural ing down into harmless components resource specialist or agricultural Harvill, A., et. al. 1992. Atlas of the Virginia on contact with soil. However, extension agent. Flora. Virginia Botanical Associates. glyphosate is a nonselective, sys- Burksville. temic herbicide and will affect all References Nuzzo, V. 1991. Experimental control of green vegetation. To be safe and ef- Kennay, J., G. Fell, and V. Nuzzo. 1990. garlic mustard in Northern Illinois using fective, herbicide use requires care- Garlic Mustard. Vegetation Management fire, herbicide and cutting. Natural Areas ful knowledge of the chemicals, ap- Guideline 1(10). Illinois Nature Preserves Journal 11(3):158-167. For more information, contact the Department of Conservation and Recreation or the Virginia Native Plant Society. Virginia Native Plant Society P.O. Box 844, Annandale, VA 22030 1500 E. Main Street, Suite 312, Richmond, VA 23219 (804) 786-7951.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Abstract Alliaria Petiolata (Garlic
    ABSTRACT ALLIARIA PETIOLATA (GARLIC MUSTARD) RESPONSE TO HERBICIDE AND JUNE PRECIPITATION, AND SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS ON THE FOREST FLOOR COMMUNITY by Wendy Wenger Hochstedler The impact of invasive plant species on native plants is largely assumed to be negative, but supporting evidence is sparse. We examined the long-term effects of herbicide on Alliaria petiolata and the subsequent effects on the plant community in southwestern Ohio. November herbicide application effectively killed A. petiolata, but did not reduce recruitment; spring densities of A. petiolata rosettes were not lower in sprayed plots. Only modest differences were noted in forest floor vegetation, suggesting A. petiolata rosettes competed with other plant species. We tested the hypothesis that higher June precipitation promotes rosette growth and survival with a rain shelter experiment. The three different water treatments affected soil moisture, but not A. petiolata growth or survival. Dry treatments may not have replicated drought years based on water availability measurements. June precipitation is probably not a reliable predictor of A. petiolata rosette survival in years with above average precipitation. ALLIARIA PETIOLATA (GARLIC MUSTARD) RESPONSE TO HERBICIDE AND JUNE PRECIPITATION, AND SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS ON THE FOREST FLOOR COMMUNITY A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Miami University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Department of Botany by Wendy Wenger Hochstedler Miami University Oxford, Ohio 2006 Advisor ____________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic Invasive of the Quarter: Garlic Mustard (Alliaria Petiolata)
    You Ain’t From around Here! Exotic Invasive of the Quarter: Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) By: Jennifer Gagnon, Virginia Tech The other day I was in the garden, looking at my 5‐foot‐tall horseradish plant, wondering when I should don goggles and rubber gloves and attempt a root harvest (I’m a little intimidated by the whole thing!). Horseradish is an invasive plant, so I always check carefully to make sure it hasn’t spread outside the garden. Which got me to thinking about other edible invasives, namely garlic mustard, an exotic invasive so prolific, I can’t believe I’ve gone 7 years without writing about it. This bugger is everywhere! In fact, in many woodland and floodplain environments in the Northeastern US, it is the dominant understory species. Garlic mustard, which is indeed in the mustard family (along with cabbage and broccoli), has a lot of nicknames, such as garlic root, hedge garlic, Jack‐in‐the‐bush, penny hedge, poor man's mustard, and my personal favorite, sauce‐alone. This plant, native to Europe, western and central Asia, NW Africa, Scandinavia, and India, was first found in the US on Long Island, NY in 1868. Garlic mustard has been considered widespread and invasive since 2000 and is listed as noxious or restricted in AL, CT, MA, MN, NH, OR, VT, WV, and WA. Like many of our invasive plants, garlic mustard was brought to the US intentionally – for culinary or medicinal purposes. The first‐year leaves, flowers, and fruits have a mild garlic flavor and can be chopped up and used in salads and sauces (hence the nickname sauce‐ alone?).
    [Show full text]
  • Floristic Quality Assessment Report
    FLORISTIC QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN INDIANA: THE CONCEPT, USE, AND DEVELOPMENT OF COEFFICIENTS OF CONSERVATISM Tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) the State tree of Indiana June 2004 Final Report for ARN A305-4-53 EPA Wetland Program Development Grant CD975586-01 Prepared by: Paul E. Rothrock, Ph.D. Taylor University Upland, IN 46989-1001 Introduction Since the early nineteenth century the Indiana landscape has undergone a massive transformation (Jackson 1997). In the pre-settlement period, Indiana was an almost unbroken blanket of forests, prairies, and wetlands. Much of the land was cleared, plowed, or drained for lumber, the raising of crops, and a range of urban and industrial activities. Indiana’s native biota is now restricted to relatively small and often isolated tracts across the State. This fragmentation and reduction of the State’s biological diversity has challenged Hoosiers to look carefully at how to monitor further changes within our remnant natural communities and how to effectively conserve and even restore many of these valuable places within our State. To meet this monitoring, conservation, and restoration challenge, one needs to develop a variety of appropriate analytical tools. Ideally these techniques should be simple to learn and apply, give consistent results between different observers, and be repeatable. Floristic Assessment, which includes metrics such as the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and Mean C values, has gained wide acceptance among environmental scientists and decision-makers, land stewards, and restoration ecologists in Indiana’s neighboring states and regions: Illinois (Taft et al. 1997), Michigan (Herman et al. 1996), Missouri (Ladd 1996), and Wisconsin (Bernthal 2003) as well as northern Ohio (Andreas 1993) and southern Ontario (Oldham et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Garlic Mustard Alliariaoriental Bittersweet Petiolata Control Guidelines Fact Sheet
    Garlic mustard Oriental bittersweet Alliaria petiolata Control Guidelines Fact Sheet NH Department of Agriculture, Markets & Food, Division of Plant Industry, 29 Hazen Dr, Concord, NH 03301 (603) 271-3488 Common Name: Garlic mustard Latin Name: Alliaria petiolata New Hampshire Invasive Species Status: Prohibited (Agr 3800) Native to: Europe leaves (summer) Garlic mustard – Portsmouth, NH Basal rosette (spring/summer) Flowers (spring) Pods called siliques (late summer) Spring emergence Escaped onto compost pile Clump form (summer) Seed set (late summer) 1 Description: Biennial, 2nd year plants flower and reach 2-3 /2' tall. Leaves: Triangular, coarsely toothed, heart-shaped. Flowers: Umbel, small, 4-petals, white, April-May. Fruit: Pods, seeds turn black when mature. Zone: 4-8. Habitat: Prefers moist shaded floodplains, forests and roadsides, adaptable to most soil and light conditions. Spread: Seeds spread by water and wildlife. Comments: Plants spread quickly into natural areas leading to competition and displacement of native species. Controls: Small populations can be hand pulled while large populations can be continuously cut back to prevent flowering and seed production. Herbicide treatments are also effective. General Considerations Garlic mustard is herbaceous biennial developing a rosette of leaves the first growing season and maturing into a tall, 4’ (1.22 m) high, erect plant the second year. Crushing the stems will release the scent of garlic, hence its name. Rosettes produce a single flowering stem, but on occasion can produce multiple stems. Flowers are white with 4-petals and clustered in racemes. Seeds are produced in erect, slender, four-sided pods, called siliques, beginning in May. Each silique contains between 12-19 seeds, and the number of siliques per plant can vary greatly from 1 to more than 200.
    [Show full text]
  • Garlic Mustard (Alliaria Petiolata)
    Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Best Management Practices in Ontario ontario.ca/invasivespecies BLEED Foreword These Best Management Practices (BMPs) provide guidance for managing invasive Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) in Ontario. Funding and leadership for the production of this document was provided by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR). The BMPs were developed by the Ontario Invasive Plant Council (OIPC), and its partners to facilitate the invasive plant control initiatives of individuals and organizations concerned with the protection of biodiversity, agricultural lands, infrastructure, crops and natural lands. These BMPs are based on the most effective and environmentally safe control practices known from research and experience. They reflect current provincial and federal legislation regarding pesticide usage, habitat disturbance and species at risk protection. These BMPs are subject to change as legislation is updated or new research findings emerge. They are not intended to provide legal advice, and interested parties are advised to refer to the applicable legislation to address specific circumstances. Check the website of the Ontario Invasive Plant Council (www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca) for updates. Anderson, Hayley. 2012. Invasive Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Best Management Practices in Ontario. Ontario Invasive Plant Council. Peterborough, ON. Printed April 2013 Peterborough, Ontario ISBN: (to be confirmed) This document was prepared for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources by the Ontario Invasive Plant Council. Inquiries regarding this document can be directed to the Ontario Invasive Plant Council PO Box 2800, 4601 Guthrie Drive Peterborough, ON K9J 8L5 Phone: (705) 748-6324 | Email: [email protected] For more information on invasive plants in Ontario, visit www.ontario.ca/invasivespecies, www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca, www.invadingspecies.com or www.invasivespeciescentre.ca Cover photo courtesy of Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts and Treatment of Garlic Mustard (Alliaria Petiolata): Application of Research to Populations in the Portland, Oregon Metro Area
    Impacts and treatment of garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata): application of research to populations in the Portland, Oregon metro area Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) may be the most notorious invasive plant of forest understories in North America. It is thought to spread quickly into undisturbed forests and displace native species, including tree seedlings (Rodgers et al. 2008). Garlic mustard has been managed intensively to avoid impacts on native habitat. Recently, however, some have called into question the magnitude of the threat posed by garlic mustard (e.g. Lankau et al. 2009; Cipollini and Cipollini 2016). The purpose of this review is to summarize prominent research on the invasiveness of garlic mustard and the efficacy of control efforts. The relevance of this research to management in the Portland, Oregon metropolitan region is discussed. Garlic Mustard Background Garlic mustard is native to Eurasia, and was originally introduced to North America for culinary uses (Grieve 1959). It was documented on the East Coast of the United States in the 1860s (Rodgers et al 2008). By the 1980s garlic mustard had caught ecologists’ attention as a potentially invasive species of forest understories (Becker et al. 2011). Observations of rapid colonization (Rodgers et al. 2008), as well as life-history traits characteristic of strong invaders (Baker 1974) suggest that garlic mustard may be invasive. It attracts generalist pollinators, can self-pollinate (Cavers 1979; Anderson et al. 1996), and produces numerous seeds (Cavers 1979). It also has a rosette growth form (Cavers 1979), considered by Baker (1974) to be a competitive advantage. Garlic Mustard Dispersal and Establishment Garlic mustard spreads exclusively by seed, with no vegetative reproduction (Cavers et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Garlic Mustard (Alliaria Petiolata) Restricted DESCRIPTION
    Weed Identification and Control Sheet: www.goodoak.com/weeds WI NR-40: Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) Restricted DESCRIPTION: This European plant, introduced for food or medicine in the mid 19th century, now threatens wood- lands throughout the eastern half of North America. Research has found that garlic mustard releases a chemical called sinigrin into the soil which kills soil fungi. Native plants rely on these same fungi for help extracting nutrients, by removing them the garlic mustard weakens the native plants too. Garlic mustard can rapidly invade and dominate both back yards and high quality natural areas. It forms dense mono- cultures, displacing and eliminating native plant species and dependent wild- life. Seeds can stay viable in the seed bank for at least 7 years, so it is best to control garlic mustard while they are still few in number. Once a population is found land owners will need to repeatedly check their property for new plants for at least a decade. Garlic mustard gets its name from the garlic-like smell produced by crushed leaves. The root crown has a distinctive purple color. This biennial spe- cies starts in its first year as a small basal rosette less than 6” high with round- ed, kidney shaped, yellowish-green leaves with scalloped edges and embossed veins. These rosettes remain green through winter. During spring in its second year the plant bolts, sending up a flowering stalk 2 to 5’ high. Second year plant leaves are triangular with more sharply toothed margins. Small, white, four-pet- aled flowers develop in clusters at the top of the stems by lateApril to May.
    [Show full text]
  • Floristic Quality Assessment and Monitoring of Brown Bridge Quiet Area Wetlands
    Floristic Quality Assessment and Monitoring of Brown Bridge Quiet Area Wetlands Prepared by: Phyllis J. Higman Michigan Natural Features Inventory P.O. Box 13036 Lansing, MI 48901-3036 For: Grand Traverse Conservation District 1450 Cass Road, Traverse City, Michigan, 49685 October 30, 2013 Report Number 2013-17 Acknowledgements This work was made possible by a Great Hyde assisted with early surveys and delivery of Lake Restoration Initiative grant through the a workshop for local stewards. Brian Klatt and Environmental Protection Agency, awarded to Glenn Palmgren provided valuable guidance on the Grand Traverse Conservation District in sampling strategies and Reb Ratliff provided Traverse City, Michigan. Many thanks to Robin enthusiastic energy to kick off the field sampling Christensen for writing the grant and for inviting and assemble necessary field gear. Thanks to us to do this work. Suzan Campbell and Daria you all. Cover photos by Phyllis J. Higman, 2012- 2013. Clockwise from left to right: Brown Bridge Pond, Brown Bridge Dam, The Boardman River Coursing through the Brown Bridge Quiet Area after Dam Removal, and Newly Exposed Bottomlands at Brown Bridge Quiet Area after Dam Removal. Copyright 2013 Michigan State University Board of Trustees. Michigan State University Extension programs and materials are open to all without regard to race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, marital status, or family status. Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 100 Years of Change in the Flora of the Carolinas
    ASTERACEAE 224 Zinnia Linnaeus 1759 (Zinnia) A genus of about 17 species, herbs, of sw. North America south to South America. References: Smith in FNA (2006c); Cronquist (1980)=SE. 1 Achenes wingless; receptacular bracts (chaff) toothed or erose on the lip..............................................................Z. peruviana 1 Achenes winged; receptacular bracts (chaff) with a differentiated fimbriate lip........................................................Z. violacea * Zinnia peruviana (Linnaeus) Linnaeus, Zinnia. Cp (GA, NC, SC): disturbed areas; rare (commonly cultivated), introduced from the New World tropics. May-November. [= FNA, K, SE; ? Z. pauciflora Linnaeus – S] * Zinnia violacea Cavanilles, Garden Zinnia. Cp (GA, NC, SC): disturbed areas; rare (commonly cultivated), introduced from the New World tropics. May-November. [= FNA, K; ? Z. elegans Jacquin – S, SE] BALSAMINACEAE A. Richard 1822 (Touch-me-not Family) A family of 2 genera and 850-1000 species, primarily of the Old World tropics. References: Fischer in Kubitzki (2004). Impatiens Linnaeus (Jewelweed, Touch-me-not, Snapweed, Balsam) A genus of 850-1000 species, herbs and subshrubs, primarily tropical and north temperate Old World. References: Fischer in Kubitzki (2004). 1 Corolla purple, pink, or white; plants 3-6 (-8) dm tall; stems puberulent or glabrous; [cultivated alien, rarely escaped]. 2 Sepal spur strongly recurved; stems puberulent..............................................................................................I. balsamina 2 Sepal spur slightly
    [Show full text]
  • Species Lists
    Appendix B: Sepcies Lists Appendix B: Species Lists In this appendix: Plants Mammals Birds Pollinators Fish and Mussels Reptiles and Amphibians Plants Scientific Name Common Name Abutilon theophrasti velvetleaf Acalypha ostryifolia pineland threeseed mercury Acalypha rhomboidea common threeseed mercury Acalypha virginica Virginia threeseed mercury Alliaria petiolata garlic mustard Amaranthus tamariscinus tall amaranth Ambrosia artemisifolia annual ragweed Ambrosia trifida great ragweed Ammannia coccinea valley redstem Amorpha brachycarpa leadplant Ampelopsis cordata heartleaf peppervine Amphicarpaea bracteata var. comosa American hogpeanut Amsonia illustris Ozark bluestar Anemone canadensis Canadian anemone Apocynum cannabinum Indian hemp Aristolochia tomentosa Woolly dutchman's pipe Artemisia annua sweet sagewort Asarum canadense Canadian wildginger Asclepias incarnata swamp milkweed Asclepias purpurascens purple milkweed Asclepias syriaca common milkweed Asclepias verticillata whorled milkweed Aster lateriflorus calico aster Aster pilosus hairy white oldfield aster Aster subulatus eastern annual saltmarsh aster Bergia texana Texas bergia Bidens cernua nodding beggerstick Bidens connata purplestem beggarticks Boehmeria cylindrica smallspike false nettle Callitriche terrestris terrestrial water-starwort Calystegia sepium hedge false bindweed Campsis radicans trumpet creeper Cardamine hirsuta hairy bittercress Carex crus-corvi ravenfoot sedge Carex hyalinolepis shoreline sedge, thinscale sedge Carex molesta troublesome sedge Cassia fasciculata
    [Show full text]
  • USFWS Consultation on Transmission System Right-Of-Way Program
    United States Department of the Interior FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE Tennessee ES Office 446 Neal Street Cookeville, Tennessee 38501 December 18, 2018 Mr. John T. Baxter Manager, Biological Compliance Tennessee Valley Authority 400 West Summit Hill Drive Knoxville, TN 37902 Re: FWS #2018-F-0958; Programmatic Consultation for Right-of-Way Vegetation Management that May Affect Endangered or Threatened Plants in the Tennessee Valley Authority Service Area Dear Mr. Baxter: This letter acknowledges the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s (Service) November 21, 2018, receipt of your November 19, 2015, letter requesting initiation of formal section 7 consultation under the Endangered Species Act (Act). The consultation concerns the possible effects of your proposed Programmatic Strategy for Right-of-Way Vegetation Management that May Affect Endangered or Threatened Plants in the Tennessee Valley Authority Service Area (TVA) (the Proposed Action) on 18 federally listed plants, including: • Price's potato-bean (Apios priceana) • Braun's rock-cress (Arabis perstellata) • Pyne's ground plum (Astragalus bibullatus) • Morefield's leather-flower (Clematis morefieldii) • Alabama leather flower (Clematis socialis) • leafy prairie-clover (Dalea foliosa) • whorled sunflower (Helianthus verticillatus) • small whorled pogonia (Isotria medeoloides) • fleshy-fruit gladecress (Leavenworthia crassa) • lyre-leaf bladderpod (Lesquerella lyrata) • Spring Creek bladderpod (Lesquerella perforata) • Mohr's Barbara's buttons (Marshallia mohrii) • Cumberland sandwort (Minuartia cumberlandensis) • Short’s bladderpod (Physaria globosa) • white fringeless orchid (Platanthera integrilabia) • green pitcher plant (Sarracenia oreophila) • large-flowered skullcap (Scutellaria montana) • Tennessee yellow-eyed grass (Xyris tennesseensis) Listed species (LE=listed as endangered; LT=listed as threatened) and designated critical habitats (DCH) that TVA has determined the proposed Action is not likely to adversely affect (NLAA).
    [Show full text]
  • Isolation and Characterization of Microsatellite Loci in the Invasive Alliaria Petiolata (Brassicaceae)
    Molecular Ecology Notes (2004) 4, 173–175 doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00606.x PRIMERBlackwell Publishing, Ltd. NOTE Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the invasive Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae) W. DURKA,* O. BOSSDORF* and B. GAUTSCHI† *UFZ-Environmental Research Centre Leipzig-Halle GmbH, Department of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, D-06110 Halle, Germany, †ECOGENICS GmbH, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland Abstract Eight novel polymorphic microsatellite loci are presented for garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) a European herb that is a serious invader of North American decidu- ous forests. The microsatellites will be useful tools to analyse pathways of introduction of garlic mustard, as well as its evolutionary potential in the invasive range. Keywords: biological invasions, Garlic mustard, microsatellite, population genetics Received 4 September 2003; revision received 30 October 2003; accepted 19 December 2003 Garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara and was extracted using DNeasy kits (QIAGEN). An enriched Grande] is a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 42) member of the library was made by ECOGENICS GmbH (Zurich, Switzer- mustard family (Brassicaceae) native to the Eurasian land) from size-selected genomic DNA ligated into TSPAD- temperate zone. In Europe, it occurs in mesic semishade linker (Tenzer et al. 1999) and enriched by magnetic habitats such as forest edges and moist woodlands. The bead selection with biotin-labelled (CA)13 and (GA)13 oligo- species has been introduced to North America in the 19th nucleotide repeats (Gautschi et al. 2000a; Gautschi et al. century. It has continuously expanded its range and is now 2000b). Of 384 recombinant colonies screened, 88 gave present in 34 US states and four Canadian provinces a positive signal after hybridization.
    [Show full text]