DOCSLIB.ORG

FORT DONELSON NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD Ethnographic Overview and Assessment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FORT DONELSON NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD Ethnographic Overview and Assessment FORT DONELSON NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD Ethnographic Overview and Assessment Final Report By Dayna Bowker Lee, Donna Greer, and Aubra L. Lee Report Submitted by Earth Search, Inc. P.O. Box 770336 New Orleans, LA 70177-0336 Prepared for Fort Donelson National Battlefield and Fort Donelson National Cemetery National Park Service PO Box 434 174 National Cemetery Drive Dover, TN 37058 September 2013 FORT DONELSON NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD Ethnographic Overview and Assessment Order No. P12PX10042 Final Phase I Report By Dayna Bowker Lee, Donna Greer, and Aubra L. Lee Report Submitted by Dayna Bowker Lee, Ph.D., Principal Investigator Earth Search, Inc. P.O. Box 770336 New Orleans, LA 70177-0336 Prepared for Fort Donelson National Battlefield and Fort Donelson National Cemetery National Park Service PO Box 434 174 National Cemetery Drive Dover, TN 37058 September 2013 Cover montage: Background: Figure 13; photos, clockwise from top left: Figure 21; mussel fishing, TSLA; Figure 17; looking east from park boundaries at log house and smoking tobacco barn, n.d., FODO Archives; unknown Stewart County family, n.d., Feltner Photographic Collection; (center) Figure 14. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to extend appreciation to the National Park Service and the people of Dover who contributed to this project. In the National Park Service Southeast Region, Dr. Antoinette Jackson, Southeast Region Ethnographer, and Allison Peña, Jean Lafitte National Park Ethnographer, provided guidance, counsel, and assistance throughout the project. The personnel at Fort Donelson National Battlefield shared their time, knowledge, and insights throughout the course of the research. Superintendent Brian McCutcheon; Integrated Resource Program Manager Bill Barley; and Facility Manager Scott Mapes monitored the project, made park resources available, and responded to every question or request. The assistance of facility worker Mitchell Earhart and Rangers Susan Hawkins and Deborah Austin was invaluable. Their local knowledge, introductions, contacts, and willingness to assist in this research are greatly appreciated. Mrs. Norma Dortch and all the personnel at the Stewart County Library, as well as Mrs. Nelda Saunders, Mrs. Linda Long, and Mr. Lawrence Saunders of the Stewart County Archives provided guidance, recommended resources, and made suggestions that greatly contributed to a deeper understanding of the people and history of Dover and Stewart County. Thanks also go to Mrs. Judy Cherry and Mrs. Allie Charlton who helped facilitate interviews. We also extend our heartfelt appreciation to those who participated in interviews and discussions and shared their memories of the places and people associated with the National Battlefield properties and the heritage of Dover and Stewart County: Don Cherry, Louise Williams Dean, Mitchell Earhart, Pam Sykes Ford, Earline Wilson Lavester, Polly Garner Mockabee, Mary Mockabee Newsome, David Nolin, Marvin Nolin, Noel Nolin, Sydney Sykes, Percy Williams, and Donnie Wilson. i fffffff TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... i INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................1 Maps and Primary Source Data .......................................................................................................1 REGIONAL PREHISTORIC ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW ..............................................3 Paleoindian Period (13,000-8000 B.C.) ...........................................................................................3 The Archaic Period ..........................................................................................................................4 Woodland Period (1,000 B.C.-A.D. 900 ..........................................................................................7 Mississippi Period (A.D. 1200-1550) ..............................................................................................9 Summary ........................................................................................................................................11 THE FORT DONELSON NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD STUDY AREA ..................................13 Natural Setting ...............................................................................................................................13 Protohistoric through the Indian Removal Era ..............................................................................13 North Carolina Revolutionary War Land Grants ...........................................................................18 Antebellum Growth and Development ..........................................................................................21 Calloway County, Kentucky ..........................................................................................................28 Antebellum Slavery .......................................................................................................................28 Slaves in the Middle Tennessee Iron Industry ...............................................................................34 The Civil War Years ......................................................................................................................34 African Americans at Forts Henry, Heiman, and Donelson ..........................................................41 African American Troops in Tennessee ........................................................................................41 Free State/Freedmen’s Camp at Fort Donelson .............................................................................41 After the War .................................................................................................................................42 The Late Nineteenth Century to the Present ..................................................................................46 Population, Economy, and Land ....................................................................................................46 Religion ..........................................................................................................................................57 Education .......................................................................................................................................59 Fort Donelson National Military Park Land Acquisitions .............................................................63 Traditionally Associated Contemporary Populations ....................................................................69 The African American Community ...............................................................................................71 Postbellum......................................................................................................................................71 African American Landowners ......................................................................................................73 Twentieth Century .........................................................................................................................77 Families..........................................................................................................................................77 Mockabee Family ...............................................................................................................77 Gentry Family ....................................................................................................................79 Skinner Family ...................................................................................................................84 Subsistence .....................................................................................................................................84 Recreation/Entertainment ..............................................................................................................86 Commercial Endeavors ..................................................................................................................87 The Anglo-American Community .................................................................................................87 Families in the Fort Donelson Proper Settlement Area ................................................................95 Lancaster/Byrd ...................................................................................................................95 Roeder ................................................................................................................................96 Earhart ...............................................................................................................................97 Cherry ................................................................................................................................98 Nolin ...................................................................................................................................99 The Fort Donelson Proper/Triangle Settlement Areas Remembered ..........................................102 Cultural Interaction and the Present Communities ......................................................................102 iii Table of Contents, Continued Problems Encountered During the Course of the Research .........................................................103 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................103
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Brochure Design by Communication Design, Inc., Richmond, VA 877-584-8395 Cheatham Co
    To Riggins Hill CLARKSVILLE MURFREESBORO and Fort Defiance Scroll flask and .36 caliber Navy Colt bullet mold N found at Camp Trousdale . S P R site in Sumner County. IN G Stones River S T Courtesy Pat Meguiar . 41 National Battlefield The Cannon Ball House 96 and Cemetery in Blountville still 41 Oaklands shows shell damage to Mansion KNOXVILLE ST. the exterior clapboard LEGE Recapture of 441 COL 231 Evergreen in the rear of the house. Clarksville Cemetery Clarksville 275 40 in the Civil War Rutherford To Ramsey Surrender of ST. County Knoxville National Cemetery House MMERCE Clarksville CO 41 96 Courthouse Old Gray Cemetery Plantation Customs House Whitfield, Museum Bradley & Co. Knoxville Mabry-Hazen Court House House 231 40 “Drawing Artillery Across the Mountains,” East Tennessee Saltville 24 Fort History Center Harper’s Weekly, Nov. 21, 1863 (Multiple Sites) Bleak House Sanders Museum 70 60 68 Crew repairing railroad Chilhowie Fort Dickerson 68 track near Murfreesboro 231 after Battle of Stones River, 1863 – Courtesy 421 81 Library of Congress 129 High Ground 441 Abingdon Park “Battle of Shiloh” – Courtesy Library of Congress 58 41 79 23 58 Gen. George H. Thomas Cumberland 421 Courtesy Library of Congress Gap NHP 58 Tennessee Capitol, Nashville, 1864 Cordell Hull Bristol Courtesy Library of Congress Adams Birthplace (East Hill Cemetery) 51 (Ft. Redmond) Cold Spring School Kingsport Riggins Port Royal Duval-Groves House State Park Mountain Hill State Park City 127 (Lincoln and the 33 Blountville 79 Red Boiling Springs Affair at Travisville 431 65 Portland Indian Mountain Cumberland Gap) 70 11W (See Inset) Clarksville 76 (Palace Park) Clay Co.
    [Show full text]
  • Civil War Battles in Tennessee
    Civil War Battles in Tennessee Lesson plans for primary sources at the Tennessee State Library & Archives Author: Rebecca Byrd, New Center Elementary Grade Level: 5th grade Date Created: May 2018 Visit http://sos.tn.gov/tsla/education for additional lesson plans. Civil War Battles in Tennessee Introduction: Tennessee’s Civil War experience was unique. Tennessee was the last state to se- cede and the first to rejoin the Union. Middle and West Tennessee supported secession by and large, but the majority of East Tennessee opposed secession. Ironically, Middle and West Tennessee came under Union control early in the war, while East Tennessee remained in Confederate hands. Tennessee is second only to Virginia in number of battles fought in the state. In this lesson, students will explore the economic and emotional effects of the war on the citizens of Tennessee. Guiding Questions How can context clues help determine an author’s point of view? How did Civil War battles affect the short term and long term ability of Tennesseans to earn a living? How did Civil War battles affect the emotions of Tennesseans? Learning Objectives The learner will analyze primary source documents to determine whether the creator/author supported the Union or Confederacy. The learner will make inferences to determine the long term and short term economic effects of Civil War battles on the people of Tennessee. The learner will make inferences to determine the emotional affect the Civil War had on Tennesseans. 1 Curriculum Standards: SSP.02 Critically examine
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Tdonelson NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
    Fort TDonelson NATIONAL MILITARY PARK TENNESSEE The Fall of Fort Donelson the Confederate commanders, fearing that they were being trapped behind Fort T)onelson Grant marched his army with difficulty their own fortifications, determined to across the watershed between the Ten­ cut their way out and escape to Nashville. NATIONAL MILITARY PARK nessee and the Cumberland, and, on Feb­ Early on the morning of February 15 they ruary 12, arrived before Fort Donelson attacked the Federal right flank and drove with 15,000 men. This force was later in­ it back from the river in confusion. UNITED STATES creased to about 27,000. The Confed­ Before noon the road was completely DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR erates holding the fort now numbered opened to a Confederate retreat. It has NATIONAL PARK SERVICE about 21,000 men commanded by Gen. been said that this moment was the crisis John B. Floyd, with Gen. Gideon J. of the battle, perhaps the crisis of Con­ federate fortunes. Two courses of action Important in the western campaigns of the Civil War, the fall of Fort Donelson, Entrance to Fort Donelson. Pillow and Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner in.February 1862, also gave Grant the famous title of "Unconditional Surrender." as his chief subordinates. While await­ were now possible. A good leader might Green, and delivering western Tennessee The Confederate authorities at first ing the arrival of the gunboats which had have saved the army by immediate re­ and all of Kentucky into Federal hands. sought to rest their line of defense on the to steam around from the Tennessee, treat, or he might have taken advantage FORT DONELSON NATIONAL MILITARY of the break in the Federal line to throw The Campaign Plan The battle marked the beginning of a Ohio River, although they did not have Grant invested the place on the west and PARK was the scene of one of the early his entire force into the fight and boldly campaign which, after 17 months of sufficient troops to hold Kentucky.
    [Show full text]
  • Pierce Mounds Complex an Ancient Capital in Northwest Florida
    Pierce Mounds Complex An Ancient Capital in Northwest Florida Nancy Marie White Department of Anthropology University of South Florida, Tampa [email protected] Final Report to George J. Mahr, Apalachicola, Florida December 2013 ii ABSTRACT The Pierce site (8Fr14), near the mouth of the Apalachicola River in Franklin County, northwest Florida, was a major prehistoric mound center during the late Early and Middle Woodland (about A.D. 200-700) and Mississippian (about A.D. 1000-1500) periods. People lived there probably continuously during at least the last 2000 years (until right before the European invasion of Florida in the sixteenth century) and took advantage of the strategic location commanding the river and bay, as well as the abundant terrestrial and aquatic resources. Besides constructing several mounds for burial of the dead and probably support of important structures, native peoples left long midden (refuse) ridges of shells, animal bones, artifacts and blackened sandy soils, which built up a large and very significant archaeological site. Early Europeans and Americans who settled in the town of Apalachicola recognized the archaeological importance of Pierce and collected artifacts. But since the site and its spectacular findings were published by C.B. Moore in 1902, much information has been lost or misunderstood. Recent investigations by the University of South Florida were commissioned by the property owner to research and evaluate the significance of the site. There is evidence for an Early Woodland (Deptford) occupation and mound building, possibly as early as A.D. 200. Seven of the mounds form an oval, with the Middle Woodland burial mounds on the west side.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Law 108–367 108Th Congress an Act to Expand the Boundaries of the Fort Donelson National Battlefield to Authorize Oct
    PUBLIC LAW 108–367—OCT. 25, 2004 118 STAT. 1743 Public Law 108–367 108th Congress An Act To expand the boundaries of the Fort Donelson National Battlefield to authorize Oct. 25, 2004 the acquisition and interpretation of lands associated with the campaign that resulted in the capture of the fort in 1862, and for other purposes. [S. 524] Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, Fort Donelson National SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. Battlefield Expansion Act of This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Fort Donelson National Battlefield 2004. Expansion Act of 2004’’. Tennessee. 16 USC 428 note. SEC. 2. FORT DONELSON NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD. 16 USC 428p. (a) DESIGNATION; PURPOSE.—There exists as a unit of the National Park System the Fort Donelson National Battlefield to commemorate— (1) the Battle of Fort Donelson in February 1862; and (2) the campaign conducted by General Ulysses S. Grant and Admiral Andrew H. Foote that resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson by Union forces. (b) BOUNDARIES.—The boundary of the Fort Donelson National Battlefield is revised to include the site of Fort Donelson and associated land that has been acquired by the Secretary of the Interior for administration by the National Park Service, including Fort Donelson National Cemetery, in Stewart County, Tennessee and the site of Fort Heiman and associated land in Calloway County, Kentucky, as generally depicted on the map entitled ‘‘Fort Donelson National Battlefield Boundary Adjustment’’ numbered 328/80024, and dated September 2003. The map shall be on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the National Park Service.
    [Show full text]
  • American Civil War
    American Civil War Major Battles & Minor Engagements 1861-1865 1861 ........ p. 2 1862 ........ p. 4 1863 ........ p. 9 1864 ........ p. 13 1865 ........ p. 19 CIVIL WAR IMPRESSIONIST ASSOCIATION 1 Civil War Battles: 1861 Eastern Theater April 12 - Battle of Fort Sumter (& Fort Moultie), Charleston Harbor, South Carolina. The bombardment/siege and ultimate surrender of Fort Sumter by Brig. General P.G.T. Beauregard was the official start of the Civil War. https://www.nps.gov/fosu/index.htm June 3 - Battle of Philippi, (West) Virginia A skirmish involving over 3,000 soldiers, Philippi was the first battle of the American Civil War. June 10 - Big Bethel, Virginia The skirmish of Big Bethel was the first land battle of the civil war and was a portent of the carnage that was to come. July 11 - Rich Mountain, (West) Virginia July 21 - First Battle of Bull Run, Manassas, Virginia Also known as First Manassas, the first major engagement of the American Civil War was a shocking rout of Union soldiers by confederates at Manassas Junction, VA. August 28-29 - Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina September 10 - Carnifax Ferry, (West) Virginia September 12-15 - Cheat Mountain, (West) Virginia October 3 - Greenbrier River, (West) Virginia October 21 - Ball's Bluff, Virginia October 9 - Battle of Santa Rosa Island, Santa Rosa Island (Florida) The Battle of Santa Rosa Island was a failed attempt by Confederate forces to take the Union-held Fort Pickens. November 7-8 - Battle of Port Royal Sound, Port Royal Sound, South Carolina The battle of Port Royal was one of the earliest amphibious operations of the American Civil War.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cumberland Settlement
    The Cumberland Settlement Essential Question: Why was the Cumberland Settlement created and what problems did the early settlers encounter? In 1775, Richard Henderson purchased 20 million acres of land from the Cherokee in a land deal known as the Transylvania Purchase. The lands lay in what is now middle Tennessee and Kentucky. While Henderson was not able to convince Virginia and North Carolina to recognize his entire claim, he was able to claim the region near the Cumberland River in Middle Tennessee. In 1779, Henderson planned a settlement in order to take advantage of the region’s rich natural resources including fertile soil and abundant animal life. Henderson’s settlement was named the Cumberland Settlement for the Cumberland River which served as main transportation route in the region. Henderson gave the difficult task of establishing the settlement to James Robertson and John Donelson. Donelson was an experienced land surveyor and veteran of the Cherokee War. James Robertson was one of first Watauga settlers and had served as one of the five magistrates established under the Watauga Compact. Robertson had also served as commander of Watuaga Fort during the Cherokee War. Henderson had a two part plan for settling the Cumberland region. First, Robertson and a small group of Wataugans traveled overland in the spring of 1779 to select a site for the settlement near French Lick. French Lick was a natural salt lick along the Cumberland River that had been the location of a French trading post. In December of 1779, Robertson and the men returned and built cabins and Fort Nashborough in preparation for the arrival of Donelson’s party in the spring of 1780.
    [Show full text]
  • Mortuary and Material Culture Patterning at the Donelson Slave Cemetery (40Dv106), Davidson County, Tennessee
    “YEA, THOUGH I WALK THROUGH THE VALLEY OF THE SHADOW OF DEATH;” MORTUARY AND MATERIAL CULTURE PATTERNING AT THE DONELSON SLAVE CEMETERY (40DV106), DAVIDSON COUNTY, TENNESSEE by Dan Sumner Allen IV A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History Middle Tennessee State University 2013 Dissertation Committee: Dr. C. Van West, Chair Dr. Mary S. Hoffschwelle Dr. James Beeby ABSTRACT “YEA, THOUGH I WALK THROUGH THE VALLEY OF THE SHADOW OF DEATH;” MORTUARY AND MATERIAL CULTURE PATTERNING AT THE DONELSON SLAVE CEMETERY (40DV106), DAVIDSON COUNTY, TENNESSEE By Dan Sumner Allen IV The Hermitage Springs Site (40DV551) was a prehistoric aboriginal aggregation site discovered in 2001 during grading for residential development in northeastern Davidson County, Tennessee. From 2004 to 2006, archaeologists relocated more than 300 prehistoric burials as well as over 400 non-mortuary features from the site. In addition to prehistoric archaeological deposits, archaeologists excavated sixty historic burials thought to be associated with a community of slaves from the western edge of the site. This thesis presents historic archaeological research on those historic African- American burials, perhaps one of the earliest, excavated slave cemeteries in the Cumberland Region. By developing an environmental and historical context for the cemetery, combined with an analysis of its mortuary and material culture patterns, the author identified general patterns and date ranges for the burials, thus shedding new light on burial practices afforded marginalized slave populations in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Tennessee. The author compared the archaeological data to other professional excavation projects in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Valley History
    OHIO VALLEY HISTORY A Collaboration of The Filson Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center, and the University of Cincinnati. VOLUME 5 • NUMBER 4 • WINTER 2005 OHIO VALLEY EDITORIAL BOARD HISTORY STAFF Compton Allyn Christine L. Heyrman Joseph P. Reidy Editors Cincinnati Museum Center University of Delaware Howard University History Advisory Board Christopher Phillips J. Blaine Hudson Steven J. Ross David Stradling Stephen Aron University of Louisville University of Southern Department of History University of California California University of Cincinnati at Los Angeles R. Douglas Hurt Purdue University Harry N. Scheiber Joan E. Cashin University of California Managing Editors James C. Klotter Ohio State University at Berkeley John B. Westerfield II Georgetown College The Filson Historical Society Andrew R. L. Cayton Steven M. Stowe Bruce Levine Miami University Indiana University Ruby Rogers University of California Cincinnati Museum Center R. David Edmunds at Santa Cruz Roger D. Tate University of Texas at Dallas Somerset Community Zane L. Miller Editorial Assistant College Cathy Collopy Ellen T. Eslinger University of Cincinnati Department of History DePaul University Joe W. Trotter, Jr. Elizabeth A. Perkins University of Cincinnati Carnegie Mellon University Craig T. Friend Centre College North Carolina State Altina Waller James A. Ramage University University of Connecticut Northern Kentucky University CINCINNATI MUSEUM CENTER THE FILSON HISTORICAL BOARD OF TRUSTEES SOCIETY BOARD OF DIRECTORS Chair David Bohl Steven R. Love President George H. Vincent Ronald D. Brown Kenneth W. Love R. Ted Steinbock Past Chair Otto M. Budig, Jr. Craig Maier Vice-President H.C. Buck Niehoff Brian Carley Jeffrey B. Matthews, M.D. Ronald R. Van Stockum, Jr.
    [Show full text]
  • Pensacola During the Civil War and Reconstruction John Matthew Brackett
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 "The Naples of America": Pensacola during the Civil War and Reconstruction John Matthew Brackett Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES “THE NAPLES OF AMERICA,” PENSACOLA DURING THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION By JOHN MATTHEW BRACKETT A Thesis submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2005 Copyright 2005 John Matthew Brackett All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the thesis of John Matthew Brackett defended on March 3, 2005. ____________________________ Joe M. Richardson Professor Directing Thesis ____________________________ James P. Jones, Jr. Committee Member ____________________________ Paul W. Strait Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii For My Mother Thanks for everything throughout the years iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS If history has taught me only one thing, it is that no one person is solely responsible for a tremendous accomplishment. I want to start by first thanking my major professor, Dr. Joe M. Richardson, for all of his valuable advice and knowledge on writing and Reconstruction. Without his time and help, I never would have completed this project. I also want to thank my committee members, Dr. Jim Jones and Dr. Paul Strait, as well as Dr. Frank Baglione and Dr. Frederick Davis for their suggestions, contributions, and encouragement. For their help in the difficult task of obtaining research, I would like to extend my sincerest appreciation to the staffs of the University of West Florida John C.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume 8 Summer 2016 Numbers 1-2
    TENNESSEE ARCHAEOLOGY Volume 8 Summer 2016 Numbers 1-2 EDITORIAL COORDINATORS Michael C. Moore Tennessee Division of Archaeology TENNESSEE ARCHAEOLOGY Kevin E. Smith Middle Tennessee State University VOLUME 8 Summer 2016 NUMBERS 1-2 EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE 1 EDITORS CORNER Paul Avery Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. 4 The Old Man and the Pleistocene: John Broster and Paleoindian Period Archaeology in the Mid-South – Jared Barrett Introduction to the Special Volume TRC Inc. D. SHANE MILLER AND JESSE W. TUNE Sierra Bow 8 A Retrospective Peek at the Career of John Bertram University of Tennessee Broster Andrew Brown MICHAEL C. MOORE, KEVIN E. SMITH, AARON DETER- University of North Texas WOLF, AND DAVID E. STUART Hannah Guidry 24 The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Record in TRC Inc. Tennessee: A Review of the Tennessee Fluted Point Survey Michaelyn Harle JESSE W. TUNE Tennessee Valley Authority 42 Quantifying Regional Variation in Terminal Phillip Hodge Pleistocene Assemblages from the Lower Tennessee Tennessee Department of Transportation River Valley Using Chert Sourcing RYAN M. PARISH AND ADAM FINN Shannon Hodge Middle Tennessee State University 59 A Preliminary Report on the Late Pleistocene and Sarah Levithol Early Holocene Archaeology of Rock Creek Mortar Tennessee Division of Archaeology Shelter, Upper Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee JAY FRANKLIN, MAUREEN HAYS, FRÉDÉRIC SURMELY, Ryan Parish ILARIA PATANIA, LUCINDA LANGSTON, AND TRAVIS BOW University of Memphis 78 Colonization after Clovis: Using the Ideal Free Tanya M. Peres Distribution to Interpret the Distribution of Late Florida State University Pleistocene and Early Holocene Archaeological Sites in the Duck River Valley, Tennessee Jesse Tune D. SHANE MILLER AND STEPHEN B.
    [Show full text]
  • This Lithograph of the Battle of Fort Donelson, Tennessee (Fought On
    This lithograph of the Battle of Fort Donelson, Tennessee (fought on February 16, 1862), represents the close-quarters fighting that marked much of the tactics used throughout the Civil War. (Library of Congress) CHAPTER 2 Sherman L. Fleek O VERVIEW OF THE CIVIL WAR The greatest danger to American survival at mid-century, however, was neither class tension nor ethnic division. Rather it was sectional conflict between North and South over the future of slavery. —James M. McPherson1 he American Civil War, fought between ushered in a new way of life for most and T1861 and 1865, has been the subject of fresh opportunities for many. Others perceive some of the great literary giants in America, it as a major military conflict, introducing a such as Shelby Foote, Robert Penn Warren, new era of war with a viciousness that was Bruce Catton, and Stephen Crane. Filmmakers unprecedented. Still others view it as a dra- such as Ken Burns have tried to describe it in matic course correction that has not only sweeping prose and narrative language that destroyed a culture and a wicked form of eco- capture both the grandeur and the brutality nomic labor but also put in jeopardy a funda- of this awful but critical episode in our his- mental political right—states’ rights. Yet for tory. Great historical minds of recent genera- most Americans it is a colossal event that we tions, such as James McPherson, Alan Nevins, learned about in school, reading, listening, Kenneth Stampp, and T. Harry Williams have and just as quickly dismissing because, like tried to analyze, define, and interpret the war so much else in history, the Civil War was so in accurate and reasonable terms.
    [Show full text]