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OHIO VALLEY HISTORY A Collaboration of The Filson Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center, and the University of Cincinnati. VOLUME 5 • NUMBER 4 • WINTER 2005 OHIO VALLEY EDITORIAL BOARD HISTORY STAFF Compton Allyn Christine L. Heyrman Joseph P. Reidy Editors Cincinnati Museum Center University of Delaware Howard University History Advisory Board Christopher Phillips J. Blaine Hudson Steven J. Ross David Stradling Stephen Aron University of Louisville University of Southern Department of History University of California California University of Cincinnati at Los Angeles R. Douglas Hurt Purdue University Harry N. Scheiber Joan E. Cashin University of California Managing Editors James C. Klotter Ohio State University at Berkeley John B. Westerfield II Georgetown College The Filson Historical Society Andrew R. L. Cayton Steven M. Stowe Bruce Levine Miami University Indiana University Ruby Rogers University of California Cincinnati Museum Center R. David Edmunds at Santa Cruz Roger D. Tate University of Texas at Dallas Somerset Community Zane L. Miller Editorial Assistant College Cathy Collopy Ellen T. Eslinger University of Cincinnati Department of History DePaul University Joe W. Trotter, Jr. Elizabeth A. Perkins University of Cincinnati Carnegie Mellon University Craig T. Friend Centre College North Carolina State Altina Waller James A. Ramage University University of Connecticut Northern Kentucky University CINCINNATI MUSEUM CENTER THE FILSON HISTORICAL BOARD OF TRUSTEES SOCIETY BOARD OF DIRECTORS Chair David Bohl Steven R. Love President George H. Vincent Ronald D. Brown Kenneth W. Love R. Ted Steinbock Past Chair Otto M. Budig, Jr. Craig Maier Vice-President H.C. Buck Niehoff Brian Carley Jeffrey B. Matthews, M.D. Ronald R. Van Stockum, Jr. John F. Cassidy Shenan P. Murphy Vice Chairs Dorothy A. Coleman Robert W. Olson Secretary-Treasurer Jane Garvey Richard O. Coleman Scott Robertson Henry D. Ormsby Dee Gettler Bob Coughlin Yvonne Robertson David L. Armstrong R. Keith Harrison David Davis Elizabeth York Schiff Emily S. Bingham William C. Portman, III Diane L. Dewbrey Steve C. Steinman Jonathan D. Blum Treasurer Edward D. Diller Merrie Stewart Stillpass Sandra A. Frazier Mark J. Hauser Charles H. Gerhardt, III James L. Turner Margaret Barr Kulp Leslie Hardy Secretary Thomas T. Noland, Jr. Francine S. Hiltz Martiné R. Dunn Barbara Rodes Robinson David Hughes H. Powell Starks President and CEO Robert F. Kistinger J. Walker Stites, III Douglass W. McDonald Laura Long William M. Street Vice President of Museums Orme Wilson III John E. Fleming Director Mark V. Wetherington Ohio Valley History (ISSN Louisville, Kentucky, 40208. nati. Cincinnati Museum History. Back issues are $8.00. 746-3472) is published in Editorial Offices located at Center and The Filson Historical For more information on Cin- Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louis- the University of Cincinnati, Society are private non-profit cinnati Museum Center, including ville, Kentucky, by Cincinnati Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0373. organizations supported almost membership, visit www.cincymu- Museum Center and The Filson Contact the editorial offices at entirely by gifts, grants, sponsor- seum.org or call 513-287-7000 or Historical Society. Periodical [email protected] or ships, admission and member- 1-800-733-2077. postage paid at Cincinnati, [email protected]. ship fees. For more information on The Ohio, with an additional entry Ohio Valley History is a col- Memberships of Cincinnati Filson Historical Society, at Louisville, Kentucky. laboration of The Filson Histori- History Museum at Cincinnati including membership, visit www. Postmaster send address cal Society, Cincinnati Museum Museum Center or The Filson filsonhistorical.org or call 502- changes to The Filson Historical Center, and the Department of Historical Society include a 635-5083. Society, 1310 S. Third Street, History, University of Cincin- subscription to Ohio Valley © Cincinnati Museum Center and The Filson Historical Society 2005. OHIO VALLEY HISTORY Volume 5, Number 4, Winter 2005 A Journal of the History and Culture of the Ohio Valley and the Upper South, published in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Louisville, Kentucky, by Cincinnati Museum Center and The Filson Historical Society. Contents Marriage, Mayhem, and Presidential Politics: The Robards-Jackson Backcountry Scandal Ann Toplovich 3 Losing the Market Revolution: Lebanon, Ohio, and the Economic Transformation of Warren County, 1820-1850 Daniel P. Glenn 23 Soul Winner: Edward O. Guerrant, the Kentucky Home Missions, and the “Discovery” of Appalachia Mark Andrew Huddle 47 Documents and Collections 65 Cover: A New Map of Ohio with its Canals, Review Essay 74 Roads, and Distances, by H. S. Tanner, 1833. Book Reviews 80 Cincinnati Museum Center at Union Terminal, Cincinnati Announcements 88 Historical Society Library Index 94 W I N T E R 2 0 0 5 1 Contributors ANN TOPLOVICH is Executive Director of the Tennessee Historical Society in Nashville, Tennessee. Her biography of Rachel Jackson will be published in late 2006. DAN P. GLENN is a Ph.D. candidate in History at the University of Cincinnati. MARK ANDREW HUDDLE is Assistant Professor of History at St. Bonaventure University in Olean, New York. His first book, The Paradox of Color: Mixed Race Americans and the Burden of History, will be published by the University of Pennsylvania Press in 2006. JUSTIN POPE is a Ph.D. candidate in History at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. He is a native of Danville, Kentucky. 2 OHIO VALLEY HISTORY Marriage, Mayhem, and Presidential Politics: The Robards-Jackson Backcountry Scandal ANN TOPLOVICH ar too heavy for her five-foot frame and short of breath, the woman paused to rest after a fitting with her seamstress for a ballgown. Ahead Fof her lay a dreaded move to Washington City, for despite her personal wishes her husband had pursued and won the presidency. She had told a friend that she would rather serve in the house of God than live in that palace, the White House,1 but events in November 1828 revealed a different fate. Now, in December, she sat sheltered in the newspaper office owned by a kinsman while she waited for her servants to bring the carriage round. At her elbow lay a pamphlet, and idly she picked it up to pass the time. To her shock, she found descriptions of herself as a Jezebel, an adulteress, a bigamist, rehashing all the horror of her marriage to Lewis Robards and her flight with Andrew Jackson. Why had these attacks been kept from her? Rachel Donelson Robards Jackson felt her chest tightening from the blow. Fleeing Nashville in the carriage, she had her driver stop at a creek to wash away her tears. This effort to keep her grief from her husband triggered a severe cold on top of the trouble within her breast. It was December 18, and she and Andrew were to leave for Washington on Christmas Day. But four days later, she was dead from a heart broken by the heartless attacks of Jackson’s enemies.2 Buried in the white satin gown intended for the Inaugural Ball, Rachel’s tombstone would say in part, “being so gentle and so virtu- ous, slander might wound but could not dishonor.” Since James Parton’s masterful biography of Andrew Jack- son appeared in 1860, most studies of Andrew Jackson’s life have paid atten- Rachel Donelson Roberts tion to the impact on the 1828 presidential campaign of Rachel Donelson’s Jackson. Cincinnati 1793 divorce from Lewis Robards. Although research over the past thirty Museum Center at Union Terminal, Cincinnati years has raised doubts about the Jackson party’s account of the divorce, new Historical Society Library historical examinations of marriage and divorce in the late colonial and early American republic periods suggest that the Jacksonians used the changing moral views on personal, romantic choice of a mate between 1790 and 1830 in order to shape their story to their advantage. Indeed, Rachel Donelson’s W I N T E R 2 0 0 5 3 MARRIAGE, MAYHEM, AND PRESIDENTIAL POLITICS marriage to Lewis Robards on the Kentucky frontier, the circumstances of her elopement with Andrew Jackson to Spanish Natchez, and the return of the new couple to the Cumberland settlements offer insight into how divorces were handled, sometimes extra-legally, in the early American republic. Moreover, when considering the Robards side of the story, the Robards-Jackson scandal provides evidence of the power of politics in the 1820s, already capable of rendering presidents bigger than life while reducing men like Lewis Robards almost to obscurity. In the fall of 1780, John Donelson took his extended family and thirty slaves from the Indian-beleaguered Cumberland settlements to a slightly more secure Davies Station, located near Crab Orchard, Kentucky.3 The move ended a journey that had begun a year earlier when Donelson sold his plantation and iron foundry in backcountry Virginia, carried his family into upper East Ten- nessee and, after leading an adventurous voyage down the Tennessee and up the Cumberland River, set up what proved to be a temporary camp near the future town of Nashville. Donelson, a robust man in his fifties, was a surveyor and former member of the House of Burgesses, an Indian negotiator for Virginia, and an agent of Richard Henderson. By one estimate, Donelson’s sale of land and foundry in Virginia would have been worth nearly one million dollars in today’s dollars.4 Donelson and his wife, Rachel, and eleven children all moved west, including their youngest daughter and tenth child, Rachel, who was thir- teen when the Donelsons arrived in Kentucky. They immediately assumed their place in the backcountry elite, with extensive political and land speculation connections. Crab Orchard lay at the junction of the Wilderness Road and the Cumberland Trace, placing the Donelsons on the main route for travelers between Virginia and Harrodsburg and between the Nashville settlements and Kentucky.
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  • The Cumberland Settlement

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    First Ladies of America After Andrew Jackson won the presidency in Andrew Jackson, a new December 1828, his wife Rachel selected a attorney beginning his practice. white gown and white slippers to wear to his However, after later learning that inauguration. On Christmas Eve day, she was Robards had not divorced her until two instead buried in them at the Hermitage, the years after her marriage to Jackson, the Jacksons’ home in Nashville, Tenn. Seeming to couple realized that she was guilty of adultery under the have recovered from a heart attack that fall, Mrs. law. They immediately remarried to fix the legalities of Jackson died suddenly on Dec. 22. their situation, but it was an issue that plagued them for the remainder of their days. From the end of her life until the end of his own, a bitter Andrew Jackson blamed his political opponents for his Throughout their marriage, Mrs. Jackson supported her wife’s death. Trying to deny Jackson the White House, husband’s military and political careers, but she spent they had attacked Rachel Jackson relentlessly, accusing most of her time at the Hermitage. She accompanied her of adultery and savaging her character. A woman him on some political trips, and she was in Washington from a respected family who had grown deeply with him in 1824 when he lost the presidential religious, Mrs. Jackson had suffered a great election by the vote of the House of deal in the months before her death. After Representatives. her funeral, attended by 10,000 people Andrew from throughout the country—rich and Jackson’s When her husband won the election in poor, white and black—Andrew Jackson Administration 1828, Mrs.
  • This Presentation Is Women’S Lives in a Changing America; However, All of the Themes Are Inter‐Related

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    1 The Hermitage is the home and plantation of President Andrew Jackson. He is the reason the site has been preserved and his story takes center stage. The Ladies’ Hermitage Association opened The Hermitage as a museum honoring Jackson in 1889. But Andrew Jackson did not live alone and The Hermitage would not have been the place he treasured without the others who also called it home In fact, from its earliest days, the LHA envisioned The Hermitage not only as a shrine to Andrew Jackson, but also to his beloved wife, Rachel. Perhaps their attraction to the Rachel story is related to the all‐ flfemale make up of the early days of the organitiization. NthlNevertheless, there were many other women whose stories hadn’t been told ‐‐ family members as well as the enslaved who worked in the house and on the farm. Their biographies differ, but each one tells us something about The Hermitage as well as women’s experiences in general. They also reveal things about Andrew Jackson. So, it is imperative to tell their stories too. 2 In the 1970s and 1980s, research at The Hermitage, like many other historic sites, began to dig deeper and seek the assistance of academic historians. We re‐identified and re‐ interpreted collections. The LHA supported the University of Tennessee’s Jackson Papers Project, which made an abundance of historical resources more easily available. The Hermitage established an archaeology program that focused on the archaeology of slavery while the curatorial staff planned for an interior restoration of the Hermitage Mansion. 3 Among other outcomes, the restoration highlighted the women who had a role in shaping the appearance of the mansion and the life lived there – the white women (other than Rachel) who lived in the house, and the enslaved women who were a constant presence.