The Affair and Comparative Journalistic Cultures Lyombe Eko The Charlie Hebdo Affair and Comparative Journalistic Cultures

Human Rights Versus Religious Rites Lyombe Eko Journalism and Creative Media Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX, USA

ISBN 978-3-030-18078-2 ISBN 978-3-030-18079-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18079-9

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the ­publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and ­institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: Leontura/DigitalVision Vectors/Getty Images Cover design by Tjaša Krivec

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents

1 Introduction: The Charlie Hebdo Affair as a Global “Meta-Media Event” 1

Part I Theoretical and Historical Approaches 31

2 Journalistic (Battle)fields, Cultures, Mentalities, and Proximities 33

3 Charlie Hebdo and French Collective Memory: Origins of the Right to Caricature 53

4 Genesis of the Charlie Hebdo Affair: The Clash of Human Rights and Religious Rites 93

Part II The Charlie Hebdo Affair: Case Studies in Journalism and Comparative Establishmentalities 131

5 The Charlie Hebdo Affair, Freedom of Expression, and Apologia for Terrorism Under French Law 133

6 The Charlie Hebdo Terrorist Attack and European Journalistic Solidarity (with Lea Hellmueller) 157

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7 The Charlie Hebdo Affair in the Journalistic Field of the United Kingdom 181

8 The Charlie Hebdo Affair in : Balancing Human Rights and Religious Rites 203

9 The Charlie Hebdo Affair and the Right to Take Offense: Religious Sensibilities Versus Freedom of Expression in 221

10 The Charlie Hebdo Affair in Three African Journalistic Fields 257

11 The Charlie Hebdo Affair and Transnational Solidarity in three Journalistic Battle(fields) of Latin America 283

12 The Charlie Hebdo Affair in the American Journalistic Field 319

13 One Country, Two Journalistic Cultures: The Charlie Hebdo Affair in the Bi-cultural Journalistic Field of Canada 347

14 Afterword and Afterthoughts 381

Index 425 List of Figures

Fig. 1.1 Roncin’s slogan 3 Fig. 1.2 President François Hollande of France and 50 world leaders at Parisian Charlie Hebdo Rally, January 11, 2015 (Getty) 5 Fig. 1.3 Cover of Charlie Hebdo, February 7, 2006: “Mohammed overwhelmed by fundamentalists” (cartoonist Jean Cabut [] murdered in 2015 terrorist attack) 14 Fig. 2.1 Islamic attire that is forbidden or permitted in public places in France. The burqa and Niqab are forbidden, while the Burkini, the Chador, and the Hijab are legal. The burkini is contested in multiple municipalities. Published with permission of Agence France Presse (AFP) 38 Fig. 3.1 “Liberty leading the people … with pencils and a Je Suis Charlie sign,” Re-presentation of Delacroix (1830) in the context of the Charlie Hebdo marches républicaines (Front page cartoon by Plantu, published in , January 9, 2015) 59 Fig. 3.2 View of “Je Suis Charlie” rally in (Getty image) 61 Fig. 3.3 Honoré Daumier’s Louis-Philippe as Gargantua, published in la Caricature, on December 16, 1831 83 Fig. 4.1 Banned Hebdo Hara-kiri satirizing death of General Charles de Gaulle (“Tragic ball at Colombey, One dead”) and first edition of its successor, Charlie Hebdo “There is no censorship in France” (1969) 97 Fig. 4.2 “The Pope [Benedict, holding a condom] goes too far … This is my body.” Charlie Hebdo (published November 24, 2010) 99 Fig. 4.3 “Moi Président …” [I am the president] allusion to President Hollande’s irrational sexual liaisons (Charlie Hebdo cartoon by , January 14, 2014) 101

vii viii List of Figures

Fig. 4.4 Jyllands-Posten (Denmark) Mohammed cartoons. Published 2005 102 Fig. 4.5 “C’est dur d’être aimé par des cons (it is tough to be loved by fools, Charlie Hebdo” documentary poster (2008) 116 Fig. 4.6 Mohammed says: Je Suis Charlie, Tout est Pardonné (Charlie Hebdo, 2015) 120 Fig. 4.7 Catholic Bishop, Muslim Imam and Jewish Rabbi admiring the survivors’ edition of Charlie Hebdo (published in Le Monde, January 14, 2015, p. 1. Cartoon by Plantu) 122 Fig. 8.1 Turkish magazines’ collective resistance. They all had identical Je Suis Charlie covers (Getty/Blent Kilic image) 211 Fig. 8.2 TV announces: “Charlie Hebdo attacked, Massacre in Paris, Twelve Dead.” President Erdoğan responds, remote control in hand, “I condemn the attack. 10 Years imprisonment would have been enough for the cartoonists” (Cartoon by Musa Kast, Cumhuriyet, ) 214 Fig. 9.1 Cover of Charlie Hebdo, February 7, 2006: “Mohammed overwhelmed by fundamentalists” (cartoonist Jean Cabut [Cabu] murdered in 2015 terrorist attack) 222 Fig. 9.2 Mint (New Delhi, India) front page with Charlie Hebdo cartoons (January 8, 2015) 241 Fig. 9.3 The terrorists and Charlie Hebdo cartoonist’s brush. Cartoon by Satish Acharya (Kundapura, India) 249 Fig. 10.1 “We killed Charlie Hebdo” (Cartoon by Zapiro © 2015). Originally published in Sunday Times, Johannesburg, South Africa, January 7, 2015). Re-published with permission 276 Fig. 11.1 Latin American Federation of Journalists (FELAP) “You cannot kill the truth by killing journalists” 290 Fig. 11.2 Police and taxation officers invade home of Fernando Villavicencio on Christmas eve and seize documentary evidence of corruption. (Cartoon by Bonil, El Universo, Quito, Ecuador) 296 Fig. 11.3 Yo soy Charlie, cartoon by Xavier Bonilla (Bonil), El Universo, Quito, Ecuador. Republished with permission 299 Fig. 11.4 Charlie Hebdo’s collateral damage. Cartoon by Carlos Latuff (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Originally published in the Middle East Monitor. Republished with permission 306 Fig. 11.5 “I am Not Charlie.” Opposition to Charlie Hebdo’s provocative, atheistic, anti-religious ideology in Latin America 310 Fig. 12.1 Je Suis Charlie, Tout est pardonné 338 Fig. 13.1 Charlie Hebdo: Mohammed overwhelmed by fundamentalists. “It is tough to be loved by idiots,” Cartoon by Cabu 368