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Making Sense of the Attack on Charlie Hebdo a Qualitative Content Analysis of De Standaard and Al Arabiya

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Making Sense of the Attack on Charlie Hebdo a Qualitative Content Analysis of De Standaard and Al Arabiya KU LEUVEN FACULTEIT THEOLOGIE EN RELIGIEWETENSCHAPPEN MAKING SENSE OF THE ATTACK ON CHARLIE HEBDO A QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS OF DE STANDAARD AND AL ARABIYA Scriptie, Master in de Promotor wereldgodsdiensten, de interreligieuze dialoog en de Prof. Dr. Mehdi AZAIEZ religiestudie Copromotor door Prof. Dr. Johan VERSTRAETEN Linde VAN GOETHEM 2015 KU LEUVEN FACULTEIT THEOLOGIE EN RELIGIEWETENSCHAPPEN MAKING SENSE OF THE ATTACK ON CHARLIE HEBDO A QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS OF DE STANDAARD AND AL ARABIYA Scriptie, Master in de Promotor wereldgodsdiensten, de interreligieuze dialoog en de Prof. Dr. Mehdi AZAIEZ religiestudie Copromotor door Prof. Dr. Johan VERSTRAETEN Linde VAN GOETHEM 2015 Linde Van Goethem, Making Sense of the Attack on Charlie Hebdo. A Qualitative Content Analysis of De Standaard and Al Arabiya. Master thesis presented to obtain the degree of: Master in de wereldgodsdiensten, interreligieuze dialoog en religiestudie Examenperiode: September 2015 Promotor: Mehdi Azaiez Copromotor: Johan Verstraeten Na de aanslag op Charlie Hebdo op 7 januari 2015 werd duidelijk dat mensen op heel verschillende manieren een betekenis geven aan en reflecteren over de oorzaken van een dergelijke gebeurtenis. Om deze reden werd besloten een kwalitatieve inhoudsanalyse uit te voeren van twee kranten, De Standaard (66 artikels) en Al Arabiya (33 artikels), aangevuld met enkele grafieken gebaseerd op een kwantitatieve analyse. Op deze manier zou het mogelijk worden om een beter begrip te krijgen van tenminste twee verschillende perspectieven op de aanslag op Charlie Hebdo, waarbij De Standaard een Westers perspectief reflecteert en Al Arabiya een Arabisch perspectief. Er werd gekozen voor een vergelijkende aanpak met als doel te zoeken naar gelijkenissen en verschillen tussen beide kranten. Hierbij moet opgemerkt worden dat het geenszins de bedoeling is een onderscheid te maken tussen een Arabische/Islamitische en een Westerse manier van denken. Een analyse op basis van negen systematische vragen werd uitgevoerd op alle artikels uit beide kranten en nadien vergeleken. Het gaat om vijf descriptieve vragen (datum, auteur, lengte, publiek en context) en vier analytische vragen (teksttypes, thema’s, overeenkomsten en evolutie) Hieruit bleek dat op veel vlakken de kranten gelijkend waren zoals bijvoorbeeld een sterke overeenkomst in de thema’s die aan bod kwamen en de teksttypes. Daarnaast kwamen echter ook enkele verschillen naar boven zoals bijvoorbeeld verschillen in het doelpubliek van beide kranten die hoogstwaarschijnlijk geleid hebben tot verschillen in de nadruk die gelegd werd in de inhoud van de artikels op een specifiek thema. Aangezien dit onderzoek uitgaat van een kwalitatieve onderzoeksmethode werd geopteerd voor een inductieve aanpak. Er werd dan ook besloten om een derde hoofdstuk in te voegen waarin nagegaan werd of de gevonden thema’s gekoppeld konden worden aan bepaalde wereldbeelden of terug te vinden waren in theorie. Aangezien de aanslag op Charlie Hebdo gezien werd als een Islamitische aanslag op de Westerse democratische waarden, bleek dat in beide kranten het thema wortels van radicalisering sterk naar voren kwam. Er werd geopteerd voor het bekijken van verschillende radicaliseringstheorieën en deze te vergelijken met de resultaten uit beide kranten. Hieruit bleek dat bijna alle thema’s die aan bod kwamen in de artikels ook naar voren kwamen in de literatuur. Concluderend kan gesteld worden dat de analyse van de krantenartikelen leidde tot een beter begrip van de verschillende perspectieven op de aanslag op Charlie Hebdo. Het werd duidelijk dat er veel verschillende meningen bestaan met betrekking tot de oorzaken van dergelijke aanslagen, wat leidde tot verschillende meningen ten aanzien van beleid, dit zowel in De Standaard als in Al Arabiya. Verder werd duidelijk dat er betekenisvolle verschillen bestaan tussen beide kranten met betrekking tot de nadruk die gelegd wordt op een bepaald thema. Dit neemt echter niet weg dat beide kranten zich focussen op een andere zijde van dezelfde munt: het tegengaan van verdere radicalisering en het vermijden van terroristische aanslagen in de toekomst. PREFACE As a student of both a philosophy and religious studies, I have always wondered how people make sense of the world around them. Although the subject of this research is not exactly optimistic or peaceful, I do believe it to be a truly fascinating one, and one of the major challenges for the future. Furthermore, I have to admit that I have a predilection for themes involving violence, maybe due their obscure and inexplicable nature, because it makes me wonder about so many other philosophical and existential issues. This is why I decided to write about terrorism. Although it was not time consuming at all to decide what the subject of this thesis would be, it did take me a while to decide how exactly I would handle it. Despite this initial struggle, I have learned a lot about the subject and definitely about the ways to conduct qualitative research. I do hope that the subject of this thesis will be as inspiring for you as it was for me, and that it could bring you to a better understanding of how one event can be interpreted in so many ways. First of all, I want to thank my promoter, Mehdi Azaiez for being patient with me and for helping me whenever necessary to be able to complete this research. Furthermore, I want to thank everyone who has carefully read parts of this report. Last but not least I want to thank my friends and family for coping with me during the, sometimes stressful, time of writing. Thank you! III TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface II Table of contents III Bibliography V INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1: CONTEXT AND EVENTS 2 1. CHARLIE HEBDO 2 2. JANUARY 7TH UNTIL JANUARY 9TH: TERROR IN PARIS 3 A. JANUARY 7TH: THE ATTACK ON CHARLIE HEBDO 3 b. JANUARY 8TH AND 9TH: MONTROUGE, PORTE DE VINCENNES AND DAMMARTIN-EN-GOËLE 4 C. INFORMATION ABOUT THE PERPETRATORS 5 CHAPTER 2: QUESTIONS AND METHODOLOGY 6 1. DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS 6 A. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 6 b. CONCLUSION 8 2. RESEARCH METHODS 8 A. QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS 9 1. Interpretative and inductive approach 9 2. Content analysis 10 b. COMPARATIVE APPROACH 11 3. DATA COLLECTION 12 A. PRESENTATION OF THE NEWSPAPERS 12 1. De Standaard 13 2. Al Arabiya 13 b. PRESENTATION OF THE ARTICLES 14 1. Opinions 14 2. Time frame 15 3. Articles chosen 15 4. SYSTEMATIC QUESTIONS 16 A. DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS 16 b. ANALYTICAL QUESTIONS 17 CHAPTER 3: QUALITATIVE CONTENT ANALYSIS 19 1. DE STANDAARD 19 A. DATE 19 b. AUTHOR 20 C. NUMBER OF WORDS 22 D. CONTEXT 23 E. AUDIENCE 25 F. TYPES 25 1. Statistics 26 2. Combination of types 27 3. Description of types 27 3.1 Criticism 27 3.2 Argumentation 29 3.3 Comparative 31 3.4 Appeal 32 3.5 Interrogative 33 G. TOPICS 34 1. Categorization 34 2. Topics/Clusters 35 2.1 Civil society 35 2.2 Roots of radicalization 38 H. CONCORDANCE & EVOLUTION 45 1. Topics by date 46 2. Topics by author 47 2.1 Dyab Abou Jahjah 47 2.2 Marc Reynebeau 49 2. AL ARABIYA 50 A. DATE 50 b. AUTHOR 51 C. NUMBER OF WORDS 52 D. CONTEXT 53 IV E. AUDIENCE 54 F. TYPES 54 1. Statistics 55 2. Combination of types 55 3. Description of types 56 3.1 Criticism 56 3.2 Appeal 57 3.3 Argumentation 58 3.4 Emotional 59 3.5 Historical 59 G. TOPICS 60 1. Categorization 60 2. Topics/Clusters 60 2.1 Roots of radicalization 60 2.2 Politics and the call for action 65 H. CONCORDANCE AND EVOLUTION 68 1. Topics by date 68 2. Topics by author 69 2.1 Abdulrahman al-Rashed 69 2.2 Hisham Melhem 70 3. COMPARISON OF DE STANDAARD AND AL ARABIYA 71 A. DATE 71 b. AUTHOR 72 C. NUMBER OF WORDS 73 D. CONTEXT 74 E. AUDIENCE 75 F. TYPES 75 1. Statistics and combination of types 76 2. Description of types 77 2.1 Criticism 77 2.2 Appeal 78 2.3 Argumentation 78 2.4 Emotional 78 2.5 Historical 79 2.6 Comparative 79 2.7 Interrogative 80 3. Conclusion 80 G. TOPICS 82 1. Roots of radicalization 83 H. CONCORDANCE & EVOLUTION 84 4. CONCLUSION 85 CHAPTER 4: THEORY AND COMMENTARIES OF THE AUTHOR 87 1. RADICALIZATION THEORIES 88 A. RADICALIZATION AS A PROCESS 88 B. ROOTS OF RADICALIZATION 90 1. Characteristics of individuals and groups 90 2. Subjective legitimations of violence 92 3. Contextual causes of radicalization 94 2. CULTURAL ATTACHMENT THEORY AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION 94 A. CULTURAL ATTACHMENT THEORY 95 b. IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION 97 C. CONCLUSION 98 CONCLUSION 100 Appendices X V BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. LIST OF THE ARTICLES USED FOR THE DESCRIPTION OF THE EVENTS (CHAPTER 1, SECTION 2) BY DATE A. DE STANDAARD EECKHAUT, M. & VANHECKE, N., Drie verdachten geïdentificeerd, in De Standaard, 8th January 2015. ARBEITSAMT DER DEUTSCHSPRACHIGEN GEMEINSCHAFT, ‘We hebben de profeet gewroken’, in De Standaard, 8th January 2015. MINTEN, D., Legendarische generatie cartoonisten weggevaagd, in De Standaard, 8th January 2015. DE GREEF, A., Tegen alles, bang van niemand, in De Standaard, 8th January 2015. AGENCE FRANCE PRESS (AFP), Nooit geziene klopjacht, in De Standaard, 9th January 2015. EECKHAUT, M., Veteranen van de Heilige Oorlog, in De Standaard, 9th January 2015. bEIRLANT, B., Is FN welkom op ‘republikeinse mars’?, in De Standaard, 9th January 2015. ARBEITSAMT DER DEUTSCHSPRACHIGEN GEMEINSCHAFT, Kranten worstelen met cartoons, in De Standaard, 9th January 2015. DE COCK, J., Speelde Al-Qaeda of IS een rol in aanslag?, in De Standaard, 9th January 2015. DE RUYTER, K., Drie dagen die Frankrijk door elkaar schudden, in De Standaard, 10th January 2015. VANHECKE, N., Zestig uren in de ban van terreur, in De Standaard, 10th January 2015. EECKHAUT, M., Djamel Beghal, de rattenvanger, in De Standaard, 10th January 2015.
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