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Hayatian Journal of Linguistics and Literature, UOG Publisher: University of Gujrat, Jalalpur Jattan Road, Gujrat, Pakistan Hayatian Journal of Linguistics and Literature, UOG Publisher: University of Gujrat, Jalalpur Jattan Road, Gujrat, Pakistan Patron in Chief Patron Prof. Dr. Muhammad Fahim Malik (Vice Chancellor) Prof. Dr. Farishullah Editor Co-Editor Dr. Riaz Ahmed Mangrio Dr. Behzad Anwar Associate Editor: Ms. Musarat Yasmin Alvi Sub Editors 1. Mr. Raza-E-Mustafa 3. Ms. Saima Anwar 2. Mr. Moazzam Ali 4. Mr. S.H. Irtqa Hussain Research Assistant Ms. Khadija Ghulam Hussain Editorial Advisory Board Country 1. Dr. Jeannette Littlemore (Professor, University of Birmingham) UK 2. Dr. Alex Ho-Cheong Leung (Lecturer, Northumbria Uni. Newcastle) UK 3. Dr. Laura Bailey (Lecturer, Rutherford College University) UK 4. Dr. David Wheatley (Professor, University of Aberdeen) UK 5. Dr. Stephen Gill (Professor (Retired) Cornwall, On. K6H 5R) Canada 6. Dr. Boris Zakharyin (Professor, Moscow State University) Russia 7. Dr. Liudmila Khokhlova (Professor, Moscow State University) Russia 8. Dr. Keizo Nanri (Assoc. Professor, Oita University) Japan 9. Dr. Jaehyeok Choi (Lecturer, Kunsan College of Nursing) S. Korea 10. Dr. Mohana Dass Ramasamy (Assist. Professor, Uni. of Malaysia) Malaysia 11. Dr. Patrick Chi-wai LEE (Lecturer, Caritas Inst. of Higher Edu) Hong Kong 12. Dr. Fahimeh Naseri (Assist. Professor, Persian Gulf University) Iran 13. Dr. Yousef Mukhtar Elramli (Assist. Professor, Misurata University) Libya 14. Dr. NDR Chandra (Professor, Nagaland University) India 15. Dr. Maria Maldonado Garcia (Assist. Professor UMT) Pakistan 16. Dr. Nadeem Haider Bukhari (Professor, AJK University) Pakistan 17. Dr. Aalia Sohail Khan (Professor, UOG Rawalpindi Camp.) Pakistan 18. Dr. Ayesha Sohail (Professor, AJK University) Pakistan 19. Dr. Asadullah Larik (Professor, Iqra University) Pakistan 20. Dr. Muhhamed Zafar Iqbal (Professor, Lahore Leeds University) Pakistan 21. Dr. Haroon-ur-Rasheed (Professor, AJK University) Pakistan 22. Dr. Nadia Anwar (Assist. Professor UMT) Pakistan 23. Dr. Khalid Ahmed (Assist. Professor UOL, Gujrat Campus) Pakistan 24. Dr. Muhammad Shaban (Assoc. Professor UMT, Lahore) Pakistan 25. Dr. Abrar Hussain Qureshi (Assist. Professor, UOL, Pakptn Campus) Pakistan 26. Dr. Sibghatullah Khan (Assist. Professor, IIUI) Pakistan 27. Dr. Asim Mehmood (Assoc. Professor, GCU Faisalabad) Pakistan 28. Dr. Kanwal Zahra (Assist. Professor, UOG) Pakistan Department of English, University of Gujrat Contents Neologisms in Pashto and Their Currency in the Kandahari 5 Dialect Spoken in Quetta and Kandahar Umaima Kamran & Yasir Khan Textual Analysis of the Structure of Heer Ranjha: Application 20 of Propp’s Model of Characters and Functions Mudasar Jehan, Robina Kamran & Nasim Akhtar Raja Nominal Markers in Punjabi 46 Khadija Ghulam Hussain Using ‘Verbal Parallelism’ as a Tool in Developing 58 Jakobsonian Six Functions of language: A Case study of Dastoor by Habib Jalib Saira Javed & Fouzia Janjua Camouflage Personae: A Study of Self Defense Mechanism in 71 Bapsi Sidhwa’s The Pakistani Bride Humaira Shahzadi & Muhammad Nawaz Textbook Evaluation: Analyzing English Textbook I of 91 Federal Board at SSC Level in the Light of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives Arshad Mahmood, Muhammad Iqbal Butt & Sidra Mahmood A Comparative Analysis of Sohni Mahiwal and Cinderella: A 126 Proppian Model of Narratology Saima Jamshaid, Rubina Kamran, Riaz Ahmad Mangrio & Raza-E- Mustafa Learner Autonomy: Pakistani Learners’ Perceptions, Attitudes, 145 Motivation and Challenges Muhammad Zubair Aslam & Musarat Yasmin 2 Hayatian Journal of Linguistics and Literature Contributors Dr. Nasim Akhtar Raja Foundation University, Islamabad Dr. Musarat Yasmin University of Gujrat Yasir Khan BUITEMS Quetta Mudasar Jehan University of Gujrat Dr. Rubina Kamran Foundation University, Islamabad Saima Jamshaid University of Gujrat Dr. Umaima Kamran Quaid-e-Azam University, Islamabad Sidra Mahmood National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad Dr. Muhammad Iqbal Butt Govt. Zamindara Postgraduate College, Gujrat Khadija Ghulam Hussain University of Gujrat Saira Javed GCW, Millat Road, Faisalabad Dr. Riaz Ahmed Mangrio University of Gujrat 3 Department of English, University of Gujrat Dr. Fouzia Janjua International Islamic University, Islamabad Prof. Dr. Arshad Mahmood National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad Muhammad Zubair Aslam University of Gujrat Muhammad Nawaz University of Lahore (Chenab Campus) Raza-E-Mustafa University of Gujrat Humaira Shahzadi University of Gujrat, Sialkot Campus 4 Hayatian Journal of Linguistics and Literature Neologisms in Pashto and Their Currency in the Kandahari Dialect Spoken in Quetta and Kandahar Umaima Kamran Yasir Khan Abstract A spoken language usually has more than one dialect because of different types of linguistic variations occur. Pashto, which is widely spoken language of South Asia, has also different dialects. The present research aims to explore the lexical differences of Kandahari dialect of Pashto also known as Western dialect, spoken in Kandahar, Afghanistan and Quetta, Pakistan. The differences are in great quantity and in multitude of ways. This study narrows down on the differences in lexicon of the same dialect spoken in two different capitals: Kandahar and Quetta. In the study, some very commonly occurred neologisms are found out in Kandahari dialect through different sources: primary and secondary. The comparative study of the both varieties shows the reasons of Kandahar’s Kandahari dialect being dynamic and progressive lexically than that of Kandahari Dialect spoken in Quetta and some of the very common phonological changes that have occurred in the borrowed words of dialect spoken in Quetta. These examples of the phonological changes very clearly delineate that how a borrowed word is carved by the phonotactics of the recipient language. The pivotal role of Neology, which is the study of coining of new words, and language policies is revealed in making the variety dynamic through finding out the currency of the newly coined words in both areas. Keywords: dialect, linguistic variations, Lexical differences, Phonotactics, Neology, language policies 1. Introduction Pashto throughout the history of Pakistan has remained marginalized. All the language polices formulated since the emergence of Pakistan have not been in favour of promotion of Pashto. This is majorly because of a fact that Pashto has always been associated with Pashtoon nationalism in the eyes of 5 Department of English, University of Gujrat the ruling club of Pakistan, for them promoting Pashto is like fueling Pashto nationalism. The apparent steps taken by Zia’s regime for the promotion of Pashto were in fact disguised means of demonizing and belittling Pashto language, none of the steps were taken seriously. In addition, there has always been an on-going intellectual conflict and disagreement among the linguists of Kandahari dialect and Youafzai dialect. This intellectual feud has barricaded Pashto from getting dynamic and progressive. This has resulted in failure of many conferences that were arranged for the standardization of Pashto. The role of Pashto academies in Pakistan has been very discouraging. After analysing there contribution, it can be asserted that they are in fact erected to demote Pashto Language instead of promoting it. This fact is revealed by looking at the number of publication each of the academies has published: Pashto academy Peshawar has published 576 pieces since Pakistan’s emergence whereas Pashto academy Quetta has set forth only 56 publications since 1971. Besides this, these academies have always warded off attempts of linguistic expurgation but supported borrowings and other linguistic contamination instead. All of the serious work is done by people independently and without any support from either government nor from these academies, such as works of Ummar Khayam translated into Pashto by Abdul Khair Zalak, Bari Jahani, Habib Ullah Tegey, “Bhagat Kabir” by Bari Jahani, “Geeta Anjali” of Rabrindarnath Tagore by Abdul Rauf Benawa and Sadiq Sparlae, War and Peace of Leo Tolstoy by Dr. Latif Bahand, Adultery of Paulo Coelho by Dr. Naseem Achakzai etc. In Pakistan no comprehensive linguistic study on the lexicon of Pashto is done earlier. To bridge the gap, this research is about the neologisms and their currency in the Kandahri dialect, also known as Western dialect, of Kandahar and Quetta. The study is carefully directed by a set of objectives that are carefully covered. The research is primarily protracted to prove the presence of newly coined words in the Kandahari dialect and to find out the currency of those newly coined terms in the dialect spoken in Kandahar and Quetta. This in return manages to unearth the factors, whether linguistic or non-linguistic, that are creating disparity in the form of lexical difference. Paxť ō; spelled differently in accordance withﭘښﺘﻮpəʂto̪ ː, ˈpəçto̪ ː, ˈpʊxto̪ ː],sˈ] different pronunciation, Pukhto, Pushto, or Pakhtu), also referred to as and Pathānī (as called in India), is the most commonly (اﻓﻐﺎﻧﻲ) Afghānī spoken language in Afghanistan and Pakistan. It is spoken as a native 6 Hayatian Journal of Linguistics and Literature language by over half the population of Afghanistan and is also widely spoken in Balochistan, the province of Pakistan directly to the South of Afghanistan. For variety of reasons, the name of the Pashto of language has been spelled in several ways. One reason is that the middle consonant [sh] is a sound that differs from one dialect to other. The second reason for not
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