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Comercialización Al Por Menor Del Combustible De Automoción En España: Del Monopolio Al Oligopolio

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Comercialización Al Por Menor Del Combustible De Automoción En España: Del Monopolio Al Oligopolio COMERCIALIZACIÓN AL POR MENOR DEL COMBUSTIBLE DE AUTOMOCIÓN EN ESPAÑA: DEL MONOPOLIO AL OLIGOPOLIO BLANCA SÁNCHEZ-FERNÁNDEZ Mª MERCEDES DEL CORO FERNÁNDEZ-FEAL Universidad de A Coruña En los comienzos del siglo XX, en España, ni existía un gran parque automovilístico ni un gran desarrollo industrial que demandasen grandes cantidades de productos petrolíferos. Por ello, los combustibles y carburantes que se comercializaban se importaban de países en los TXH\DH[LVWtDQFHQWURVGHUHÀQRGHOFUXGRGHSHWUyOHR La política arancelaria existente en España ejercía $OÀQDOL]DUODJXHUUDFLYLOHVSDxRODHQ(VSDxDHQ- XQD JUDQ SUHVLyQ ÀVFDO VREUH ORV FUXGRV GH SHWUyOHR WUDHQXQSHULRGRGHJUDQFULVLVHFRQyPLFDSROtWLFD\ este hecho, junto a lo reducido del mercado en esos VRFLDO OD SRVJXHUUD VH DODUJy GHELGR DO DLVODPLHQWR PRPHQWRV GHVDFRQVHMDED OD LQVWDODFLyQ GH XQD LQ- SROtWLFR \ HFRQyPLFR DO TXH VH YLR VRPHWLGD (VSDxD GXVWULD UHÀQHUD TXH H[LJtD XQ FRQVLGHUDEOH YROXPHQ como consecuencia de su régimen político (la dictadu- GH SURGXFFLyQ SDUD VHU UHQWDEOH 3RU HOOR ORV LPSRU- UDGHO*HQHUDO)UDQFR (OQXHYRUpJLPHQFUHyHQ tadores adquirían en el exterior productos intermedios un Patronato, dependiente del Ministerio de Hacienda, SDUD VX SRVWHULRU WUDQVIRUPDFLyQ (Q HO SHUtRGR FRP- SDUDODSURYLVLyQGH$JHQFLDVGH$SDUDWRV6XUWLGRUHVGH prendido entre 1900 y 1927, como consecuencia del Gasolina (Ley 22 de julio de 1939 y sus normas com- FUHFLPLHQWRHFRQyPLFRH[SHULPHQWDGRHQHVRVPR- SOHPHQWDULDV SRUHOTXHVHDGMXGLFDEDHOGHODV PHQWRVMXQWRDODGLIXVLyQGHODXWRPyYLOVHSURGXMRHQ vacantes de agentes de surtidores de CAMPSA a los (VSDxDXQIXHUWHDXPHQWRHQODLPSRUWDFLyQGHSUR- mutilados de guerra y el resto a excombatientes, que- ductos petrolíferos. GDQGRH[SUHVDPHQWHSURKLELGDODWUDQVPLVLyQGHHVWDV concesiones. Está claro que desde ese momento las (QFRQODDSUREDFLyQGHO5HDO'HFUHWR/H\ JDVROLQHUDVTXHGDQVXMHWDVDXQDFRQFHVLyQDGPLQLVWUD- de 28 de junio de 1927, se establece en España el WLYDSDUDFX\DFRQFHVLyQKDEtDTXHVHUEiVLFDPHQWH 0RQRSROLRGH3HWUyOHRVTXHLQFOXtDHO0RQRSROLRVREUH afín al régimen. ODGLVWULEXFLyQ\VREUHODYHQWDDOSRUPHQRUGHSURGXF- tos petrolíferos. Para administrar el Monopolio, se crea (QHO0LQLVWHULRGH+DFLHQGDSURPXOJDXQD2UGHQ CAMPSA (Compañía Arrendataria del Monopolio del que establece el Primer Reglamento para la venta de 3HWUyOHRV6$ TXHFRPLHQ]DDIXQFLRQDUHOGHHQH- SURGXFWRV PRQRSROL]DGRV TXH VXIULy GLVWLQWDV PRGLÀ- URGH\TXHKDVWDODOLEHUDOL]DFLyQGHOPHUFDGR caciones para adaptarse a los requisitos del mercado HQPRQRSROL]DUiODGLVWULEXFLyQGHORVSURGXFWRV KDVWDVXDQXODFLyQHQPDU]RGH FXDGUR /DSUL- petrolíferos en España. PHUDPRGLÀFDFLyQGHHVWHUHJODPHQWRHQSUH- 409 >Ei 119 B. SÁNCHEZ-FERNÁNDEZ / Mª M. DEL CORO FERNÁNDEZ-FEAL CUADRO 1 EVOLUCIÓN CRONOLÓGICA DEL REGLAMENTO PARA EL SUMINISTRO Y VENTA DE CARBURANTES Y COMBUSTIBLES OBJETO DEL MONOPOLIO DEL PETRÓLEO FECHA ORGANISMO RANGO CORRESPONDE A Mº de Hacienda Orden Reglamento Mº de Hacienda Orden Reglamento 0RGLÀFDFLyQ Mº de Hacienda Orden 0RGLÀFDFLyQ Mº de Hacienda Orden 0RGLÀFDFLyQ Mº de Hacienda Orden 0RGLÀFDFLyQ Mº de Hacienda Orden 0RGLÀFDFLyQ Mº de Hacienda Orden 0RGLÀFDFLyQ Mº de Hacienda Orden 0RGLÀFDFLyQ 'HURJDFLyQ Mº de Hacienda Orden Reglamento Nueva vigencia Mº de Hacienda Orden Reglamento Mº de Hacienda Orden 0RGLÀFD$UW Sentencia del Tribunal Anulado Supremo Fuente: www.cne.es WHQGLyHVWLPXODUODLQVWDODFLyQGHJDVROLQHUDVSRUSDUWH se limitará a actividades de logística, siendo ti- de la iniciativa privada, para lo que se ampliaban los tular de la única red de oleoductos existente en SOD]RVGHODFRQFHVLyQGHH[SORWDFLyQ\VHDXWRUL]DED España. ODWUDQVPLVLyQSRUDFWRVLQWHUYLYRVSUHYLDDXWRUL]DFLyQ\ por herencia. LA COMPAÑÍA LOGÍSTICA DE HIDROCARBUROS, GRUPO $ÀQDOHVGHFRPLHQ]DODUHRUGHQDFLyQGHOVHF- CLH tor petrolero, de cara al ingreso de España en la CEE, La actual Compañía Logística de Hidrocarburos, FRQODSXEOLFDFLyQGHOD/H\GHGHGLFLHP- CLH S.A., tiene más de 80 años de historia, ya que EUHVHLQLFLDODWUDQVLFLyQGHVGHXQDLQGXVWULDSHWUROH- - ra controlada en todos los aspectos por el Estado, re- HVHOUHVXOWDGRGHODHVFLVLyQGHORVDFWLYRVFRPHU ciales de la antigua Compañía Arrendataria del diseñando el sector para que cumpla los estándares 0RQRSROLRGH3HWUyOHRV6$ &$036$ TXHVHUHD- GHOLEHUDOL]DFLyQGHOD&(( OL]yHQFRPRFXOPLQDFLyQGHOSURFHVRGHOL- &RQODÀUPDGHOWUDWDGRGHDGKHVLyQGH(VSDxDDOD EHUDOL]DFLyQGHO6HFWRU3HWUROHURTXHVHSURGXMRHQ &(( VH DSUXHED HO 5HDO 'HFUHWR/H\ GH (VSDxDWUDVVXLQWHJUDFLyQHQHO0HUFDGR&RP~Q GHGLFLHPEUHGH$GDSWDFLyQGHO0RQRSROLRGH3H- (XURSHR+LVWyULFDPHQWHHQVXHYROXFLyQSRGHPRV WUyOHRVHQHOTXHVHDSUXHEDQORVSULPHURVFDPELRV distinguir tres etapas claramente diferenciadas. UHJXODGRUHV VLJQLÀFDWLYRV HVWDEOHFLpQGRVH XQ 5pJL- HWDSD : La Compañía Arrendataria PHQGHWUDQVLFLyQDODOLEUHFRPSHWHQFLDHQWUH y 1992. GHO 0RQRSROLR GH 3HWUyOHRV &$036$ GH OD TXH SURFHGHODDFWXDO&/+VHFRQVWLWX\yHQFRQ /DOLEHUDOL]DFLyQGHOVHFWRUSHWUROHURHVSDxROVHLQLFLD HOÀQGHQDFLRQDOL]DUORVDFWLYRVGHODLQFLSLHQWH,Q- HOGHHQHURGHWDO\FRPRVHDSUREyHQHO GXVWULDGHOSHWUyOHRTXHH[LVWtDHQDTXHOPRPHQWR 5HDO'HFUHWR/H\FRQOD/H\GH ,QLFLDOPHQWH HO 0RQRSROLR (VWDWDO GH 3HWUyOHRV VH GLFLHPEUH GH 2UGHQDFLyQ GHO 6HFWRU 3HWUROtIHUR VH HVWDEOHFLyVREUHWRGRHOWHUULWRULRQDFLRQDO VDOYRODV H[WLQJXHHO0RQRSROLRGH3HWUyOHRVOLEHUDOL]iQGRVHHO Islas Canarias y los territorios de soberanía de Áfri- sector petrolero. Desde este momento: FD \FRPSUHQGtDODLPSRUWDFLyQODVPDQLSXODFLR- • se eliminan las distinciones entre red concesional nes industriales de todas clases, el almacenaje, la y red paralela, las Estaciones de Servicio tendrán GLVWULEXFLyQ\YHQWDGHORVFRPEXVWLEOHVPLQHUDOHV libertad para elegir suministrador. líquidos y sus derivados, esto es, el ciclo comple- WRGHOQHJRFLRVDOYRODLQYHVWLJDFLyQH[SORUDFLyQ\ • &$036$SDVDDWHQHUXQDQXHYDGHQRPLQDFLyQ H[SORWDFLyQGHKLGURFDUEXURVTXH\DFRQDQWHULRUL- &RPSDxtD/RJtVWLFDGH+LGURFDUEXURV &/+ TXH 120 >Ei409 COMERCIALIZACIÓN AL POR MENOR DEL COMBUSTIBLE DE AUTOMOCIÓN EN ESPAÑA: DEL MONOPOLIO AL OLIGOPOLIO... GRÁFICO 1 ESQUEMA BÁSICO DE LA DISTRIBUCIÓN DE PRODUCTOS PETROLÍFEROS )XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD GDGVyORSRGtDQJHVWLRQDUVHHQYLUWXGGHFRQFHVLyQ COMERCIALIZACIÓN AL POR MENOR: ESTACIONES DE otorgada por el Gobierno. SERVICIO (EE.SS.) En sus orígenes, CAMPSA fue una empresa mixta Mientras los DXWRPyYLOHV se hacían cada vez más po- SDUWLFLSDFLyQPLQRULWDULDGHO(VWDGR KDVWDHODxR pulares, la necesidad de Estaciones de Servicio fue en HQTXHHO(VWDGRDOFDQ]yXQDSDUWLFLSDFLyQ DXPHQWR/DWpFQLFDVGHSURGXFFLyQPDVLYDGHDXWR- VXSHULRUDO PyYLOHVLPSOHPHQWDGDVSRUHenry FordSHUPLWLyTXHORV consumidores pudieran acceder a autos a un precio HWDSD : La entrada de España en PyGLFR\HVWHDXPHQWRGHSURSLHWDULRVGHDXWRVUHVXOWy HO 0HUFDGR &RP~Q (XURSHR LPSOLFDED OD en una demanda mayor de Estaciones de Servicio. GHVDSDULFLyQ GHO 0RQRSROLR GH 3HWUyOHRV OR TXH GHWHUPLQyXQODUJRSURFHVRGHDGDSWDFLyQFX\RV En España, el primer tercio del siglo XX es un período hitos principales fueron el Protocolo de 1983 y la Ley de crecimiento muy notable motivado por el auge del TXHFRQYLUWLHURQD&$036$HQXQDHPSUHVD sector industrial, aunque dentro de un marco de fuerte participada mayoritariamente por las empresas re- SURWHFFLyQHLQWHUYHQFLyQHVWDWDO/DUHGGHFDUUHWHUDV ÀQHUDV SHUPDQHFLyHVWDFLRQDULDKDVWDPRPHQWRHQHO TXHVHFRQVWUX\yDJUDQHVFDOD\HOSDUTXHDXWRPRYLOtV- 3RVWHULRUPHQWHODOH\GLVSXVRODVHJUHJDFLyQ tico tuvo el primer despegue. de los activos comerciales de CAMPSA a favor de VXVVRFLRVUHÀQHURV 5HSVRO3HWURQRU&(36$\%3 \ +DVWDHOQ~PHURGHDXWRPyYLOHV PDWULFXODGRV SRU~OWLPR/D/H\GHFODUyODH[WLQFLyQGHO0R- DQXDOPHQWH QR OOHJy QXQFD D D SDUWLU GH HVWH QRSROLRGH3HWUyOHRVWUDVDxRVGHH[LVWHQFLD\OD año no estuvo ya nunca por debajo de 10.000 (salvo OLEHUDOL]DFLyQGHODVDFWLYLGDGHVUHODFLRQDGDVFRQ HQ VXELyPHWHyULFDPHQWHKDVWD\EDMROXH- los productos petrolíferos, entre otras las de trans- JRIXHUWHPHQWHFRPRFRQVHFXHQFLDGHOD'HSUHVLyQ porte y almacenamiento. FXDGUR (QWUHWDQWRODUHGGHFDUUHWHUDVGXSOLFyVX ORQJLWXGHQWUH\ HWDSD GHVGH : Como consecuencia de la HVFLVLyQGHORVDFWLYRVFRPHUFLDOHVGH&$036$OD CUADRO 2 - VRFLHGDG DGRSWy VX DFWXDO GHQRPLQDFLyQ &RP AUTOMÓVILES MATRICULADOS ANUALMENTE SDxtD/RJtVWLFDGH+LGURFDUEXURV&/+6$HOGH Y PARQUE AUTOMOVILÍSTICO EN ESPAÑA EN EL enero de 1993 simultáneamente con la entrada en PRIMER TERCIO DEL SIGLO XX YLJRUGHOD/H\GH2UGHQDFLyQGHO6HFWRU3H- trolero. Años Matrícula anual Parque automovilístico La Compañía Logística de Hidrocarburos es la em- 98 presa líder de transporte y almacenamiento de productos petrolíferos en el mercado español. La PLVLyQGHO*UXSR&/+HVODGLVWULEXFLyQGHFDUEX- rantes y combustibles líquidos de un modo conti- QXRHÀFLHQWH\VHJXUR *UiÀFR La principal actividad de CLH es el almacenamien- 127.970 WRWUDQVSRUWH\GLVWULEXFLyQGHSURGXFWRVSHWUROtIH- ros en todo el territorio peninsular y las islas Baleares, garantizando además el libre acceso de terceros )XHQWH(ODERUDFLyQSURSLD a su sistema logístico. En la actualidad, CLH tiene concertados contratos de servicios logísticos para /D FDSDFLGDG GH WUDQVSRUWH \ FRPXQLFDFLyQ FUHFLy OD XWLOL]DFLyQ GH VXV LQVWDODFLRQHV FRQ OD PD\RU - parte de los operadores que actúan en España y HQRUPHPHQWHHQHVWHSHUtRGRORTXHFRQOOHYyXQDH[ - compite con más de una decena de compañías SDQVLYDGHPDQGDGHHQHUJtD\HQSDUWLFXODUGHSHWUy - logísticas que prestan servicio de almacenamiento OHR/DLQWURGXFFLyQGHODXWRPyYLOWUDMRFRQVLJRHQ(V paña un aumento paralelo en el consumo de gasolina. y transporte en el mercado español. 409 >Ei 121 B. SÁNCHEZ-FERNÁNDEZ / Mª M. DEL CORO FERNÁNDEZ-FEAL +DFLDXQFRUWRQ~PHURGHLPSRUWDGRUHVOLJDGRVD dujeron las distancias mínimas entre instalaciones que grandes productores internacionales, entre
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