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Home , History of painting, International Gothic

History of

31,000 years ago c. 100 , lions and mammoth on Realistic , done in hot wax and preserved the walls of the Chauvet , in southern in coffins at Fayyum, vividly depict inhabitants of . Roman .

30,000 years ago c. 250 Painted and engraved images, on the rock face in The Christians of Rome use the catacombs as tomb a cave near Twyfelfontein in Namibia, date from chambers, and decorate the walls with on this period. New Testament themes

16,000 years ago c. 600 The walls of the complex of at in The walls of caves at Ajanta are profusely France are covered, over the years, with a vast decorated with Buddhist murals. number of of animals. c. 650 15,000 years ago At Dunhuang, an oasis on the Road, as many The walls of Altamira, an extensive cave in , as 500 caves are decorated with Buddhist murals. are decorated with paintings and engraved images of horses, deer and above all c. 650 The Book of Durrow, one of the earliest of the 3100 BC great Celtic , is written and The paint murals on the walls of tombs, illuminated in Ireland. designed to help the occupants in the next world. c. 698 1850 BC The Lindisfarne Gospels are written and Wrestlers are painted on the walls of an Egyptian illuminated by Celtic monks on the Scottish island tomb, performing most of the holds and falls still in of Lindisfarne. use today. c. 1300 1600 BC begins to yield to , as the chief A bull-fighting fresco in the palace of medium for the decoration of Christian is linked with the island’s cult of churches. the bull. c. 1300 1550 BC Tabriz under the Mongol Il-khans is the first Egyptian tombs include paintings of a kind to help centre of painting. the occupants in the next world, whether in the or on the walls. c. 1305 Enrico degli Scrovegni employs to paint 1525 BC the cycle of frescoes in his chapel in Padua. The eruption of a volcano, on the island of Thera, entombs and preserves houses with c. 1308 frescoes in the Minoan city of Akrotiri. The cathedral authorities in Siena from the great altarpiece which 550 BC becomes known as the Maestà. The murals of Etruscan tombs, such as the Tomb of the Lionesses in Tarquinia, c. 1397 give a lively glimpse of an earlier tradition in The English king, Richard II, commissions a Greek . diptych (the ) showing himself being presented to the Virgin and Child. c. 1400 1450 The final of medieval painting, common to paints masterpieces in his all Europe, is known as small home town of San Sepolcro because of its slender and elegant figures. 1452 1412 Étienne Chevalier commissions from Jean The three Limburg brothers illustrate for the Fouquet a series of illustrations for his Book of duke of Berry the Très Riches Heures, one of the Hours. masterpieces of International Gothic. 1460 1423 Oil paints, long familiar in the Netherlands, paints some of the frescoes in the begin to be adopted in Italy in place of . chapel of a Florentine silk merchant, Felice Brancacci, in Santa Maria del Carmine. 1465 The Sicilian Antonello da Messina adopts 1430 the Flemish technique of painting in oils. , also known as the Master of Flémalle, brings to Flemish painting a natural and 1468 everyday quality which is entirely new. Jerome van Aken works almost exclusively in his native s’ Hertogenbosch, from which 1432 he derives the name . A new altarpiece is installed in the cathedral in Ghent, introducing the powerful of 1470 . is established as one of the leading painters of Florence, working in 1434 particular for the Medici. Giovanni Arnolfini, a merchant from Lucca trading in , commissions from 1472 van Eyck a of himself and his wife. joins the painters’ guild in Florence, probably after training with 1435 Verrocchio. Chancellor Nicolas Rolin, of Burgundy, commissions an altarpiece from Jan van Eyck. 1475 Tommaso Portinari, the Medici agent in 1435 Bruges, commissions an altarpiece from , the third in the for his family church in extraordinary trio of Flemish of the Florence. 1430s, is appointed painter to the city of . 1475 becomes the key figure in the 1436 development of the style in . fascinates Italian Renaissance painters after the publication of Alberti’s 1480 treatise on the subject, De Pictura. Botticelli paints the Birth of and Spring for the villa of a Medici cousin of 1443 Lorenzo the Magnificent. The Dominican convent of San Marco, in Florence, is provided with a serenely beautiful 1489 series of frescoes by and his Leonardo da Vinci begins an unprecedented assistants. series of detailed anatomical , based on corpses dissected in Rome. 1500 1577 The lively realism of Kamal-ud-din Bihzad lays Domenikos Theotokopoulos moves to Spain, the basis of both the Persian and the Mughal where he becomes known as . schools of painting. 1587 1503 Nicholas Hilliard paints the delightful miniature Hieronymus Bosch paints the most detailed of known simply as Young Man among Roses. his exotically surreal canvases, The Garden of Earthly Delights. 1608 The Flemish painter complete 1505 s an altarpiece in Rome which is an early Leonardo captures the enigmatic smile of Lisa masterpiece of the . Gherardini, known now as the Mona Lisa. 1618 1508 The 19-year-old Flemish painter Anthony van begins work in Rome on the Dyck is employed by Rubens in Antwerp as his ceiling of the Sistine chapel. chief assistant.

1508 1624 is summoned to Rome by Julius II and is arrives in Rome, where he given a major commission for frescoes. develops the tradition of French

1509 1628 Raphael begins work on the frescoes in the The Dutch painter van Rijn pope’s apartment in the Vatican, known as the develops a life-long interest in Stanze (‘Rooms’). self-portraiture.

1510 1631 and introduce the richness Rembrandt moves from his home town of of colour which characterizes the high Leiden to set up a studio in Amsterdam. Renaissance style in Venice. 1634 1517 Rembrandt marries Saskia van Uylenburgh, who Leonardo da Vinci moves to France, on the will feature in many of his paintings. invitation of Francis I. 1653 1520 Jan Vermeer marries and begins a quiet career The German painter as a painter and in his home town of establishes his own studio in Basel. Delft.

1525 1655 Lucas Cranach’s studio in Wittenberg has a Diego Velazquez paints his only surviving female profitable line in naked female figures from nude, The Toilet of Venus (known as the Rokeby mythology. Venus).

1533 1721 The , Charles V, makes Jean- paints the most splendid Titian his court painter (an arrangement shop sign in history, for his friend Gersaint. continued by Philip II). 1751 1869 French painter Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin Young French artists and Pierre- returns to the subject matter that first took his Auguste Renoir paint together in the open air at interest, . La Grenouillère, developing the Impressionist Style. 1764 Catherine the Great founds the Hermitage as a 1888 court museum attached to the Winter Palace in invites to come St Petersburg. and paint with him at Arles, in the south of France.

1775 1901 , already established as A change of palette by takes him America’s greatest portrait painter, moves to into what becomes known as his Blue Period. London. 1907 1778 Pablo Picasso’s Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, a 15-year-old Elisabeth-Louise Vigée-Lebrun earns violent transition into , is a turning point in enough from painting portraits to support the western art. rest of her family. 1910 1783 The part-time English painter L.S. Lowry begins a Jacques-Louis , establishing a reputation lifetime career in a Manchester property with his severe classical paintings, is elected to company. the French academy. 1911 1790 Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa is stolen from the English painter J.M.W. Turner is only 15 when a Louvre in Paris. painting of his, a watercolour, is first exhibited at the Royal Academy. 1912 ’s Nude Descending a Staircase, 1801 No.2 creates a stir. Bonaparte Crossing the Alps (in 1800) is the first of several paintings by Jacques-Louis David 1913 celebrating the future emperor. Leonardo’s Mona Lisa is recovered two years after its theft when the thief, Vincenzo Perugia, tries to 1815 sell it to the Uffizi Gallery in Florence Jacques-Louis David, unmistakably identified as Napoleon’s painter, is banished from France after 1914 the fall of the emperor and moves to Brussels. The Russian painter and sculptor develops an abstract style to which he gives the 1820 name . French painter Théodore Géricault begins a two-year visit to Britain. 1922 takes up a teaching post at the 1827 in Weimar. English artist Samuel Palmer moves to Shoreham, in Kent, for the most inspired years of his career. 1934 British painter Francis Bacon has his first solo 1838 show in London. J.M.W. Turner paints an of British art, The Fighting Téméraire. 1937 Pablo Picasso’s massive painting is exhibited in the Spanish pavilion at the World Fair in Paris.

1946 A new style of American painting, involving artists such as Arshile Gorky and , is given the name Abstract .

1960 British artist Anthony Caro begins welding and painting abstract metal .

1962 creates a stir when his paintings of Campbell’s soup cans are exhibited at the Ferus Gallery in Los Angeles.

1996 Chris Ofili’s painting The Holy Virgin is embellished with elephant dung.

2000 Mao Zedong inspires German artist ’s Let a Thousand Flowers Bloom.

2012 A version of ’s The Scream sells for US $120 million, by far the record for any .

The History of Computer Art

1952 The artist, Ben Laposky, used an oscilloscope to ma- nipulate electronic waves that appeared on the small fluorescent screen.

1960s computers were still in their infancy, and access to them was very limited.

1965 a screenprint of a plotter created by Frieder Nake.

1970s the Slade School of Art, University of London, estab- lished what was later called the ‘Experimental and Computing Department

1980s saw digital reach into everyday life, with the widespread adoption of computers for both business and personal use.

1990s The term ‘Computer Art’ is used less frequently to describe artists and designers working with the computer today. The History of Digital pre-1900 -heliography 1969: Videoplace Joseph Nicéphore Niépce produces the first photo- Myron Krueger is the artist behind this pioneering graph using the ‘Heliography’ technique work of virtual reality

1926: Baird’s Mechanical Television 1969: ARPANET Baird invents the mechanical television. It screens ARPANET comes into action only 30 lines of resolution, therefore the image is only just recogniseable. 1980’s: Goodnight Kiwi adds played when tvnz shut down for . 1933: Phonovision 1983: Founding of Wacom Co., Ltd. 1957: Music It is one of the largest graphics tablet producers and Max Matthews creates Music, the first computer pro- is very popular with artists, graphic designers, archi- gram designed to create music on a digital computer tects, and cartoonists

1958: First Video Game 1990: 3d studio Dos released Physicist Willy Higinbotham invents the first “video The predecessor to 3d studio max game” at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York 1996: Flash 01 launched in December of 1996, Macromedia acquired the 1990: Release of Photoshop 1.0 company and Future Splash Animator became Mac- Photoshop is a graphics editor developed and pub- romedia Flash 1.0 lished by Systems. It has been described as “an standard for graphics professionals” 1996: 3d studio max released was officially announced at Siggraph 1995 and 1963: , Burying T.V shipped to users in April 1996 Involved a Television playing the programme being broadcast at the time. Food as thrown at the T.V, from cake to turkey

1964: Charles Csuri In this year Charles Csuri begins experimenting with computer graphics, and is credited with creating the first computer graphic artwork in the same year.

1965: Sony Portapack Sony Corp. give Nam June Paik the first portable consumer Video Camera, the PortaPack

1969: TV as a Creative Medium Opening in New York at the Howard Wise Gallery it was an exhibition of 12 artists including Ira Schnei- der, Frank Gilette, Nam June Paik and Paul Ryan

1969: Seek SEEK is a work which intent was for the visitors to interact with various technological devices, without being asked to consider them as artworks

Digital Painting

2014 -2017 First attempt using digital pen tablet until semi-realism style of painting 2015 2016 2017 References www.historyworld.net/timesearch/default.asp?conid=timeline&getyear=0&keywords= Painting timeline http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/computer-art-history/ http://wikieducator.org/Digital_art_timeline fig1 http://www.namibian.org/travel/namibia/pictures/twyfelfontein/fullsize/Engravings_fs.jpg fig2 http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/sn/lascauxday.jpg fig3 https://www.ancient.eu/uploads/images/display-4169.jpg fig4 https://i.pinimg.com/736x/96/95/a1/9695a1a1771cd3a1dc28ae22df7b6ccc--luxor-egypt-egyptian-art.jpg fig5 https://i.pinimg.com/originals/a4/8d/55/a48d55cca2dab306bd5aca55611c428f.jpg fig6 http://dreamweaver.reinhardt.edu/harkins91109/images/bullfightingKnossos.jpg fig7 http://www.maravot.com/Etruscan_mural_banqueter.gif fig8 https://i.pinimg.com/originals/3b/08/6f/3b086f50e4b5e8038655ec28cd454613.jpg fig9 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg fig10 http://www.chinatravelca.com/wp-content/uploads/Dunhuang-Mogao-Caves--sitting-Bodhisat- tvas.jpg fig11 https://i.pinimg.com/736x/63/bb/4c/63bb4ce215e39b336c704a0b359a069e--buddha-artwork-bud- dha-painting.jpg fig12 http://www.soniahalliday.com/images/1426-7-26.jpg fig13 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Maest_0_duccio_1308-11_siena_duomo.jpg fig14 https://www.history.ac.uk/richardII/images/wiltfront_big.jpg fig15 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Filippino_lippi_e_masaccio%2C_san_ pietro_in_cattedra%2C_cappella_brancacci.jpg/350px-Filippino_lippi_e_masaccio%2C_san_pietro_in_cat- tedra%2C_cappella_brancacci.jpg fig16 https://cdn.thinglink.me/api/image/648745752876548097/1240/10/scaletowidth fig17 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Piero_della_Francesca_-_Resurrection_-_ WGA17609.jpg fig18 http://yourcontactinflorence.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/IMG_1082.jpg fig19 https://www.allartclassic.com/img/countries/3.jpg fig20 https://www.hieronymus-bosch.org/thumbnail/105000/105871/mini_small/Tondals-Vision.jp- g?ts=1459229076 fig21 https://swh-826d.kxcdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/Leonardo-Da-Vinci-2.jpg fig22 https://i.pinimg.com/736x/b8/8c/2e/b88c2eb8cb735f86e67c93193e4e712d--giovanni-bellini-renais- sance-paintings.jpg fig23 https://cdn.theculturetrip.com/images/56-208930-the-scream.jpg fig24 http://cdn6.bigcommerce.com/s-n5q4qk/products/253/images/559/a20791513cf613a40e7c54 _l__42482.1421710401.380.380.jpg?c=2 fig25 https://i0.wp.com/www.guggenheim.org/wp-content/uploads/1944/01/76.2553.152_ph_web.jpg fig26 http://www.artnewsblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/picasso-guernica-4.jpg fig 27 https://poppymeadowlands.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/04-rene-magritte-the-lovers-1928.jpg fig28 http://www.louvre.fr/sites/default/files/imagecache/940x768/medias/medias_images/images/louvre- portrait-de-lisa-gherardini-epouse-de-francesco-del-giocondo-dite-monna-lisa-la-gioconda-ou-la-jocon.jpg